treatments-xml/data/6E/0B/87/6E0B87BA46394C3714B5EC4AFBCAF864.xml
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<mods:title id="FE3468E74B733954F872147CD5EC734A">The identity of the invasive fouling bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata (dOrbigny) and some other congeneric species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EC475597DA341C9E3687B3A62560A2FC">Vieira, Leandro M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FC53690C40A7CA60E46CA8C5CA333C15">Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: leandromanzoni @ hotmail. com Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK. E-mail: m. spencer-jones @ nhm. ac. uk</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714B5EC4AFD85FD26" bold="true" box="[151,542,620,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714C8EC4AFD85FD26" ID-CoL="84VPV" authority="Neviani, 1896" authorityName="Neviani" authorityYear="1896" box="[234,542,620,645]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714C8EC4AFEEDFD27" bold="true" box="[234,374,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37155EEC4AFD85FD26" author="Neviani, A." box="[380,542,620,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="77 - 140" refId="ref19183" refString="Neviani, A. (1896) Briozoi fossili della Farnesina e Monte Mario presso Roma. Palaeontographia italica, 1, 77 - 140." type="journal article" year="1896">Neviani, 1896</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="670310BD46394C3714B5EC92FE44FD69" author="Neviani, A." box="[151,479,692,714]" page="120" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" year="1896">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714B5EC92FE44FD69" ID-CoL="84VPV" authority="Neviani, 1896: 120" authorityName="Neviani" authorityPageNumber="120" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,479,692,714]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714B5EC92FE8FFD6A" box="[151,276,692,713]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37153BEC92FE44FD69" author="Neviani, A." box="[281,479,692,714]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="77 - 140" refId="ref19183" refString="Neviani, A. (1896) Briozoi fossili della Farnesina e Monte Mario presso Roma. Palaeontographia italica, 1, 77 - 140." type="journal article" year="1896">Neviani, 1896: 120</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD46394C3715CBEC92FD38FD69" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[489,675,692,714]" page="471" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" year="1952">
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C3715CBEC92FD38FD69" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[489,675,692,714]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref19471" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 271 - 611. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6542" type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn 1952: 471</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD46394C37168FEC92FCC6FD69" author="Gordon, D. P." box="[685,861,692,714]" page="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" year="1989">
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37168FEC92FCC6FD69" author="Gordon, D. P." box="[685,861,692,714]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref17948" refString="Gordon, D. P. (1989) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 97, 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1989">Gordon 1989: 40</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46394C3714B5ECF4FCE1FD4B" blockId="3.[151,890,692,775]" box="[151,890,722,744]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C6B2118246394C3714B5ECF4FCE1FD4B" box="[151,890,722,744]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714B5ECF4FEADFD4B" ID-CoL="fb09c2b3-9f99-4004-add7-7f72c4243a85" authority="Jullien" authorityName="Jullien" box="[151,310,722,744]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Dakaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714B5ECF4FF70FD4B" box="[151,235,722,744]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Dakaria</emphasis>
Jullien
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371519ECF5FED4FD4B" box="[315,335,723,744]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">in</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD46394C371577ECF4FDFFFD4B" author="Jullien, J. &amp; Calvet, L." box="[341,612,722,744]" page="90" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371577ECF4FDFFFD4B" author="Jullien, J. &amp; Calvet, L." box="[341,612,722,744]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref18410" refString="Jullien, J. &amp; Calvet, L. (1903) Bryozoaires provenant des campagnes de l'Hirondelle (1886 - 1888). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert 1 er, Prince Souverain de Monaco, 1903, 23, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1903">Jullien &amp; Calvet, 1903: 90</bibRefCitation>
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; Harmer 1926: 1921 (part).
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C6B2118246394C3714B5ECD7FDD5FCA4" box="[151,590,753,775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD46394C3714B5ECD7FDD2FCA4" author="Canu, F. &amp; Bassler, R. S." box="[151,585,753,775]" page="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" year="1930">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714B5ECD7FDD2FCA4" ID-CoL="3aa9c30a-240f-4937-86e0-b8d25965202e" authority="Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930: 25" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,585,753,775]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714B5ECD7FEA7FCA4" box="[151,316,753,775]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pachycleithonia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371560ECD7FDD2FCA4" author="Canu, F. &amp; Bassler, R. S." box="[322,585,753,775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref17613" refString="Canu, F. &amp; Bassler, R. S. (1930) The Bryozoa of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 76, 1 - 78." type="journal article" year="1930">Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930: 25</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714B5ED08FEA9FCE5" box="[151,306,814,839]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" reason="1">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714B5ED08FEB0FCE4" bold="true" box="[151,299,814,839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<typeStatus id="3919880E46394C3714B5ED08FF49FCE4" box="[151,210,814,839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C37151BED08FD09FCE4" authority="Busk, 1854" authorityName="sensu Busk" authorityYear="1854" box="[313,658,814,839]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Lepralia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37151BED08FD93FCE5" box="[313,520,814,838]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lepralia cucullata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37162DED08FD09FCE4" author="Busk, G." box="[527,658,814,839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref17512" refString="Busk, G. (1854) Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, II. Cheilostomata (part). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 54 pp." type="book" year="1854">Busk, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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, by original designation.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="AEB8652746394C3714E5ED74FD5AFB28" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46394C3714E5ED74FD5AFB28" blockId="3.[151,1437,814,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714E5ED74FEDAFCC9" box="[199,321,850,875]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" reason="1">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714E5ED74FEA1FCC8" bold="true" box="[199,314,850,875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Colony encrusting, multiserial, uni- to multilamellar, or erect, foliaceous and bilamellar. Colony coloured reddish to black in life owing to pigmented epitheca. Autozooids subrectangular to hexagonal, separated by raised walls. Cryptocystidean frontal shield with numerous rounded pseudopores; latero-oral intrazooidal septula sometimes present proximolateral to orifice; intrazooidal septula sometimes present at proximal corners of frontal shield. Orifice subcircular to oval; poster sometimes with well-defined proximal sinus; condyles present. Operculum reddish-brown to black in colour, often with central band demarcated by sclerites; lucidae often present. Spines absent. Avicularia absent. Ooecia absent; embryos brooded internally in maternal zooid. Multiporous mural pore plates in distolateral and transverse distal walls. Ancestrula schizoporelloid, single, smaller than autozooids, often obscured in later astogeny.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="AEB8652746394C3714E5EAB0FBCAF864" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46394C3714E5EAB0FB44FA24" blockId="3.[151,1437,814,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714E5EAB0FEA0FB0D" box="[199,315,1174,1199]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" reason="1">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714E5EAB0FEAFFB0C" bold="true" box="[199,308,1174,1199]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Remarks</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C371563EAB1FE51FB0D" authorityName="Neviani" authorityYear="1896" box="[321,458,1175,1198]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371563EAB1FE51FB0D" box="[321,458,1175,1198]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced monotypically for “
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C37177FEAB1FB38FB0C" authority="Busk, 1854" authorityName="Busk" authorityYear="1854" box="[861,1187,1174,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Smittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37177FEAB1FB80FB0D" box="[861,1051,1174,1198]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Smittia cucullata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371000EAB0FB38FB0C" author="Busk, G." box="[1058,1187,1174,1199]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref17512" refString="Busk, G. (1854) Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, II. Cheilostomata (part). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 54 pp." type="book" year="1854">Busk, 1854</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
” (=
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3710EFEAB0FE82FB70" authority="Busk, 1854" authorityName="sensu Busk" authorityYear="1854" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Lepralia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3710EFEAB0FA07FB0D" box="[1229,1436,1174,1198]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lepralia cucullata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C3714B5EA9CFE82FB70" author="Busk, G." box="[151,281,1210,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref17512" refString="Busk, G. (1854) Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, II. Cheilostomata (part). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 54 pp." type="book" year="1854">Busk, 1854</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37156CEA9CFE62FB70" author="Neviani, A." box="[334,505,1210,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="77 - 140" refId="ref19183" refString="Neviani, A. (1896) Briozoi fossili della Farnesina e Monte Mario presso Roma. Palaeontographia italica, 1, 77 - 140." type="journal article" year="1896">Neviani (1896)</bibRefCitation>
who stated that his fossil specimens were morphologically distinct from
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C37111EEA9DFF64FB55" authorityName="sensu Busk" authorityYear="1854" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Lepralia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37111EEA9DFF64FB55" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lepralia cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As a consequence,
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C3715D7EAF9FD3BFB54" author="Harmer, S. F." box="[501,672,1246,1271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="641 - 1147" refId="ref18035" refString="Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga-Expeditie, 28 d, xv, 641 - 1147, pls. 42 - 74." type="journal article" year="1957">Harmer (1957)</bibRefCitation>
suggested using
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C37174FEAF8FBBAFB54" authority="Jullien" authorityName="Jullien" box="[877,1057,1246,1271]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Dakaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37174FEAF8FC51FB55" box="[877,970,1246,1270]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Dakaria</emphasis>
Jullien
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37100EEAF9FBDAFB55" box="[1068,1089,1247,1270]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37106EEAF8FACCFB54" author="Jullien, J. &amp; Calvet, L." box="[1100,1367,1246,1271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref18410" refString="Jullien, J. &amp; Calvet, L. (1903) Bryozoaires provenant des campagnes de l'Hirondelle (1886 - 1888). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert 1 er, Prince Souverain de Monaco, 1903, 23, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1903">Jullien &amp; Calvet, 1903</bibRefCitation>
(
<typeStatus id="3919880E46394C371148EAF8FA07FB54" box="[1386,1436,1246,1271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714D4EB25FD83FAB8" authority="Jullien" authorityName="Jullien" box="[246,536,1282,1307]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Dakaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="chevreuxi">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714D4EB25FE5CFAB8" box="[246,455,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Dakaria chevreuxi</emphasis>
Jullien
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37163DEB25FDAFFAB9" box="[543,564,1283,1306]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37161EEB24FCA7FAB8" author="Jullien, J. &amp; Calvet, L." box="[572,828,1282,1307]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref18410" refString="Jullien, J. &amp; Calvet, L. (1903) Bryozoaires provenant des campagnes de l'Hirondelle (1886 - 1888). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert 1 er, Prince Souverain de Monaco, 1903, 23, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1903">Jullien &amp; Calvet, 1903</bibRefCitation>
, now
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C37175CEB25FB0EFAB8" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[894,1173,1283,1307]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37175CEB25FB0EFAB8" box="[894,1173,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see below) rather than
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714B5EB01FEBAFA9D" authorityName="Neviani" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,289,1319,1342]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714B5EB01FEBAFA9D" box="[151,289,1319,1342]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for Busks species. Despite Nevianis misidentification of his fossil specimens as
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C37116EEB01FE38FAC0" authorityName="Busk" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Smittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cucullata" subGenus="Watersipora">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37116EEB01FA00FA9D" box="[1356,1435,1319,1342]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Smittia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371482EB6DFEB1FAC1" box="[160,298,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371519EB6DFE38FAC0" box="[315,419,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371591EB6CFDCAFAC0" author="Neviani, A." box="[435,593,1354,1379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="77 - 140" refId="ref19183" refString="Neviani, A. (1896) Briozoi fossili della Farnesina e Monte Mario presso Roma. Palaeontographia italica, 1, 77 - 140." type="journal article" year="1896">Neviani 1896</bibRefCitation>
, p. 120;
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371696EB6CFCD7FAC0" author="Gordon, D. P." box="[692,844,1354,1379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref17948" refString="Gordon, D. P. (1989) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 97, 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1989">Gordon 1989</bibRefCitation>
, p. 40),
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C371789EB6DFAD7FAC0" authority="sensu Busk, 1854" authorityName="sensu Busk" authorityYear="1854" box="[939,1356,1354,1379]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Lepralia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371789EB6DFB59FAC1" box="[939,1218,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lepralia cucullata sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C3710E9EB6CFAD7FAC0" author="Busk, G." box="[1227,1356,1354,1379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref17512" refString="Busk, G. (1854) Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, II. Cheilostomata (part). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 54 pp." type="book" year="1854">Busk, 1854</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is best used as the
<typeStatus id="3919880E46394C37153BEB49FED2FA24" box="[281,329,1391,1415]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3715E4EB49FDD4FA25" authorityName="Neviani" authorityYear="1896" box="[454,591,1391,1414]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3715E4EB49FDD4FA25" box="[454,591,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the purpose of stability (see
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371799EB48FBA5FA24" author="ICZN" box="[955,1086,1390,1415]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref18383" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xx + 365 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
, Article 70.3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46394C3714E5EBB5FB77F8F8" blockId="3.[151,1437,814,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714E5EBB5FD14FA08" authority="Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" box="[199,655,1426,1451]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714E5EBB5FEE6FA08" box="[199,381,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pachycleithonia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C3715ABEBB4FD14FA08" author="Canu, F. &amp; Bassler, R. S." box="[393,655,1426,1451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref17613" refString="Canu, F. &amp; Bassler, R. S. (1930) The Bryozoa of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 76, 1 - 78." type="journal article" year="1930">Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced monotypically for
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C371011EBB5FEAEFA6C" authority="Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371011EBB5FAA8FA09" box="[1075,1331,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pachycleithonia nigra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37111DEBB4FEAEFA6C" author="Canu, F. &amp; Bassler, R. S." pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref17613" refString="Canu, F. &amp; Bassler, R. S. (1930) The Bryozoa of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 76, 1 - 78." type="journal article" year="1930">Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from the Galapagos. The genus has been characterized as having ovicells (
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37108DEB90FAA8FA6C" author="Cook, P. L." box="[1199,1331,1462,1487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 315" refId="ref17711" refString="Cook, P. L. (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana. Tervuren, Belgie Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika. Zoologische Weteschappen, 238, 1 - 315." type="journal article" year="1985">Cook 1985</bibRefCitation>
), but the ovicellate specimens are distinct from Canu &amp; Basslers
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C371709EBFDFC1DFA51" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" box="[811,902,1499,1522]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371709EBFDFC1DFA51" box="[811,902,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">P. nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C3717E8EBFCFB1BFA50" author="Tilbrook, K. J." box="[970,1152,1498,1523]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 386" refId="ref20317" refString="Tilbrook, K. J. (2006) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Solomon Islands. Santa Barba Museum of Natural History Monographs, 4 (Studies in Biodiversity Number 3), 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="2006">Tilbrook (2006)</bibRefCitation>
subsequently reassigned them to
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714D0EBD8FE1CF9B5" box="[242,391,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Nigropercula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C3715AFEBD8FDA3F9B4" author="Tilbrook, K. J." box="[397,568,1534,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 386" refId="ref20317" refString="Tilbrook, K. J. (2006) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Solomon Islands. Santa Barba Museum of Natural History Monographs, 4 (Studies in Biodiversity Number 3), 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="2006">Tilbrook, 2006</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371663EBD8FD7FF9B4" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[577,740,1534,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref19471" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 271 - 611. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6542" type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn (1952)</bibRefCitation>
synonymised
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3717A7EBD8FBA0F9B5" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" box="[901,1083,1534,1558]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3717A7EBD8FBA0F9B5" box="[901,1083,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pachycleithonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C371058EBD9FA98F9B5" authorityName="Neviani" authorityYear="1896" box="[1146,1283,1535,1558]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371058EBD9FA98F9B5" box="[1146,1283,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but included
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714B5E805FE07F999" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,412,1571,1595]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714B5E805FE07F999" box="[151,412,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pachycleithonia nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under the name
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3716A6E805FC13F998" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[644,904,1571,1595]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3716A6E805FC13F998" box="[644,904,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have examined the
<typeStatus id="3919880E46394C3710F6E805FA9FF998" box="[1236,1284,1571,1595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714B5E860FE0BF9FD" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,400,1606,1630]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714B5E860FE0BF9FD" box="[151,400,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pachycleithonia nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 8495;
<figureCitation id="7E992A2946394C371662E860FD15F9FC" box="[576,654,1606,1631]" captionStart="FIGURES 611. 69" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-101@8.[151,1436,193,1726]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 611. 69, Watersipora cucullata (Busk, 1854), NHMUK 1854.11.15.189, lectotype, Aegean Sea. 6, specimen with two autozooids; 7, close-up of an orifice; 8, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum; 9, close-up of the frontal shield. 10, Watersipora atrofusca (Busk, 1856), NHMUK 1892.9.6.4pt, lectotype, Mazatlan, Mexico; autozooidal arrangement. 11, Watersipora nigra (Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930), USNM 8495, holotype, Galapagos; autozooidal arrangement." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4929987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4929987/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) and additional material from the Galapagos (NHMUK 1975.5.12.1); this species resembles
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3715BAE84DFDB8F920" box="[408,547,1643,1667]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3715BAE84DFDB8F920" box="[408,547,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">W. cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in colony shape and in having a thick-rimmed orifice and triangular condyles. However, whereas
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C371553E8A8FDF7F905" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" box="[369,620,1678,1702]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371553E8A8FDF7F905" box="[369,620,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pachycleithonia nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a sinusoid orifice with a convex proximal edge,
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3710EEE8A9FAC3F905" box="[1228,1368,1678,1702]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3710EEE8A9FAC3F905" box="[1228,1368,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">W. cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a straight or slightly concave proximal edge, as found in the majority of species assigned to
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3710ACE895FA8CF969" authorityName="Neviani" authorityYear="1896" box="[1166,1303,1715,1738]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3710ACE895FA8CF969" box="[1166,1303,1715,1738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and paired intrazooidal (frontal) septula, which are lacking in
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3716EDE8F0FC53F94D" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" box="[719,968,1750,1774]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3716EDE8F0FC53F94D" box="[719,968,1750,1774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pachycleithonia nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These two characters in
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3710C4E8F0FF4FF8B1" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Pachycleithonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3710C4E8F0FF4FF8B1" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pachycleithonia nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also occur, however, in other
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C371670E8DDFCA5F8B0" box="[594,830,1786,1811]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C371670E8DDFD40F8B1" box="[594,731,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, e.g.
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3717A5E8DDFB3EF8B0" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[903,1189,1787,1811]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3717A5E8DDFB3EF8B0" box="[903,1189,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which lacks paired intrazooidal septula, and
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C37159AE939FCDFF894" authority="Banta, 1969 a" authorityName="Banta" authorityYear="1969" box="[440,836,1822,1847]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="arcuata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37159AE939FD3AF895" box="[440,673,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora arcuata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371689E939FCDFF894" author="Banta, W. C." box="[683,836,1822,1847]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="96 - 102" refId="ref17322" refString="Banta, W. C. (1969 a) Watersipora arcuata, a new species in the subovoidea-cucullata-nigra complex (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science, 68, 96 - 102." type="journal article" year="1969">Banta, 1969a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which has an orifice with a convex proximal edge. Following
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371533E964FE3EF8F8" author="Soule, J. D." box="[273,421,1858,1883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref20069" refString="Soule, J. D. (1961) Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to Western Mexico 13. Ascophoran Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) of the Gulf of California. American Museum Novitates, 2053, 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1961">Soule (1961)</bibRefCitation>
, we recognize the combination
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C37172AE965FB73F8F8" authority="(Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[776,1256,1858,1883]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C37172AE965FC4EF8F9" box="[776,981,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Watersipora nigra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C3717C6E964FB7BF8F8" author="Canu, F. &amp; Bassler, R. S." box="[996,1248,1858,1883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref17613" refString="Canu, F. &amp; Bassler, R. S. (1930) The Bryozoa of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 76, 1 - 78." type="journal article" year="1930">Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46394C3714E5E941FBCAF864" blockId="3.[151,1437,814,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
Two other genera have been assigned to the family
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C371729E940FC2CF8DC" authorityName="Vigneaux" authorityYear="1949" box="[779,951,1894,1919]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Watersiporidae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3717E0E940FB2CF8DC" authority="Osburn, 1952" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[962,1207,1894,1919]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Veleroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3717E0E940FB8CF8DD" box="[962,1047,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Veleroa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37103CE940FB2CF8DC" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[1054,1207,1894,1919]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref19471" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 271 - 611. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6542" type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn, 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is distinct in having numerous communication pores covering the surface of the lateral and distal walls (see
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C371044E9ACFB61F800" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[1126,1274,1930,1955]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref19471" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 271 - 611. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6542" type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn 1952</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 57, fig. 7), and
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46394C3714E4E989FE38F864" authority="Banta, 1969 b" authorityName="Banta" authorityYear="1969" box="[198,419,1966,1991]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Uscia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46394C3714E4E989FE93F865" box="[198,264,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Uscia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37152CE989FE38F864" author="Banta, W. C." box="[270,419,1966,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="20 - 35" refId="ref17363" refString="Banta, W. C. (1969 b) Uscia mexicana, new genus, new species, a watersiporid bryozoan with dimorphic autozooids. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science, 68, 20 - 35." type="journal article" year="1969">Banta, 1969b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has dimorphic ovicellate zooids (see
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46394C37176BE989FC41F864" author="Banta, W. C." box="[841,986,1966,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="20 - 35" refId="ref17363" refString="Banta, W. C. (1969 b) Uscia mexicana, new genus, new species, a watersiporid bryozoan with dimorphic autozooids. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science, 68, 20 - 35." type="journal article" year="1969">Banta 1969b</bibRefCitation>
, figs 24).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>