202 lines
21 KiB
XML
202 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D53658DEC5E37D61E591869CC998A917">Spalacidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0B0C4447C6724DE0DC7F7794175ECE15">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1AEC07BB6C1FB96A83CDBD4B0278DD88">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FAEB5A872C6123241A270639E9FCD0E7">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="CA2BA68459161D3BC03B180B5B428CFA">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="7B1A23D95621137BEC7D41ADDE9BCD14">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="F75E396EFFD32ACD45577C9554539861">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="1C65CB835B41432CBA09BCF8F2BA4532">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AE87DDFF95BD1AFA35F40CFBA5F901" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608887" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195728739" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6608887" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF95BD1AFA35F40CFBA5F901" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87DDFF95BD1AFA35F40CFBA5F901" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF95BD19FA35F40CFA70F44F" box="[1458,1515,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF95BD19FA35F40CFA70F44F" blockId="9.[1455,2428,2995,3125]" box="[1458,1515,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF95BD19FA35F40CFA70F44F" box="[1458,1515,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<figureCitation id="133C2A4EFF95BD19FA35F40CFA70F44F" box="[1458,1515,2995,3045]" captionStart="Plate 5: Spalacidae" captionStartId="2.[102,132,3298,3323]" captionTargetBox="[14,2754,13,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Altai Zokor (Myospalax myospalax), 2. Steppe Zokor (Myospalax aspalax), 3. Armand’s Zokor (Mpyospalax armandii), 4. Manchurian Zokor (Myospalax psilurus), 5. Khingan Zokor (Myospalax epsilanus), 6. Fontanier’s Zokor (FEospalax fontaniern), 7. Gansu Zokor (Fospalax cansus), 8. Qinling Zokor (Fospalax rufescens), 9. Plateau Zokor (FEospalax bailey), 10. Rothschild’s Zokor (Eospalax rothschildi), 11. Smith’s Zokor (Eospalax smithu), 12. Chinese Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sinensis), 13. Hoary Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys pruinosus), 14. Indomalayan Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis), 15. Lesser Bamboo Rat (Cannomys badius), 16. African Root Rat (Tachyoryctes splendens), 17. Giant Root Rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), 18. Oltenia Blind Mole-rat (Spalax istricus), 19. Mehely’s Blind Mole-rat (Spalax antiquus), 20. Bukovina Blind Mole-rat (Spalax graecus), 21. Podolsk Blind Mole-rat (Spalax zemni), 22. Sandy Blind Mole-rat (Spalax arenarius), 23. Greater Blind Mole-rat (Spalax microphthalmus), 24. Giant Blind Mole-rat (Spalax giganteus), 25. Kazakhstan Blind Mole-rat (Spalax uralensis), 26. Lesser Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax leucodon), 27. Anatolian Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax xanthodon), 28. Middle East Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax ehrenbergi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609169/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">22.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF95BD19FA7BF40CF82FF44F" box="[1532,1972,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF95BD19FA7BF40CF82FF44F" blockId="9.[1455,2428,2995,3125]" box="[1532,1972,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF95BD19FA7BF40CF82FF44F" box="[1532,1972,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF95BD19FA7BF40CF82FF44F" box="[1532,1972,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Sandy Blind Mole-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF95BD19F860F40CF6BCF44F" box="[2023,2343,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF95BD19F860F40CF6BCF44F" blockId="9.[1455,2428,2995,3125]" box="[2023,2343,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF95BD19F860F40CF6BCF44F" box="[2023,2343,2995,3045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF95BD19F860F40CF6BCF44F" ID-CoL="4YDYM" authorityName="Reshetnik" authorityYear="1939" box="[2023,2343,2995,3045]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarius">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF95BD19F860F40CF6BCF44F" box="[2023,2343,2995,3045]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Spalax arenarius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF95BD19FA36F449F8DCF398" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF95BD19FA36F449F6E1F3A1" blockId="9.[1455,2428,2995,3125]" box="[1457,2426,3062,3083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF95BD19FA36F449F6E1F3A1" box="[1457,2426,3062,3083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF95BD19FA36F449FA67F3A1" bold="true" box="[1457,1532,3062,3083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF95BD19F982F449F92DF3A1" box="[1541,1718,3062,3083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Spalax des sables</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF95BD19F94CF449F8BDF3A1" bold="true" box="[1739,1830,3062,3083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF95BD19F8A8F449F85CF3A1" box="[1839,1991,3062,3083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Sandblindmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF95BD19F85BF449F7A3F3A1" bold="true" box="[2012,2104,3062,3083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF95BD19F7C5F449F6E1F3A1" box="[2114,2426,3062,3083]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Rata topo ciega de los arenales</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF95BD19FA37F3A2F8DCF398" blockId="9.[1455,2428,2995,3125]" box="[1456,1863,3101,3122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF95BD19FA37F3A2F8DCF398" box="[1456,1863,3101,3122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF95BD19FA37F3A2F93CF398" bold="true" box="[1456,1703,3101,3122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF95BD19F937F3A2F8DCF398" box="[1712,1863,3101,3122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Sandy Mole-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF95BD19FA37F3DFF7BDF32B" box="[1456,2086,3168,3201]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF95BD19FA37F3DFF7BDF32B" blockId="9.[1455,2661,3168,3482]" box="[1456,2086,3168,3201]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF95BD19FA37F3DFF9D0F32B" bold="true" box="[1456,1611,3168,3201]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF95BD19F9DDF3DFF7BAF32B" ID-CoL="4YDYM" authority="Reshetnik, 1939" authorityName="Reshetnik" authorityYear="1939" box="[1626,2081,3168,3201]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarius">Spalax arenarius Reshetnik, 1939</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF95BD19F7B3F3DFF8B8F302" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF95BD19F7B3F3DFF8B8F302" blockId="9.[1455,2661,3168,3482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6F3C96FF95BD19F7B3F3DFF8B8F302" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802165323" country="Ukraine" location="Golaya Pristan" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nikolaev Region">
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NW shore of Black Sea,
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<location id="8ED86010FF95BD19F616F3DFF5C6F32B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF95BD1AFA35F40CFBA5F901:8ED86010FF95BD19F616F3DFF5C6F32B" box="[2449,2653,3168,3201]" country="Ukraine" name="Golaya Pristan" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" stateProvince="Nikolaev Region">Golaya Pristan</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C3F829FF95BD19FA36F338F901F302" box="[1457,1690,3207,3240]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Nikolaev Region</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F310765BFF95BD19F92DF338F885F302" box="[1706,1822,3207,3240]" name="Ukraine" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF95BD19FA35F310F9D6F2EC" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF95BD19FA35F310F9D6F2EC" blockId="9.[1455,2661,3168,3482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF95BD19FA35F310F916F37A" authorityName="Reshetnik" authorityYear="1939" box="[1458,1677,3247,3280]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarius">Spalax arenarius</taxonomicName>
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is the sister species to S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF95BD19F786F310F7D0F37A" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[2049,2123,3247,3280]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zemni">zemni</taxonomicName>
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, and it has been treated as a subspecies or synonym of S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF95BD19F96EF369F8A8F35D" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1769,1843,3286,3319]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zemni">zemni</taxonomicName>
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, S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF95BD19F8EDF369F7A8F35D" authorityName="Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1770" box="[1898,2099,3286,3319]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">microphthalmus</taxonomicName>
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, and S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF95BD19F72FF369F6B8F35D" box="[2216,2339,3286,3319]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Elymus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteus">giganteus</taxonomicName>
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in the past. Its species status is supported by morphological features and is broadly accepted in recent texts. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF95BD19FA36F2EEF9A3F23F" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="multiple">
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||
<caption id="DF786643FF95BD19FA36F2EEF9A3F23F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609151" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6609151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609151/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" targetBox="[104,696,303,718]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF95BD19FA36F2EEF9A3F23F" blockId="9.[1455,2661,3168,3482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF95BD19FA36F2EEF9FBF2C4" bold="true" box="[1457,1632,3409,3438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E bank of the Dniepr River near its opening into the Black Sea (S Ukraine).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFD48FE99FCC1FD29" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFD48FE99FCC1FD29" blockId="10.[719,1313,294,722]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFD48FE99FC7CFEED" bold="true" box="[719,999,294,327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 190-275 mm, no visible external tail; weight 380-660 g. Male Sandy Blind Mole-rats are larger than females. They are large pale straw-yellow-gray. Front of head is lighter grayish white, and venter is pale mouse gray. Fringe of pale yellow-gray hair extends from nose to ears. Diploid number is 2n = 62.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFD48FD36FDD7FCE2" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFD48FD36FDD7FCE2" blockId="10.[719,1313,294,722]" lastBlockId="10.[105,1312,728,1707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFD48FD36FCA4FD00" bold="true" box="[719,831,649,682]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Sparsely vegetated absinth (Ar temisia,
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFCCAFD06FC7CFD78" box="[845,999,697,722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
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)grass and absinthspurge (
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFF63FD67FE27FD53" box="[228,444,728,761]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
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) steppes. The Sandy Blind Mole-rat is found in light, moderately wet, sandy soils with a low water table and is never found in moving sands, dry feather-grass steppe, or alkali soils.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFECFCF1FF74FC4F" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFECFCF1FF74FC4F" blockId="10.[105,1312,728,1707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFECFCF1FEECFCC5" bold="true" box="[107,375,846,879]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Sandy Blind Mole-rats feed on a variety of plants including field eryngo (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFF6EFCC9FEF1FC3D" box="[233,362,886,919]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eryngium</taxonomicName>
|
||
campestre,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFD81FCC9FD16FC3D" box="[518,653,886,919]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), wormwood (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFCE2FCC9FC7AFC3D" box="[869,993,886,919]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artemisia</taxonomicName>
|
||
campestris,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFB0EFCC9FA8AFC3D" box="[1161,1297,886,919]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and goatsbeard (7
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFEE0FC22FE69FC14" box="[359,498,925,958]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Tragopogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tragopogon</taxonomicName>
|
||
ucrainicus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFD14FC22FCA9FC14" box="[659,818,925,958]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Accumulated winter stores weigh 10-15 kg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFECFC53FCD0FB9E" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFECFC53FCD0FB9E" blockId="10.[105,1312,728,1707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFECFC53FF6AFBA7" bold="true" box="[107,241,1004,1037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding of the Sandy Blind Mole-rat occurs once a year in March. Young are born in April-May, and lactation lasts c.1 month.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFEEFB80FDDFFBF6" box="[105,580,1087,1116]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEEFB80FDDFFBF6" blockId="10.[105,1312,728,1707]" box="[105,580,1087,1116]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFEEFB80FECEFBF6" bold="true" box="[105,341,1087,1116]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFECFBDDFEFEFADA" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFECFBDDFEFEFADA" blockId="10.[105,1312,728,1707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFECFBDDFCA8FB29" bold="true" box="[107,819,1122,1155]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Sandy Blind Mole-rats are solitary and aggressive toward conspecifics. Feeding tunnels can be 200 m long and occur at depths of 40-50 cm. Individual home ranges are more than 80 m?. Vertical shafts connect to chambers atjust over 1 m deep. Mounds are 35-93 cm in diameter and 20-45 cm in height. The Sandy Blind Mole-rat occurs at densities of 5 ind/ha in optimal habitat and 0-9-1-2 ind/ha elsewhere. Predators include foxes, mustelids, domestic dogs, and raptors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFEBFAC9FA87F9F7" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEBFAC9FA87F9F7" blockId="10.[105,1312,728,1707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFEBFAC9FE52FA3D" bold="true" box="[108,457,1398,1431]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Sandy Blind Mole-rat is protected in the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, but it faces conservation threats and is declining outside ofthis area. Its extent of occurrence is ¢.2000 km? and its area of occupancy is ¢.55 km?®. It is threatened by afforestation activities that are intended to stabilize the landscape and to support commercial forestry. Total population is estimated at 15,000-20,000 individuals, which are known from fewer than five localities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFEBF9D4FBA5F901" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEBF9D4FBA5F901" blockId="10.[105,1312,728,1707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFEBF9D4FE9EF92E" bold="true" box="[108,261,1643,1668]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Hadid et al. (2012), Musser & Carleton (2005), Németh et al. (2013), Ognev (1947), Puzachenko (2016h), Topachevskii (1969), Tsytsulina & Zagorodnyuk (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |