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<document id="335B0914B47D9A6AD712579FDABAAC49" ID-CLB-Dataset="46415" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.204428" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b27a74a0-2042-4720-839a-c5176cb48a38" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="204428" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460385671311" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bellis, Glenn &amp; Dyce, Alan" docDate="2011" docId="1D6FB737FF94FFA3FF2FFE205502F869" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03014p058.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3014" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Culicoides marksi Lee &amp; Reye" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="E156CF4FFF97FFA0FFB8FFEA5414FFA8" masterDocTitle="Marksomyia, a new subgenus of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Australasian biogeographic region with descriptions of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1698297491458" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="B04E292B4D58B87825CB6EF6FEA3B661" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="3240962B9EFC17B801AB152E88782136">
<mods:title id="592FF527E2A57997FEF734541AECC2EE">Marksomyia, a new subgenus of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Australasian biogeographic region with descriptions of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="96CAD1A85266CF75E8608F15F9DE40A6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="87B445CEC34A3F85725E92B98C908633">
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<mods:namePart id="1EFE86866F37927B52D81F90A4BC4015">Bellis, Glenn</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="19DC1E4E5C06BFC357464B08C4632577" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8961DCBD1A13ED8090B807F5C33D9BF9">Dyce, Alan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="8BC87579D9AA87EDB8C533F8B8A8C207">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="16DB2C9E4920167F5031E8A3932563B6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A21D1CA4341D9369AE149828E1C876EE">
<mods:date id="B4B794C9709FA62A2AAF427CA5CA753D">2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="57B336120E553F88B4B9A066F9C273D9" type="volume">
<mods:number id="F51E247CB7C9F96400265EC5CBEBA080">3014</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="E40B8990187AF9C76EF381BAA50A1EA8">35</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="91EC74FD646C344F6B3BAD86D9CCE9E6">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="95915D97181829F0B761A433858410C5" type="CLB-Dataset">46415</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CA9000948C769E0E05D624AED4008403" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.204428</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A0EA2AEE7AC222B8014FA303C4D9C114" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2C6C933457AF89C4DE5CF313BDAA8E05" type="Zenodo-Dep">204428</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="1D6FB737FF94FFA3FF2FFE205502F869" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5673948" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119415366" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5673948" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D6FB737FF94FFA3FF2FFE205502F869" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D6FB737FF94FFA3FF2FFE205502F869" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="DDDC55AAFF94FFA3FF2FFE205676FDAD" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF2FFE20561EFE4C" blockId="3.[151,610,458,517]" box="[151,522,458,484]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="CE31B14DFF94FFA3FF2FFE20561EFE4C" bold="true" box="[151,522,458,484]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="52C67DA2FF94FFA3FF2FFE20561EFE4C" ID-CoL="32CW6" authority="Lee &amp; Reye" authorityName="Lee &amp; Reye" box="[151,522,458,484]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marksi">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF2FFE20561EFE4C" bold="true" box="[151,522,458,484]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF2FFE205564FE4C" bold="true" box="[151,368,458,484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Culicoides marksi</emphasis>
Lee &amp; Reye
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF2FFE075676FDAD" blockId="3.[151,610,458,517]" box="[151,610,493,517]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">(Figs, 1, 7, 13, 19, 25, 26, 33, 39, 45, 51)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DDDC55AAFF94FFA3FF2FFDDA562FFDED" box="[151,571,560,582]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF2FFDDA562FFDED" blockId="3.[151,571,560,582]" box="[151,571,560,582]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B5D6210FFF94FFA3FF2FFDDA562FFDED" box="[151,571,560,582]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="52C67DA2FF94FFA3FF2FFDDA562FFDED" ID-CoL="32CW6" authority="Lee &amp; Reye 1953: 392" authorityName="Lee &amp; Reye" authorityPageNumber="392" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,571,560,582]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marksi">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF2FFDDA555AFDEE" box="[151,334,560,582]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Culicoides marksi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="14672030FF94FFA3FEECFDDB562FFDED" author="Lee" box="[340,571,560,582]" page="392" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation id="F1577BD0FF94FFA3FEECFDDB5618FDEE" author="Lee" box="[340,524,560,582]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refString="Lee, D. J. &amp; Reye, E. J. (1953) Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part VI. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW, 77, 369 - 394." type="journal article" year="1953">Lee &amp; Reye 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 392
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DDDC55AAFF94FFA3FF2FFD9A5520FD46" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF2FFD9A5157FD01" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF2FFD9A55D5FD20" bold="true" box="[151,449,623,648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="4A7DB883FF94FFA3FF2FFD9A54C6FD20" box="[151,210,624,648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
material examined.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="4A7DB883FF94FFA3FE72FD855626FD2F" box="[458,562,623,647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female:
<collectingCountry id="EDD146B1FF94FFA3FD2EFD855714FD2F" box="[662,768,623,647]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectionCode id="F3D79EE4FF94FFA3FCB5FD855758FD2F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" box="[781,844,623,647]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" name="Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">NSW</collectionCode>
, Yagobie
<date id="E17820E1FF94FFA3FC04FD85502BFD2F" box="[956,1087,623,647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="1951-12-03">3.Dec.1951</date>
, Light trap, AL Dyce (
<collectionCode id="F3D79EE4FF94FFA3FAFEFD855185FD2F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" box="[1350,1425,623,647]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">ANIC</collectionCode>
). Allotype: same data as
<typeStatus id="4A7DB883FF94FFA3FE24FD7B55EAFD01" box="[412,510,657,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode id="F3D79EE4FF94FFA3FDB5FD7B5643FD01" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" box="[525,599,657,681]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">ANIC</collectionCode>
).
<typeStatus id="4A7DB883FF94FFA3FDD2FD7856CFFD02" box="[618,731,658,682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: same data as
<typeStatus id="4A7DB883FF94FFA3FCC3FD7B57C9FD01" box="[891,989,657,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<specimenCount id="83C0CDA8FF94FFA3FC54FD7B5052FD01" box="[1004,1094,657,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="83C0CDA8FF94FFA3FBE9FD7B50D4FD01" box="[1105,1216,657,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="female">9 females</specimenCount>
, all
<collectionCode id="F3D79EE4FF94FFA3FB56FD7B5123FD01" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" box="[1262,1335,657,681]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">ANIC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7DFD595520FD46" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7DFD5956F7FD63" bold="true" box="[197,739,690,715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
Non-type material examined.
<collectingCountry id="EDD146B1FF94FFA3FD9FFD58568DFD63" box="[551,665,690,715]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectionCode id="F3D79EE4FF94FFA3FD1EFD5856F7FD63" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" box="[678,739,690,715]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" name="Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">NSW</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
, Yetman,
<date id="E17820E1FF94FFA3FCECFD5857B8FD62" box="[852,940,690,714]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="1963-02-22">22.ii.63</date>
, A.L. Dyce &amp; M.D. Murray (
<specimenCount id="83C0CDA8FF94FFA3FB4FFD585161FD62" box="[1271,1397,690,714]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="female">10 females</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="83C0CDA8FF94FFA3FA38FD5854CCFD46" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
<collectionCode id="F3D79EE4FF94FFA3FF67FD3C553DFD46" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" box="[223,297,726,750]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">ANIC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DDDC55AAFF94FFA3FF7FFD1050E8FC3F" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7FFD1050E8FC3F" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7FFD105555FCBB" bold="true" box="[199,321,762,787]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Wing with 2 pale spots in cell M4, anterior spot boomerang shaped. Female with SCo distribution 3, 11–15, six SCh on 4–10, two on 11–15; spermathecae subspherical with proximal half non-sclerotised. Male with SCo distribution 3, 13–15, STl distribution 3–7,(8–9), STc distribution 4–10,(11–12); five SCh on 14; apical half of parameres straight, ventral membrane of ninth sternite bare. Pupal abdomen with paired lateral spines only on
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF02FC6A54F0FC30" box="[186,228,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">lpm</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FEA2FC6A555BFC30" box="[282,335,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">lasm</emphasis>
, thorax with single lateral spine on
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FD58FC6A56E2FC30" box="[736,758,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">di</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FC94FC6A575DFC30" box="[812,841,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">dii</emphasis>
; prothoracic horn covered with scales.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DDDC55AAFF94FFA3FF7FFC4854FDF999" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7FFC48519CFC54" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7FFC485560FC12" bold="true" box="[199,372,930,954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Female. Head.</emphasis>
Eyes bare, separated by a distance of one facet or less (
<figureCitation id="0DFD1AA4FF94FFA3FC48FC4B5039FC11" box="[1008,1069,929,953]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1399,1422]" captionTargetBox="[187,1398,218,1321]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1378]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Eye separation of female Culicoides (Marksomyia) species. 1. C. marksi Lee &amp; Reye. 2. C. pseudostigmaticus Tokunaga. 3. C. zentae Bellis &amp; Dyce sp. nov. 4. C. kayi Bellis &amp; Dyce sp. nov. 5. C. parvimaculatus Lee &amp; Reye. 6. C. dycei Lee &amp; Reye." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204429/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Fig 1</figureCitation>
), proboscis short. Palpus (fig 7) brown with five segments, segment 3 expanding apically then abruptly narrowed beyond a round, shallow sensory pit with several protruding capitate sensilla. Antennomeres (
<figureCitation id="0DFD1AA4FF94FFA3FC81FC0E5797FC54" box="[825,899,996,1020]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1104,1127]" captionTargetBox="[202,1435,214,1036]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1083]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Antennae of female Culicoides (Marksomyia) species. 13. C. marksi Lee &amp; Reye, antennal segment 6 and antenna. 14. C. pseudostigmaticus Tokunaga. 15. C. zentae Bellis &amp; Dyce sp. nov. 16. C. kayi Bellis &amp; Dyce sp. nov. 17. C. parvimaculatus Lee &amp; Reye. 18. C. dycei Lee &amp; Reye." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204431/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Fig 13</figureCitation>
) 4–10 barrel shaped, 11–15 cylindrical, short.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7DFBEF5748FB21" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7DFBEF5530FBB5" bold="true" box="[197,292,1029,1053]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Thorax.</emphasis>
Legs (fig 19) dark brown with dark knees, all femora pale from base to about midlength and with conspicuous pale subapical band, all tibiae with pale subbasal band and broadly pale subapically, tarsi pale. Wing (fig 25) strongly patterned with three pale spots in cell R5, the two proximal spots rarely reduced or absent (fig 26), two pale spots present in cell M4, proximal one boomerang shaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7DFB7F5621FB79" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7DFB7F5555FB06" bold="true" box="[197,321,1173,1198]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Abdomen.</emphasis>
Three developed ovoid, similar-sized spermathecae, proximal half not sclerotised, ducts short (fig 33); sclerotised ring wider than long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7FFB375141FABE" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7FFB37554CFB5D" bold="true" box="[199,344,1245,1269]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Male. Head.</emphasis>
Eyes bare. Palp similar to female with shallow pit on segment 3. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="0DFD1AA4FF94FFA3FB19FB3750FFFB5D" box="[1185,1259,1245,1269]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 44" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1151,1174]" captionTargetBox="[193,1391,223,1085]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1130]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 44. Antennae of male Culicoides (Marksomyia) species. Plume aristae are not shown although attachment bases are indicated where present. 39. C. marksi Lee &amp; Reye. 40. C. pseudostigmaticus Tokunaga. 41. C. zentae Bellis &amp; Dyce sp. nov. 42. C. kayi Bellis &amp; Dyce sp. nov. 43. C. parvimaculatus Lee &amp; Reye. 44. C. dycei Lee &amp; Reye." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204435/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Fig 39</figureCitation>
) with 2 rows of plume verticils on segment 3, single row on 4–12; antennomeres 13–15 elongate, subcylindrical and narrow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7DFAF55599FA44" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7DFAF55527FA90" bold="true" box="[197,307,1311,1336]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="0DFD1AA4FF94FFA3FEF1FAF55580FA9F" box="[329,404,1311,1335]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[299,1291,193,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[298,1292,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Male Culicoides (Marksomyia) species 45. C. marksi Lee &amp; Reye, hypopygium, parameres and aedeagus. 46. C. pseudostigmaticus Tokunaga, hypopygium, parameres and aedeagus. 47. C. zentae Bellis &amp; Dyce sp. nov., hypopygium, parameres and aedeagus. 48. C. kayi Bellis &amp; Dyce sp. nov., hypopygium, parameres and aedeagus. 49. C. parvimaculatus Lee &amp; Reye, hypopygium, parameres and aedeagus. 50. C. dycei Lee &amp; Reye, hypopygium, parameres and aedeagus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204436/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Fig 45</figureCitation>
) Ninth tergite with caudal margin convex. Ninth sternite with shallow caudomedial excavation, ventral membrane bare. Gonocoxite rectangular, longer than wide, dorsal root long and simple; ventral root reduced to a short point or rounded. Gonostylus slender, distally curving gently to a pointed apex. Aedeagus with distal process short with a rounded mushroom-shaped expansion apically. Parameres separate, with simple basal arms angled sharply to weakly swollen stem narrowing gradually to simple, sharp-tipped distal portion directed slightly lateroventrad.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7FFA1254FDF999" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7FFA125546F9B8" bold="true" box="[199,338,1528,1552]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Immatures.</emphasis>
Fourth instar larvae and pupae of this species were adequately described by
<bibRefCitation id="F1577BD0FF94FFA3FB52FA1254F0F999" author="Kettle" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refString="Kettle, D. S. &amp; Elson, M. M. (1976) The immature stages of some Australian Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 15, 303 - 332." type="journal article" year="1976">Kettle &amp; Elson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DDDC55AAFF94FFA3FF7FF9D0501AF9FA" box="[199,1038,1594,1619]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7FF9D0501AF9FA" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" box="[199,1038,1594,1619]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7FF9D05574F9FB" bold="true" box="[199,352,1594,1619]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</emphasis>
(fig 63) all states of
<collectingCountry id="EDD146B1FF94FFA3FDF1F9D056A4F9FA" box="[585,688,1594,1618]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Australia</collectingCountry>
and Western Province of
<collectingCountry id="EDD146B1FF94FFA3FC69F9D0501DF9FA" box="[977,1033,1594,1618]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">PNG</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DDDC55AAFF94FFA3FF7FF9B15149F91E" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7FF9B15149F91E" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7FF9B15533F9DC" bold="true" box="[199,295,1627,1652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Biology.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F1577BD0FF94FFA3FE95F9B655E3F9DC" author="Debenham" box="[301,503,1628,1652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refString="Debenham, M. L. (1978) An annotated checklist and bibliography of Australasian Region Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, University of Sydney and Commonwealth Department of Health Monograph Series. Entomology Monograph 1, xiv + 671 pp." type="book" year="1978">Debenham (1978)</bibRefCitation>
summarised the known biology of this species. Immature stages live in the margins of water bodies, pupae float on the surface, unable to submerge. Adults feed on mammals and birds and have been implicated in the transmission of nine viruses. Adults are active mostly at dawn and dusk (
<bibRefCitation id="F1577BD0FF94FFA3FB33F9745145F91E" author="Bellis" box="[1163,1361,1694,1719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refString="Bellis, G. A, Melville, L. F., Hunt, N. T. &amp; Hearnden, M. N. (2004) Temporal activity of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on cattle near Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Veterinaria Italiana 40 (3), 324 - 328." type="journal article" year="2004">
Bellis
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FB6DF94A5119F91E" box="[1237,1293,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DDDC55AAFF94FFA3FF7FF92A5502F869" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="95790621FF94FFA3FF7FF92A5502F869" blockId="3.[151,1437,623,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FF7FF92A552FF970" bold="true" box="[199,315,1728,1752]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</emphasis>
Male and female specimens of this species can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="52C67DA2FF94FFA3FBDAF92A50ABF970" box="[1122,1215,1728,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dycei">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FBDAF92A50ABF970" box="[1122,1215,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">C. dycei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="52C67DA2FF94FFA3FB41F92A54FAF951" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudostigmaticus">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FB41F92A54FAF951" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">C. pseudostigmaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of two pale spots in cell M4 and from all other members of the group by the boomerangshaped proximal spot in cell M4 of the wing.
<taxonomicName id="52C67DA2FF94FFA3FD24F8E9571EF8B3" box="[668,778,1795,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marksi">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FD24F8E9571EF8B3" box="[668,778,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">C. marksi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may additionally be separated from species with two pale spots in cell M4 by the shape of the spermathecae in the female and by the bare membrane on the ninth sternite of the male. Pupae can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="52C67DA2FF94FFA3FDC2F8AC575DF8F5" box="[634,841,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvimaculatus">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FDC2F8AC575DF8F5" box="[634,841,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">C. parvimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the lateral spurs on all
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FBCAF8AF5088F8F5" box="[1138,1180,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">lpm</emphasis>
tubercles from
<taxonomicName id="52C67DA2FF94FFA3FAF4F8AC54ADF8D7" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zentae">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FAF4F8AC54ADF8D7" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">C. zentae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the lack of paired spines on
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FD9BF88C564AF8D6" box="[547,606,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">dasm</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FDD5F88C56A5F8D6" box="[621,689,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">dpmiv</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FD51F88C5731F8D6" box="[745,805,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">dpmv</emphasis>
and thoracic tubercules
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FB82F88C5044F8D6" box="[1082,1104,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">di</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FB30F88C50B2F8D6" box="[1160,1190,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">dii</emphasis>
and from
<taxonomicName id="52C67DA2FF94FFA3FAA4F88D516CF8D6" box="[1308,1400,1894,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dycei">
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FAA4F88D516CF8D6" box="[1308,1400,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">C. dycei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of scales on the prothoracic horn. Immature stages of the remaining two species of
<emphasis id="A7B2DA33FF94FFA3FB5DF8625165F808" box="[1253,1393,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Marksomyia</emphasis>
are not known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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