193 lines
22 KiB
XML
193 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="849DF2CB63271C51A2E617517A627245">Spalacidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="24A1CEF9DC06012B9D82DB999AB45D96">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C0C5C6CCA355B4CD49B162C6EA1C2B0">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EDF84FEAF548BD03DDC5F42E5C0BB91D">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9BE0EA639D8055750545CF7451BB0065">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="96F84213890FCABD06CE936AE28EAC8C">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="EF245148F61DB189ADB9727854D6A594">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="3D37EEB6218640E597017BA20CF3A1A6">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="40D2E432E1E332619D709CA5369432CB" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6609100</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AE87DDFF94BD18FFF4F994F71BFC39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608872" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195728734" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6608872" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF94BD18FFF4F994F71BFC39" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87DDFF94BD18FFF4F994F71BFC39" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF94BD18FFF4F994FF32F9F3" box="[115,169,1579,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<figureCitation id="133C2A4EFF94BD18FFF4F994FF32F9F3" box="[115,169,1579,1625]" captionStart="Plate 5: Spalacidae" captionStartId="2.[102,132,3298,3323]" captionTargetBox="[14,2754,13,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Altai Zokor (Myospalax myospalax), 2. Steppe Zokor (Myospalax aspalax), 3. Armand’s Zokor (Mpyospalax armandii), 4. Manchurian Zokor (Myospalax psilurus), 5. Khingan Zokor (Myospalax epsilanus), 6. Fontanier’s Zokor (FEospalax fontaniern), 7. Gansu Zokor (Fospalax cansus), 8. Qinling Zokor (Fospalax rufescens), 9. Plateau Zokor (FEospalax bailey), 10. Rothschild’s Zokor (Eospalax rothschildi), 11. Smith’s Zokor (Eospalax smithu), 12. Chinese Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sinensis), 13. Hoary Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys pruinosus), 14. Indomalayan Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis), 15. Lesser Bamboo Rat (Cannomys badius), 16. African Root Rat (Tachyoryctes splendens), 17. Giant Root Rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), 18. Oltenia Blind Mole-rat (Spalax istricus), 19. Mehely’s Blind Mole-rat (Spalax antiquus), 20. Bukovina Blind Mole-rat (Spalax graecus), 21. Podolsk Blind Mole-rat (Spalax zemni), 22. Sandy Blind Mole-rat (Spalax arenarius), 23. Greater Blind Mole-rat (Spalax microphthalmus), 24. Giant Blind Mole-rat (Spalax giganteus), 25. Kazakhstan Blind Mole-rat (Spalax uralensis), 26. Lesser Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax leucodon), 27. Anatolian Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax xanthodon), 28. Middle East Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax ehrenbergi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609169/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">17.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FF3CF994FE69F9F3" box="[187,498,1579,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FF3CF994FE69F9F3" blockId="8.[110,1064,1579,1707]" box="[187,498,1579,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF94BD18FF3CF994FE69F9F3" box="[187,498,1579,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF94BD18FF3CF994FE69F9F3" box="[187,498,1579,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Giant Root Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FDADF994FBBCF9F3" box="[554,1063,1579,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FDADF994FBBCF9F3" blockId="8.[110,1064,1579,1707]" box="[554,1063,1579,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF94BD18FDADF994FBBCF9F3" box="[554,1063,1579,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18FDADF994FBBCF9F3" ID-CoL="7BFS4" baseAuthorityName="Ruppell" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[554,1063,1579,1625]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrocephalus">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FDADF994FBBCF9F3" box="[554,1063,1579,1625]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Tachyoryctes macrocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FFF7F9D4FD43F90D" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FFF7F9D4FB8BF92A" blockId="8.[110,1064,1579,1707]" box="[112,1040,1643,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF94BD18FFF7F9D4FB8BF92A" box="[112,1040,1643,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FFF7F9D4FF20F92A" bold="true" box="[112,187,1643,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF94BD18FF42F9D4FEFFF92A" box="[197,356,1643,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Rat-taupe géant</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FEF0F9D4FE49F92A" bold="true" box="[375,466,1643,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF94BD18FE5BF9D4FD23F92A" box="[476,696,1643,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Riesenmaulwurfsratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FD4AF9D4FCB3F92A" bold="true" box="[717,808,1643,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF94BD18FCB4F9D4FB8BF92A" box="[819,1040,1643,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Rata de raices gigante</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FFE8F92DFD43F90D" blockId="8.[110,1064,1579,1707]" box="[111,728,1682,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF94BD18FFE8F92DFD43F90D" box="[111,728,1682,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FFE8F92DFEFDF90D" bold="true" box="[111,358,1682,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF94BD18FEF7F92DFDA7F90D" box="[368,572,1682,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Big-headed Mole-rat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF94BD18FDCEF92DFD43F90D" box="[585,728,1682,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Giant Mole-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FD54F966FCF9F8B3" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FD54F966FCF9F8B3" blockId="8.[723,1317,1753,2176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FD54F966FCF5F95C" bold="true" box="[723,878,1753,1782]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18FC0FF966FCC5F8B3" authority="Ruppell, 1842" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrocephalus">Rhizomys macrocephalus Ruppell, 1842</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FCE9F8BDFBD9F8B6" box="[878,1090,1794,1820]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FCE9F8BDFBD9F8B6" blockId="8.[723,1317,1753,2176]" box="[878,1090,1794,1820]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6F3C96FF94BD18FCE9F8BDFBD9F8B6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802165309" box="[878,1090,1794,1820]" country="Ethiopia" location="Shoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" specimenCount="1">
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<location id="8ED86010FF94BD18FCE9F8BDFC2FF8B1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF94BD18FFF4F994F71BFC39:8ED86010FF94BD18FCE9F8BDFC2FF8B1" box="[878,948,1794,1819]" country="Ethiopia" name="Shoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Shoa</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F310765BFF94BD18FC42F8BCFBA5F8B6" box="[965,1086,1795,1820]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FD53F89BFED7F6B7" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FD53F89BFED7F6B7" blockId="8.[723,1317,1753,2176]" lastBlockId="8.[109,1317,2182,3475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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Presence of 71.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18FC41F89BFBE7F8EF" baseAuthorityName="Ruppell" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[966,1148,1828,1861]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrocephalus">macrocephalus</taxonomicName>
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in the region known until 1995 as Shoa (= Shewa) Province, Ethiopia, is considered suspect. D. W. Yalden and M. J. Largen in 1992 suggested that type material was collected in Begemdir or Wollo Province in northern Ethiopia. No further records of 7.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18FB54F7AFFCDBF7F3" baseAuthorityName="Ruppell" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrocephalus">macrocephalus</taxonomicName>
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have been recorded from northern Ethiopia since the original description. In a cladistics analysis that included fossil and extant taxa, R. Lopez-Antonanzas and H. B. Wesselman in 2013 showed that the two living root rats are sister taxa with respect to the known fossil species 71. konjiti, 1 pliocaenicus, and 1. makooka. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FFE8F69BFF73F611" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF786643FF94BD18FFE8F69BFF73F611" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609141" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6609141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609141/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" targetBox="[108,699,1758,2173]" targetPageId="8">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FFE8F69BFE64F6EF" blockId="8.[109,1317,2182,3475]" box="[111,511,2340,2373]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FFE8F69BFE64F6EF" bold="true" box="[111,511,2340,2373]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FFF4F6F4FF73F611" blockId="8.[109,1317,2182,3475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18FFF4F6F4FDA6F6C6" authority="Ruppell, 1842" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1842" box="[115,573,2379,2412]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrocephalus" subSpecies="macrocephalus">T. m. macrocephalus Ruppell, 1842</taxonomicName>
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— N Ethiopia; no records since original description.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18FFF4F6C4FD09F63E" authority="Neumann & Rummler, 1928" authorityName="Neumann & Rummler" authorityYear="1928" box="[115,658,2427,2452]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrocephalus" subSpecies="hecki">T. m. hecki Neumann & Rummler, 1928</taxonomicName>
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— S Ethiopia, Bale Mts above 3000 m (Oromia Region).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FFE9F67AFA84F55C" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FFE9F67AFA84F55C" blockId="8.[109,1317,2182,3475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FFE9F67AFEFCF648" bold="true" box="[110,359,2501,2530]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 224-313 mm, tail 40-65 mm; weight 330-930 g. The Giant Root Rat is stocky and short-limbed, with relatively large head and shorttail. It has soft dense pelage that is silver, brown, or orange. Hairs are gray at bases. Up to three darker lines may be present on crown of head, and dark spot is present on eyelids. Interorbital width is narrow, causing eyes to be distinctively high on face. Subspecies heck: has longer (greater than 7 mm) anterior palatal foramen and zygomatic plate that slopes down to premaxillary-maxillary suture than the nominate subspecies. Large orange incisors are visible externally when mouth is closed. Diploid numberis 2n = 50.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FFE9F542FF47F411" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FFE9F542FF47F411" blockId="8.[109,1317,2182,3475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FFE9F542FF45F4B4" bold="true" box="[110,222,2813,2846]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Restricted to alpine grassland habitat at elevations of 3000-4150 m. The Giant Root Rat prefers soil depths greater than 50 cm in swamp shore grasslands and mixed herbaceous moorlands. Moist soils are preferred. In the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia, the African Root Rat (7.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18FE43F4CDFDA7F439" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1836" box="[452,572,2930,2963]" class="Mammalia" family="Bathyergidae" genus="Bathyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="splendens">splendens</taxonomicName>
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) is replaced by the Giant Root Rat at elevations above 3000 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FFE9F47AFCCAF365" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FFE9F47AFCCAF365" blockId="8.[109,1317,2182,3475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FFE9F47AFEE5F448" bold="true" box="[110,382,3013,3042]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Giant Root Rat feeds on grasses and forbs such as
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18FB40F47AFF61F3A0" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Festuca (Poaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18FECEF452FDECF3A0" box="[329,631,3053,3082]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Alchemilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alchemilla (Rosaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Food is gathered by opening a hole to the surface and consuming plant material within easy reach of the opening. An individual usually keeps its hindquarters in the opening to facilitate quick escape into the burrow. When food in an area is depleted, the Giant Root Ratseals the opening and creates a new burrow elsewhere. A mouthful of food is collected in short foraging bouts of 6-8 minutes and is taken belowground for consumption.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FFE9F36BFED7F2B6" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FFE9F36BFED7F2B6" blockId="8.[109,1317,2182,3475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FFE9F36BFF6EF35F" bold="true" box="[110,245,3284,3317]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Little information is available. Female Giant Root Rats appear to have one young perlitter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FFEAF29CFCCAF239" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FFEAF29CFCCAF239" blockId="8.[109,1317,2182,3475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FFEAF29CFEC0F2EE" bold="true" box="[109,347,3363,3396]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Giant Root Rat is diurnal and active from 08:00 h to 16:00 h. Aboveground activity comes in short bursts, roughly ten bouts in dry season adding up to an hour of activity, with fewer during rainy season.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FAECFE9CF844FDD5" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FAECFE9CF844FDD5" blockId="8.[1386,2595,291,921]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FAECFE9CF7BDFEEE" bold="true" box="[1387,2086,291,324]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Only a single Giant Root Rat is present in each burrow system. Burrows are up to 90 m long and 12-15 cm in cross section belowground, with openings c.8 cm. An individual's burrow system may be up to 360 m*. All burrow entrances are closed nightly. Densities of 6 ind/ha, 24 ind/ha, 60 ind/ha, and 90 ind/ha have been reported. The ground can feel spongy when Giant Root Rats occur at high densities because ofits burrows. It may reach 50-60% of total rodent biomass in certain locations. The Giant Root Rat is a preferred prey of the Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis), representing up to 47% (by volume) of its diet. Other predators include owls and probably raptors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FAECFD39F7F0FCEE" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FAECFD39F7F0FCEE" blockId="8.[1386,2595,291,921]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FAECFD39F956FD0D" bold="true" box="[1387,1741,646,679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Giant Root Rat can be present in very high concentrations, butits distribution is restricted and is dependent on a unique ecosystem. Much of its known distribution is in Bale Mountains National Park, but overgrazing by livestock threatens grasslands. It is not clear if the northern subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF94BD18F8BDFC94F86BFCEE" baseAuthorityName="Ruppell" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1850,2032,811,836]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrocephalus">macrocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, persists.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF94BD18FAEBFCECF71BFC39" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF94BD18FAEBFCECF71BFC39" blockId="8.[1386,2595,291,921]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF94BD18FAEBFCECF99FFCC6" bold="true" box="[1388,1540,851,876]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Corti & Lavrenchenko (2008), Lopez-Antonanzas & Wesselman (2013), Monadjem et al. (2015), Sillero-Zubiri et al. (1995a), Yalden (1985, 2013a), Yalden & Largen (1992).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |