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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7c16b962-a987-46ce-a1eb-e846c097c427" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-80-71" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7BFA52401DE65985B75493D17D922BF0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420682" ID-ZooBank="9E555C15F6BB46C7BB546BAAC78D4831" ModsDocID="1314-2607-80-71" checkinTime="1609325087673" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gates, Michael W., Zhang, Y. Miles &amp; Buffington, Matthew L." docDate="2020" docId="73AD7EA8B99B57E3BD25173A45289082" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 80: 71-98" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80" docPubDate="2020-12-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466" docTitle="Aprostocetus smilax Gates &amp; Zhang 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="D29A7AF7-E6D5-488D-996A-1228BD8F320F" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="7BFA52401DE65985B75493D17D922BF0" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="7BFA52401DE65985B75493D17D922BF0" masterDocTitle="The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA" masterLastPageNumber="98" masterPageNumber="71" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1678754932365" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gates, Michael W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5760-1371</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c / o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20013, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">michael.gates@ars.usda.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhang, Y. Miles</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-8624</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c / o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20013, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1900-3861</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c / o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20013, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2020-12-29</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>80</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>71</mods:start>
<mods:end>98</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-80-71</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">9E555C15F6BB46C7BB546BAAC78D4831</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7BFA52401DE65985B75493D17D922BF0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4420682</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="176345137" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D29A7AF7-E6D5-488D-996A-1228BD8F320F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/73AD7EA8B99B57E3BD25173A45289082" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/D29A7AF7-E6D5-488D-996A-1228BD8F320F" authority="Gates &amp; Zhang" authorityName="Gates &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aprostocetus smilax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smilax" status="sp. nov.">Aprostocetus smilax Gates &amp; Zhang</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="71">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2–3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2 - 3. Aprostocetus smilax 2 female habitus 3 male habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490464" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Figs 2-3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">, 4-11</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12–18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12 - 18. Aprostocetus smilax 12 dorsal view of female metasoma 13 ventral view of female metasoma 14 lateral view of female metasoma 15 male antenna 16 lateral view of male metasoma 17 ventral view of male metasoma 18 closeup of male genital opening." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure12-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490466" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">, 12-18</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
This species keys to
<taxonomicName authority="Aprostocetus" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aprostocetus (Aprostocetus) subsp. subgenus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Aprostocetus">Aprostocetus subgenus Aprostocetus</taxonomicName>
, couplet 103 in
<bibRefCitation author="Schauff, ME" editor="Gibson, GA" journalOrPublisher="NRC Research Press, Ottawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="327 - 429" refId="B38" refString="Schauff, ME, La Salle, J, Coote, LD, 1997. Eulophidae. In: Gibson, GA, Huber, JT, Woolley, JB, Eds., Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa: 327 - 429" title="Eulophidae." volumeTitle="Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)." year="1997">Schauff et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and 53 in La Salle (1997). This is the most biologically diverse and speciose of the five
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aprostocetus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera, often associated with insects inhabiting plant galls such as
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Cynipoidea">Cynipoidea</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Coccoidea">Coccoidea</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
, and eriophyid mites (
<bibRefCitation author="La Salle, J" editor="Raman, A" journalOrPublisher="Science Publishers Inc, Enfield" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="507 - 537" refId="B27" refString="La Salle, J, 2005. Biology of gall inducers and evolution of gall induction in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Tanaostigmatidae, Torymidae). In: Raman, A, Schaefer, C, Withers, T, Eds., Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods. Science Publishers Inc, Enfield: 507 - 537" title="Biology of gall inducers and evolution of gall induction in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Tanaostigmatidae, Torymidae)." volumeTitle="Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods." year="2005">La Salle 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/60.4.756" author="Burks, BD" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the American Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="756 - 760" refId="B7" refString="Burks, BD, 1967. The North American species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Annals of the American Entomological Society 60: 756 - 760, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/60.4.756" title="The North American species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/60.4.756" volume="60" year="1967">Burks (1967)</bibRefCitation>
published a key to 13 North American species, which is dated, and a comparative diagnosis of all 58 species is beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, this species keys to couplet 2 of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Burks’">Burks'</normalizedToken>
key, and differs from the two species with coriaceous mesoscutum (
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. coelioxydis" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="species" species="coelioxydis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">A. coelioxydis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Burks and
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. granulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="species" species="granulatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">A. granulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ashmead) which are both metallic blue/black in coloration. Recent phylogenomic study of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
has shown
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aprostocetus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be paraphyletic (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1762941" author="Rasplus, J-Y" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="597 - 609" refId="B35" refString="Rasplus, J-Y, Blaimer, BB, Brady, SG, Burks, RA, Delvare, G, Fisher, N, Gates, M, Gauthier, NA, Gumovsky, AV, Hansson, C, Heraty, JM, Fusu, L, Nidelet, S, Pereira, RAS, Saune, L, Ubaidillah, R, Cruaud, A, 2020. A first phylogenomic hypothesis for Eulophidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Journal of Natural History 54: 597 - 609, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1762941" title="A first phylogenomic hypothesis for Eulophidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1762941" volume="54" year="2020">Rasplus et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
), and some of these subgenera might be elevated to genus level in the future.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2001-12-19" collectorName="SE Miami, Rockdale Pineland, Ex, C. Rodriguez, T. Smith" country="USA" county="Dade Co." location="Dade Co." specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
, female:
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
•
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">FL</emphasis>
:
<collectingCounty>Dade Co.</collectingCounty>
:
<collectorName>SE Miami</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>Rockdale Pineland</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>Ex</collectorName>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Smilacaceae" genus="Smilax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smilax havanensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Smilax havanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stem gall;
<collectingDate value="2001-12-19">19.Dec.2001</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName>C. Rodriguez</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>T. Smith</collectorName>
leg.; USNMENT01735185 (deposited at USNM)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2010-04-18" collectorName="SE Miami, M. Gates, M. Buffington" country="United States of America" county="Dade Co." location="Same" municipality="Ex" specimenCount="22" specimenCount-female="8" specimenCount-male="14" typeStatus="Paratypes">
<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
(
<specimenCount type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="male">7♂</specimenCount>
):
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:73AD7EA8B99B57E3BD25173A45289082:FB466AA78AE598764D8AC9D69A48FCD6" country="United States of America" county="Dade Co." municipality="Ex" name="Same">Same</location>
information as
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
; USNMENT01735186, 01735187 (
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
, USNM).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">FL</emphasis>
:
<collectingCounty>Dade Co.</collectingCounty>
:
<collectorName>SE Miami</collectorName>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:73AD7EA8B99B57E3BD25173A45289082:07B99A64400F2810723C046875AA5B34" country="United States of America" county="Dade Co." municipality="Ex" name="Rockdale Pineland">Rockdale Pineland</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Ex</collectingMunicipality>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Smilacaceae" genus="Smilax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smilax havanensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Smilax havanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stem gall;
<collectingDate value="2010-04-18">18.Apr. 2010</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>M. Gates</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>M. Buffington</collectorName>
leg.; USNMENT01735188-01735196 (
<specimenCount type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="male">6♂</specimenCount>
, USNM)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Female.</emphasis>
Body length 1.7 mm (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2–3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2 - 3. Aprostocetus smilax 2 female habitus 3 male habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490464" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Color.</emphasis>
Mostly whitish-yellow, pedicel, flagellomeres, clava, axillula, and marginal vein, sides of gastral tergites brown. Fore and midlegs white (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2–3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2 - 3. Aprostocetus smilax 2 female habitus 3 male habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490464" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420694" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490464" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" start="Figure 2–3" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Figure 2-3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gates &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aprostocetus smilax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smilax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Aprostocetus smilax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">2</emphasis>
female habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">3</emphasis>
male habitus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Head.</emphasis>
Squareish in dorsal view, 1.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long in dorsal view (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">4</figureCitation>
). Lower face coriaceous, clypeus bilobed, mandible tridentate (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">5</figureCitation>
). Malar sulcus present, malar space 0.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
eye height. Genal carina absent. Toruli positioned slightly below median of compound eyes, diameter of torulus equal that of the intertorular space. Frons striate, scrobal depression converging towards the clypeus with a row of setae along depression (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">4</figureCitation>
). Vertex coriaceous, ratios of POL:OOL:LOL equal to 2.8:2.1:1 (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">6</figureCitation>
). Ratio of scape (minus radicle):pedicel:A1:A2: F1:F2: F3:club as 72:33:3:1:53:40:35:68; pedicel conical expanding distally; funicle cylindrical; anellus two segmented, funicular segments with single row of longitudinal sensilla and one whorl of setae, shorter than its bearing segment; clava trisegmented (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">8</figureCitation>
). Head posteriorly coriaceous with a ring of setae around the outer edge, smooth with two setae. Postgenal bridge ornamentation narrow. Postgenal sulci, postgenal groove, and hypostomal bridge absent (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">7</figureCitation>
). Labium square-shaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Forewing.</emphasis>
Three setae on submarginal vein, 7 setae on marginal vein. Ratio of marginal vein:postmarginal vein:stigmal vein as 22.5:1:6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Mesosoma.</emphasis>
Mesosoma coriaceous, 1.14
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">9</figureCitation>
); notauli complete, shallow. With 2 adnotaular seta on the midlobe of mesoscutum, and two setae on the lateral lobes (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">10</figureCitation>
). Scutellum with two setae on each side, submedian groove deep, complete. Lateral panel of axilla strigate, axillula coriaceous dorsally and strigate ventrally. Prepectus coriaceous. Mesopleuron coriaceous, dorsally delimited from femoral depression raised ridge. Epicnemium flat and ventral shelf not projected forward (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">11</figureCitation>
). Propodeum coriaceous and divided by median carina that diverges into raised, scalloped ridges posteriorly. Spiracle within a depression. Callus with a single seta, raised and partly overhanging outer rim of conspicuous spiracle (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 4 - 11. Aprostocetus smilax 4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420696" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure4-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490465" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" start="Figure 4–11" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Figure 4-11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gates &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aprostocetus smilax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smilax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Aprostocetus smilax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">4</emphasis>
frontal view of head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">5</emphasis>
frontal view of lower face
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">6</emphasis>
dorsal view of head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">7</emphasis>
posterior view of head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">8</emphasis>
female antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">9</emphasis>
lateral view of mesosoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">10</emphasis>
dorsal view of mesosoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">11</emphasis>
ventral view of mesosoma.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Metasoma.</emphasis>
Metasoma smooth, Gt1 and Gt2 dorsally glabrous (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12–18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12 - 18. Aprostocetus smilax 12 dorsal view of female metasoma 13 ventral view of female metasoma 14 lateral view of female metasoma 15 male antenna 16 lateral view of male metasoma 17 ventral view of male metasoma 18 closeup of male genital opening." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure12-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490466" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">12</figureCitation>
), subsequent tergites each with a ring of setae (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12–18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12 - 18. Aprostocetus smilax 12 dorsal view of female metasoma 13 ventral view of female metasoma 14 lateral view of female metasoma 15 male antenna 16 lateral view of male metasoma 17 ventral view of male metasoma 18 closeup of male genital opening." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure12-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490466" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">13</figureCitation>
). Cercus with 1 seta distinctly longer (&gt;1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
) than others (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12–18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12 - 18. Aprostocetus smilax 12 dorsal view of female metasoma 13 ventral view of female metasoma 14 lateral view of female metasoma 15 male antenna 16 lateral view of male metasoma 17 ventral view of male metasoma 18 closeup of male genital opening." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure12-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490466" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Male.</emphasis>
1.1 mm. Color and sculpture as described for female (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2–3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2 - 3. Aprostocetus smilax 2 female habitus 3 male habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490464" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">3</figureCitation>
). Antennae with setae&gt;1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as width of segment (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12–18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12 - 18. Aprostocetus smilax 12 dorsal view of female metasoma 13 ventral view of female metasoma 14 lateral view of female metasoma 15 male antenna 16 lateral view of male metasoma 17 ventral view of male metasoma 18 closeup of male genital opening." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure12-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490466" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">15</figureCitation>
). Gt7 curves up to form genital opening (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12–18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12 - 18. Aprostocetus smilax 12 dorsal view of female metasoma 13 ventral view of female metasoma 14 lateral view of female metasoma 15 male antenna 16 lateral view of male metasoma 17 ventral view of male metasoma 18 closeup of male genital opening." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure12-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490466" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">16</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12–18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12 - 18. Aprostocetus smilax 12 dorsal view of female metasoma 13 ventral view of female metasoma 14 lateral view of female metasoma 15 male antenna 16 lateral view of male metasoma 17 ventral view of male metasoma 18 closeup of male genital opening." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure12-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490466" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">17</figureCitation>
), with a pair of long and three pairs of shorter cercal setae (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12–18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12 - 18. Aprostocetus smilax 12 dorsal view of female metasoma 13 ventral view of female metasoma 14 lateral view of female metasoma 15 male antenna 16 lateral view of male metasoma 17 ventral view of male metasoma 18 closeup of male genital opening." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure12-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490466" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">18</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4420698" doi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure12-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490466" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" start="Figure 12–18" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Figure 12-18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gates &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aprostocetus smilax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smilax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Aprostocetus smilax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">12</emphasis>
dorsal view of female metasoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">13</emphasis>
ventral view of female metasoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">14</emphasis>
lateral view of female metasoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">15</emphasis>
male antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">16</emphasis>
lateral view of male metasoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">17</emphasis>
ventral view of male metasoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">18</emphasis>
closeup of male genital opening.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="variation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Size ranges from 1.6-1.8 mm for females, and 1.1-1.2 mm for males. The number of setae on marginal vein ranges from 6-8.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
It induces round galls on the stems of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Smilacaceae" genus="Smilax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smilax havanensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Smilax havanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, often coalescing to form irregularly rounded, polythalamous swellings. Individual galls can also be found on the edge of leaves. Green when fresh and of a pithy structure (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Illustration of the stem gall on Smilax havanensis induced by Aprostocetus smilax (top right), with the inset showing the internal structure and an egg. Two eurytomid parasitoids, Phylloxeroxenus smilax (middle right), and Sycophila smilax (bottom right) are included. Illustration by Taina Litwak." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490463" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 63. Concatenated 28 S and COI phylogram of the Smilax gall inhabitants estimated using Maximum Likelihood framework in IQ-TREE 2. Black dots at the nodes indicate ≥ 90 % ultrafast bootstrap support. Inset images in counterclockwise order: Stem gall induced by Aprostocetus smilax on Smilax havanensis, with emergence holes (photo by MWG); A. smilax, Sycophila smilax, Phylloxeroxenus smilax." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.80.59466.figure63" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/490475" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">63</figureCitation>
inset), tissues around the emergence hole often form a black ring.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Southern Florida, USA.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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