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<mods:title id="161AC27EBD086846D769B8EF2E0B4A90">The identity of the invasive fouling bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata (d’Orbigny) and some other congeneric species</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="3C7AA307B2D8234AE425610509BFBCBD">Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: leandromanzoni @ hotmail. com Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK. E-mail: m. spencer-jones @ nhm. ac. uk</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="0B2D0537D837C9D99487971668990149">Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK. E-mail: p. taylor @ nhm. ac. uk</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46354C3B14B5E8D6FDFFF8A8" ID-CoL="bd3ae4ea-4afa-4132-a330-49fe92551702" authority="(Ortmann, 1890)" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[151,612,1776,1803]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra" status="stat. nov.">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B14B5E8D6FE10F8A9" bold="true" box="[151,395,1776,1802]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Watersipora subatra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46354C3B15B9E8D7FDC7F8A8" author="Ortmann, A." box="[411,604,1777,1803]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref19432" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
)
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="CFE557C546354C3B164EE8D7FD5BF8A8" box="[620,704,1777,1803]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">n. stat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="AEB8652746354C3B14B5E935FE47F88F" box="[151,476,1811,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="description">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46354C3B14B5E935FE47F88F" blockId="15.[151,704,1776,1836]" box="[151,476,1811,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
(
<figureCitation id="7E992A2946354C3B14BDE935FEBBF88F" box="[159,288,1811,1836]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 39–42" captionStart-1="FIGURES 43–47" captionStart-2="FIGURES 48–53" captionStartId-0="16.[151,264,1448,1471]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,264,1865,1888]" captionStartId-2="19.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,410,1426]" captionTargetBox-1="[176,1412,367,1842]" captionTargetBox-2="[167,1419,367,1861]" captionTargetId-0="figure-361@16.[151,1436,410,1427]" captionTargetId-1="figure-145@17.[176,1412,367,1842]" captionTargetId-2="figure-139@19.[167,1419,367,1861]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionText-0="FIGURES 39–42. Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), MZS BRY 002, holotype, Sagami Bay, Japan. 39, autozooidal arrangement; 40, close-up of an orifice; 41, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the very small condyle; 42, close-up of the frontal shield." captionText-1="FIGURES 43–47. Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), NHMUK 2005.5.26.19, New Zealand. 43, autozooidal arrangement; 44, autozooid; 45, close-up of an orifice; 46, close-up of the frontal shield; 47, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum." captionText-2="FIGURES 48–53. Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), NHMUK 2012.6.30.5, California. 48, autozooidal arrangement; 49, autozooid; 50, close-up of an orifice; 51, close-up of the frontal shield; 2, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum; 53, internal view of the orificial area; arrows show the latero-oral intrazooidal septula." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930001" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930003" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930005" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4930001/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4930003/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4930005/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Figs 39–53</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="7E992A2946354C3B1509E935FED1F88F" box="[299,330,1811,1836]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–68" captionStartId="25.[151,264,667,690]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,646]" captionTargetId="figure-380@25.[151,1436,193,646]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 65–68. Schematic drawings of opercula of Watersipora. 65, Watersipora cucullata (Busk, 1852), Aegean Sea (redrawn from Hastings 1930, pl. 15, fig. 98); 66, Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), New Zealand; 67, W. subtorquata (d’Orbigny, 1982), Brazil; 68, Watersipora souleorum n. sp., Cape Verde (redrawn from Hastings 1930, pl. 15, fig. 104)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930011/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">66</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="7E992A2946354C3B1577E935FEEFF88F" box="[341,372,1811,1836]" captionStart="FIGURES 69–71" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1276,1299]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,801,1255]" captionTargetId="figure-389@25.[151,1436,801,1255]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 69–71. Opercula of some species of Watersipora. 69, Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), NHMUK 2007.12.14.18, Guersey; 70, Watersipora subtorquata (d’Orbigny, 1982), NHMUK 1926.9.6.165A, Suez Canal; 71, Watersipora souleorum n. sp., NHMUK 1899.7.1.1393, Cape Verde." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930013/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">69</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="AB20031746354C3B15A2E935FE48F88F" box="[384,467,1811,1836]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements (in µm) for Watersipora aterrima (Ortmann, 1890) and W. subatra (Ortmann, 1890). Type specimens are marked with asterisks." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B2DD662446284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" tableUuid="B2DD662446284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C">Table 3</tableCitation>
)
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<treatmentCitation id="670310BD46354C3B14B5E97AFD5EF8D1" author="Ortmann, A." box="[151,709,1884,1906]" page="49" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" year="1890">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46354C3B14B5E97AFD5EF8D1" authority="Ortmann, 1890: 49" authorityName="Ortmann" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,709,1884,1906]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="variety" species="aterrima" variety="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B14B5E97AFE1BF8D2" box="[151,384,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Schizoporella aterrima</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B1590E97AFE64F8D1" box="[434,511,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">subatra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46354C3B1627E97AFD5EF8D1" author="Ortmann, A." box="[517,709,1884,1906]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref19432" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890: 49</bibRefCitation>
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[
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<paragraph id="E61D36AC46354C3B14B5E95CFC2CF833" blockId="15.[151,1426,1884,2028]" box="[151,951,1914,1936]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C6B2118246354C3B14B5E95CFC2CF833" box="[151,951,1914,1936]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
? 
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD46354C3B1480E95DFD57F833" author="Mawatari, S." box="[162,716,1914,1936]" page="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" year="1952">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46354C3B1480E95DFD57F833" ID-CoL="86VD8" authority="Mawatari, 1952: 12" authorityName="Mawatari" authorityPageNumber="12" authorityYear="1952" box="[162,716,1914,1936]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="variety" species="cucullata" variety="watersi">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B1480E95DFE18F833" box="[162,387,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Watersipora cucullata</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B1596E95DFE64F833" box="[436,511,1915,1936]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">watersi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46354C3B1627E95CFD57F833" author="Mawatari, S." box="[517,716,1914,1936]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref19077" refString="Mawatari, S. (1952) On Watersipora cucullata (Busk). I. Systematic study. Miscellaneous Reports of the Research Institute of Natural Resources (Tokyo), 25, 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="1952">Mawatari, 1952: 12</bibRefCitation>
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(part), fig. 1G [
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C46354C3B174EE95CFC36F833" box="[876,941,1914,1936]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Japan</collectingCountry>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46354C3B14B5E9BFFC6EF80C" blockId="15.[151,1426,1884,2028]" box="[151,1013,1945,1967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C6B2118246354C3B14B5E9BFFC6EF80C" box="[151,1013,1945,1967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD46354C3B14B5E9BFFDC9F80C" author="Harmer, S. F." box="[151,594,1945,1967]" page="1022" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" year="1957">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46354C3B14B5E9BFFDC9F80C" authority=": Harmer 1957: p. 1022" authorityName="Harmer" authorityPageNumber="1022" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,594,1945,1967]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Dakaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subovoidea">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B14B5E9BFFEFEF80C" box="[151,357,1945,1967]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Dakaria subovoidea</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46354C3B1550E9BFFE67F80C" author="Harmer, S. F." box="[370,508,1945,1967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="641 - 1147" refId="ref18035" refString="Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga-Expeditie, 28 d, xv, 641 - 1147, pls. 42 - 74." type="journal article" year="1957">Harmer 1957</bibRefCitation>
: p. 1022
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(part), pl. 49, figs 11–12, 14 [
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<paragraph id="E61D36AC46354C3B14B5E991FCEDF86E" blockId="15.[151,1426,1884,2028]" box="[151,886,1975,1997]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
? 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46354C3B1480E991FDFAF86E" authority="d'Orbigny, 1852: 402" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityPageNumber="402" authorityYear="1852" box="[162,609,1975,1997]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subovoidea">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B1480E991FE1AF86E" box="[162,385,1975,1997]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Cellepora subovoidea</emphasis>
d’Orbigny, 1852: 402
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[
<collectingRegion id="2466F84E46354C3B164FE991FD5CF86E" box="[621,711,1975,1997]" country="Sudan" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B16F3E99EFCFCF86E" box="[721,871,1975,1997]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">nomen dubium</emphasis>
].
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<treatmentCitation id="670310BD46354C3B14B5E9F1FDCDF84F" author="Ryland, J. S." box="[151,598,2006,2028]" page="345" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" year="1974">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46354C3B14B5E9F1FDCDF84F" ID-CoL="5BV6H" authority=": Ryland 1974: 345" authorityName="Ryland" authorityPageNumber="345" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,598,2006,2028]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B14B5E9F1FE09F84F" box="[151,402,2006,2028]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46354C3B1582E9F0FDCDF84F" author="Ryland, J. S." box="[416,598,2006,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="341 - 348" refId="ref19636" refString="Ryland, J. S. (1974) Bryozoa in the Great Barrier Reef province. In: Cameron, A. M. et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Reef Symposium. Vol. 2. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane, pp. 341 - 348." type="book chapter" year="1974">Ryland 1974: 345</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 3C [Low Island]. Non 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46354C3B1752E9F0FAADF84F" authority="d'Orbigny, 1852: 399" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityPageNumber="399" authorityYear="1852" box="[880,1334,2006,2028]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46354C3B1752E9F0FBCEF84F" box="[880,1109,2006,2028]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Cellepora subtorquata</emphasis>
d’Orbigny, 1852: 399
</taxonomicName>
[
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C46354C3B1160E9F0FA1CF84F" box="[1346,1415,2006,2028]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Brazil</collectingCountry>
]. “ 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C241480EEBFFE03FF0D" ID-CoL="5BV6G" box="[162,408,152,174]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subovoidea">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C241480EEBFFE03FF0D" box="[162,408,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subovoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” fide Harmer: 
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD462A4C241610EEBEFCAAFF0D" author="Soule, D. F. &amp; Soule, J. D." box="[562,817,152,174]" page="308" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462A4C241610EEBEFCAAFF0D" author="Soule, D. F. &amp; Soule, J. D." box="[562,817,152,174]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="299 - 309" refId="ref20020" refString="Soule, D. F. &amp; Soule, J. D. (1975) Species groups in Watersiporidae. Bryozoa 1974. Documents des Laboratoires de Geologie de la Faculte des Science de Lyon, h. s. 3, 2, 299 - 309." type="journal article" year="1975">Soule &amp; Soule 1975: 308</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part), pl. 3, fig. 6 [
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C2417DAEEBEFBC6FF0D" box="[1016,1117,152,174]" name="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Australia</collectingCountry>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462A4C2414B5EE90FBFBFF6F" blockId="16.[151,1335,152,358]" box="[151,1120,182,204]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C6B21182462A4C2414B5EE90FBFBFF6F" box="[151,1120,182,204]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
“ 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C241480EE91FE03FF6F" ID-CoL="5BV6G" box="[162,408,182,204]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subovoidea">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C241480EE91FE03FF6F" box="[162,408,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subovoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” fide Harmer: 
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD462A4C241610EE90FCE8FF6F" author="Winston, J. E. &amp; Heimberg, B. F." box="[562,883,182,204]" page="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462A4C241610EE90FCE8FF6F" author="Winston, J. E. &amp; Heimberg, B. F." box="[562,883,182,204]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref20658" refString="Winston, J. E. &amp; Heimberg, B. F. (1986) Bryozoans from Bali, Lombok, and Komodo. American Museum Novitates, 2847, 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1986">Winston &amp; Heimberg, 1986: 15</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 35–37 [Komodo].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462A4C2414B5EEF0FCEDFF48" blockId="16.[151,1335,152,358]" box="[151,886,213,235]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C6B21182462A4C2414B5EEF0FCEDFF48" box="[151,886,213,235]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD462A4C2414B5EEF0FDCBFF48" author="Gordon, D. P." box="[151,592,213,235]" page="40" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" year="1989">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C2414B5EEF0FDCBFF48" ID-CoL="5BV6H" authority=": Gordon 1989: 40" authorityName="Gordon" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,592,213,235]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2414B5EEF0FE09FF48" box="[151,402,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462A4C241582EEF3FDCBFF48" author="Gordon, D. P." box="[416,592,213,235]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref17948" refString="Gordon, D. P. (1989) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 97, 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1989">Gordon 1989: 40</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 20, B–H [
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C2416FEEEF0FCF0FF48" box="[732,875,213,235]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462A4C2414B5EED2FCE1FEA9" blockId="16.[151,1335,152,358]" box="[151,890,244,266]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C6B21182462A4C2414B5EED2FCE1FEA9" box="[151,890,244,266]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD462A4C2414B5EED2FD4FFEA9" author="Gordon, D. P. &amp; Mawatari, S. H." box="[151,724,244,266]" page="30" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" year="1992">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C2414B5EED2FD4FFEA9" ID-CoL="5BV6H" authority=": Gordon &amp; Mawatari, 1992: 30" authorityName="Gordon &amp; Mawatari" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1992" box="[151,724,244,266]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2414B5EED2FE09FEA9" box="[151,402,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462A4C241582EED2FD4FFEA9" author="Gordon, D. P. &amp; Mawatari, S. H." box="[416,724,244,266]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref17993" refString="Gordon, D. P. &amp; Mawatari, S. H. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous Publications of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1992">Gordon &amp; Mawatari, 1992: 30</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
[
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C2416C3EED2FCEBFEA9" box="[737,880,244,266]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462A4C2414B5EF35FC36FEE4" blockId="16.[151,1335,152,358]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C6B21182462A4C2414B5EF35FC36FEE4" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD462A4C2414B5EF35FD19FE8B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3506970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3506970" author="Ryland, J. S. &amp; de Blauwe, H. &amp; Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A." box="[151,642,274,296]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E6A433576AFFA76E9D115FFD9BFE25" page="55" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" year="2009">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C2414B5EF35FD19FE8B" ID-CoL="5BV6H" authority=": Ryland et al. 2009: 55" authorityName="Ryland" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,642,274,296]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2414B5EF35FE09FE8B" box="[151,402,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462A4C241582EF34FD19FE8B" author="Ryland, J. S. &amp; de Blauwe, H. &amp; Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A." box="[416,642,274,296]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref19695" refString="Ryland, J. S., de Blauwe, H., Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A. (2009) Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species. Zootaxa, 2093, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2009">
Ryland 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2415CCEF35FDB9FE8B" box="[494,546,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
2009: 55
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 3, 4A, C, E, F [
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C241770EF34FC2FFE8B" box="[850,948,274,296]" name="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Bay of Biscay and English Channel]. 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C2414B5EF14FC9CFEE4" ID-CoL="5BV6H" authority=": Kelso &amp; Wyse-Jackson 2012: 2010" authorityName="Kelso &amp; Wyse-Jackson" authorityPageNumber="2010" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,775,305,327]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2414B5EF14FE09FEE4" box="[151,402,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
: Kelso &amp; Wyse-Jackson 2012: 2010
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 1 [
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C241771EF17FC38FEE4" box="[851,931,305,327]" name="Ireland" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Ireland</collectingCountry>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462A4C2414B5EF77FBE5FEC5" blockId="16.[151,1335,152,358]" box="[151,1150,336,358]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C6B21182462A4C2414B5EF77FBE5FEC5" box="[151,1150,336,358]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<treatmentCitation id="670310BD462A4C2414B5EF77FD51FEC5" author="Kuhlenkamp, R. &amp; Kind, B." box="[151,714,336,358]" page="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" year="2013">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C2414B5EF77FD51FEC5" ID-CoL="5BV6H" authority=": Kuhlenkamp &amp; Kind 2013: 3" authorityName=": Kuhlenkamp &amp; Kind" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,714,336,358]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2414B5EF77FE09FEC5" box="[151,402,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462A4C241582EF76FD51FEC5" author="Kuhlenkamp, R. &amp; Kind, B." box="[416,714,336,358]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="73" refId="ref18529" refString="Kuhlenkamp, R. &amp; Kind, B. (2013) Arrival of the invasive Watersipora subtorquata (Bryozoa) at Helgoland (Germany, North Sea) on floating macroalgae (Himanthalia). Marine Biodiversity Records, 6, e 73." type="journal article" year="2013">Kuhlenkamp &amp; Kind 2013: 3</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 1B, C, 2A–F [North Sea: 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C241027EF76FBEFFEC5" box="[1029,1140,336,358]" name="Germany" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Helgoland</collectingCountry>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="B2DD6624462A4C2414B5EB8EFE5AFA5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930001" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930001/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" startId="16.[151,264,1448,1471]" targetBox="[151,1436,410,1426]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462A4C2414B5EB8EFE5AFA5F" blockId="16.[151,1436,1448,1532]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2414B5EB8EFEC3FA1D" bold="true" box="[151,344,1448,1471]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">FIGURES 39–42.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C241541EB8CFD68FA1C" authority="(Ortmann, 1890)" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[355,755,1449,1471]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C241541EB8CFDACFA1C" box="[355,567,1449,1471]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subatra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462A4C24166BEB8FFD77FA1C" author="Ortmann, A." box="[585,748,1449,1471]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref19432" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, MZS BRY 002, holotype, Sagami Bay, Japan. 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2410D9EB8FFA8FFA1D" bold="true" box="[1275,1300,1449,1470]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">39</emphasis>
, autozooidal arrangement; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C241507EBE1FEA5FA7F" bold="true" box="[293,318,1479,1500]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">40</emphasis>
, close-up of an orifice; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C24161EEBE1FDCEFA7F" bold="true" box="[572,597,1479,1500]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">41</emphasis>
, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the very small condyle; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C24115EEBE1FA0EFA7F" bold="true" box="[1404,1429,1479,1500]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">42</emphasis>
, close-up of the frontal shield.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="AEB86527462A4C2514B5E80EFC67FEE3" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462A4C2514B5E80EFC67FEE3" blockId="16.[151,1439,1576,2034]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2414B5E80EFE1AF9E2" bold="true" box="[151,385,1576,1601]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" reason="1">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C2415A8E80FFA02F9E2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538303" box="[394,1433,1576,1601]" collectionCode="MZS" country="Japan" elevation="23" location="Ortmann Collection" municipality="Sagami Bay" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="MZS 002" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2415A8E80FFE62F9E2" box="[394,505,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<typeStatus id="3919880E462A4C2415A8E80FFE68F9E2" box="[394,499,1577,1601]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C241620E80EFDEAF9E2" box="[514,625,1576,1601]" collectionCode="MZS" country="France" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6hz5-fzvb" name="Universite de Strasbourg, Musee de Zoologie" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">MZS 002</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="E37D6077462A4C24165FE80EFCFAF9E2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462A4C24165FE80EFCFAF9E2" box="[637,865,1576,1601]" country="Japan" municipality="Sagami Bay" name="Ortmann Collection" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Ortmann Collection</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="0679ACD6462A4C24174FE80EFC6CF9E2" box="[877,1015,1576,1601]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Sagami Bay</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C241026E80FFBDCF9E3" box="[1028,1095,1577,1600]" name="Japan" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 50–100 fm (
<quantity id="215A9B49462A4C2410FDE80EFAD3F9E2" box="[1247,1352,1576,1601]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="22.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="15.0">
<elevation id="6D8FD19F462A4C2410FDE80EFAD3F9E2" box="[1247,1352,1576,1601]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="22.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="15.0">15–30 m</elevation>
</quantity>
), 1882
</materialsCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2414B5E86BFED2F9C6" box="[151,329,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Other material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C241570E86BFF53F92A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538372" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Insole" country="Japan" location="Misaki" municipality="No." pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="NHMUK 1922.10" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C241570E86BFDBDF9C6" box="[338,550,1612,1637]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 1922.10</specimenCode>
.8.3, dry slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C2416EFE86BFC4CF9C6" box="[717,983,1613,1637]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2416EFE86BFC4CF9C6" box="[717,983,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Schizoporella cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sea level, 
<location id="E37D6077462A4C241078E86AFB30F9C6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462A4C241078E86AFB30F9C6" box="[1114,1195,1612,1637]" country="Japan" municipality="No." name="Misaki" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Misaki</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C24109AE86BFB60F9C7" box="[1208,1275,1613,1636]" name="Japan" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="0679ACD6462A4C241125E86BFAAAF9C7" box="[1287,1329,1613,1636]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">No.</collectingMunicipality>
1, 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C241175E86AFA00F9C6" box="[1367,1435,1612,1637]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Insole</collectorName>
coll.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C2414FFE857FA86F92A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538351" box="[221,1309,1648,1673]" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="MacGillivray" country="Australia" location="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="NHMUK 1929.12" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C2414FFE857FE25F92A" box="[221,446,1648,1673]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 1929.12</specimenCode>
.31.1, dry slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C2416BAE857FC3BF92A" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[664,928,1649,1673]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="atrofusca">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2416BAE857FC3BF92A" box="[664,928,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora atrofusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C24179EE856FBBDF92A" box="[956,1062,1648,1673]" name="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C24101DE856FB4DF92A" box="[1087,1238,1648,1673]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">MacGillivray</collectorName>
coll.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C241110E857FD5AF972" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538338" collectingDate="2004-10-06" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="K. Tilbrook" country="New Zealand" county="North Island" location="Seasprite" municipality="Marina" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="NHMUK 2005.5" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C241110E857FF7CF90D" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 2005.5</specimenCode>
.26.19, dry, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C24154DE8B0FD13F90E" authorityName=": Kuhlenkamp &amp; Kind" authorityYear="2013" box="[367,648,1685,1709]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C24154DE8B0FD13F90E" box="[367,648,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, scraped from hull of 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2417B2E8B3FC63F90F" box="[912,1016,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<location id="E37D6077462A4C2417B2E8B3FC63F90F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462A4C2417B2E8B3FC63F90F" box="[912,1016,1685,1708]" country="New Zealand" county="North Island" municipality="Marina" name="Seasprite" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Seasprite</location>
</emphasis>
, 
<location id="E37D6077462A4C24102BE8B3FB05F90D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462A4C24102BE8B3FB05F90D" box="[1033,1182,1685,1710]" country="New Zealand" county="North Island" municipality="Marina" name="Leigh Wharf" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Leigh Wharf</location>
/ 
<collectingMunicipality id="0679ACD6462A4C241084E8B3FB6CF90D" box="[1190,1271,1685,1710]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Marina</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="0F7C4E20462A4C241127E8B3FA0CF90D" box="[1285,1431,1685,1710]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">North Island</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462A4C2414B5E89FFEA9F972" box="[151,306,1720,1745]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="921C106C462A4C24151DE89EFE6FF972" box="[319,500,1720,1745]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2004-10-06">
<collectingDate id="8258E984462A4C24151DE89EFE6FF972" box="[319,500,1720,1745]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2004-10-06">6 October 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C241623E89FFD1DF972" box="[513,646,1720,1745]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">K. Tilbrook</collectorName>
coll.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C2416EBE89FFA07F8BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538304" collectingDate="1974-07" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="J. S. Ryland" country="New Zealand" location="Low Islands" municipality="Great Barrier Reef" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="NHMUK 2007.12" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C2416EBE89FFC05F972" box="[713,926,1720,1745]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 2007.12</specimenCode>
.14.9, balsam slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C24105EE89FFE82F955" authority=", J. S. Ryland" authorityName="J. S. Ryland" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C24105EE89FFA0EF972" box="[1148,1429,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
, J.S. Ryland
</taxonomicName>
det., 
<location id="E37D6077462A4C24157FE8FBFE70F955" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462A4C24157FE8FBFE70F955" box="[349,491,1757,1782]" country="New Zealand" municipality="Great Barrier Reef" name="Low Islands" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Low Islands</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="0679ACD6462A4C2415D8E8FBFD49F955" box="[506,722,1757,1782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Great Barrier Reef</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<date id="921C106C462A4C2416C2E8FBFCC8F955" box="[736,851,1757,1782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="1974-07">
<collectingDate id="8258E984462A4C2416C2E8FBFCC8F955" box="[736,851,1757,1782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="1974-07">July 1974</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C241743E8FBFC78F955" box="[865,995,1757,1782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">J.S. Ryland</collectorName>
coll. 
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C241005E8FBFB67F955" box="[1063,1276,1757,1782]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 2007.12</specimenCode>
.14.10, balsam slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C2414FFE927FD17F8BA" authority=", J. S. Ryland" authorityName="J. S. Ryland" box="[221,652,1792,1817]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2414FFE927FE63F8BA" box="[221,504,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
, J.S. Ryland
</taxonomicName>
det., 
<location id="E37D6077462A4C2416F0E927FCF9F8BA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462A4C2416F0E927FCF9F8BA" box="[722,866,1792,1817]" country="New Zealand" municipality="Great Barrier Reef" name="Low Islands" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Low Islands</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="0679ACD6462A4C241753E926FBD7F8BA" box="[881,1100,1792,1817]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Great Barrier Reef</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<date id="921C106C462A4C241078E926FB54F8BA" box="[1114,1231,1792,1817]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="1974-07">
<collectingDate id="8258E984462A4C241078E926FB54F8BA" box="[1114,1231,1792,1817]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="1974-07">July 1974</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C2410FFE926FAFBF8BA" box="[1245,1376,1792,1817]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">J.S. Ryland</collectorName>
coll.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C2414B5E903FDB7F8C2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538308" collectingDate="2003-08" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Hans" country="New Zealand" location="Bay of Arcachon" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="NHMUK 2007.12" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C2414B5E903FEF7F89D" box="[151,364,1829,1854]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 2007.12</specimenCode>
.14.12, balsam slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C241642E900FB8AF89D" authority=", J. S. Ryland" authorityName="J. S. Ryland" box="[608,1041,1829,1854]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C241642E900FCE0F89E" box="[608,891,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
, J.S. Ryland
</taxonomicName>
don., on shell, 
<location id="E37D6077462A4C2410EFE903FA03F89D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462A4C2410EFE903FA03F89D" box="[1229,1432,1829,1854]" country="New Zealand" name="Bay of Arcachon" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Bay of Arcachon</location>
, 
<date id="921C106C462A4C2414B5E96EFEB1F8C2" box="[151,298,1864,1889]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2003-08">
<collectingDate id="8258E984462A4C2414B5E96EFEB1F8C2" box="[151,298,1864,1889]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2003-08">August 2003</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C24151AE96FFEE9F8C3" box="[312,370,1865,1888]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Hans</collectorName>
de Blauwe coll.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C241617E96FFBEEF80A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538316" collectingDate="2005-04" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="New Zealand" location="Hans de Blauwe" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="NHMUK 2007.12" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C241617E96FFC93F8C2" box="[565,776,1864,1889]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 2007.12</specimenCode>
.14.14, balsam slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C2417D1E96FFA00F8C2" authority=", J. S. Ryland" authorityName="J. S. Ryland" box="[1011,1435,1864,1889]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C2417D1E96FFA90F8C2" box="[1011,1291,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
, J.S. Ryland
</taxonomicName>
don., St-Jacut-sur-la-Mer, 
<date id="921C106C462A4C2415E0E94BFDDAF825" box="[450,577,1901,1926]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2005-04">
<collectingDate id="8258E984462A4C2415E0E94BFDDAF825" box="[450,577,1901,1926]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2005-04">April 2005</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<location id="E37D6077462A4C24166DE94BFC90F825" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462A4C24166DE94BFC90F825" box="[591,779,1901,1926]" country="New Zealand" name="Hans de Blauwe" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Hans de Blauwe</location>
coll. 
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C241772E94BFBBFF825" box="[848,1060,1901,1926]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 2007.12</specimenCode>
.14.15, balsam slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C241131E948FE29F80A" authority=", J. S. Ryland" authorityName="J. S. Ryland" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C241131E948FE86F80A" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
, J.S. Ryland
</taxonomicName>
don., St-Jacut-sur-la-Mer, 
<date id="921C106C462A4C2416C8E9B6FCF0F80A" box="[746,875,1936,1961]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2005-04">
<collectingDate id="8258E984462A4C2416C8E9B6FCF0F80A" box="[746,875,1936,1961]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2005-04">April 2005</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<location id="E37D6077462A4C241758E9B7FBA2F80A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462A4C241758E9B7FBA2F80A" box="[890,1081,1936,1961]" country="New Zealand" name="Hans de Blauwe" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Hans de Blauwe</location>
coll.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C2410A2E9B7FC4FF86D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538367" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Guersey" country="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="NHMUK 2007.12" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C2410A2E9B7FACEF80A" box="[1152,1365,1936,1961]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 2007.12</specimenCode>
.14.16, balsam slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C241517E990FD79F86D" authority=", J. S. Ryland" authorityName="J. S. Ryland" box="[309,738,1973,1998]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C241517E990FDD4F86E" box="[309,591,1973,1997]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
, J.S. Ryland
</taxonomicName>
don., 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C24170FE993FC17F86D" box="[813,908,1973,1998]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Guersey</collectorName>
, 2007
</materialsCitation>
, 
<collectionCode id="80B3AE69462A4C2417C0E993FC63F86F" box="[994,1016,1973,1996]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">R</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C241027E993FBA0F86D" box="[1029,1083,1973,1998]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Lord</collectorName>
coll. 
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C2410A2E993FC4FF851" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538383" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Guersey" country="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="NHMUK 2007.12" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C2410A2E993FACEF86D" box="[1152,1365,1973,1998]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 2007.12</specimenCode>
.14.17, balsam slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462A4C241517E9FCFD79F851" authority=", J. S. Ryland" authorityName="J. S. Ryland" box="[309,738,2009,2034]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462A4C241517E9FCFDD4F852" box="[309,591,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
, J.S. Ryland
</taxonomicName>
don., 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C24170FE9FFFC17F851" box="[813,908,2009,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Guersey</collectorName>
, 2007
</materialsCitation>
, 
<collectionCode id="80B3AE69462A4C2417C0E9FCFC63F852" box="[994,1016,2010,2033]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">R</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462A4C241027E9FFFBA0F851" box="[1029,1083,2009,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Lord</collectorName>
coll. 
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462A4C2510A2E9FCFC5CFF13" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538381" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Guersey" country="New Zealand" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="NHMUK 2007.12" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462A4C2410A2E9FCFACEF851" box="[1152,1365,2009,2034]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="Museum">NHMUK 2007.12</specimenCode>
.14.18, balsam slide, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462B4C251510EEBEFD42FF13" authority=", J. S. Ryland" authorityName="J. S. Ryland" box="[306,729,151,176]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C251510EEBEFDD1FF13" box="[306,586,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
, J.S. Ryland
</taxonomicName>
don., 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462B4C251703EEB1FC1BFF13" box="[801,896,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Guersey</collectorName>
, 2007
</materialsCitation>
, 
<collectionCode id="80B3AE69462B4C2517F1EEBEFC72FF0C" box="[979,1001,152,175]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">R</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462B4C2517D6EEB1FBB1FF13" box="[1012,1066,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Lord</collectorName>
coll. 
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462B4C25104EEEBEFF53FF5B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538301" collectingDate="2010-09" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="P. D. Taylor &amp; B. Okamura" country="United States of America" county="San Diego" location="Point Loma" municipality="Marina" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="NHMUK 2010.12" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462B4C25104EEEBEFADBFF13" box="[1132,1344,151,176]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="Museum">NHMUK 2010.12</specimenCode>
.1.2, dry, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462B4C2514B5EE9BFED0FF70" box="[151,331,188,212]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C2514B5EE9BFEBAFF77" box="[151,289,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Watersipora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<location id="E37D6077462B4C25157BEE9AFE7AFF70" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462B4C25157BEE9AFE7AFF70" box="[345,481,188,213]" country="United States of America" county="San Diego" municipality="Marina" name="Point Loma" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" stateProvince="California">Point Loma</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="0679ACD6462B4C2515CCEE9AFDD9FF76" box="[494,578,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Marina</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="0F7C4E20462B4C25166DEE9AFD52FF76" box="[591,713,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">San Diego</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="2466F84E462B4C2516F5EE9AFCD7FF76" box="[727,844,188,213]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">California</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462B4C25177AEE9AFC08FF76" box="[856,915,188,213]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">USA</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="921C106C462B4C251782EE9AFBC6FF76" box="[928,1117,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" value="2010-09">
<collectingDate id="8258E984462B4C251782EE9AFBC6FF76" box="[928,1117,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" value="2010-09">September 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
. 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462B4C25104BEE9AFB71FF76" box="[1129,1258,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">P.D. Taylor</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462B4C251133EE9AFA07FF76" box="[1297,1436,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">B. Okamura</collectorName>
coll.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462B4C2514F3EEC6FBBFFF5B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538319" box="[209,1060,223,248]" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Los Angeles" country="United States of America" location="Long Beach" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="NHMUK 2010.6" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462B4C2514F3EEC6FE0DFF5B" box="[209,406,223,248]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="Museum">NHMUK 2010.6</specimenCode>
.30.7, dry and dry slide, 
<location id="E37D6077462B4C25168CEEC6FCA0FF5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462B4C25168CEEC6FCA0FF5B" box="[686,827,223,248]" country="United States of America" name="Long Beach" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Long Beach</location>
, 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462B4C25176AEEC6FC40FF5B" box="[840,987,223,248]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Los Angeles</collectorName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462B4C2517CAEEF9FBBFFF5B" box="[1000,1060,223,248]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">USA</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="56CA3CF1462B4C251012EEC6FC67FEE3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336538312" collectingDate="2004-10-06" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="K. Tilbrook" country="New Zealand" county="North Island" location="Seasprite" municipality="Marina" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="NHMUK 2012.6" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="B6049ED7462B4C251012EEC6FB6DFF5B" box="[1072,1270,223,248]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="Museum">NHMUK 2012.6</specimenCode>
.30.6, dry slide [part of 
<collectionCode id="80B3AE69462B4C2514DFEF22FEFCFEB8" box="[253,359,260,283]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
2005.5.26.19], 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462B4C251606EF23FCDBFEBF" box="[548,832,260,284]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C251606EF23FCDBFEBF" box="[548,832,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, scraped from hull of 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C251074EF22FB25FEB8" box="[1110,1214,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<location id="E37D6077462B4C251074EF22FB25FEB8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462B4C251074EF22FB25FEB8" box="[1110,1214,260,283]" country="New Zealand" county="North Island" municipality="Marina" name="Seasprite" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Seasprite</location>
</emphasis>
, hauled out 
<location id="E37D6077462B4C251179EF22FF7AFEE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E0B87BA46354C2014B5E8D6FE2DF9D6:E37D6077462B4C251179EF22FF7AFEE3" country="New Zealand" county="North Island" municipality="Marina" name="Leigh Wharf" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Leigh Wharf</location>
/ 
<collectingMunicipality id="0679ACD6462B4C2514CBEF01FEA1FEE3" box="[233,314,295,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Marina</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="0F7C4E20462B4C251567EF01FE4FFEE3" box="[325,468,295,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">North Island</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462B4C2515C2EF0EFDE2FEE3" box="[480,633,295,320]" name="New Zealand" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="921C106C462B4C2516A6EF01FCAEFEE3" box="[644,821,295,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" value="2004-10-06">
<collectingDate id="8258E984462B4C2516A6EF01FCAEFEE3" box="[644,821,295,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" value="2004-10-06">6 October 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="4B57537A462B4C251762EF0EFC58FEE3" box="[832,963,295,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">K. Tilbrook</collectorName>
coll.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="B2DD6624462B4C2514B5E96FFC89F83E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930003" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930003/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" startId="17.[151,264,1865,1888]" targetBox="[176,1412,367,1842]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462B4C2514B5E96FFC89F83E" blockId="17.[151,1436,1865,1949]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C2514B5E96FFECFF8FC" bold="true" box="[151,340,1865,1888]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">FIGURES 43–47.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462B4C251578E96DFD46F8C3" authority="(Ortmann, 1890)" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[346,733,1866,1888]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C251578E96DFDB1F8C3" box="[346,554,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Watersipora subatra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462B4C251615E96CFD4DF8C3" author="Ortmann, A." box="[567,726,1866,1888]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref19432" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, NHMUK 2005.5.26.19, New Zealand. 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C251056E96CFB16F8FC" bold="true" box="[1140,1165,1866,1887]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">43</emphasis>
, autozooidal arrangement; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C2514B5E94EFF2BF8DE" bold="true" box="[151,176,1896,1917]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">44</emphasis>
, autozooid; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C251516E94EFED6F8DE" bold="true" box="[308,333,1896,1917]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">45</emphasis>
, close-up of an orifice; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C251672E94EFDF2F8DE" bold="true" box="[592,617,1896,1917]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">46</emphasis>
, close-up of the frontal shield; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462B4C251798E94EFC48F8DE" bold="true" box="[954,979,1896,1917]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">47</emphasis>
, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="B2DD662446284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C" ID-Table-UUID="B2DD662446284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B2DD662446284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" startId="18.[151,239,152,175]" targetBox="[159,1310,234,1832]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,207]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46284C2614B5EEBEFE9DFF0C" bold="true" box="[151,262,152,175]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">TABLE 3</emphasis>
. Measurements (in µm) for 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46284C261662EEBEFC71FF0C" authority="(Ortmann, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[576,1002,152,175]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aterrima">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46284C261662EEBEFCB2FF0C" box="[576,809,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Watersipora aterrima</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46284C261719EEBEFC79FF0C" author="Ortmann, A." box="[827,994,152,175]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref19432" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46284C261001EEBEFAC1FF0C" authority="(Ortmann, 1890)" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1059,1370,151,175]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46284C261001EEBEFB0CFF0C" box="[1059,1175,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">W. subatra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46284C26108AEEBEFAC9FF0C" author="Ortmann, A." box="[1192,1362,152,175]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref19432" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Type specimens are marked with asterisks.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46284C2615AFEECDFBE7F88B" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<table id="94A2C40C4628B3CB14BDEECCFA85F88B" box="[159,1310,234,1832]" gridcols="5" gridrows="39" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEECCFA85FEA3" box="[159,1310,234,256]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEECCFDA9FEA3" box="[397,562,234,256]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46284C2615AFEECDFD9EFEA3" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[397,517,235,256]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aterrima">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46284C2615AFEECDFD9EFEA3" box="[397,517,235,256]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">W. aterrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EECCFC9BFEA3" box="[602,768,234,256]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46284C261679EECDFD5CFEA3" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[603,711,234,256]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46284C261679EECDFD5CFEA3" box="[603,711,234,256]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">W. subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEF32FA85FE89" box="[159,1310,276,298]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEF32FDA9FE89" box="[397,562,276,298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">MZS BRY 003*</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EF32FC9BFE89" box="[602,768,276,298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">MZS BRY 002*</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEF32FB88FE89" box="[808,1043,276,298]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">NHMUK 2005.5.26.19</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EF32FA85FE89" box="[1088,1310,276,298]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">NHMUK 2012.6.30.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEF1BFA85FEF0" box="[159,1310,317,339]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEF1BFDA9FEF0" box="[397,562,317,339]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Japan (n=5)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EF1BFC9BFEF0" box="[602,768,317,339]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Japan (n=10)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEF1BFB88FEF0" box="[808,1043,317,339]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">New Zealand (n=10)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EF1BFA85FEF0" box="[1088,1310,317,339]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">California (n=10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEF41FA85FEDF" box="[159,1310,359,380]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEF41FA85FEDF" box="[159,1310,359,380]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">ZL</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEFB6FA85FE05" box="[159,1310,400,422]" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEFB6FE8BFE05" box="[159,272,400,422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEFB6FDA9FE05" box="[397,562,400,422]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">1155–1393</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EFB6FC9BFE05" box="[602,768,400,422]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">815–1000</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEFB6FB88FE05" box="[808,1043,400,422]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">685–1430</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EFB6FA85FE05" box="[1088,1310,400,422]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">921–1259</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEF9FFA85FE6C" box="[159,1310,441,463]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEF9FFE8BFE6C" box="[159,272,441,463]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEF9FFDA9FE6C" box="[397,562,441,463]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">1260 (101)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EF9FFC9BFE6C" box="[602,768,441,463]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">919 (60)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEF9FFB88FE6C" box="[808,1043,441,463]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">909 (213)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EF9FFA85FE6C" box="[1088,1310,441,463]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">1062 (111)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEFC5FA85FE5B" box="[159,1310,483,504]" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEFC5FA85FE5B" box="[159,1310,483,504]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">ZW</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEC2AFA85FD81" box="[159,1310,524,546]" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEC2AFE8BFD81" box="[159,272,524,546]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEC2AFDA9FD81" box="[397,562,524,546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">348–430</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EC2AFC9BFD81" box="[602,768,524,546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">320–489</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEC2AFB88FD81" box="[808,1043,524,546]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">334–598</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EC2AFA85FD81" box="[1088,1310,524,546]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">308–447</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEC13FA85FDE8" box="[159,1310,565,587]" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEC13FE8BFDE8" box="[159,272,565,587]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEC13FDA9FDE8" box="[397,562,565,587]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">378 (32)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EC13FC9BFDE8" box="[602,768,565,587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">409 (62)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEC13FB88FDE8" box="[808,1043,565,587]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">445 (76)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EC13FA85FDE8" box="[1088,1310,565,587]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">368 (38)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEC78FA85FDD4" box="[159,1310,606,631]" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEC78FA85FDD4" box="[159,1310,606,631]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">ZL x ZW [x10 3]</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDECACFA85FD03" box="[159,1310,650,672]" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDECACFE8BFD03" box="[159,272,650,672]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFECACFDA9FD03" box="[397,562,650,672]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">447–508</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678ECACFC9BFD03" box="[602,768,650,672]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">299–437</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AECACFB88FD03" box="[808,1043,650,672]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">286–633</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062ECACFA85FD03" box="[1088,1310,650,672]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">304–504</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEC92FA85FD69" box="[159,1310,692,714]" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEC92FE8BFD69" box="[159,272,692,714]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEC92FDA9FD69" box="[397,562,692,714]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">474 (45)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EC92FC9BFD69" box="[602,768,692,714]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">374 (53)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEC92FB88FD69" box="[808,1043,692,714]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">400 (93)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EC92FA85FD69" box="[1088,1310,692,714]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">392 (67)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDECFBFA85FD50" box="[159,1310,733,755]" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDECFBFA85FD50" box="[159,1310,733,755]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">OL</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDED20FA85FCBF" box="[159,1310,774,796]" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDED20FE8BFCBF" box="[159,272,774,796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFED20FDA9FCBF" box="[397,562,774,796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">215–229</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678ED20FC9BFCBF" box="[602,768,774,796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">245–283</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AED20FB88FCBF" box="[808,1043,774,796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">220–289</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062ED20FA85FCBF" box="[1088,1310,774,796]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">210–242</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDED09FA85FCE6" box="[159,1310,815,837]" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDED09FE8BFCE6" box="[159,272,815,837]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFED09FDA9FCE6" box="[397,562,815,837]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">220 (6)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678ED09FC9BFCE6" box="[602,768,815,837]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">263 (14)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AED09FB88FCE6" box="[808,1043,815,837]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">257 (19)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062ED09FA85FCE6" box="[1088,1310,815,837]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">228 (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDED7FFA85FCCC" box="[159,1310,857,879]" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDED7FFA85FCCC" box="[159,1310,857,879]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">OW</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEDA4FA85FC3B" box="[159,1310,898,920]" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEDA4FE8BFC3B" box="[159,272,898,920]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEDA4FDA9FC3B" box="[397,562,898,920]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">230–249</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EDA4FC9BFC3B" box="[602,768,898,920]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">263–348</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEDA4FB88FC3B" box="[808,1043,898,920]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">280–329</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EDA4FA85FC3B" box="[1088,1310,898,920]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">255–271</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDED8AFA85FC61" box="[159,1310,940,962]" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDED8AFE8BFC61" box="[159,272,940,962]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFED8AFDA9FC61" box="[397,562,940,962]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">238 (7)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678ED8AFC9BFC61" box="[602,768,940,962]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">309 (22)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AED8AFB88FC61" box="[808,1043,940,962]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">303 (13)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062ED8AFA85FC61" box="[1088,1310,940,962]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">261 (6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEDF2FA85FC4E" box="[159,1310,980,1005]" gridrow="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEDF2FE8BFC4E" box="[159,272,980,1005]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">OA [x10 3]</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEA27FA85FBB4" box="[159,1310,1025,1047]" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEA27FE8BFBB4" box="[159,272,1025,1047]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEA27FDA9FBB4" box="[397,562,1025,1047]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">39.5–44.7</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EA27FC9BFBB4" box="[602,768,1025,1047]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">52.8–77.3</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEA27FB88FBB4" box="[808,1043,1025,1047]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">48.3–72.3</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EA27FA85FBB4" box="[1088,1310,1025,1047]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">43.7–50.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEA0CFA85FBE3" box="[159,1310,1066,1088]" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEA0CFE8BFBE3" box="[159,272,1066,1088]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEA0CFDA9FBE3" box="[397,562,1066,1088]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">41.3 (2.1)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EA0CFC9BFBE3" box="[602,768,1066,1088]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">63.9 (6.6)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEA0CFB88FBE3" box="[808,1043,1066,1088]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">61.4 (6.4)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EA0CFA85FBE3" box="[1088,1310,1066,1088]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">46.9 (2.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEA72FA85FBC9" box="[159,1310,1108,1130]" gridrow="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEA72FA85FBC9" box="[159,1310,1108,1130]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">LZ / OL</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEA5BFA85FB30" box="[159,1310,1149,1171]" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEA5BFE8BFB30" box="[159,272,1149,1171]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEA5BFDA9FB30" box="[397,562,1149,1171]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">5.3–6.2</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EA5BFC9BFB30" box="[602,768,1149,1171]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">2.9–3.9</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEA5BFB88FB30" box="[808,1043,1149,1171]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">2.9–5.1</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EA5BFA85FB30" box="[1088,1310,1149,1171]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">3.4–5.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEA80FA85FB1F" box="[159,1310,1190,1212]" gridrow="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEA80FE8BFB1F" box="[159,272,1190,1212]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEA80FDA9FB1F" box="[397,562,1190,1212]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">5.7 (0.4)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EA80FC9BFB1F" box="[602,768,1190,1212]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">3.5 (0.3)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEA80FB88FB1F" box="[808,1043,1190,1212]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">3.5 (0.6)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EA80FA85FB1F" box="[1088,1310,1190,1212]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">4.6 (0.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEAE9FA85FB46" box="[159,1310,1231,1253]" gridrow="24" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEAE9FA85FB46" box="[159,1310,1231,1253]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">OL / OW</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEADFFA85FAAC" box="[159,1310,1273,1295]" gridrow="25" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEADFFE8BFAAC" box="[159,272,1273,1295]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEADFFDA9FAAC" box="[397,562,1273,1295]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">0.89–0.98</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EADFFC9BFAAC" box="[602,768,1273,1295]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">0.78–0.97</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEADFFB88FAAC" box="[808,1043,1273,1295]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">0.76–0.98</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EADFFA85FAAC" box="[1088,1310,1273,1295]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">0.79–0.95</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEB04FA85FA9B" box="[159,1310,1314,1336]" gridrow="26" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEB04FE8BFA9B" box="[159,272,1314,1336]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEB04FDA9FA9B" box="[397,562,1314,1336]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">0.92 (0.03)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EB04FC9BFA9B" box="[602,768,1314,1336]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">0.85 (0.06)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEB04FB88FA9B" box="[808,1043,1314,1336]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">0.85 (0.05)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EB04FA85FA9B" box="[1088,1310,1314,1336]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">0.87 (0.04)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEB6AFA85FAC1" box="[159,1310,1356,1378]" gridrow="27" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEB6AFA85FAC1" box="[159,1310,1356,1378]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">ZA / OA</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEB53FA85FA28" box="[159,1310,1397,1419]" gridrow="28" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEB53FE8BFA28" box="[159,272,1397,1419]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEB53FDA9FA28" box="[397,562,1397,1419]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">10.6–12.8</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EB53FC9BFA28" box="[602,768,1397,1419]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">5.0–7.1</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEB53FB88FA28" box="[808,1043,1397,1419]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">5.3–8.7</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EB53FA85FA28" box="[1088,1310,1397,1419]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">6.8–10.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEBB8FA85FA17" box="[159,1310,1438,1460]" gridrow="29" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEBB8FE8BFA17" box="[159,272,1438,1460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEBB8FDA9FA17" box="[397,562,1438,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">11.5 (0.9)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EBB8FC9BFA17" box="[602,768,1438,1460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">5.8 (0.7)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEBB8FB88FA17" box="[808,1043,1438,1460]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">6.5 (1.0)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EBB8FA85FA17" box="[1088,1310,1438,1460]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">8.3 (1.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEBE1FA85FA7E" box="[159,1310,1479,1501]" gridrow="30" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEBE1FA85FA7E" box="[159,1310,1479,1501]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">SinL</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDEBD7FA85F9A4" box="[159,1310,1521,1543]" gridrow="31" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDEBD7FE8BF9A4" box="[159,272,1521,1543]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFEBD7FDA9F9A4" box="[397,562,1521,1543]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">38–48</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678EBD7FC9BF9A4" box="[602,768,1521,1543]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">61–74</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AEBD7FB88F9A4" box="[808,1043,1521,1543]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">52–71</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062EBD7FA85F9A4" box="[1088,1310,1521,1543]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">47–65</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDE83CFA85F993" box="[159,1310,1562,1584]" gridrow="32" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDE83CFE8BF993" box="[159,272,1562,1584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFE83CFDA9F993" box="[397,562,1562,1584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">43 (4)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678E83CFC9BF993" box="[602,768,1562,1584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">67.3 (4.2)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AE83CFB88F993" box="[808,1043,1562,1584]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">61.1 (5.6)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062E83CFA85F993" box="[1088,1310,1562,1584]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">55.4 (4.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDE862FA85F9F9" box="[159,1310,1604,1626]" gridrow="33" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDE862FA85F9F9" box="[159,1310,1604,1626]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">SinW</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDE84BFA85F920" box="[159,1310,1645,1667]" gridrow="34" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDE84BFE8BF920" box="[159,272,1645,1667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFE84BFDA9F920" box="[397,562,1645,1667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">85–101</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678E84BFC9BF920" box="[602,768,1645,1667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">125–174</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AE84BFB88F920" box="[808,1043,1645,1667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">152–178</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062E84BFA85F920" box="[1088,1310,1645,1667]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">121–140</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDE8B0FA85F90F" box="[159,1310,1686,1708]" gridrow="35" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDE8B0FE8BF90F" box="[159,272,1686,1708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFE8B0FDA9F90F" box="[397,562,1686,1708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">94 (6)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678E8B0FC9BF90F" box="[602,768,1686,1708]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">145 (16)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AE8B0FB88F90F" box="[808,1043,1686,1708]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">164 (9)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062E8B0FA85F90F" box="[1088,1310,1686,1708]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">130 (6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDE8E6FA85F976" box="[159,1310,1728,1749]" gridrow="36" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDE8E6FA85F976" box="[159,1310,1728,1749]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">PorD</th>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDE8CFFA85F95C" box="[159,1310,1769,1791]" gridrow="37" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDE8CFFE8BF95C" box="[159,272,1769,1791]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Min–Max</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFE8CFFDA9F95C" box="[397,562,1769,1791]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">16–20</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678E8CFFC9BF95C" box="[602,768,1769,1791]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">22–38</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AE8CFFB88F95C" box="[808,1043,1769,1791]" gridcol="3" gridrow="37" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">23–32</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062E8CFFA85F95C" box="[1088,1310,1769,1791]" gridcol="4" gridrow="37" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">18–27</td>
</tr>
<tr id="589234EE4628B3CB14BDE934FA85F88B" box="[159,1310,1810,1832]" gridrow="38" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<th id="1B435D924628B3CB14BDE934FE8BF88B" box="[159,272,1810,1832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mean (SD)</th>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB15AFE934FDA9F88B" box="[397,562,1810,1832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">17 (1)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1678E934FC9BF88B" box="[602,768,1810,1832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">29 (5)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB170AE934FB88F88B" box="[808,1043,1810,1832]" gridcol="3" gridrow="38" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">27 (3)</td>
<td id="1B435D924628B3CB1062E934FA85F88B" box="[1088,1310,1810,1832]" gridcol="4" gridrow="38" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">22 (3)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="AEB8652746284C2714E5E94AFF7DFEE3" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="description">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46284C2714E5E94AFF7DFEE3" blockId="18.[151,1436,1900,2034]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46284C2614E5E94AFEC2F826" bold="true" box="[199,345,1900,1925]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" reason="1">Description.</emphasis>
Colonies encrusting, multiserial, uni- to multilamellar; sometimes erect, foliaceous and bilamellar; colour in life variable, from orange to brownish-purple or greyish to black. Zooids subrectangular to hexagonal, about twice as long as wide, separated by slightly raised lateral walls. Frontal shield slightly convex, with numerous round pseudopores about 
<quantity id="215A9B4946284C261657E9FFFD5AF851" box="[629,705,2009,2034]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 µm</quantity>
diameter; two large latero-oral intrazooidal septula near lateral zooidal margin, proximolateral to orifice, each with 3–8 (often 5) small pores. Frontal shield obscured by translucent cuticle. Orifice large, subcircular to oval, slightly wider than long, with broad, well-defined proximal, U-shaped sinus; orificial rim thin, sometimes slightly raised; narrow bar-shaped condyles, sometimes inconspicuous. Operculum with broad, biconcave proximal band, without lucidae. Avicularia absent. Ooecia absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="B2DD662446294C2714B5E945FEFEF876" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930005" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930005/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" startId="19.[151,264,1891,1914]" targetBox="[167,1419,367,1861]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC46294C2714B5E945FEFEF876" blockId="19.[151,1435,1891,2005]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46294C2714B5E945FECEF8DB" bold="true" box="[151,341,1891,1914]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">FIGURES 48–53.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F46294C271579E942FD7BF8DA" authority="(Ortmann, 1890)" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[347,736,1891,1913]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46294C271579E942FDB0F8DA" box="[347,555,1891,1913]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Watersipora subatra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D46294C271618E945FD42F8DA" author="Ortmann, A." box="[570,729,1891,1913]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref19432" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, NHMUK 2012.6.30.5, California. 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46294C27106EE945FBFEF8DB" bold="true" box="[1100,1125,1891,1912]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">48</emphasis>
, autozooidal arrangement; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46294C27115EE945FA0EF8DB" bold="true" box="[1404,1429,1891,1912]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">49</emphasis>
, autozooid; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46294C271525E9A4FEBBF834" bold="true" box="[263,288,1922,1943]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">50</emphasis>
, close-up of an orifice; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46294C271632E9A4FDB2F834" bold="true" box="[528,553,1922,1943]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">51</emphasis>
, close-up of the frontal shield; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46294C271746E9A4FCEBF834" bold="true" box="[868,880,1922,1943]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">2</emphasis>
, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum; 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE46294C2716E2E986FD42F816" bold="true" box="[704,729,1952,1973]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">53</emphasis>
, internal view of the orificial area; arrows show the latero-oral intrazooidal septula.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="AEB86527462E4C2014E5EEB1FC5EF98E" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462E4C2014E5EEB1FEE7FE0E" blockId="20.[151,1439,151,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014E5EEB1FEA0FF13" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C20156AEEB1FD98FF13" author="Ortmann, A." box="[328,515,151,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref19432" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann (1890)</bibRefCitation>
described and figured 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201739EEBEFBB8FF0C" authorityName="Ortmann" authorityYear="1890" box="[795,1059,152,176]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aterrima">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201739EEBEFBB8FF0C" box="[795,1059,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Schizoporella aterrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C201056EEBEFB2CFF0C" box="[1140,1207,152,175]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Japan</collectingCountry>
, including the new 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2014B5EE9AFEDAFF77" authorityName="Ortmann" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,321,188,213]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="variety" species="aterrima" variety="subatra">
variety 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014CEEE9AFEDAFF77" box="[236,321,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without drawings or description. 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2016E0EE9AFC3DFF76" author="Ryland, J. S. &amp; de Blauwe, H. &amp; Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A." box="[706,934,188,213]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref19695" refString="Ryland, J. S., de Blauwe, H., Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A. (2009) Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species. Zootaxa, 2093, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2009">
Ryland 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201738EE9BFCC8FF77" box="[794,851,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
noted that 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201004EE9AFF54FF5B" authority="Ortmann, 1890" authorityName="Ortmann" authorityYear="1890" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aterrima">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201004EE9AFAB2FF77" box="[1062,1321,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Schizoporella aterrima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201113EE9AFF54FF5B" author="Ortmann, A." pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref19432" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is unrecognizable and that the description given by 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201703EEF9FC44FF5B" author="Mawatari, S." box="[801,991,223,248]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref19077" refString="Mawatari, S. (1952) On Watersipora cucullata (Busk). I. Systematic study. Miscellaneous Reports of the Research Institute of Natural Resources (Tokyo), 25, 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="1952">Mawatari (1952)</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C20102DEEC6FA0FFF54" authorityName="Mawatari" authorityYear="1952" box="[1039,1428,224,248]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="variety" species="cucullata" variety="watersi">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C20102DEEC6FA92FF5B" box="[1039,1289,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Watersipora cucullata</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201160EEC6FA0FFF54" box="[1346,1428,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">watersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, another species reported from 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2015D2EF22FDA8FEB8" box="[496,563,260,283]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Japan</collectingCountry>
, may include at least two species. One of us (MSJ) has examined Ortmann’s specimens deposited at the Musée zoologique de la Ville de Strasbourg, concluding that they represent two species, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2014B5EF6BFE11FEC7" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[151,394,333,356]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aterrima">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014B5EF6BFE11FEC7" box="[151,394,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Watersipora aterrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MZS 003; 
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C201635EF6AFD02FEC6" box="[535,665,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–38" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1227,1250]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1206]" captionTargetId="figure-293@15.[151,1436,193,1206]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 35–38. Watersipora aterrima (Ortmann, 1890), MZS BRY 003, syntype, Japan. 35, autozooidal arrangement; 36, close-up of an orifice; 37, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum; 38, close-up of the frontal shield." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4929999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4929999/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Figs 35–38</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="AB200317462E4C201687EF6AFD62FEC6" box="[677,761,332,357]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements (in µm) for Watersipora aterrima (Ortmann, 1890) and W. subatra (Ortmann, 1890). Type specimens are marked with asterisks." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B2DD662446284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" tableUuid="B2DD662446284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C">Table 3</tableCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201718EF6BFBB9FEC7" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[826,1058,332,356]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201718EF6BFBB9FEC7" box="[826,1058,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Watersipora subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MZS 002; 
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C20108FEF6AFAB0FEC6" box="[1197,1323,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 39–42" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1448,1471]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,410,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-361@16.[151,1436,410,1427]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 39–42. Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), MZS BRY 002, holotype, Sagami Bay, Japan. 39, autozooidal arrangement; 40, close-up of an orifice; 41, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the very small condyle; 42, close-up of the frontal shield." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930001/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Fig. 39–42</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="AB200317462E4C201115EF6AFA16FEC6" box="[1335,1421,332,357]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements (in µm) for Watersipora aterrima (Ortmann, 1890) and W. subatra (Ortmann, 1890). Type specimens are marked with asterisks." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B2DD662446284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" tableUuid="B2DD662446284C2614B5EEBEFDBFFF6C">Table 3</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2014B5EF56FE16FE24" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[151,397,368,391]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aterrima">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014B5EF56FE16FE24" box="[151,397,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Watersipora aterrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2016B6EF57FC8BFE2B" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[660,784,368,392]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2016B6EF57FC8BFE2B" box="[660,784,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a smaller orifice, narrower sinus and smaller frontal pseudopores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462E4C2014E5EF91FED2FD26" blockId="20.[151,1439,151,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2014E5EF91FE1CFE73" author="Mawatari, S." box="[199,391,439,464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref19077" refString="Mawatari, S. (1952) On Watersipora cucullata (Busk). I. Systematic study. Miscellaneous Reports of the Research Institute of Natural Resources (Tokyo), 25, 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="1952">Mawatari (1952)</bibRefCitation>
introduced 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201631EF91FD26FE6C" authorityName="Mawatari" authorityYear="1952" box="[531,701,439,464]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="variety" species="cucullata" variety="watersi">
variety 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201649EF9EFD26FE6C" box="[619,701,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">watersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for specimens with distinctive opercula. His notes on this new 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2014B5EFFAFE88FE50" box="[151,275,476,501]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" rank="variety" variety="are">variety are</taxonomicName>
based on specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C20167AEFFAFD00FE50" box="[600,667,476,499]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and two others recorded by 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2017DCEFFAFB39FE56" author="Waters, A. W." box="[1022,1186,476,501]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="123 - 181" refId="ref20519" refString="Waters, A. W. (1909) Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., B. Sc., F. Z. S.; together with collections made in the Red Sea by Dr. Hartmeyer. XII. The Bryozoa, Part 1, Cheilostomata. Linnean Society of London Journal of Zoology, 31, 123 - 181. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1909. tb 00458. x" type="journal article" year="1909">Waters (1909)</bibRefCitation>
from Naples and by 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2014B5EFD9FED0FDBB" author="Hastings, A. B." box="[151,331,511,536]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="697 - 740" refId="ref18138" refString="Hastings, A. B. (1930) Cheilostomatous Polyzoa from the vicinity of the Panama Canal collected by Dr. A. Crossland on the cruise of the S. Y. ' St. George'. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 99, 697 - 740. [1929 on cover] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1929. tb 01453. x" type="journal article" year="1930">Hastings (1930)</bibRefCitation>
from 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2015B0EFD9FD82FDBB" box="[402,537,511,536]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
. Unfortunately, Mawatari’s specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C201032EC26FBCBFDB4" box="[1040,1104,512,535]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Japan</collectingCountry>
assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2010FCEC27FF71FD9F" authorityName="Mawatari" authorityYear="1952" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="variety" species="cucullata" variety="watersi">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2010FCEC27FAF1FDBB" box="[1246,1386,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. cucullata</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014B5EC03FF71FD9F" box="[151,234,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">watersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could not be located, but part of his description and figures resembles 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201007EC03FB3BFD9F" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1061,1184,548,572]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201007EC03FB3BFD9F" box="[1061,1184,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and may refer to this species. We have assigned the 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2015CFEC61FDF4FDC3" box="[493,623,583,608]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
and Naples specimens to a different species, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201049EC6EFAE5FDC3" authority="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor, 2014" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" box="[1131,1406,584,608]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="souleoroum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201049EC6EFAE5FDC3" box="[1131,1406,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Watersipora souleoroum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2011A7EC61FF23FD26" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CFE557C5462E4C2011A7EC61FF23FD26" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462E4C2014E5ECA9FD5DFB03" blockId="20.[151,1439,151,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
Comparisons between specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2016A4ECB6FC86FD0B" box="[646,797,655,680]" name="New Zealand" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C20170FECA9FC2AFD0B" box="[813,945,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 43–47" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1865,1888]" captionTargetBox="[176,1412,367,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-145@17.[176,1412,367,1842]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 43–47. Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), NHMUK 2005.5.26.19, New Zealand. 43, autozooidal arrangement; 44, autozooid; 45, close-up of an orifice; 46, close-up of the frontal shield; 47, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930003/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Figs 43–47</figureCitation>
), California (
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C20106BECA9FB5BFD0B" box="[1097,1216,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–53" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,367,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-139@19.[167,1419,367,1861]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 48–53. Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), NHMUK 2012.6.30.5, California. 48, autozooidal arrangement; 49, autozooid; 50, close-up of an orifice; 51, close-up of the frontal shield; 2, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum; 53, internal view of the orificial area; arrows show the latero-oral intrazooidal septula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930005/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Fig 48–53</figureCitation>
) and Britain (some slides at NHMUK; see 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201581EC92FDE2FD6E" author="Ryland, J. S. &amp; de Blauwe, H. &amp; Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A." box="[419,633,692,717]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref19695" refString="Ryland, J. S., de Blauwe, H., Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A. (2009) Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species. Zootaxa, 2093, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2009">
Ryland 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2015D9EC93FDAEFD6F" box="[507,565,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3, as 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2016D0EC93FC0DFD6F" box="[754,918,692,716]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subovoidea">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2016D0EC93FC0DFD6F" box="[754,918,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subovoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with the 
<typeStatus id="3919880E462E4C20102FEC92FBA6FD6F" box="[1037,1085,692,716]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">type</typeStatus>
specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2010C6EC93FAEBFD6F" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1252,1392,692,716]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2010C6EC93FAEBFD6F" box="[1252,1392,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2011A2EC93FF76FD53" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2011A2EC93FF76FD53" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201509ECFFFE4CFD53" box="[299,471,728,752]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201509ECFFFE4CFD53" box="[299,471,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2016A0ECFFFD65FD53" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[642,766,728,752]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2016A0ECFFFD65FD53" box="[642,766,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was previously misidentified as 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2010A0ECFFFAB4FD53" box="[1154,1327,728,752]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2010A0ECFFFAB4FD53" box="[1154,1327,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by some authors (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201509ECDAFE26FCB6" author="Ryland, J. S." box="[299,445,764,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="341 - 348" refId="ref19636" refString="Ryland, J. S. (1974) Bryozoa in the Great Barrier Reef province. In: Cameron, A. M. et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Reef Symposium. Vol. 2. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane, pp. 341 - 348." type="book chapter" year="1974">Ryland 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2015E8ECDAFDF9FCB6" author="Gordon, D. P." box="[458,610,764,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref17948" refString="Gordon, D. P. (1989) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 97, 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1989">Gordon 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C20164CECDAFC0CFCB6" author="Gordon, D. P. &amp; Mawatari, S. H." box="[622,919,764,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref17993" refString="Gordon, D. P. &amp; Mawatari, S. H. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous Publications of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1992">Gordon &amp; Mawatari 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201786ECDAFBE0FCB6" author="Mackie, J. A. &amp; Keough, M. J. &amp; Christidis, L." box="[932,1147,764,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="285 - 295" refId="ref18820" refString="Mackie, J. A., Keough, M. J. &amp; Christidis, L. (2006) Invasion patterns inferred from cytochrome oxidase I sequences in three bryozoans, Bugula neritina, Watersipora subtorquata, and Watersipora arcuata. Marine Biology, 149, 285 - 295. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 005 - 0196 - x" type="journal article" year="2006">
Mackie 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2017DDECDBFBA3FCB7" box="[1023,1080,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
, 2012; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2010ECECDAFA03FCB6" author="Geller, J. &amp; Mackie, J. A. &amp; Schroeder, G. &amp; Gerhinger, D." box="[1230,1432,764,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref17893" refString="Geller, J., Mackie, J. A., Schroeder, G. &amp; Gerhinger, D. (2008) Distribution of highly invasive bryozoans belonging to a cryptic species complex in the genus Watersipora determined by DNA sequences. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, 40 pp." type="book" year="2008">
Geller 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C20113EECDBFACEFCB7" box="[1308,1365,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2014B5ED39FEEAFC9B" author="Ryland, J. S. &amp; de Blauwe, H. &amp; Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A." box="[151,369,799,824]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref19695" refString="Ryland, J. S., de Blauwe, H., Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A. (2009) Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species. Zootaxa, 2093, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2009">
Ryland 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014D2ED07FEB7FC9B" box="[240,300,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C20155CED39FDFFFC9B" author="Laruson, A. J. &amp; Craig, S. F. &amp; Messer, K. J. &amp; Mackie, J. A." box="[382,612,799,824]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="617 - 619" refId="ref18738" refString="Laruson, A. J., Craig, S. F., Messer, K. J. &amp; Mackie, J. A. (2012) Rapid and reliable inference of mitochondrial phylogroups among Watersipora species, and invasive group of ship-fouling species (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Conservation Genetics Resources, 4, 617 - 619. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12686 - 012 - 9606 - 9" type="journal article" year="2012">
Láruson 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2015C6ED07FD84FC9B" box="[484,543,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201650ED39FCE7FC9B" author="Cockrell, M. L. &amp; Sorte, C. J. B." box="[626,892,799,824]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="42 - 48" refId="ref17648" refString="Cockrell, M. L. &amp; Sorte, C. J. B. (2013) Predicting climate-induced changes in population dynamics of invasive species in a marine epibenthic community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 440, 42 - 48. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2012.11.008" type="journal article" year="2013">Cockrell &amp; Sorte 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2017A8ED39FB00FC9B" author="Needles, L. A. &amp; Wendt, D. E." box="[906,1179,799,824]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="1231 - 1251" refId="ref19115" refString="Needles, L. A. &amp; Wendt, D. E. (2013) Big changes to a small bay: introduced species and long-term compositional shifts to the fouling community of Morro Bay (CA). Biological Invasions, 15, 1231 - 1251. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 012 - 0362 - 2" type="journal article" year="2013">Needles &amp; Wendt 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201088ED39FA0CFC9B" author="Sorte, C. J. B. &amp; White, J. W." box="[1194,1431,799,824]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="20130572" refId="ref19919" refString="Sorte, C. J. B. &amp; White, J. W. (2013) Competitive and demographic leverage points of community shits under climate warming. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 280, 20130572. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2013.0572" type="journal article" year="2013">Sorte &amp; White 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2014B5ED62FE34FCFE" author="Davis, K. &amp; Marshall, D. J." box="[151,431,836,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="322 - 331" refId="ref17741" refString="Davis, K. &amp; Marshall, D. J. (2014) Offspring size in a resident species affects community assembly. Journal of Animal Ecology, 83, 322 - 331. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / 1365 - 2656.12136" type="journal article" year="2014">Davis &amp; Marshall 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Since 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C20162CED62FD60FCFE" author="Ryland, J. S. &amp; de Blauwe, H. &amp; Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A." box="[526,763,836,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref19695" refString="Ryland, J. S., de Blauwe, H., Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A. (2009) Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species. Zootaxa, 2093, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2009">
Ryland 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C20164BED63FD3EFCFF" box="[617,677,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
found the COI haplotype in colonies from 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2010DFED62FAF2FCFE" box="[1277,1385,836,861]" name="Guernsey" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Guernsey</collectingCountry>
and Brittany to be identical to the commonest haplotype identified in other areas, and the morphology of the genetically identified specimens to be the same (as 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201648EDABFC8DFC07" box="[618,790,908,932]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201648EDABFC8DFC07" box="[618,790,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C20170AEDAAFB9CFC06" author="Mackie, J. A. &amp; Keough, M. J. &amp; Christidis, L." box="[808,1031,908,933]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="285 - 295" refId="ref18820" refString="Mackie, J. A., Keough, M. J. &amp; Christidis, L. (2006) Invasion patterns inferred from cytochrome oxidase I sequences in three bryozoans, Bugula neritina, Watersipora subtorquata, and Watersipora arcuata. Marine Biology, 149, 285 - 295. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 005 - 0196 - x" type="journal article" year="2006">
Mackie 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2017A4EDABFC59FC07" box="[902,962,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
), we believe that 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2010F5EDABFAC8FC07" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1239,1363,908,932]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2010F5EDABFAC8FC07" box="[1239,1363,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the commonest putatively invasive species of 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201651ED96FD67FC64" authorityName="Neviani" authorityYear="1896" box="[627,764,944,967]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201651ED96FD67FC64" box="[627,764,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Watersipora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Britain, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C20175FED89FC7CFC6B" box="[893,999,943,968]" name="Australia" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2017D0ED96FB12FC6B" box="[1010,1161,943,968]" name="New Zealand" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and California, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2014B5EDF3FED9FC4F" box="[151,322,980,1004]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014B5EDF3FED9FC4F" box="[151,322,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the predominant species in subtropical and tropical waters of the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Colonies from California (
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C2015EAEDD1FDD0FBB3" box="[456,587,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–53" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,367,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-139@19.[167,1419,367,1861]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 48–53. Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), NHMUK 2012.6.30.5, California. 48, autozooidal arrangement; 49, autozooid; 50, close-up of an orifice; 51, close-up of the frontal shield; 2, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum; 53, internal view of the orificial area; arrows show the latero-oral intrazooidal septula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930005/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Figs 48–53</figureCitation>
) often have a well-demarcated, U-shaped sinus and a smooth suborificial region (without pseudopores), as has been figured in specimens from Brittany (
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C20102AEA3AFB42FB96" author="Ryland, J. S. &amp; de Blauwe, H. &amp; Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A." box="[1032,1241,1052,1077]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref19695" refString="Ryland, J. S., de Blauwe, H., Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A. (2009) Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species. Zootaxa, 2093, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2009">
Ryland 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201042EA3BFB03FB97" box="[1120,1176,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3A, D, as 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2011A2EA3BFE86FBFB" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2011A2EA3BFE86FBFB" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). All specimens assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201641EA67FD40FBFB" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[611,731,1088,1112]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201641EA67FD40FBFB" box="[611,731,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have an orifice with a U-shaped sinus and narrow, bar-shaped condyles, opercula with a broad, biconcave band proximally, frontal shields with pseudopores 
<quantity id="215A9B49462E4C201123EA42FAE2FBDF" box="[1281,1401,1124,1149]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="24.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="18.0">18–30 µm</quantity>
in diameter, and two latero-oral intrazooidal septula.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462E4C2014E5EA8AFD77FA63" blockId="20.[151,1439,151,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2014E5EA8AFE54FB66" author="Soule, D. F. &amp; Soule, J. D." box="[199,463,1196,1221]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="299 - 309" refId="ref20020" refString="Soule, D. F. &amp; Soule, J. D. (1975) Species groups in Watersiporidae. Bryozoa 1974. Documents des Laboratoires de Geologie de la Faculte des Science de Lyon, h. s. 3, 2, 299 - 309." type="journal article" year="1975">Soule and Soule (1975)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201657EA8AFC87FB66" author="Harmer, S. F." box="[629,796,1196,1221]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="641 - 1147" refId="ref18035" refString="Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga-Expeditie, 28 d, xv, 641 - 1147, pls. 42 - 74." type="journal article" year="1957">Harmer (1957)</bibRefCitation>
included at least two species under 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201093EA8AFA0FFB67" box="[1201,1428,1196,1220]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Dakaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subovoidea">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201093EA8AFA0FFB67" box="[1201,1428,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Dakaria subovoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which may be a mixture of 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2015C1EAF7FD0BFB4B" box="[483,656,1232,1256]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2015C1EAF7FD0BFB4B" box="[483,656,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2016ECEAF7FCCCFB44" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[718,855,1232,1256]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aterrima">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2016ECEAF7FCCCFB44" box="[718,855,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. aterrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. According to the list of specimens published by 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2014B5EAD2FEDAFAAE" author="Harmer, S. F." box="[151,321,1268,1293]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="641 - 1147" refId="ref18035" refString="Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga-Expeditie, 28 d, xv, 641 - 1147, pls. 42 - 74." type="journal article" year="1957">Harmer (1957)</bibRefCitation>
, however, his description and remarks included at least four species: 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201073EAD3FB61FAAF" box="[1105,1274,1268,1292]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201073EAD3FB61FAAF" box="[1105,1274,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C20112BEAD3FA0FFAAF" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1289,1428,1268,1292]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C20112BEAD3FA0FFAAF" box="[1289,1428,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2014B5EB3FFEBDFA93" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[151,294,1304,1328]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="atrofusca">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014B5EB3FFEBDFA93" box="[151,294,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. atrofusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201546EB3FFE44FA93" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[356,479,1304,1328]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201546EB3FFE44FA93" box="[356,479,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(specimens figured from 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C20172DEB3EFC0CFA93" authority="Stns" authorityName="Stns" box="[783,919,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C20172DEB3EFCC6FA93" box="[783,861,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Siboga</emphasis>
Stns
</taxonomicName>
181 and 184, see 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201051EB3EFA95FA93" author="Harmer, S. F." box="[1139,1294,1303,1328]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="641 - 1147" refId="ref18035" refString="Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga-Expeditie, 28 d, xv, 641 - 1147, pls. 42 - 74." type="journal article" year="1957">Harmer 1957</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 49, figs 11–12, 14). 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201503EB1BFD92FAF7" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[289,521,1340,1364]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201503EB1BFD92FAF7" box="[289,521,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Watersipora subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201729EB1BFC2DFAF7" box="[779,950,1340,1364]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201729EB1BFC2DFAF7" box="[779,950,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the shapes of the orifice and condyles, and the presence of latero-oral intrazooidal septula (
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C2016F8EB79FCABFADB" box="[730,816,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 43–47" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1865,1888]" captionTargetBox="[176,1412,367,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-145@17.[176,1412,367,1842]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 43–47. Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), NHMUK 2005.5.26.19, New Zealand. 43, autozooidal arrangement; 44, autozooid; 45, close-up of an orifice; 46, close-up of the frontal shield; 47, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930003/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Figs 47</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C201719EB79FC1EFADB" box="[827,901,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 48–53" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,367,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-139@19.[167,1419,367,1861]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 48–53. Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890), NHMUK 2012.6.30.5, California. 48, autozooidal arrangement; 49, autozooid; 50, close-up of an orifice; 51, close-up of the frontal shield; 2, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum; 53, internal view of the orificial area; arrows show the latero-oral intrazooidal septula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930005/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">52, 53</figureCitation>
). Latero-oral intrazooidal septula are also found in 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201495EBA3FEDEFA3F" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[183,325,1412,1436]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cucullata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201495EBA3FEDEFA3F" box="[183,325,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C201575EBA2FE38FA3E" box="[343,419,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–11. 6–9" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-101@8.[151,1436,193,1726]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 6–11. 6–9, Watersipora cucullata (Busk, 1854), NHMUK 1854.11.15.189, lectotype, Aegean Sea. 6, specimen with two autozooids; 7, close-up of an orifice; 8, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum; 9, close-up of the frontal shield. 10, Watersipora atrofusca (Busk, 1856), NHMUK 1892.9.6.4pt, lectotype, Mazatlan, Mexico; autozooidal arrangement. 11, Watersipora nigra (Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930), USNM 8495, holotype, Galapagos; autozooidal arrangement." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4929987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4929987/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Figs 8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C201590EBA2FE4AFA3E" box="[434,465,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–29" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1952,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,403,1937]" captionTargetId="figure-148@12.[151,1436,403,1937]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 25–29. Watersipora cucullata (Busk, 1854), NHMUK 2012.6.30.1, paralectotype, Aegean Sea. 25, autozooidal arrangement; 26, autozooid; 27, close-up of an orifice; 28, close-up of the frontal shield; 29, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing a condyle and the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4929995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4929995/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C2015FDEBA2FE65FA3E" box="[479,510,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 30–34" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-135@14.[151,1436,337,1870]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 30–34. Watersipora cucullata (Busk, 1854), NHMUK 1899.5.1.975, T. Hincks Collection, Adriatic. 30, general view of the colony; 31, autozooid; 32, close-up of an orifice with operculum; 33, close-up of the frontal shield; 34, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the condyle and a latero-oral intrazooidal septulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4929997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4929997/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">34</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201634EBA3FD05FA3F" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[534,670,1413,1436]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aterrima">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201634EBA3FD05FA3F" box="[534,670,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. aterrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C201692EBA2FC9EFA3E" box="[688,773,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–38" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1227,1250]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1206]" captionTargetId="figure-293@15.[151,1436,193,1206]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 35–38. Watersipora aterrima (Ortmann, 1890), MZS BRY 003, syntype, Japan. 35, autozooidal arrangement; 36, close-up of an orifice; 37, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing the latero-oral intrazooidal septulum; 38, close-up of the frontal shield." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4929999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4929999/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201768EBA3FC78FA3F" authority="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor, 2014" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" box="[842,995,1413,1436]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="mawatarii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201768EBA3FC78FA3F" box="[842,995,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. mawatarii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2017CFEBA2FBB4FA3E" bold="true" box="[1005,1071,1412,1437]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CFE557C5462E4C2017CFEBA2FBB4FA3E" box="[1005,1071,1412,1437]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="7E992A29462E4C201060EBA2FB02FA3E" box="[1090,1177,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 54–58" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1855,1878]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-113@21.[151,1436,301,1834]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 54–58. Watersipora mawatarii n. sp., from Japan. 54–55, NHMUK 2012.6.30.8, holotype, Hokkaido; 54, autozooidal arrangement; 55, distal of an autozooid. 56–58, NHMUK 2012.6.30.13, paratype, Otaru; 56, autozooids; 57, closeup of an orifice and the two latero-oral intrazooidal septula; 58, close-up of the lateral edge of the orifice, showing a condyle and a latero-oral intrazooidal septulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930007/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
; see below), but these species have different shapes of orifice and condyles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462E4C2014E5EBEAFC5EF98E" blockId="20.[151,1439,151,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
Despite the wide distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C201612EBEBFD32FA47" authorityName="Vieira &amp; Jones &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Ortmann" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[560,681,1484,1508]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subatra">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C201612EBEBFD32FA47" box="[560,681,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Pacific waters (see 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C201787EBEAFBEDFA46" author="Ryland, J. S. &amp; de Blauwe, H. &amp; Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A." box="[933,1142,1484,1509]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref19695" refString="Ryland, J. S., de Blauwe, H., Lord, R. &amp; Mackie, J. A. A. (2009) Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species. Zootaxa, 2093, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2009">
Ryland 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2017DEEBEBFBAFFA47" box="[1020,1076,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="82334B5D462E4C2010A3EBEAFACDFA46" author="Mackie, J. A. &amp; Darling, J. A. &amp; Geller, J. B." box="[1153,1366,1484,1509]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref18891" refString="Mackie, J. A., Darling, J. A. &amp; Geller, J. B. (2012) Ecology of cryptic invasions: latitudinal segregation among Watersipora (Bryozoa) species. Scientific Reports, 2 (871), 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 00871" type="journal article" year="2012">
Mackie 
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2010FEEBEBFA8FFA47" box="[1244,1300,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
; as 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2011A2EBEBFE86F9AB" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2011A2EBEBFE86F9AB" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), its occurrence in some localities in the northwest Pacific, as well as the occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="21A24D2F462E4C2010CEEBD7FA0EF9AB" box="[1260,1429,1520,1544]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2010CEEBD7FA0EF9AB" box="[1260,1429,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">W. subtorquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are unconfirmed and require morphological and molecular investigation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AEB86527462E4C2014E5E811FE2DF9D6" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E61D36AC462E4C2014E5E811FE2DF9D6" blockId="20.[151,1439,151,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014E5E811FEFBF9EC" box="[199,352,1591,1616]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" reason="1">
<emphasis id="D4D6EABE462E4C2014E5E811FEC2F9F3" bold="true" box="[199,345,1591,1616]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
NE Atlantic (
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2015D9E811FDD7F9F3" box="[507,588,1591,1616]" name="Ireland" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Ireland</collectingCountry>
and British Isles), Indo-West Pacific (
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2017D6E811FBFFF9F3" box="[1012,1124,1591,1616]" name="Indonesia" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
) and Pacific (
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2010DCE811FA03F9F3" box="[1278,1432,1591,1616]" name="New Zealand" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="9EB5763C462E4C2014B5E87AFF65F9D6" box="[151,254,1628,1653]" name="Australia" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Australia</collectingCountry>
and California).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>