629 lines
61 KiB
XML
629 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="6292FADD20315C85FB4C18F35042D9A8" ID-CLB-Dataset="38982" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c41804b4-7a66-4a00-afc1-c7a31871329f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="257322" ID-ZooBank="22D15539-E49E-4D6C-BFCF-D4DBC72BA640" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1464331980959" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2016" docId="8366879DE94F8575FF6FE9C20CD7F91B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4116.1..pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4116 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ephydra (Halephydra) gracilis Packard" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="97" masterDocId="7F5FFFE5E9118515FFF8E95A0E0AFFE9" masterDocTitle="Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="95" updateTime="1698630767650" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="F0B8B29BFE40FE4307F468889641C8FC">Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D27D806DC082CB6E4241A9E74A2909AA">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CFCA81AC893F3C79FA11AAAD740E6E9B">Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6D700B45788A34B0756C59577340EC6A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="874E6ECFE52E95AAB8B63DBA1B045EBD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2BB06E22ABAEE3D13D14B6A633DA3349">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B8985193F02D946CADE4E54CE2402FC7">4116</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CF70260F9D5B11C12ADD193A4B883FBC" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8366879DE94F8575FF6FE9C20CD7F91B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6074168" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120731743" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6074168" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8366879DE94F8575FF6FE9C20CD7F91B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8366879DE94F8575FF6FE9C20CD7F91B" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E94F854BFF6FE9C20CADFF5B" box="[151,679,151,178]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF6FE9C20CADFF5B" blockId="94.[151,679,151,211]" box="[151,679,151,178]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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<heading id="503881E7E94F854BFF6FE9C20CADFF5B" bold="true" box="[151,679,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF6FE9C20CADFF5B" bold="true" box="[151,679,151,178]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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30.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94F854BFF3BE9CD0CADFF5B" ID-CoL="8C2CM" authority="Packard" authorityName="Packard" box="[195,679,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis" subGenus="Halephydra">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF3BE9CD0C3CFF58" bold="true" box="[195,566,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Ephydra (Halephydra) gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
Packard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E94F854BFF6FE9E00F91FF3A" box="[151,411,186,211]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF6FE9E00F91FF3A" blockId="94.[151,679,151,211]" box="[151,411,186,211]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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<figureCitation id="93F42A0EE94F854BFF6FE9E00F30FF3A" box="[151,314,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURES 130 – 132" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1839,1862]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,927,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,918,1818]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 130 – 132. Structures of male and female terminalia of Ephydra gracilis Packard. (130) epandrium, cerci, surstyli, posterior view; (131) same, lateral view; (132) aedeagus, aedeagal apodeme, gonites, hypandrium, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399449/files/figure.png" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Figs. 130–132</figureCitation>
|
||
, Map 30
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E94F854BFF6FE8580F32FE5B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="reference_group">
|
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF6FE8580C2FFEDE" blockId="94.[151,1436,258,434]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E94F854BFF6FE8580C2FFEDE" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94F854BFF6FE8580C0CFEF1" ID-CoL="8C2CM" authority="Packard 1871: 105" authorityName="Packard" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,518,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF6FE8580F48FEF1" box="[151,322,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Ephydra gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE94F854BFEB1E8580C0CFEF1" author="Packard" box="[329,518,258,280]" page="105" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1871">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94F854BFEB1E8580FD2FEF1" author="Packard" box="[329,472,258,280]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Packard, A. S. Jr. (1871) On insects inhabiting salt water. No. 2. American Journal of Science and Arts, 3 rd series, 1 (1 - 6), 100 - 110. [whole number 101] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 1.2.100" type="journal article" year="1871">Packard 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 105
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE94F854BFDDCE8580CDFFEF1" author="Aldrich" box="[548,725,258,280]" page="78" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1912">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94F854BFDDCE8580CB8FEF1" author="Aldrich" box="[548,690,258,280]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Aldrich, J. M. (1912) The biology of some western species of the dipterous genus Ephydra. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 20 (2), 77 - 99." type="journal article" year="1912">Aldrich 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 78
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[biology, description].—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE94F854BFC2DE8580B49FEF1" author="Mathis" box="[981,1347,258,280]" page="903" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1990">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94F854BFC2DE8580B19FEF1" author="Mathis" box="[981,1299,258,280]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1990 b) Taxonomic notes on Ephydridae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 103 (4), 891 - 906." type="journal article" year="1990" yearSuffix="b">Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1990b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 903
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[revised status]; 1995: 243 [world catalog].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF6FE81A0D1CFE9D" blockId="94.[151,1436,258,434]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E94F854BFF6FE81A0D1CFE9D" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94F854BFF6FE81A0FF0FEBF" ID-CoL="8872M" authority="Jones 1906: 159" authorityName="Jones" authorityPageNumber="159" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,506,320,342]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF6FE81A0F4EFEBF" box="[151,324,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Ephydra cinerea</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE94F854BFEB6E81B0FF0FEBF" author="Jones" box="[334,506,320,342]" page="159" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1906">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94F854BFEB6E81B0FCDFEBF" author="Jones" box="[334,455,320,342]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Jones, B. J. (1906) Catalogue of the Ephydridae, with bibliography and description of new species. University of California Publications in Entomology, 1 (2), 153 - 198." type="journal article" year="1906">Jones 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 159
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE94F854BFDEFE81A0D82FEBF" author="Sturtevant" box="[535,904,320,342]" page="168" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1954">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94F854BFDEFE81A0D59FEBF" author="Sturtevant" box="[535,851,320,342]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Sturtevant, A. H. & Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257." type="journal article" year="1954">Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 168
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[distribution, notes, synonymy].—Wirth 1956: 19 [distribution in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94F854BFE9CE8040FCDFE9D" box="[356,455,350,372]" name="Bahamas" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
]; 1968: 22 [Neotropical catalog].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF6FE8270F32FE5B" blockId="94.[151,1436,258,434]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E94F854BFF6FE8270F32FE5B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94F854BFF6FE8270FDFFE7A" ID-CoL="8872M" box="[151,469,381,403]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea" subGenus="Halephydra">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF6FE8270FDFFE7A" box="[151,469,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Ephydra (Halephydra) cinerea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE94F854BFE0AE8270C95FE7A" author="Wirth" box="[498,671,381,403]" page="371" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1971">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94F854BFE0AE8270C64FE7A" author="Wirth" box="[498,622,381,403]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1971) The brine flies of the genus Ephydra in North America (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64 (2), 357 - 377. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 64.2.357" type="journal article" year="1971">Wirth 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 371
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–374 [revision].—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE94F854BFCA3E8270A23FE7A" author="Simpson" box="[859,1065,381,403]" page="264" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1976">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94F854BFCA3E8270DFCFE7A" author="Simpson" box="[859,1014,381,403]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Simpson, K. W. (1976) The mature larvae and puparia of Ephydra (Halephydra) cinerea Jones and Ephydra (Hydropyrus) hians Say (Diptera: Ephydridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78 (3), 263 - 269." type="journal article" year="1976">Simpson 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 264
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[description and Figs. of larva and puparium].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E94F854BFF6FE8840A4FFD3B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF6FE8840D40FD63" blockId="94.[151,1436,478,866]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF6FE8840F1BFE1E" bold="true" box="[151,273,478,503]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This is the only known species of the subgenus
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFCBCE8840DC0FE1E" box="[836,970,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Halephydra</emphasis>
|
||
that is known to occur in the Caribbean basin and is distinguished by the following combination of characters: cruciate interfrontal setae weak or lacking; crossvein dm-cu forming acute angle with vein CuA1; palpus relatively small; mesonotum strongly microtomentose, whitish gray. Medium-sized to moderately large shore flies, body length 3.00–
|
||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE94F854BFB2CEB170B37FD8C" box="[1236,1341,589,614]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.60 mm</quantity>
|
||
; general coloration gray, often with some faint greenish or bluish gray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF3FEBCF0A4FFD3B" blockId="94.[151,1436,478,866]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF3FEBCF0F07FD47" box="[199,269,661,686]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Head ratio 0.71–0.75; frontal ratio 0.60–0.63; mesofrons with luster. Facial ratio 0.95–1.00. Eye ratio 0.93–0.96; gena-to-eye ratio 0.39–0.43; gena relatively high, concolorous with face.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E94F854BFF3FEB870A3EFC8B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF3FEB870F04FCD7" blockId="94.[151,1436,478,866]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF3FEB870F2BFD1F" box="[199,289,733,758]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
Scutum (vestiture and coloration); scutellum (shape). Acrostichal setae; prescutellar area of female; anepisternum (setae along posterior margin). Wing length
|
||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE94F854BFCDEEA580DC6FCF0" box="[806,972,770,794]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" unit="mm" value="2.65" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.1">2.10–3.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
; costal vein ratio 0.34–0.36; M vein ratio 0.65–0.69.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF3FEA130A3EFC8B" blockId="94.[151,1436,478,866]" box="[199,1076,841,866]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF3FEA130F30FC8B" box="[199,314,841,866]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Male terminalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="93F42A0EE94F854BFDFAEA130CA3FC8B" box="[514,681,841,866]" captionStart="FIGURES 130 – 132" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1839,1862]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,927,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,918,1818]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 130 – 132. Structures of male and female terminalia of Ephydra gracilis Packard. (130) epandrium, cerci, surstyli, posterior view; (131) same, lateral view; (132) aedeagus, aedeagal apodeme, gonites, hypandrium, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399449/files/figure.png" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Figs. 130–132</figureCitation>
|
||
): As described under the subgenus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="5FB06603E94F854BFF6FEE750AF6F88D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399449/files/figure.png" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" targetBox="[154,1434,927,1814]" targetPageId="94">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF6FEE750AF6F88D" blockId="94.[151,1436,1839,1892]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF6FEE750F64F8AC" bold="true" box="[151,366,1839,1862]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">FIGURES 130–132.</emphasis>
|
||
Structures of male and female terminalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94F854BFCC6EE6A0A46F8AF" authority="Packard." authorityName="Packard." box="[830,1100,1840,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFCC6EE6A0DE0F8AF" box="[830,1002,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Ephydra gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
Packard.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(130) epandrium, cerci, surstyli, posterior view; (131) same, lateral view; (132) aedeagus, aedeagal apodeme, gonites, hypandrium, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E94F854AFF3FEED60F37FD89" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94F854BFF3FEED60B97F804" blockId="94.[151,1437,1932,2029]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFF3FEED60F7CF84C" bold="true" box="[199,374,1932,1957]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E94F854BFF3FEED60F08F84C" box="[199,258,1932,1957]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This species was originally described from puparia, and these have apparently been lost. Dr. Norman D. Woodley (personal communication) conducted a thorough search of the alcoholic collections at the Museum of Comparative Zoology and could not find the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94F854BFC14EE8F0A6CF804" box="[1004,1126,2004,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94F854BFC14EE8F0A6CF804" box="[1004,1126,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">E. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that Packard had studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF6FE9CD0CABFF11" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94E854AFECFE9C30FA6FF59" box="[311,428,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFECFE9C30FA6FF59" box="[311,428,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">E. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found that were collected in 1871 by a J. A. Allen, and Packard could have studied these. But as Mr. Allen is not one of the collectors Packard mentioned in the original description, these specimens cannot be considered as part of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E94E854AFDDBE9BA0C59FF11" box="[547,595,224,248]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FE85E0AB5FE61" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E94E854AFF03E85E0F6BFEF4" box="[251,353,260,285]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94E854AFE32E85E0CC6FEF5" authority="Jones" authorityName="Jones" box="[458,716,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFE32E85E0C8CFEF5" box="[458,646,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Ephydra cinerea</emphasis>
|
||
Jones
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94E854AFC7CE85E0A17FEF5" author="Arnaud" box="[900,1053,260,285]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refString="Arnaud, P. H. Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, 1 - 505 + i - v." type="journal article" year="1979">Arnaud 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 349) is labeled “♂/Redondo Los Angeles Co
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFEDCE8720F8AFEA9" box="[292,384,296,320]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1998-05-23">V-23-98</date>
|
||
[
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFE77E8720C2DFEA9" box="[399,551,295,320]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1898-05-23">23 May 1898</date>
|
||
]/1169/
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E94E854AFD8DE87D0D0AFEA9" box="[629,768,295,320]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="lectotype">LectoTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94E854AFCFFE87D0A24FEA9" authority="Jones" authorityName="Jones" box="[775,1070,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">Ephydra CINEREA Jones</taxonomicName>
|
||
/6
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94E854AFBB4E87D0AA1FEA9" box="[1100,1195,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ephydra</taxonomicName>
|
||
[a manuscript name] n. sp./
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94E854AFF2FE8160C09FE8C" authority="Pack." authorityName="Pack." box="[215,515,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" variety="gracilis">Ephydra var gracilis Pack.</taxonomicName>
|
||
det. Cresson 1919/
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E94E854AFD2FE8160D73FE8D" box="[727,889,332,356]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
♂
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94E854AFC65E8160A92FE8D" authority="Jones" authorityName="Jones" box="[925,1176,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">Ephydra cinerea Jones</taxonomicName>
|
||
det 1974 PHArnaud & VFLee.” The
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E94E854AFECAE8350F91FE61" box="[306,411,367,392]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, allolectotype, and two
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E94E854AFD5DE8350D4DFE61" box="[677,839,367,392]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are deposited in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="6DDEAE4EE94E854AFBC8E82A0A6CFE61" box="[1072,1126,368,392]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">CAS</collectionCode>
|
||
(4108).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FE8CE0A87FE45" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1165,404,429]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FE8CE0F6FFE44" bold="true" box="[199,357,404,429]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E94E854AFF3FE8CE0F08FE44" box="[199,258,404,429]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFE94E8CE0C0FFE45" box="[364,517,404,429]" name="United States of America" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Utah. Salt Lake: Great Salt Lake (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC74E8CE0DE7FE44" box="[908,1005,404,429]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="40.75">40°45'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC00E8CE0A8BFE45" box="[1016,1153,404,428]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-112.215">112°12.9'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FE8ED0C06FDF1" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FE8ED0C4DFE39" bold="true" box="[199,583,439,464]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Additional specimens examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFDB5E8E20CD1FE26" box="[589,731,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFDB5E8E20CDDFE26" box="[589,727,440,463]" name="Anguilla" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">ANGUILLA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Prickly Pear
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFC88E8ED0DBEFE39" box="[880,948,439,464]" name="Iceland" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC3CE8ED0A33FE39" box="[964,1081,439,464]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="18.341667">18°20.5'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFBBCE8ED0AB5FE39" box="[1092,1215,439,464]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-64.246666">63°74.8'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFB2AE8E20B6FFE39" box="[1234,1381,439,464]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1958-03-28">28 Mar 1958</date>
|
||
, J. F. G. Clarke (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFEECE8860F33FE1D" box="[276,313,476,500]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">9♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 15♀;
|
||
<collectionCode id="6DDEAE4EE94E854AFE71E8860FD5FE1D" box="[393,479,476,500]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
). Rendezvous Salt Pond (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFCFCE8860D72FE1D" box="[772,888,476,500]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="18.18">18°10.8'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC7EE8860A08FE1C" box="[902,1026,476,501]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-63.111668">63°06.7'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFBEFE8860AA4FE1D" box="[1047,1198,476,501]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1992-03-26">26 Mar 1992</date>
|
||
, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFED3EB5A0F54FDF1" box="[299,350,512,536]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">17♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 23♀;
|
||
<collectionCode id="6DDEAE4EE94E854AFE52EB5A0C0AFDF1" box="[426,512,512,536]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEB7E0F37FD89" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEB7E0FE7FDD5" box="[199,493,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEB7E0F43FDD2" box="[199,329,548,571]" name="Bahamas" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">BAHAMAS</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Exuma Cays:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Staniel Cay (Staniard Cay;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFCC9EB7E0D9AFDD5" box="[817,912,548,572]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="24.233334">24°14'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC66EB7E0A0EFDD4" box="[926,1028,548,573]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-76.433334">76°26'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFBE2EB7E0AA3FDD4" box="[1050,1193,548,573]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1953-01-13">13 Jan 1953</date>
|
||
, E. B. Hayden (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFA9BEB7E0B9DFDD4" box="[1379,1431,548,573]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">50♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 50♀;
|
||
<collectionCode id="6DDEAE4EE94E854AFF2FEB120F38FD89" box="[215,306,584,608]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E94E854AFF3FEB360EF3F971" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEB360C34FD41" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEB360F5AFD6D" box="[199,336,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEB360F46FD6D" box="[199,332,620,644]" name="Curaçao" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">CURAÇAO</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Koraal [Coral] Specht (
|
||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE94E854AFDA4EB360C9EFD6C" box="[604,660,620,645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
E Willemstad;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFCB9EB360DBFFD6D" box="[833,949,620,644]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="12.081667">12°04.9'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC38EB360A31FD6C" box="[960,1083,620,645]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-68.88167">68°52.9'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFBB7EB360AF3FD6D" box="[1103,1273,620,645]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1987-02-08" valueMax="1987-02-15" valueMin="1987-02-08">8–15 Feb 1987</date>
|
||
, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFE93EBCA0F9AFD41" box="[363,400,656,680]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">3♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 13♀; USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEBEE0FD6FD19" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEBEE0C92FD25" box="[199,664,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEBEE0FF9FD25" box="[199,499,692,716]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">DOMINICAN REPUBLIC</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Monte Cristi:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Monte Cristi (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFCB8EBEE0DBCFD24" box="[832,950,692,717]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="19.858334">19°51.5'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC3AEBEE0A37FD24" box="[962,1085,692,717]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-71.525">71°31.5'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; salt works),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFB2EEBEE0B7AFD24" box="[1238,1392,692,717]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1995-05-18">18 May 1995</date>
|
||
, W. N. Mathis (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFEEFEB820F36FD19" box="[279,316,728,752]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">3♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 4♀; USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEBA60C45FCB5" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEBA60FC2FCFC" box="[199,456,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEBA60F34FCFA" box="[199,318,764,787]" name="Jamaica" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">JAMAICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Clarendon:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Rocky Point (
|
||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE94E854AFD94EBA60CADFCFC" box="[620,679,764,789]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
S; near Jackson Bay Cave; black pale;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFB9EEBA60ACFFCFD" box="[1126,1221,764,788]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="17.733334">17°44'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFB29EBA60B3DFCFD" box="[1233,1335,764,788]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-77.23333">77°14'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFAB3EBA60ED8FCD1" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1975-12-10">10 Dec 1975</date>
|
||
, G. F. Hevel (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFE94EA7A0F9AFCD1" box="[364,400,800,824]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFDFCEA7A0C83FCD1" box="[516,649,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">St. Thomas:</emphasis>
|
||
Yallahs salt ponds (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC93EA450DEAFCD1" box="[875,992,799,824]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="17.863333">17°51.8'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC13EA450A58FCD1" box="[1003,1106,799,824]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-76.51667">76°31'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFB9EEA7A0AF4FCD1" box="[1126,1278,799,824]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1996-05-14">14 May 1996</date>
|
||
, D. and W. N. Mathis, H. Williams (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFE72EA1E0FBAFCB5" box="[394,432,836,860]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">9♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 6♀; USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEA320DECFB01" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEA320FF3FC69" box="[199,505,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEA320F3FFC96" box="[199,309,872,895]" name="Mexico" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Baja California:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tijuana (
|
||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE94E854AFD9DEA320CA4FC69" box="[613,686,871,896]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="km" value="72.0">72 km</quantity>
|
||
S;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFD2DEA320D3EFC69" box="[725,820,872,896]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="30.4">30°24'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 116°W), P. H. Arnaud, Jr. (ex; CAS).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFB13EA330EC2FC4D" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Baja California Sur:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF28EAD60EF3FC4C" box="[208,249,908,933]" name="Iceland" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
del Carmen, Gulf of California (26°N,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFD47EAD60D4DFC4C" box="[703,839,908,933]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-111.14333">111°08.6'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFCA4EAD60A04FC4D" box="[860,1038,908,933]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1984-07-18" valueMax="1984-07-19" valueMin="1984-07-18">18–19 Jul 1984</date>
|
||
, S. E. Miller (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFB4DEAD60AD0FC4D" box="[1205,1242,908,932]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; USNM); Puerto Refugio (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFEFDEAEA0F71FC21" box="[261,379,944,968]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="29.665">29°39.9'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 11333.9'W),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFDD8EAF50C43FC21" box="[544,585,943,968]" name="Iceland" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
Angel de la Guardia, M. C. Van Duzee (ex; CAS); San José del Cabo (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFF67EA8E0EF5FC05" box="[159,255,980,1004]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="23.05">23°03'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFEF3EA8E0F75FC05" box="[267,383,980,1004]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-109.683334">109°41'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (ex; CAS); Todos Santos (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFBE5EA8E0A74FC05" box="[1053,1150,980,1004]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="29.5">29°30'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFB71EA8E0AF6FC04" box="[1161,1276,980,1005]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-114.75">114°45'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), C. Ewart, R. C. Dickson (ex; UCR).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFE40EAA20C23FBE6" box="[440,553,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Guerrero:</emphasis>
|
||
Acapulco (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFD4FEAAD0D12FBF9" box="[695,792,1015,1040]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="16.833334">16°50'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFCD1EAA20D84FBF9" box="[809,910,1015,1040]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-99.88333">99°53'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), J. Chillcott (ex; CNC).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFB3FEAA30B2CFBF9" box="[1223,1318,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Nayarit:</emphasis>
|
||
San Blas (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFF67ED460EF5FBDC" box="[159,255,1052,1077]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="22.866667">22°52'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFEF4ED460F8AFBDC" box="[268,384,1052,1077]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-105.1">105°06'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFE6EED460C1AFBDC" box="[406,528,1052,1077]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1964-07-03">3 Jul 1964</date>
|
||
, P. J. Spangler (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFD32ED460CE4FBDD" box="[714,750,1052,1076]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFC9EED470DCCFBDD" box="[870,966,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Oaxaca:</emphasis>
|
||
Tehuantepec (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFB95ED460AC6FBDD" box="[1133,1228,1052,1077]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="16.333334">16°20'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFB22ED460B35FBDD" box="[1242,1343,1052,1077]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-95.23333">95°14'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; at light trap),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFF22ED650F80FBB1" box="[218,394,1087,1112]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1964-07-15" valueMax="1964-07-23" valueMin="1964-07-15">15–23 Jul 1964</date>
|
||
, P. J. Spangler (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFDB9ED1A0C6FFBB1" box="[577,613,1088,1112]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFD23ED650D33FBB1" box="[731,825,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Sinaloa:</emphasis>
|
||
Mazatlán (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC42ED1A0A13FBB1" box="[954,1049,1088,1112]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="23.216667">23°13'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFBDEED650A93FBB1" box="[1062,1177,1087,1112]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-106.416664">106°25'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFB56ED1A0B5AFBB1" box="[1198,1360,1087,1112]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1963-07-01" valueMax="1963-07-23" valueMin="1963-07-01">1–23 Jul 1963</date>
|
||
, 1964, P. J. Spangler (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFEBBED3E0F7DFB95" box="[323,375,1124,1148]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">19♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 27♀; USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFDD7ED3F0C83FB95" box="[559,649,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Sonora:</emphasis>
|
||
Álamos (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFD02ED3E0D7AFB94" box="[762,880,1124,1149]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="27.026667">27°01.6'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 10856.4'W), P. H. Arnaud, Jr. (ex; CAS); Bahía Kino (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFF26EDD20F35FB49" box="[222,319,1160,1184]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="28.783333">28°47'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFEB2EDD20FB6FB49" box="[330,444,1159,1184]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-111.96667">111°58'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), P. H. Arnaud, E. S. Ross, D. Rentz (ex; CAS); Ciudad Obregón (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFB51EDD20B00FB49" box="[1193,1290,1160,1184]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="27.483334">27°29'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 110°W; San Jose beach), H. Howden, Martin (; CNC); El Desemboque (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFCAAEDF60DB9FB2D" box="[850,947,1196,1220]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="29.5">29°30'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC39EDF60A3EFB2D" box="[961,1076,1196,1220]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-112.38333">112°23'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), B. Malkin (ex; CAS); Rocky Point (Puerto Peñasco;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFE65ED8A0C1BFB01" box="[413,529,1232,1256]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="31.318333">31°19.1'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFDE4ED8A0CAFFB01" box="[540,677,1232,1256]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-113.53667">113°32.2'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), A. L. Melander (ex; CAS).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEDAE0FFAFAD9" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEDAE0FACFAE2" box="[199,422,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEDAE0FA9FAE2" box="[199,419,1268,1291]" name="Navassa Island" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">NAVASSA ISLAND</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ruins near Lulu Bay (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFD5FEDAE0D23FAE4" box="[679,809,1268,1293]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="9" value="18.395834">18°23.75'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFCCFEDAE0DCAFAE4" box="[823,960,1268,1293]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="9" value="-75.01783">75°01.07'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE94E854AFC35EDAE0A01FAE5" box="[973,1035,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="m" value="22.0">22 m</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFBDAEDAE0AA6FAE5" box="[1058,1196,1268,1293]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1998-07-29">29 Jul 1998</date>
|
||
, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFED4EC420F5AFAD9" box="[300,336,1304,1328]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 2♀; USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEC670C4DFA29" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEC670F8BFABD" box="[199,385,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEC670F77FABD" box="[199,381,1341,1364]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">PUERTO RICO</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bahía Salinas (beach;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFD78EC660CFFFABC" box="[640,757,1340,1365]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="17.958334">17°57.5'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFD07EC660D6CFABC" box="[767,870,1340,1365]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-67.2">67°12'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFC81EC660A02FABC" box="[889,1032,1340,1365]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1995-09-20">20 Sep 1995</date>
|
||
, D. and W. N. Mathis (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFAF1EC660B25FABD" box="[1289,1327,1340,1364]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; USNM). Ensenada (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFEEDEC3A0F81FA91" box="[277,395,1375,1400]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="17.97">17°58.2'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFE61EC050C1EFA91" box="[409,532,1375,1400]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-66.92834">66°55.7'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFDD3EC3A0CABFA91" box="[555,673,1375,1400]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1936-11">Nov 1936</date>
|
||
, Martoreli, G. Wollcott (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFC38EC3A0DFEFA91" box="[960,1012,1376,1400]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">43♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 51♀; USNM). Guanica (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFADBEC3A0B9DFA91" box="[1315,1431,1375,1400]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="17.988333">17°59.3'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFF6FECDE0F18FA74" box="[151,274,1412,1437]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-66.90667">66°54.4'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFEDDECDE0FA0FA74" box="[293,426,1412,1437]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1952-07-22">22 Jul 1952</date>
|
||
, F. S. Blanton (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFDAFECDE0C71FA75" box="[599,635,1412,1436]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 2♀; USNM). Río Grande (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFC49ECDE0A2FFA75" box="[945,1061,1412,1436]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="18.351667">18°21.1'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFBC8ECDE0AA6FA75" box="[1072,1196,1412,1437]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="-65.80666">65°48.4'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFB47ECDE0B71FA74" box="[1215,1403,1412,1437]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1964-03-11" valueMax="1964-03-12" valueMin="1964-03-11">11–12 Mar 1964</date>
|
||
, S. M. Gaud, G. Rivera (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFE7AECF20FADFA29" box="[386,423,1448,1472]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 1♀; USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEC960EF3F9E1" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEC960FD6FA0D" box="[199,476,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEC960F40FA0A" box="[199,330,1484,1507]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">TRINIDAD</collectingCountry>
|
||
. St. George:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Chacachacare
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFD77EC960CD9FA0C" box="[655,723,1484,1509]" name="Iceland" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFD10EC960D4DFA0D" box="[744,839,1484,1508]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="10.683333">10°41'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFCAFEC960DB7FA0C" box="[855,957,1484,1509]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-61.766666">61°46'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFC2EEC960A60FA0D" box="[982,1130,1484,1508]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1993-06-29">29 Jun 1993</date>
|
||
, W. N. Mathis (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFAD5EC960B6BFA0D" box="[1325,1377,1484,1508]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">17♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 9♀; USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEF4F0D86F9B9" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEF4F0FCEF9C2" box="[199,452,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEF4F0F17F9C5" box="[199,285,1557,1580]" name="Turks and Caicos Islands" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">TURKS</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFEA2EF4E0FCAF9C2" box="[346,448,1556,1579]" name="Turks and Caicos Islands" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">CAICOS</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Providenciales: Crystal Bay (near North West Point;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFBCBEF4E0A98F9C4" box="[1075,1170,1556,1581]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="21.833334">21°50'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFB59EF4E0B0FF9C5" box="[1185,1285,1556,1580]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-72.316666">72°19'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; sandy scrub forest),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFF16EF620F72F9B9" box="[238,376,1592,1616]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1998-01-31">31 Jan 1998</date>
|
||
, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (1♀; USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEF070EF3F971" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEF070F94F99A" box="[199,414,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFF3FEF070F91F99A" box="[199,411,1628,1652]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">VIRGIN ISLANDS</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFE5DEF060C09F99C" box="[421,515,1628,1653]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">St. John</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Coral Bay (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFD69EF060D0CF99D" box="[657,774,1628,1652]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="92" value="18.348333">18°20.9'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE94E854AFCE9EF060D72F99C" box="[785,888,1628,1653]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" precision="925" value="-64.71667">64°43'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE94E854AFC74EF060A1DF99C" box="[908,1047,1628,1653]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1963-01-22">22 Jan 1963</date>
|
||
, P. J. Spangler, Muller (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E94E854AFADCEF060B5DF99D" box="[1316,1367,1628,1652]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="generic">17♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 20♀; USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E94E854AFF3FEFFE0EFDF8A4" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E854AFF3FEFFE0EFDF8A4" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEFFE0F53F954" bold="true" box="[199,345,1700,1725]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(Map 30):
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFE1FEFFE0CFEF954" box="[487,756,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Australasian/Oceanian:</emphasis>
|
||
Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFB74EFFF0AFFF955" box="[1164,1269,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Nearctic:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFAF9EFFE0B96F955" box="[1281,1436,1700,1725]" name="United States of America" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Arizona, California, Kansas, Nevada, New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFD70EF9D0CEAF909" box="[648,736,1735,1760]" name="Mexico" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Ohio, Texas, Utah).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFC28EF9D0A54F909" box="[976,1118,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Neotropical:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFB9DEF9D0AC5F909" box="[1125,1231,1735,1760]" name="Bahamas" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFB23EF920B31F909" box="[1243,1339,1736,1760]" name="Curaçao" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFABEEF9D0B91F909" box="[1350,1435,1735,1760]" name="Mexico" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Baja California, Baja California Sur, Guerrero, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFBA4EFB60AB4F8EC" box="[1116,1214,1772,1797]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFB34EFB60B07F8EC" box="[1228,1293,1772,1797]" name="Turks and Caicos Islands" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Turks</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFAB1EFB60B92F8EC" box="[1353,1432,1772,1797]" name="Turks and Caicos Islands" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Caicos</collectingCountry>
|
||
, West Indies (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFEC9EE550F9DF8C1" box="[305,407,1807,1832]" name="Anguilla" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Anguilla</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFE5EEE550C9CF8C1" box="[422,662,1807,1832]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Dutch West Indies,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFC76EE550DE1F8C1" box="[910,1003,1807,1832]" name="Jamaica" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFC03EE4A0AA0F8C1" box="[1019,1194,1807,1832]" name="Navassa Island" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Navassa Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFB42EE4A0B4CF8C1" box="[1210,1350,1807,1832]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE94E854AFAADEE550EE1F8A4" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E94E8575FF3FEE0D0CD7F91B" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE94E8575FF3FEE0D0EF9FF11" blockId="95.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="96.[151,1437,151,752]" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFF3FEE0D0F31F899" bold="true" box="[199,315,1879,1904]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Our usage of the name
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFD94EE030CE4F899" box="[620,750,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94E854AFD94EE030CE0F899" box="[620,746,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">E. gracilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as the senior synonym for this species, reverses a trend established by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94E854AFEC5EE260C9DF87C" author="Sturtevant" box="[317,663,1916,1941]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refString="Sturtevant, A. H. & Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257." type="journal article" year="1954">Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
when they gave precedence to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94E854AFC0EEE270AA7F87D" authority="Jones" authorityName="Jones" box="[1014,1197,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFC0EEE270A62F87D" box="[1014,1128,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">E. cinerea</emphasis>
|
||
Jones
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and listed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E94E854AFADFEE270B91F87C" box="[1319,1435,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E94E854AFADFEE270B91F87C" box="[1319,1435,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">E. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a questionable synonym. Sturtevant and Wheeler argued, incorrectly paraphrasing
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE94E854AFBB5EEFA0AFCF851" author="Aldrich" box="[1101,1270,1952,1977]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refString="Aldrich, J. M. (1912) The biology of some western species of the dipterous genus Ephydra. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 20 (2), 77 - 99." type="journal article" year="1912">Aldrich (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, that Packard's description of the “larva [sic, Packard described the puparium] does not agree with the present species--a point that we can confirm.” we have reexamined the available data and have concluded that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9718575FB89E9C30AE0FF59" box="[1137,1258,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FB89E9C30AE0FF59" box="[1137,1258,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">E. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can indeed be recognized, and as this name has age priority we have recognized it as the senior synonym. Our argument is as follows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9718575FF3FE85E0B74FE44" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Packard's description of the puparium, although brief, does mention a few salient characters that are unique to this species. The respiratory tube is much longer than that of any other species, “being as long as the body.” The body is generally smaller and more slender, and the “feet” (prolegs) are more prominent. In addition, as Packard also noted, this species occurs abundantly around the Great Salt Lake. This combination of characters does describe this species adequately, and it is the most abundant species known to occur around the Great Salt Lake.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9718575FF3FE8ED0CA9FD6D" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9718575FF3FE8ED0F94FE39" author="Aldrich" box="[199,414,439,464]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refString="Aldrich, J. M. (1912) The biology of some western species of the dipterous genus Ephydra. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 20 (2), 77 - 99." type="journal article" year="1912">Aldrich (1912: 79)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, contrary to Sturtevant and Wheeler's incorrect paraphrasing of his work, did not say that Packard's description “does not agree with the present species.” Instead, Aldrich noted the brevity of Packard's description and that the description was “scarcely” recognizable and unsatisfactory by the omission of a striking distinction (the basal filaments of the “anal” tube). Nevertheless, Aldrich concluded that “it is certain that Packard was describing a strikingly small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9718575FDEEEB1D0C7CFD89" box="[534,630,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FDEEEB1D0C7CFD89" box="[534,630,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Ephydra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
common in Great Salt Lake, and there is but one species [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9718575FAEDEB130B81FD89" box="[1301,1419,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FAEDEB130B81FD89" box="[1301,1419,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">E. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], whether he [Packard] described it well or not.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9718575FF3FEBCA0F49FD19" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
As we believe that the puparia Packard described can be recognized, and as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9718575FBE1EBCB0A87FD41" box="[1049,1165,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FBE1EBCB0A87FD41" box="[1049,1165,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">E. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has distinct age priority by over thirty years, we can only conclude that this species is recognized by the name its original describer gave, i.e.,
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FF3FEB830F49FD19" box="[199,323,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9718575FF3FEB830F35FD19" box="[199,319,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">E. gracilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9718575FF6FEF860CD7F91B" blockId="96.[151,733,1756,1778]" box="[151,733,1756,1778]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FF6FEF860EFDF918" bold="true" box="[151,247,1756,1777]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">MAP 30.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9718575FE2BEF860CD7F91B" authority="Packard." authorityName="Packard." box="[467,733,1756,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FE2BEF860C74F91B" box="[467,638,1756,1778]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Ephydra gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
Packard.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |