277 lines
35 KiB
XML
277 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="3336C97CF51EFF84F90654CBDE7007B4" ID-CLB-Dataset="51565" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="feeced25-b2a6-446d-9b38-a2289465a178" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="262655" ID-ZooBank="EA66CAE5-F6CE-44BA-A5FF-67F2BEE6DEE8" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1458294474638" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Anderson, Owen F." docDate="2016" docId="03A4AB67FFEEFF80FF1DFDD5FED86407" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4092.4.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4092 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tromikosoma australe Koehler 1926" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="466" masterDocId="FF9DD31FFFE3FF8FFF8AFF94FFBD672D" masterDocTitle="A review of New Zealand and southeast Australian echinothurioids (Echinodermata: Echinothurioida) — excluding the subfamily Echinothuriinae — with a description of a new species of Tromikosoma" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="464" updateTime="1698187963890" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F85A2A27042DC007749CEE85FD08F436">
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<mods:title id="39B7E53D664DCF5E3C63E53AC7B6D98A">A review of New Zealand and southeast Australian echinothurioids (Echinodermata: Echinothurioida) — excluding the subfamily Echinothuriinae — with a description of a new species of Tromikosoma</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="8448D5F6A9C459CE3F44E8C5DC74A19F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0D2A18502DC167DC33839089B981259B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BF5B237D31A45CFEA5C2A8A2BED117BA">Anderson, Owen F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F9CBEF356B91D1CA73F2489D13BB3257">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="67F4D2FA5508F0A9CE7FCBCC44DF0352">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0A3356DB0414F2F9C4385E06AEC1A161">
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<mods:date id="A90857C8E01C7377D75C71A703322D0F">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="9759DBA83EE431C6BE57ED326BF72B7D" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="98E5015A81B4279D438C054C43396020">4092</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4F9DFA888253785A1357F146FE835233">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="2758B4823F0749F3CDB3C9A6ADE4880B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A4AB67FFEEFF80FF1DFDD5FED86407" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6055444" ID-GBIF-Taxon="117939324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6055444" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4AB67FFEEFF80FF1DFDD5FED86407" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4AB67FFEEFF80FF1DFDD5FED86407" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFEEFF82FF1DFDD5FEF76551" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEEFF82FF1DFDD5FDD56576" blockId="13.[151,616,577,637]" box="[151,616,577,603]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<heading id="D0FAAD1DFFEEFF82FF1DFDD5FDD56576" bold="true" box="[151,616,577,603]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFEEFF82FF1DFDD5FDD56576" ID-CoL="7D7TC" authority="Koehler 1926" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1926" box="[151,616,577,603]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
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<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FF1DFDD5FDD56576" bold="true" box="[151,616,577,603]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FF1DFDD5FE1A6576" bold="true" box="[151,423,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Tromikosoma australe</emphasis>
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(Koehler 1926)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEEFF82FF1DFDF0FEF76551" blockId="13.[151,616,577,637]" box="[151,330,612,637]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FF1DFDF0FF1D6550" bold="true" box="[151,160,612,637]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">(</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="133606F4FFEEFF82FF2AFDF0FEFF6551" box="[160,322,612,637]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 10" captionStart-1="FIGURE 11" captionStart-2="FIGURE 12" captionStart-3="FIGURE 13" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,989,1011]" captionStartId-1="14.[151,250,1938,1960]" captionStartId-2="15.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionStartId-3="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,301,967]" captionTargetBox-1="[178,1407,1086,1903]" captionTargetBox-2="[184,1351,849,1918]" captionTargetBox-3="[204,1344,223,1013]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[151,1436,301,968]" captionTargetId-1="figure@14.[151,1436,1061,1916]" captionTargetId-2="figure@15.[173,1413,844,1939]" captionTargetId-3="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1065]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 10. Tromikosoma australe, NIWA 45092. (82 mm TD). Left, aboral view; right, oral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 11. Tromikosoma australe. Distribution of confirmed records in New Zealand and southeast Australia, from material examined. Number of records = 3." captionText-2="FIGURE 12. Tromikosoma australe, NIWA 45092 (160 mm TD). A – D, head and valves of larger tridentate pedicellariae; E – F, valves of small tridentate pedicellariae; G – H, valves of triphyllous pedicellariae; I, valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria (NIWA 45121, 29 mm TD)." captionText-3="FIGURE 13. Tromikosoma australe, NIWA 45092 (97 mm TD). Details of interambulacral (top) and ambulacral (bottom) plates: left, aboral; right, oral. Also shown is an oral primary spine with terminal hoof (NIWA 45092, 80 mm TD)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/262665/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/262666/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/262667/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/262668/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Figures 10–13</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFEEFF82FF1DFD38FF4C6478" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEEFF82FF1DFD38FCE565E9" blockId="13.[151,1437,684,2005]" box="[151,856,684,709]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FF1DFD38FE3D65E8" bold="true" box="[151,384,684,709]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<specimenCount id="9D0BD1F8FFEEFF82FE0DFD38FDA265E8" box="[391,543,684,709]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
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from 3 records (all NIWA).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEEFF82FF4DFD5BFF4C6478" blockId="13.[151,1437,684,2005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FF4DFD5BFE6265C5" bold="true" box="[199,479,719,744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Northeast Tasman Sea</emphasis>
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:
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<specimenCount id="9D0BD1F8FFEEFF82FE7EFD44FDC465C5" box="[500,633,719,744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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||
(
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||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FD04FD5BFD4F65CA" box="[654,754,719,744]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
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||
TD),
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFEEFF82FCC8FD44FC7265C5" box="[834,975,719,744]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" precision="92" value="-34.525">34° 31.5´S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFEEFF82FC6BFD5BFBD465CA" box="[993,1129,719,744]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" precision="925" value="166.35">166° 21´E</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FBF1FD44FB6565CA" box="[1147,1240,720,744]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.93" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="m" value="2930.0">
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||
<date id="FFB33CB1FFEEFF82FBF1FD44FB0E65C5" box="[1147,1203,720,744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" value="2930">2930</date>
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m
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</quantity>
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, NIWA45040;
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||
<specimenCount id="9D0BD1F8FFEEFF82FA04FD44FEB16420" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="generic">8 specimens</specimenCount>
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||
(180, 160, 98 (dry), 88, 82, 74, 61,
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||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FD39FD60FCB86421" box="[691,773,756,781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="51.0">51 mm</quantity>
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||
TD),
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFEEFF82FCC7FD60FC6E6421" box="[845,979,756,781]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" precision="92" value="-35.728333">35° 43.7´S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFEEFF82FC68FD60FBCA6421" box="[994,1143,756,781]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" precision="92" value="160.27">160° 16.2´E</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FB0CFD60FB626421" box="[1158,1247,756,780]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4799999999999995" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="m" value="3480.0">3480 m</quantity>
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||
, NIWA45092;
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||
<specimenCount id="9D0BD1F8FFEEFF82FA04FD60FEBC641D" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FE99FC8CFED56402" box="[275,360,792,816]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
|
||
TD),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFEEFF82FE38FC8CFD87641D" box="[434,570,792,816]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" precision="92" value="-38.621666">38° 37.3´S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFEEFF82FDC1FC83FD736402" box="[587,718,791,816]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" precision="925" value="165.6">165° 36´E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FD54FC8CFCC36402" box="[734,894,792,816]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.419" metricValueMax="2.421" metricValueMin="2.417" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="m" value="2419.0" valueMax="2421.0" valueMin="2417.0">2417–2421 m</quantity>
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||
, NIWA45121. Unless stated all stored in 80% ethanol.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFEEFF82FF4DFCCBFC9C6492" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEEFF82FF4DFCCBFC52645A" blockId="13.[151,1437,684,2005]" box="[199,1007,863,888]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FF4DFCCBFEF46455" bold="true" box="[199,329,863,888]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Size range.</emphasis>
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||
The
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0BD1F8FFEEFF82FEF6FCF4FDA96455" box="[380,532,863,888]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
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||
range in size from
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FD67FCF4FC86645A" box="[749,827,864,888]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
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||
to
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||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FCD5FCF4FC01645A" box="[863,956,864,888]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
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||
TD.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEEFF82FF4DFC10FC9C6492" blockId="13.[151,1437,684,2005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FF4DFC10FEE464B0" bold="true" box="[199,345,900,925]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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||
All three records are from deep water in the Tasman Sea, near the Lord Howe Rise (
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||
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFEEFF82FA94FC10FA3364B1" box="[1310,1422,900,925]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1938,1960]" captionTargetBox="[178,1407,1086,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,1061,1916]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11. Tromikosoma australe. Distribution of confirmed records in New Zealand and southeast Australia, from material examined. Number of records = 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262666/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Figure 11</figureCitation>
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||
). The potential depth range for the species is
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FDF5FC3CFCA06492" box="[639,797,936,960]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9485" metricValueMax="3.4799999999999995" metricValueMin="2.417" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="m" value="2948.5" valueMax="3480.0" valueMin="2417.0">2417–3480 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFEEFF80FF4DFC58FED86407" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEEFF82FF4DFC58FB8263CD" blockId="13.[151,1437,684,2005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FF4DFC58FE8664C8" bold="true" box="[199,315,972,997]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
These specimens represent the first records of this species since it was discovered off South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A5AE1FFEEFF82FF1DFC7BFF436325" box="[151,254,1007,1032]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by the Australasian
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A5AE1FFEEFF82FE79FC7BFDE66325" box="[499,603,1007,1032]" name="Antarctica" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
Expedition of
|
||
<date id="FFB33CB1FFEEFF82FC87FC64FCD36325" box="[781,878,1008,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" value="1911" valueMax="1914">1911–14</date>
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||
and subsequently described by Koehler (1926). Recent examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFEEFF82FE59FB80FD886300" box="[467,565,1044,1069]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in the Australian Museum revealed the (dry) specimen to be in very poor condition and the test could not be examined in any detail without causing further damage. However the Aristotle’s lantern had disarticulated and the components could be examined. Comparison of the hemipyramids and rotulae with those of the Tasman Sea specimens showed a perfect match. Although the Aristotle’s lantern is not typically used for distinguishing species, personal observation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFEEFF82FC9BFB30FC2C6396" box="[785,913,1188,1211]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Araeosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FC9BFB30FC2C6396" box="[785,913,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Araeosoma</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species has revealed considerable variation in that genus, and features of the lantern should be assessed for their taxonomic value.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEEFF82FF4DFB78FDEE6165" blockId="13.[151,1437,684,2005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
The pedicellariae figured by Koehler also matched well to the new specimens: two forms of tridentate pedicellariae are present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFEEFF82FE3DFA9BFD956205" box="[439,552,1295,1320]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[184,1351,849,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[173,1413,844,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Tromikosoma australe, NIWA 45092 (160 mm TD). A – D, head and valves of larger tridentate pedicellariae; E – F, valves of small tridentate pedicellariae; G – H, valves of triphyllous pedicellariae; I, valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria (NIWA 45121, 29 mm TD)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262667/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Figure 12</figureCitation>
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); a large form of a design typical for the genus (see Mortensen 1935, Mironov 1971, Campbell 1993) with an elongated, open blade edged with very fine serrations, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FB2EFAA0FA916261" box="[1188,1324,1332,1357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="0.7">0.7–1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; and a small form (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FEB5FAC3FE76625D" box="[319,459,1367,1392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="0.45" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) not much longer than wide with a rounded, spoon-shaped blade. As Koehler stated, although it was not well shown by his figures, the narrowing of the valve between the base and blade is more pronounced in the smaller form than in the larger. The triphyllous pedicellariae (also about
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFEEFF82FB50FA34FA8C6295" box="[1242,1329,1440,1464]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) are wide for their length and typically have a strongly truncated blade tip and the cover-plate not well developed. Koehler (1926) found no ophicephalous pedicellariae on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFEEFF82FCCEFA7DFCC9612C" box="[836,884,1513,1537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens, but a single example was taken from the smallest of the new specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFEEFF82FDB9F998FD1B6109" box="[563,678,1548,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[184,1351,849,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[173,1413,844,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Tromikosoma australe, NIWA 45092 (160 mm TD). A – D, head and valves of larger tridentate pedicellariae; E – F, valves of small tridentate pedicellariae; G – H, valves of triphyllous pedicellariae; I, valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria (NIWA 45121, 29 mm TD)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262667/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shape of this pedicellaria is typical for the genus, and most similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFEEFF82FED2F9A5FE0D6165" box="[344,432,1585,1608]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenue">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FED2F9A5FE0D6165" box="[344,432,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">T. tenue</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFEEFF82FE5FF9A5FDF06165" box="[469,589,1583,1608]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koehleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FE5FF9A5FDF06165" box="[469,589,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">T. koehleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEEFF81FF4DF9C0FAAC67D5" blockId="13.[151,1437,684,2005]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="465" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
The preserved tests are all a dull grey/brown colour, some with small darker brown or purple patches around the peristome and other parts of the oral surface. Details of the plate structure are not given in great detail by Koehler as both his specimens were already in poor condition when first examined; the test of one was completely broken up and unusable and although the other (the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFEEFF82FD7DF92BFCE661F5" box="[759,859,1727,1752]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) was better preserved, no spines remain on either specimen. Much of the new material is also not in very good condition, having not been very well preserved. However, the presence of large primary tubercles outside the pore-series in a few of the distal oral ambulacral plates in Koehler’s (1926) photograph (Plate 107) can also be seen in the larger of the new specimens examined (this feature is otherwise reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFEEFF82FDC9F8DBFD676045" box="[579,730,1871,1896]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FDC9F8DBFD676045" box="[579,730,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Tromikosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only for the Atlantic species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFEEFF82FBBFF8C5FB1C6045" box="[1077,1185,1873,1896]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="uranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEEFF82FBBFF8C5FB1C6045" box="[1077,1185,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">T. uranus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), along with an inner series of primary tubercles running down the distal 5–6 ambulacral plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFEEFF82FB84F8E0FB3E60A1" box="[1038,1155,1908,1933]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[204,1344,223,1013]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1065]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Tromikosoma australe, NIWA 45092 (97 mm TD). Details of interambulacral (top) and ambulacral (bottom) plates: left, aboral; right, oral. Also shown is an oral primary spine with terminal hoof (NIWA 45092, 80 mm TD)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262668/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). The somewhat clearer plating and tuberculation patterns in the new material also reveal the presence of a large, adradially placed primary tubercle on each of the outer 3–7 plates of the oral interambulacra, as well as an interradially placed tubercle in the outer 1–2 plates. The primary tubercles are seen to be much smaller on the aboral surface (except for a few near the ambitus) but numerous, with two distinct series running down each end of the main plates in the ambulacra, and one or two tubercles fairly regularly on each plate in the interambulacra but forming no distinct series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF724AF9FFEDFF81FF1DFC49FB3664DE" box="[151,1163,989,1011]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262665/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" targetBox="[151,1436,301,967]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEDFF81FF1DFC49FB3664DE" blockId="14.[151,1163,989,1011]" box="[151,1163,989,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEDFF81FF1DFC49FEA264DF" bold="true" box="[151,287,989,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFEDFF81FEAFFC49FDB564DE" box="[293,520,989,1011]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEDFF81FEAFFC49FDB564DE" box="[293,520,989,1011]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Tromikosoma australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NIWA45092. (82 mm TD). Left, aboral view; right, oral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF724AF9FFEDFF81FF1DF806FE4E60EB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262666/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" targetBox="[178,1407,1086,1903]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFEDFF81FF1DF806FE4E60EB" blockId="14.[151,1436,1938,1990]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEDFF81FF1DF806FEA3608A" bold="true" box="[151,286,1938,1960]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFEDFF81FEAEF806FDBA6085" box="[292,519,1938,1960]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFEDFF81FEAEF806FDBA6085" box="[292,519,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Tromikosoma australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution of confirmed records in New Zealand and southeast Australia, from material examined. Number of records = 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFECFF80FF4DFF03FEA4665A" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,810]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
Koehler’s photograph shows that the interambulacral and ambulacral columns are of similar width and this is true also of the new specimens of similar size; in smaller specimens the ambulacra are narrower, barely half the width of the interambulacra in a specimen of
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFECFF80FD1BFF4FFD5D67DF" box="[657,736,219,243]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
|
||
TD. The two secondary plates abut laterally, and aborally they occasionally completely separate the primary plates; this is the typical arrangement in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FBF1FF69FB6B6639" box="[1147,1238,253,276]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenue">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FBF1FF69FB6B6639" box="[1147,1238,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. tenue</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is otherwise rare in this genus. Importantly, there is no evidence of any non-poriferous plates in the specimens examined, a feature occasionally observed in the oral ambulacra of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FC8AFEABFCD7667B" box="[768,874,319,342]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="uranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FC8AFEABFCD7667B" box="[768,874,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. uranus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FC2AFEABFB77667A" authority="Mortensen 1935" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1935" box="[928,1226,318,343]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenue">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FC2AFEABFC4A667B" box="[928,1015,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. tenue</emphasis>
|
||
(Mortensen 1935)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FF1DFEF4FEAE665A" box="[151,275,352,375]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Sperosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FF1DFEF4FEAE665A" box="[151,275,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Sperosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFECFF80FF4DFE15FE296532" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,810]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
Spines were usually broken or missing in the specimens examined, but one of the smaller specimens in NIWA 45092 has several oral spines up to about
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFECFF80FDECFE37FD086697" box="[614,693,419,443]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
long with hoofs intact (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFECFF80FC36FE36FB966696" box="[956,1067,418,443]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[204,1344,223,1013]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1065]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Tromikosoma australe, NIWA 45092 (97 mm TD). Details of interambulacral (top) and ambulacral (bottom) plates: left, aboral; right, oral. Also shown is an oral primary spine with terminal hoof (NIWA 45092, 80 mm TD)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262668/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
); these are slightly narrowed and flattened at the tip, more like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FE6CFE51FDEC66F1" box="[486,593,453,476]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="uranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FE6CFE51FDEC66F1" box="[486,593,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. uranus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than the conical shape seen in the other Pacific species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FB46FE51FAF266F0" box="[1228,1359,452,477]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hispidum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FB46FE51FAF266F0" box="[1228,1359,452,477]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. hispidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FA0DFE51FF6966D0" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenue">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FA0DFE51FF6966D0" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. tenue</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The spines are otherwise unremarkable—larger examples (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFECFF80FB8DFE72FBDB66D0" box="[1031,1126,486,510]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter) bear about 40 longitudinal striations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFECFF80FF4DFDB3FD41654C" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,810]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
Minute buccal sacs were discernable in some specimens. These are rudimentary finger-like projections typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FF3FFDDDFEF1654F" box="[181,332,585,610]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FF3FFDDDFEF1654F" box="[181,332,585,610]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Tromikosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in which they have been seen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFECFF80FF4DFDFEFED86407" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,810]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
The new material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FE37FDF8FD8565AE" box="[445,568,618,643]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FE37FDF8FD8565AE" box="[445,568,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows strong similarities to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FC00FDF8FC4A65AE" box="[906,1015,620,643]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="uranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FC00FDF8FC4A65AE" box="[906,1015,620,643]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. uranus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, differing mainly in the lack of any observable non-poriferous ambulacral plates in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FD41FD19FCF56588" box="[715,840,652,677]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FD41FD19FCF56588" box="[715,840,652,677]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in the pedicellariae (of which only the large tridentate has ever been figured for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FDA4FD3AFD2465E8" box="[558,665,686,709]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="uranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FDA4FD3AFD2465E8" box="[558,665,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. uranus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), while Mortensen (1935) considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FBC6FD3AFB7865EB" box="[1100,1221,685,710]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FBC6FD3AFB7865EB" box="[1100,1221,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be most closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FE86FD5BFEDB65CB" box="[268,358,719,742]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenue">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FE86FD5BFEDB65CB" box="[268,358,719,742]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. tenue</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on the small tridentate pedicellariae and the tuberculation of the oral surface. For the present, with little material available for most of the known species, it seems appropriate to maintain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFECFF80FA8CFD65FAC36425" box="[1286,1406,751,776]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C663FFECFF80FA8CFD65FAC36425" box="[1286,1406,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">T. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a separate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |