460 lines
44 KiB
XML
460 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6971356" approvalRequired="59" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="59" checkinTime="1659882917898" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Beck, Robin M. D., Voss, Robert S. & Jansa, Sharon A." docDate="2022" docId="03EFDD5DF7026915D959FDB51B9AFAB8" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHist.2022.457.1-350.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (457)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-457/issue-1/0003-0090.457.1.1/Craniodental-Morphology-and-Phylogeny-of-Marsupials/10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.8:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Mimoperadectes undetermined" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="316" masterDocId="FFD6A525F63B6829DA0BFFAE1A62FFC7" masterDocTitle="Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials" masterLastPageNumber="353" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="313" updateTime="1659987007554" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beck, Robin M. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford, U. K. & School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales, Australia & Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jansa, Sharon A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Bell Museum and Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-06-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>2022</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>457</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>353</mods:end>
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<mods:url>https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-457/issue-1/0003-0090.457.1.1/Craniodental-Morphology-and-Phylogeny-of-Marsupials/10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1.full</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6971356</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6974432" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6974432" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EFDD5DF7026915D959FDB51B9AFAB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EFDD5DF7026915D959FDB51B9AFAB8" lastPageId="316" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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<subSubSection box="[850,1047,539,563]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="313.[850,1047,539,563]" box="[850,1047,539,563]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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<heading box="[850,1047,539,563]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" reason="4">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[850,1047,539,563]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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†
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<taxonomicName box="[864,1047,539,563]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[864,1047,539,563]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="313" pageNumber="313" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="313.[684,1214,589,1738]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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SPECIES SCORED: †
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<emphasis box="[947,1211,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName box="[947,1127,589,613]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
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labrus
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</emphasis>
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(
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<typeStatus box="[692,741,623,647]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">type</typeStatus>
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species), †
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<emphasis box="[860,971,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">M. houdei</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="313" pageNumber="313" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="313.[684,1214,589,1738]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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GEOLOGICAL PROVENANCE OF SCORED
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<collectionCode box="[684,744,689,713]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">SPECIMENS</collectionCode>
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: UM Locality SC-69, lower part of Willwood Formation, Park County,
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<collectingRegion box="[1100,1211,722,746]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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(†
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<emphasis box="[707,954,755,779]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName box="[707,880,755,779]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
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labrus
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</emphasis>
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); UM Locality SC-133, lower part of Willwood Formation, Park County, Clark Fork Basin,
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<collectingRegion box="[884,991,821,845]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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(†
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<emphasis box="[1021,1132,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">M. houdei</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="313" pageNumber="313" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="313.[684,1214,589,1738]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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AGE OF SCORED SPECIMENS: UM Locality SC-69 is within Zone Wa-0 of the Wasatchian North American Land Mammal Age (Gingerich, 2001: fig. 11), whereas UM Locality SC-133 is within Zone Wa-2 (Bowen and Bloch, 2002: fig. 2,
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<tableCitation box="[718,801,1019,1043]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[609,689,226,250]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 2 Assumed Classification of Marsupial Ingroup Genera Scored for Phylogenetic Analysisa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF393CC3F6306822D86AFF4C1E2EFED9" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" tableUuid="DF393CC3F6306822D86AFF4C1E2EFED9">table 2</tableCitation>
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); the maximum bound of Wa-0 is approximately 55.8 Mya, and the minimum bound of Wa-2 is approximately 55.1 Mya (Chew and Oheim, 2013: fig. 2).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="313.[684,1214,589,1738]" box="[716,1190,1151,1176]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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ASSIGNED AGE
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<collectionCode box="[883,957,1152,1176]" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">RANGE</collectionCode>
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:
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<geoCoordinate box="[971,1043,1151,1175]" degrees="55.800" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" precision="55" value="55.8">55.800</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate box="[1043,1128,1151,1175]" degrees="55.100" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" precision="55" value="-55.1">–55.100</geoCoordinate>
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Mya.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="316" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="313.[684,1214,589,1738]" lastBlockId="314.[108,637,226,1738]" lastPageId="314" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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REMARKS: Bown and Rose (1979) described †
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<emphasis box="[698,955,1218,1242]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName box="[698,875,1218,1242]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
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labrus
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</emphasis>
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based on incomplete, predominantly dental, specimens from the earliest Eocene of the Willwood Formation, and referred it to the family
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Voss and Jansa" authorityYear="2009" box="[943,1079,1317,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didelphidae</taxonomicName>
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. Horovitz et al. (2009) described a broken but nearly complete cranium of †
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<taxonomicName box="[924,1105,1383,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[924,1105,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(USNM 482355) from a slightly younger site in the Willwood Formation, referred it to a new species, †
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<emphasis box="[697,806,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">M. houdei</emphasis>
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, and referred †
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<taxonomicName box="[971,1144,1482,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[971,1144,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to the family †
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[776,923,1515,1539]" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="313" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
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. In the same year, Beard and Dawson (2009) described a third species, †
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<emphasis box="[697,862,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">M. sowasheenis</emphasis>
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, from the early Wasatchian Red Hot Local Fauna, Uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Lauderdale County,
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<collectingRegion box="[993,1121,1647,1671]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="313" pageNumber="313">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
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. Subsequently, Rose et al. (2012) described additional specimens (including an isolated astragalus) of the
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<typeStatus box="[148,195,226,250]" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">type</typeStatus>
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species, †
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<emphasis box="[303,405,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">M. labrus</emphasis>
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, from the Wa-0 Sand Creek Divide Fauna in the Willwood Formation, and argued that the validity of †
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<emphasis box="[472,584,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">M. houdei</emphasis>
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as a distinct species should be reassessed (Rose et al., 2012: 22). Of this material, only the specimens described by Bown and Rose (1979) and Horovitz et al. (2009) have been used for scoring purposes here.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="314.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
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Horovitz et al. (2009) presented a morphological phylogenetic analysis that included a terminal combining craniodental character scores for †
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<emphasis box="[159,405,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
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<taxonomicName box="[159,332,589,613]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
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labrus
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</emphasis>
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and †
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<emphasis box="[472,581,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">M. houdei</emphasis>
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with dental character scores from †
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<emphasis box="[466,579,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
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spp. and three postcranial character scores from “a
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<emphasis box="[108,219,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
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-like species from the Middle Eocene of Messel,
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<collectingCountry box="[230,333,722,746]" name="Germany" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Germany</collectingCountry>
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, which may belong to this same genus or alternatively may be closely related to it” (Horovitz et al., 2009: supporting information). In their analysis, the “
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
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<taxonomicName box="[449,626,821,845]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
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- Peradectes
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</emphasis>
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” terminal was recovered as sister to a clade comprising the living didelphids
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Burnett" authorityYear="1830" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Monodelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Monodelphis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Nesslinger" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[223,327,920,944]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[223,327,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Didelphis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, suggesting that it was a crown-clade marsupial and a member of the order
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Voss and Jansa" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[187,388,986,1010]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Didelphimorphia</taxonomicName>
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. The morphological analysis of Wilson et al. (2016) also included a “
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<emphasis box="[119,424,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
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<taxonomicName box="[119,298,1052,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
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-Peradectes
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</emphasis>
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” terminal, which again fell inside
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<taxonomicName box="[285,416,1085,1109]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Marsupialia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Marsupialia</taxonomicName>
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, as sister to †
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Herpetotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Herpetotherium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with this clade sister to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Voss and Jansa" authorityYear="2009" box="[481,614,1118,1142]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didelphidae</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[108,235,1151,1175]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasyuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dasyuridae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[298,420,1152,1175]" class="Mammalia" family="Microbiotheriidae" genus="Dromiciops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[298,420,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Dromiciops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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outside this. However, the relationships among extant marsupials found by Wilson et al. (2016) are in clear conflict with molecular, total-evidence, and most morphological analyses (e.g., Phillips et al., 2001; Amrine-Madsen et al., 2003b; Horovitz and Sánchez-Villagra, 2003; Asher et al., 2004; Nilsson et al., 2004, 2010; Phillips et al., 2006; Sánchez-Villagra et al., 2007; Beck, 2008, 2012; Beck et al., 2008, 2014, 2016; Horovitz et al., 2008, 2009; Meredith et al., 2008, 2009c, 2011; Mitchell et al., 2014; Gallus et al., 2015a; May-Collado et al., 2015; Lorente et al., 2016; Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b; Maga and Beck, 2017; Carneiro et al., 2018; Duchêne et al., 2018; Abello and Candela, 2019; Carneiro, 2019; Zimicz and Goin, 2020; Álvarez-Carretero et al., 2021) in failing to support monophyly of Australidelphia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="314.[684,1216,226,1738]" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
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An implicit assumption of the analyses of Horovitz et al. (2009) and Wilson et al. (2016) is that the taxa they used to score their “
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
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-Peradectes
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</emphasis>
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” terminal (i.e., †
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
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||
labrus
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</emphasis>
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||
, †
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||
<emphasis box="[851,963,358,382]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">M. houdei</emphasis>
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||
, †
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||
<emphasis box="[992,1104,358,382]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
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||
spp., and the “
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<emphasis box="[738,850,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
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-like species” from Messel) form a clade to the exclusion of their other terminals. However, evidence in support of this assumption is not particularly strong. The phylogenetic analyses of Williamson et al. (2012; 2014) recovered †
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<emphasis box="[753,1002,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
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||
<taxonomicName box="[753,928,556,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
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labrus
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</emphasis>
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and †
|
||
<emphasis box="[1071,1182,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">M. houdei</emphasis>
|
||
as sister taxa in a clade that also included †
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes chesteri</emphasis>
|
||
and †
|
||
<emphasis box="[877,1085,623,646]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. protinnominatus</emphasis>
|
||
(as well as †
|
||
<emphasis box="[697,936,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Armintodelphys blacki</emphasis>
|
||
and †
|
||
<emphasis box="[1004,1123,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">A. dawsoni</emphasis>
|
||
), which supports a close relationship between †
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and these particular †
|
||
<emphasis box="[1043,1156,722,746]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
species. However, other †
|
||
<emphasis box="[987,1107,755,779]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
species included by Williamson et al. (2012, 2014)— namely †
|
||
<emphasis box="[786,877,822,845]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. minor</emphasis>
|
||
(the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[939,986,821,845]" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species), †
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. californicus</emphasis>
|
||
, †
|
||
<emphasis box="[767,917,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. coproxeches</emphasis>
|
||
(= †
|
||
<emphasis box="[970,1082,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1095,1179,854,877]" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, in Williamson et al., 2012; see Williamson and Taylor, 2011), †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray, 1849: 7 (Not Trimeresurus Elegans Gray" authorityYear="1853" box="[813,913,920,944]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Pucadelphys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,913,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and †
|
||
<emphasis box="[986,1092,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. gulottai</emphasis>
|
||
—were not resolved as members of this clade, but instead formed part of a polytomy (within which †
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray, 1849: 7 (Not Trimeresurus Elegans Gray" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Pucadelphys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,978,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. californicus</emphasis>
|
||
were sister taxa) that also included the †
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[893,1068,1052,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[893,1068,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ †
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Armintodelphys</emphasis>
|
||
+ †
|
||
<emphasis box="[822,937,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. chesteri</emphasis>
|
||
+ †
|
||
<emphasis box="[995,1212,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">P. protinnominatus</emphasis>
|
||
clade discussed above, †
|
||
<emphasis box="[992,1205,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Maastrichtidelphys</emphasis>
|
||
, †
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Marshall and Muizon" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[698,835,1151,1175]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Pucadelphys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[698,835,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Pucadelphys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, †
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,962,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Szalinia</emphasis>
|
||
, and †Pediomyidae. Thus, the analyses of Williamson et al. (2012; 2014) do not unambiguously support monophyly of †
|
||
<emphasis box="[792,903,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
nor monophyly of †
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ †
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,936,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
. Williamson et al. (2012; 2014) referred to the taxa forming this polytomy, but excluding †Pediomyidae, as “
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu lato,” and Williamson et al. (2012: 629) specifically argued that future studies would place at least some of these taxa within a monophyletic †
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[877,1029,1482,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu stricto, which they defined as “the most inclusive clade containing
|
||
<emphasis box="[811,1009,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
|
||
Peradectes
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray, 1849: 7 (Not Trimeresurus Elegans Gray" authorityYear="1853" box="[932,1009,1548,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Pucadelphys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, but not
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Pediomys" authorityName="Pediomys" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Herpetotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Herpetotherium fugax</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[865,968,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Pediomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray, 1849: 7 (Not Trimeresurus Elegans Gray" authorityYear="1853" box="[981,1059,1581,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Pucadelphys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1059,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Williamson et al., 2012: 629)" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" baseAuthorityName="Williamson" baseAuthorityPageNumber="629" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Didelphis virginiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (Williamson et al., 2012: 629).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="314.[684,1216,226,1738]" lastBlockId="315.[108,638,226,1738]" lastPageId="315" lastPageNumber="315" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">
|
||
Carneiro and Oliveira (2017b) and Carneiro (2018) recovered a clade comprising †
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="314" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, †
|
||
<emphasis box="[781,894,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
, and †
|
||
<emphasis box="[980,1105,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="314" pageNumber="314">Thylacodon</emphasis>
|
||
(the last genus having been regarded as synonymous with †
|
||
<emphasis box="[121,232,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
by some authors; see Williamson et al., 2012), although they did not specify exactly which species they used to score these terminals. In two other papers, Carneiro et al. (2018) and Carneiro (2019) found a clade that they called †
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[119,268,424,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprising †
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[448,630,424,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[448,630,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; †
|
||
<emphasis box="[121,233,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
; †
|
||
<emphasis box="[264,388,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Thylacodon</emphasis>
|
||
; the North American taxa †
|
||
<emphasis box="[176,326,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Golderdelphys</emphasis>
|
||
, †
|
||
<emphasis box="[354,490,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Nanodelphys</emphasis>
|
||
, and †
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Didelphidectes</emphasis>
|
||
; †
|
||
<emphasis box="[234,410,523,547]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Siamoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[483,582,523,547]" name="Thailand" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
; and an unnamed taxon from the Itaboraí Local Fauna of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[139,206,589,613]" name="Brazil" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Rangel et al. (2019), meanwhile, also found a †
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[224,401,622,646]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[224,401,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ †
|
||
<emphasis box="[454,567,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
clade (they did not include †
|
||
<emphasis box="[369,492,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Thylacodon</emphasis>
|
||
or the other putative peradectids used by Carneiro et al. [2018] and Carneiro [2019]), but again it is unclear exactly which species were used for scoring purposes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="315.[108,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="315.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">
|
||
The “
|
||
<emphasis box="[206,320,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
-like species” from Messel, meanwhile, has never had its relationship to definitive †
|
||
<emphasis box="[239,353,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
species formally tested, largely because the known specimens of the Messel taxon (although preserved as largely complete, articulated skeletons with some soft-tissue preservation) are heavily crushed, and details of the dentition that could be compared with known specimens of †
|
||
<emphasis box="[348,458,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
and similar taxa (most of which are known from dental material only) are not easily visible (Koenigswald and Storch, 1988; Kurz, 2001, 2005, 2007; Storch, 2001; Kurz and Habersetzer, 2004). Indeed, Horovitz et al. (2009: supplementary information) were able to score only three characters from the Messel specimens, all of which were from the postcranial skeleton. Kurz and Habersetzer (2004) used “continuous online recalibrated radiography” (CORR) to view the occlusal surfaces of the postcanine teeth of the Messel specimens, noting that the centrocrista of the molars is only slightly curved and that the paracone and metacone are similar in size (Kurz and Habersetzer, 2004: 18), features that have traditionally been used to distinguish peradectids from herpetotheriids, with the latter characterized has having a distinctly V-shaped centrocrista and a metacone that is markedly larger than the paracone (e.g., Crochet, 1979, 1980; Krishtalka and Stucky, 1983; Korth, 1994, 2008; Johanson, 1996b; Case et al., 2005; Hooker et al., 2008). However, the phylogenetic analysis of Williamson et al. (2012: 634) implies that a V-shaped centrocrista has evolved at least five times within Metatheria, so the presence of a relatively straight centrocrista (which is likely plesiomorphic for both Metatheria and Marsupialiformes) in the Messel specimens is not compelling evidence that they represent †
|
||
<emphasis box="[1095,1206,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
. Indeed, Morlo et al. (2004: footnote 79) remarked that “As the taxonomy is unclear, Storch (2001) and Kurz (unpublished data) regard the specimens as “
|
||
<emphasis box="[791,902,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
,” in the sense of a primitive didelphimorphian from the Palaeocene of Europe”—we note here that “didelphimorphian” is presumably used by Morlo et al. (2004) to mean a dentally generalized marsupialiform, rather than a close relative of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Voss and Jansa" authorityYear="2009" box="[1010,1146,854,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didelphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="315.[684,1214,226,1738]" lastBlockId="316.[108,638,226,1407]" lastPageId="316" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">
|
||
Williamson et al. (2012; 2014) did not include representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Voss and Jansa" authorityYear="2009" box="[905,1043,920,944]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didelphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or any other extant marsupial family in the published versions of their analyses, so they did not test the relationship of †
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[780,953,1019,1043]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[780,953,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, †
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1092,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
, and other “peradectids” to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Voss and Jansa" authorityYear="2009" box="[864,999,1052,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didelphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nor to crown-clade
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[684,817,1085,1109]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Marsupialia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Marsupialia</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Williamson et al. (2012: 631–632) reported that they had included extant didelphid
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[684,909,1151,1175]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[684,909,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Didelphis virginiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an “experimental exercise,” but found that its inclusion led to a considerable loss of resolution in the resultant phylogeny. Beck (2012) used a modified version of Horovitz et al.’s (2009) matrix, but modified their “
|
||
<emphasis box="[770,1081,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[770,953,1317,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Peradectes
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
” terminal (which he renamed †
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[925,1071,1350,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by deleting the three postcranial character scores taken from the “
|
||
<emphasis box="[742,855,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
-like species” from Messel and revising some character scores. In particular, Beck (2012: electronic supplementary material) scored his †
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[815,957,1515,1539]" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
terminal as lacking an alisphenoid tympanic wing, based on personal observations by
|
||
<collectionCode box="[865,884,1581,1605]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.S.V. of the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1011,1106,1581,1605]" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and only known specimen of †
|
||
<emphasis box="[945,1212,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="315" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[945,1123,1614,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="315" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mimoperadectes</taxonomicName>
|
||
houdei
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(USNM 482355; see also Horovitz et al., 2009: fig. S3). Muizon et al. (2018: 402) maintained that a “small tympanic process is…likely to have been present in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[300,477,226,250]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[300,477,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="316" pageNumber="316">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” but did not provide any supporting evidence. In fact, †
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="316" pageNumber="316">M. houdei</emphasis>
|
||
appears to entirely lack an ossified hypotympanic sinus floor (see char. 55). Beck’s (2012) maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of his revised morphological matrix using a molecular scaffold placed †
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[343,485,424,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
outside
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Marsupialia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Marsupialia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Beck, 2012: fig. 6), and subsequent morphological and total-evidence analyses that have used versions of his matrix have either found †
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[203,382,556,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[203,382,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="316" pageNumber="316">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/†
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[402,549,556,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to fall outside
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[193,322,589,613]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Marsupialia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Marsupialia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Beck et al., 2014, 2016; Lorente et al., 2016; Maga and Beck, 2017; Abello and Candela, 2019; Zimicz and Goin, 2020) or have found this relationship to be unresolved (Beck, 2017b). Numerous recent studies that have used rather different morphological datasets from Beck’s (2012) have also found †
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="316" pageNumber="316">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or †
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[261,405,821,845]" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
outside
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[505,635,821,845]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Marsupialia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Marsupialia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forasiepi, 2009; Engelman and Croft, 2014; Forasiepi et al., 2014a; Suarez et al., 2015; Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b; Carneiro, 2018; Carneiro et al., 2018; Muizon et al., 2018; Carneiro, 2019; Rangel et al., 2019; Engelman et al., 2020; Ladevèze et al., 2020; Muizon and Ladevèze, 2020).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="316.[108,638,226,1407]" pageId="316" pageNumber="316">
|
||
In summary, the composition of †
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Crochet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Mammalia" family="Peradectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Peradectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains unsettled, but most phylogenetic analyses that have included †
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[431,604,1151,1175]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[431,604,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="316" pageNumber="316">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or a composite peradectid terminal that combines character scores from †
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[399,579,1218,1242]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,579,1218,1242]" italics="true" pageId="316" pageNumber="316">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<emphasis box="[121,232,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="316" pageNumber="316">Peradectes</emphasis>
|
||
have found that this taxon falls outside
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[162,293,1284,1308]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Marsupialia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Marsupialia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(contra Horovitz et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2016), The current study represents a further test of the relationship of †
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Mimoperadectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="316" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="316" pageNumber="316">Mimoperadectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the marsupial crown clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |