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<mods:title id="2AADEF6CA95CB26678CD11E54E1B0CBF">Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States</mods:title>
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<treatment id="8366879DE95B855EFF6FEE160CD0FB92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6074126" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120731730" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6074126" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8366879DE95B855EFF6FEE160CD0FB92" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8366879DE95B855EFF6FEE160CD0FB92" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE95B855FFF6FEE160FBEF88F" blockId="74.[151,436,1868,1894]" box="[151,436,1868,1894]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<heading id="503881E7E95B855FFF6FEE160FBEF88F" bold="true" box="[151,436,1868,1894]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" reason="1">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95B855FFF6FEE160FBEF88F" bold="true" box="[151,436,1868,1894]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95B855FFF16EE160FBEF88F" ID-CoL="3Q7L" ID-ENA="1929280" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[238,436,1868,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Cirrula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95B855FFF16EE160F42F88F" bold="true" box="[238,328,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Cirrula</emphasis>
Cresson
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</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E95B855EFF6FEEC80DAEFF02" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95B855FFF6FEEC80A1BF80F" blockId="74.[151,1436,1938,2022]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E95B855FFF6FEEC80A1BF80F" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95B855FFF6FEEC80FAAF841" ID-CoL="3Q7L" authority="Cresson 1915: 70" authorityName="Cresson" authorityPageNumber="70" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,416,1938,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Cirrula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95B855FFF6FEEC80EE9F841" box="[151,227,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Cirrula</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE95B855FFF13EEC80FAAF841" author="Cresson" box="[235,416,1938,1960]" page="70" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1915">
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95B855FFF13EEC80F71F841" author="Cresson" box="[235,379,1938,1960]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1915) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. - II. Entomological News, 26 (2), 68 - 72." type="journal article" year="1915">Cresson 1915</bibRefCitation>
: 70
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<typeStatus id="D4748829E95B855FFE57EEC90FD7F841" box="[431,477,1939,1960]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95B855FFDC7EEC80D42F841" ID-CoL="VHM2" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[575,840,1938,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Cirrula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95B855FFDC7EEC80CE6F841" box="[575,748,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Cirrula gigantea</emphasis>
Cresson
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy].—
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE95B855FFBFBEEC80B63F841" author="Sturtevant" box="[1027,1385,1938,1960]" page="162" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95B855FFBFBEEC80B32F841" author="Sturtevant" box="[1027,1336,1938,1960]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Sturtevant, A. H. &amp; Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257." type="journal article" year="1954">Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954</bibRefCitation>
: 162
</treatmentCitation>
163 [review].—
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE95B855FFECFEEEB0FE5F82E" author="Wirth" box="[311,495,1969,1991]" page="753" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95B855FFECFEEEB0FB3F82E" author="Wirth" box="[311,441,1969,1991]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1965) Ephydridae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. &amp; Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Handbook 276. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 734 - 759." type="journal article" year="1965">Wirth 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 753
</treatmentCitation>
[Neotropical catalog].—
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE95B855FFD0FEEEB0A3EF82E" author="Mathis" box="[759,1076,1969,1991]" page="8" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95B855FFD0FEEEB0A12F82E" author="Mathis" box="[759,1048,1969,1991]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Mathis, W. N. &amp; Simpson, K. W. (1981) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), V: The genera Cirrula Cresson and Dimecoenia Cresson in North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 329, 1 - 51 + i - iv." type="journal article" year="1981">Mathis and Simpson 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
29 [revision of North American species, natural history].—
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE95B855FFE2EEE8A0D3CF80F" author="Mathis" box="[470,822,2000,2022]" page="236" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95B855FFE2EEE8A0D0CF80F" author="Mathis" box="[470,774,2000,2022]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Mathis, W. N. &amp; Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1995">Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 236
</treatmentCitation>
237 [world catalog].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95A855EFF6FE9C20F75FF25" blockId="75.[151,1436,152,327]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E95A855EFF6FE9C20F75FF25" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFF6FE9C20FD7FF47" ID-CoL="C28WW" authority="Hendel 1917: 42" authorityName="Hendel" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,477,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Pogonephydra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFF6FE9C20F26FF47" box="[151,300,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Pogonephydra</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE95A855EFECBE9C20FD7FF47" author="Hendel" box="[307,477,152,174]" page="42" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" year="1917">
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95A855EFECBE9C20FB3FF47" author="Hendel" box="[307,441,152,174]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Hendel, F. (1917) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der acalyptraten Musciden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1917 (6), 33 - 47." type="journal article" year="1917">Hendel 1917</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<typeStatus id="D4748829E95A855EFE12E9C30C12FF47" box="[490,536,153,174]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFD8EE9C20DB7FF47" authority="Hendel" authorityName="Hendel" box="[630,957,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Pogonephydra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybea">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFD8EE9C20D64FF47" box="[630,878,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Pogonephydra chalybea</emphasis>
Hendel
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFC1AE9C30A53FF47" ID-CoL="VHM2" box="[994,1113,153,174]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Cirrula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFC1AE9C30A53FF47" box="[994,1113,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">C. gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), by monotypy] [Synonymy by
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE95A855EFF3FE9EC0F79FF25" author="Hendel" box="[199,371,182,204]" page="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" year="1931">
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95A855EFF3FE9EC0F47FF25" author="Hendel" box="[199,333,182,204]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Hendel, F. (1931) Kritische und synonymische Bemerkungen uber Dipteren. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 81 (1 - 4), 4 - 19." type="journal article" year="1931">Hendel 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95A855EFF6FE98F0DAEFF02" blockId="75.[151,1436,152,327]" box="[151,932,213,235]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFF6FE98F0F05FF02" box="[151,271,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Hydropyrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95A855EFEEDE98F0FA9FF02" author="Cresson" box="[277,419,213,235]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1934) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. - XI. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 60, 199 - 222." type="journal article" year="1934">Cresson 1934</bibRefCitation>
: 216 [
<typeStatus id="D4748829E95A855EFE27E98C0C07FF02" box="[479,525,214,235]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFD92E98F0D26FF02" ID-CoL="8C2CP" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[618,812,213,235]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hians">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFD92E98F0CF5FF02" box="[618,767,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ephydra hians</emphasis>
Say
</taxonomicName>
, by original
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43D56500E95A855EFF6FE9AE0C3FFEAE" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="description">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95A855EFF6FE9AE0C3FFEAE" blockId="75.[151,1436,152,327]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
designation and monotypy].—
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95A855EFE2EE9AE0D1DFEE3" author="Sturtevant" box="[470,791,244,266]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Sturtevant, A. H. &amp; Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257." type="journal article" year="1954">Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954</bibRefCitation>
: 171 [review; as subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFB91E9AE0ACAFEE3" box="[1129,1216,244,266]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFB91E9AE0ACAFEE3" box="[1129,1216,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ephydra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].—
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95A855EFB1CE9AE0B6CFEE3" author="Wirth" box="[1252,1382,244,266]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1965) Ephydridae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. &amp; Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Handbook 276. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 734 - 759." type="journal article" year="1965">Wirth 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 753 [Neotropical catalog]; 1971: 374376 [review, Figs. of male terminalia; as subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFB5BE8480AF0FEC1" box="[1187,1274,274,296]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFB5BE8480AF0FEC1" box="[1187,1274,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ephydra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].—
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE95A855EFAE7E8480F77FEAE" author="Mathis" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Mathis, W. N. &amp; Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1995">Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 236 [synonymy].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43D56500E95A855EFF6FE8340ED4FD6A" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95A855EFF6FE8340CA0FE43" blockId="75.[151,1436,366,1147]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFF6FE8340F1BFE6E" bold="true" box="[151,273,366,391]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFEE1E8340F67FE6E" box="[281,365,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Cirrula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFEE1E8340F67FE6E" box="[281,365,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Cirrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from other genera of
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFCE7E8340D85FE6E" box="[799,911,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
by the following characters: Moderately large to large shore flies, body length
<quantity id="CC379B6EE95A855EFDF8E8C80CACFE43" box="[512,678,402,427]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.675" metricValueMax="8.52" metricValueMin="4.83" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="6.675" valueMax="8.52" valueMin="4.83">4.838.52 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95A855EFF3FE8EC0ED4FD6A" blockId="75.[151,1436,366,1147]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFF3FE8EC0F07FE26" box="[199,269,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Head:</emphasis>
Cruciate, interfrontal setae 12 pairs, size generally subequal to fronto-orbital setae (weakly developed in
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFF4CE8810F35FE1A" box="[180,319,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFF4CE8810F31FE1A" box="[180,315,475,499]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Cirrula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">C. gigantea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
especially females); lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae either 2 or 34 pairs, slightly divergent, if 2, then dorsocentral setae (1+4), if 34, then dorsocentral setae (2+4); antenna simple, lacking secondary seta inserted on lateral surface just below arista; arista bare to macropubescent; face uniformly setose with marginal setae larger, declinate, one species with patches of long setae above middle height of face on anterior surface of interfoveal hump.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43D56500E95A855EFF3FEBD40B1CFBDB" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="description">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95A855EFF3FEBD40C90FCFB" blockId="75.[151,1436,366,1147]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFF3FEBD40F2BFD4E" box="[199,289,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Thorax:</emphasis>
Prescutellar, acrostichal setae variable; dorsocentral setae 56 pairs (5 (1+4) in specimens with 2 fronto-orbital setae, 6 (2+4) in specimens with 34 fronto-orbital setae), well developed in Neotropical species; supra-alar seta present; presutural supra-alar seta variable; intrapostalar seta well developed. Legs sexually dimorphic; hindtibia lacking apical, long seta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95A855EFF3FEA440EEFFBE6" blockId="75.[151,1436,366,1147]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFF3FEA440F30FCDE" box="[199,314,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Abdomen:</emphasis>
Male terminalia symmetrical; surstyli complex, situated at ventral apex of epandrium, covering other internal structures in repose, fused medially; phallapodeme more or less C-shaped with a dorsal lobe extended far into epandrial cavity; aedeagus generally simple except in males of
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFBA1EA3D0AE8FC97" box="[1113,1250,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFBA1EA3D0AD4FC97" box="[1113,1246,871,894]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Cirrula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austrina">C. austrina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
where trilobate process arises at anterior base of aedeagus. Female ventral receptacle with large operculum, generally as long as wide; extended process J-shaped, length about as long as operculum; conformation of receptacle in females of
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E95A855EFA79EAF50EE7FC02" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFA79EAF50EE7FC02" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">D. spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exceptional, operculum trapezoidal and much smaller, extended process three times as long as operculum length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95A855EFF3FED460B1CFBDB" blockId="75.[151,1436,366,1147]" box="[199,1302,1050,1075]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFF3FED460F19FBDA" box="[199,275,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Larva:</emphasis>
Prolegs distinct; segment 3 of third-instar larvae with distinctive transverse band on venter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43D56500E95A855EFF3FED640CD0FB92" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE95A855EFF3FED640CD0FB92" blockId="75.[151,1436,366,1147]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E95A855EFF3FED640F6AFBBE" bold="true" box="[199,352,1086,1111]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Distribution.</emphasis>
New World. Primarily temperate Nearctic Region but extending south into the northern Neotropical Region (
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE95A855EFE7AED380FC1FB92" box="[386,459,1122,1147]" name="Belize" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Belize</collectingCountry>
(Stann Creek District)).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>