182 lines
19 KiB
XML
182 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="79C10883D52D8E733D5AC3B7AEE6CFDC" ID-CLB-Dataset="62922" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6609100" ID-GBIF-Dataset="86c2b13a-7a7e-4f68-a732-9ccb383423dc" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6609100" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1654199812575" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="03AE87DDFF96BD1BFAEFF8D9FECAFDA2" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Spalacidae_0108.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Spalax giganteus Nehring 1898" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="140" masterDocId="FF97FFA5FF9CBD10FF87FFBFFF9BFFAA" masterDocTitle="Spalacidae" masterLastPageNumber="142" masterPageNumber="108" pageNumber="139" updateTime="1699338824828" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="5C3AC9291B702FD5AD43C2FB7C39F521" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FA6DBAD1FB72799165B4B24B841E877E">
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<mods:title id="9EB27F108A9A86FA194379B92CA4F070">Spalacidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7BF053690DBD4FE73AC0DC37A08DBFFE">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8895D7F7178A4AA74E6635E34BC698DC">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B63ED17787182C0002763BB5F12C7450">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="89D2811BF2E3BD18AA9169C87E42C594">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="EBB0E8394239C5A8B405FDD7F7AF5A3C" type="pubDate">2017-11-30</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="2C9DFBEBB69D024355F4EB9265629CB2">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="71417423695B05A5EF9FF29102E7DCA0">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="53F56F1259BF7FBD1E20920F5CCDE519">
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<mods:title id="37127371D4EBB046D59780038917458F">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AE87DDFF96BD1BFAEFF8D9FECAFDA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608893" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195728737" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6608893" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF96BD1BFAEFF8D9FECAFDA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87DDFF96BD1BFAEFF8D9FECAFDA2" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAEFF8D9FA39F832" box="[1384,1442,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAEFF8D9FA39F832" blockId="10.[1382,2262,1894,2023]" box="[1384,1442,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AFAEFF8D9FA39F832" box="[1384,1442,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<figureCitation id="133C2A4EFF96BD1AFAEFF8D9FA39F832" box="[1384,1442,1894,1944]" captionStart="Plate 5: Spalacidae" captionStartId="2.[102,132,3298,3323]" captionTargetBox="[14,2754,13,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Altai Zokor (Myospalax myospalax), 2. Steppe Zokor (Myospalax aspalax), 3. Armand’s Zokor (Mpyospalax armandii), 4. Manchurian Zokor (Myospalax psilurus), 5. Khingan Zokor (Myospalax epsilanus), 6. Fontanier’s Zokor (FEospalax fontaniern), 7. Gansu Zokor (Fospalax cansus), 8. Qinling Zokor (Fospalax rufescens), 9. Plateau Zokor (FEospalax bailey), 10. Rothschild’s Zokor (Eospalax rothschildi), 11. Smith’s Zokor (Eospalax smithu), 12. Chinese Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sinensis), 13. Hoary Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys pruinosus), 14. Indomalayan Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis), 15. Lesser Bamboo Rat (Cannomys badius), 16. African Root Rat (Tachyoryctes splendens), 17. Giant Root Rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), 18. Oltenia Blind Mole-rat (Spalax istricus), 19. Mehely’s Blind Mole-rat (Spalax antiquus), 20. Bukovina Blind Mole-rat (Spalax graecus), 21. Podolsk Blind Mole-rat (Spalax zemni), 22. Sandy Blind Mole-rat (Spalax arenarius), 23. Greater Blind Mole-rat (Spalax microphthalmus), 24. Giant Blind Mole-rat (Spalax giganteus), 25. Kazakhstan Blind Mole-rat (Spalax uralensis), 26. Lesser Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax leucodon), 27. Anatolian Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax xanthodon), 28. Middle East Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax ehrenbergi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609169/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">24.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFA34F8D9F8F9F832" box="[1459,1890,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFA34F8D9F8F9F832" blockId="10.[1382,2262,1894,2023]" box="[1459,1890,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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||
<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AFA34F8D9F8F9F832" box="[1459,1890,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AFA34F8D9F8F9F832" box="[1459,1890,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Giant Blind Mole-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AF812F8D9F74EF832" box="[1941,2261,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AF812F8D9F74EF832" blockId="10.[1382,2262,1894,2023]" box="[1941,2261,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AF812F8D9F74EF832" box="[1941,2261,1894,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AF812F8D9F74EF832" ID-CoL="4YDYT" authorityName="Nehring" authorityYear="1898" box="[1941,2261,1894,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AF812F8D9F74EF832" box="[1941,2261,1894,1944]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Spalax giganteus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE0F815F96DF84D" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0F815F75FF815" blockId="10.[1382,2262,1894,2023]" box="[1383,2244,1962,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AFAE0F815F75FF815" box="[1383,2244,1962,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0F815FA28F815" bold="true" box="[1383,1459,1962,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AFA3BF815F9A0F815" box="[1468,1595,1962,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Spalax géant</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AF9D7F815F931F815" bold="true" box="[1616,1706,1962,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AF933F815F8C5F815" box="[1716,1886,1962,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Riesenblindmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AF8F3F815F854F815" bold="true" box="[1908,1999,1962,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AF85EF815F75FF815" box="[2009,2244,1962,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Rata topo ciega gigante</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0F86DF96DF84D" blockId="10.[1382,2262,1894,2023]" box="[1383,1782,2002,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AFAE0F86DF96DF84D" box="[1383,1782,2002,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0F86DF9C5F84D" bold="true" box="[1383,1630,2002,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AF9E0F86DF96DF84D" box="[1639,1782,2002,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Giant Mole-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AF84CF7ABF78FF7F7" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AF84CF7ABF78FF7F7" blockId="10.[1995,2588,2068,2494]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AF84CF7ABF7FDF79F" bold="true" box="[1995,2150,2068,2101]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AF70CF7ABF78BF7F7" ID-CoL="4YDYT" authority="Nehring" authorityName="Nehring" authorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">Spalax giganteus Nehring, 1898</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AF7A5F7FBF6DFF72E" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AF7A5F7FBF6DFF72E" blockId="10.[1995,2588,2068,2494]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6F3C96FF96BD1AF7A5F7FBF6DFF72E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802165326" country="Russia" location="Makhachkala" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Dagestan">
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near
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<location id="8ED86010FF96BD1AF7EAF7FBF6B2F7F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF96BD1BFAEFF8D9FECAFDA2:8ED86010FF96BD1AF7EAF7FBF6B2F7F7" box="[2157,2345,2116,2141]" country="Russia" name="Makhachkala" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" stateProvince="Dagestan">Makhachkala</location>
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, W shore of Caspian Sea,
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<collectingRegion id="49C3F829FF96BD1AF7D3F7D4F74DF72E" box="[2132,2262,2155,2180]" country="Russia" name="Dagestan" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Dagestan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F310765BFF96BD1AF760F7D4F6DBF72E" box="[2279,2368,2155,2180]" name="Russia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AF84AF735F77BF6E2" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AF84AF735F77BF6E2" blockId="10.[1995,2588,2068,2494]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AF84AF735F704F701" authorityName="Tiflov & Usov" authorityYear="1939" box="[1997,2207,2186,2219]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uralensis">Spalax uralensis</taxonomicName>
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had been widely regarded as a synonym or subspecies of S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AF625F709F587F779" authorityName="Nehring" authorityYear="1898" box="[2466,2588,2230,2259]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">giganteus</taxonomicName>
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until 1993 when A. Yu. Puzachenko demonstrated its unique status using morphometrics. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AF84CF6E8F637F63D" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF786643FF96BD1AF84CF6E8F637F63D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609157" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6609157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609157/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" targetBox="[1380,1972,2076,2491]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AF84CF6E8F637F63D" blockId="10.[1995,2588,2068,2494]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AF84CF6E8F7E0F6DA" bold="true" box="[1995,2171,2391,2416]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Stavropol, Kalmykia, Chechnya, and Dagestan (Russia).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AF84CF622F7D6F501" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AF84CF622F7D6F501" blockId="10.[1995,2588,2068,2494]" lastBlockId="10.[1381,2587,2501,3479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AF84CF622F77FF614" bold="true" box="[1995,2276,2461,2494]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 250-350 mm, no visible external tail; weight up to 1 kg. Male Giant Blind Mole-rats are larger than females. It is the largest species of blind mole-rat. It has short pale silvery gray-straw pelage. Anterior part of head is lighter, sometimes almost white, and underside is grayer. Young individuals are darker and grayer. Compared with the Kazakhstan Blind Mole-rat (S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AF9F1F5D8F977F52E" authorityName="Tiflov & Usov" authorityYear="1939" box="[1654,1772,2663,2692]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uralensis">uralensis</taxonomicName>
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), the Giant Blind Mole-rat has high and narrow rostrum and wider upper incisors. Diploid number is 2n = 62.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE0F50EF879F48B" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0F50EF879F48B" blockId="10.[1381,2587,2501,3479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0F50EFA4DF578" bold="true" box="[1383,1494,2737,2770]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Semi-desert and steppe. The Giant Blind Mole-rat prefers sandy or loamy soils. It likes relatively moist areas in otherwise arid areas, such as near bodies of water. It is also known from some agricultural areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE0F498F92CF4DA" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0F498F92CF4DA" blockId="10.[1381,2587,2501,3479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0F498F9EFF4E2" bold="true" box="[1383,1652,2855,2888]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Giant Blind Mole-rats feed on underground plant parts such as roots, bulbs, and tubers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE0F4C9F6D7F44F" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0F4C9F6D7F44F" blockId="10.[1381,2587,2501,3479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0F4C9FA76F43D" bold="true" box="[1383,1517,2934,2967]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating of Giant Blind Mole-rats occurs in December—January. Litter sizes are 2-3. Young disperse by autumn, either digging burrows near the mother or by dispersing aboveground. Sexual maturity is reached in the second year.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE2F454F9DFF39E" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE2F454F9DFF39E" blockId="10.[1381,2587,2501,3479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE2F454F9C9F3A6" bold="true" box="[1381,1618,3051,3084]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Giant Blind Mole-rats are active year-round. Digging activities peak in March-April.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE0F385F7F4F28A" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0F385F7F4F28A" blockId="10.[1381,2587,2501,3479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0F385F7B5F3F1" bold="true" box="[1383,2094,3130,3163]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Giant Blind Mole-rats are solitary, with one individual per burrow except for females with young. Feeding tunnels are located 20-50 cm below the surface, and burrow system can be 3 m deep. Mounds are 100 cm in diameter, 30 cm in height, and found at intervals of 5 m. Digging occurs ata rate of 2:5 cm/h. Where present, it may be the most abundant small mammal. Densities are poorly known, but appear to be ¢.0-5-2 ind/ha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1BFAE0F298FDDEFE38" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1BFAE0F298FDDEFE38" blockId="10.[1381,2587,2501,3479]" lastBlockId="11.[178,1384,290,523]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0F298F958F2E2" bold="true" box="[1383,1731,3367,3400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List and as rare (category 3) in the Red Data Book of Russia. Distribution of the Giant Blind Mole-rat is very fragmented, and habitat quality continues to decline. Habitat loss has been exacerbated by war,soil salinization, and agricultural practices such as irrigation, overgrazing, and plowing. Itis almost extinct in Chechnya and perhaps Dagestan. It can be a pest in orchards and fields.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF97BD1BFF33FE1FFECAFDA2" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF97BD1BFF33FE1FFECAFDA2" blockId="11.[178,1384,290,523]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF97BD1BFF33FE1FFED7FE13" bold="true" box="[180,332,416,441]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Iliashenko & lliashenko (2000), Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Musser & Carleton (2005), Ognev (1947), Pavlinov & Lissovsky (2012), Puzachenko (1993, 2016e), Topachevskii (1969), Tsytsulina, Formozov & Sheftel (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |