276 lines
31 KiB
XML
276 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="9B8874A121DCCF75F5E28CD7B56730E5" ID-CLB-Dataset="38982" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c41804b4-7a66-4a00-afc1-c7a31871329f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="257322" ID-ZooBank="22D15539-E49E-4D6C-BFCF-D4DBC72BA640" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1464331980959" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2016" docId="8366879DE90E8535FF6FEF8B0D7DF936" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4116.1..pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4116 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Neoephydra Mathis" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="7F5FFFE5E9118515FFF8E95A0E0AFFE9" masterDocTitle="Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1698630767650" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="CF5ED15F1DE239049CBD042DFDB40065">Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9F795E78299035DBD64F87105A364B4B">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="C28A5D5E4C50CAFEEA8636923D340835" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0B6DAC299400DE49DE77DFE4A441AD3B">Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3532603F04971DAC134F619A07718FC6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2681D1DC2C03EAB6F22405474970A349">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A363A9ED7C88D98C63893E65A9A26792">
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<mods:date id="7D4C9C29233630E7CB51C9336E32E90E">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="4E63BCF0CFAFC0640F0F1C3E53784BF8" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="EC54B6861DD837D8849D46900AFFE151">4116</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B78187AA088C5CB1BD9A7FEF79740D6F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8366879DE90E8535FF6FEF8B0D7DF936" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3513653" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120731759" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3513653" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8366879DE90E8535FF6FEF8B0D7DF936" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8366879DE90E8535FF6FEF8B0D7DF936" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E90E850AFF6FEF8B0FEAF902" box="[151,480,1744,1771]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE90E850AFF6FEF8B0FEAF902" blockId="31.[151,480,1744,1771]" box="[151,480,1744,1771]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<heading id="503881E7E90E850AFF6FEF8B0FEAF902" bold="true" box="[151,480,1744,1771]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90E850AFF6FEF8B0FEAF902" bold="true" box="[151,480,1744,1771]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90E850AFF16EF8A0FEAF902" ID-CoL="63DF9" authority="Mathis" authorityName="Mathis" box="[238,480,1744,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90E850AFF16EF8A0F8BF903" bold="true" box="[238,385,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Neoephydra</emphasis>
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Mathis
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E90E850AFF6FEE420A96F860" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE90E850AFF6FEE420F63F883" blockId="31.[151,1436,1815,1929]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E90E850AFF6FEE420F63F883" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90E850AFF6FEE420F18F8C4" ID-CoL="45JR" box="[151,274,1816,1837]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90E850AFF6FEE420F18F8C4" box="[151,274,1816,1837]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Dimecoenia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in part of authors [misidentification], not
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE90E850AFD26EE4D0DAEF8C4" author="Cresson" box="[734,932,1815,1837]" page="152" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1916">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE90E850AFD26EE4D0D7BF8C4" author="Cresson" box="[734,881,1815,1837]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Cresson, E. T, Jr. (1916) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. - III. Entomological News, 27 (4), 147 - 152." type="journal article" year="1916">Cresson 1916</bibRefCitation>
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: 152
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE90E850AFC3AEE4D0A60F8C4" author="Wirth" box="[962,1130,1815,1837]" page="23" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1968">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE90E850AFC3AEE4D0A4BF8C4" author="Wirth" box="[962,1089,1815,1837]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1968) 77. Family Ephydridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 43." type="book chapter" year="1968">Wirth 1968</bibRefCitation>
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: 23
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</treatmentCitation>
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[catalog of South American species, distribution].—Lizarralde de
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE90E850AFDBEEE6C0CE4F8A5" author="Grosso" box="[582,750,1846,1868]" page="57" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1989">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE90E850AFDBEEE6C0CC1F8A5" author="Grosso" box="[582,715,1846,1868]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Lizarralde de Grosso, M. S. (1989) Ephydridae de la Republica de Argentina (Insecta - Diptera). Serie Monografica y Didactica No. 3. Faculdad de Ciencias Naturales y Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucuman, 93 pp." type="book" year="1989">Grosso 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 57
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</treatmentCitation>
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–58 [fauna of
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE90E850AFC85EE6C0DEFF8A5" box="[893,997,1846,1868]" name="Argentina" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE90E850AFBF1EE6C0B62F8A5" author="Mathis" box="[1033,1384,1846,1868]" page="238" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1995">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE90E850AFBF1EE6C0B33F8A5" author="Mathis" box="[1033,1337,1846,1868]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1995">Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995</bibRefCitation>
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: 238
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</treatmentCitation>
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–240 [world catalog].
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE90E850AFF6FEE290A96F860" blockId="31.[151,1436,1815,1929]" box="[151,1180,1907,1929]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E90E850AFF6FEE290A96F860" box="[151,1180,1907,1929]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90E850AFF6FEE290FB8F860" ID-CoL="63DF9" authority="Mathis 2008: 9" authorityName="Mathis" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,434,1907,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90E850AFF6FEE290F19F860" box="[151,275,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Neoephydra</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE90E850AFEE1EE290FB8F860" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3503639" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3503639" author="Mathis" box="[281,434,1907,1929]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/902D8782036BFFC8FF19E2AED5360495" page="9" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="2008">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE90E850AFEE1EE290F91F860" author="Mathis" box="[281,411,1907,1929]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Mathis, W. N. (2008) Two new neotropical genera of the shore-fly tribe Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa, 1874, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2008">Mathis 2008</bibRefCitation>
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: 9
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<typeStatus id="D4748829E90E850AFE46EE2E0FE6F860" box="[446,492,1908,1929]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90E850AFDB1EE290DB2F860" ID-CoL="46GZZ" authority="Mathis 2008" authorityName="Mathis" authorityYear="2008" box="[585,952,1907,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araucaria">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90E850AFDB1EE290D3AF860" box="[585,816,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Neoephydra araucaria</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE90E850AFCCEEE290DB2F860" author="Mathis" box="[822,952,1907,1929]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Mathis, W. N. (2008) Two new neotropical genera of the shore-fly tribe Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa, 1874, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2008">Mathis 2008</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, original designation].
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E90E8535FF6FEEEF0A8CFEF4" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE90E850AFF6FEEEF0CA0F81B" blockId="31.[151,1436,1973,2035]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90E850AFF6FEEEF0F1BF827" bold="true" box="[151,273,1973,1998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90E850AFEEFEEEF0FAAF827" box="[279,416,1973,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90E850AFEEFEEEF0FAAF827" box="[279,416,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Neoephydra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from other genera of
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90E850AFCB0EEEF0DB2F827" box="[840,952,1973,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
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by the following characters: medium-sized to large shore flies, body length 3.00–
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<quantity id="CC379B6EE90E850AFDC7EE800CACF81B" box="[575,678,2010,2035]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.30 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FE9CD0A8CFEF4" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FF3FE9CD0F07FF59" box="[199,269,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Head:</emphasis>
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Mesofrons with vestiture variable; lacking cruciate, interfrontal setae; lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae either 2 or 5–6, not 3; basal flagellomere lacking large seta inserted on lateral surface; arista moderately short, thickened basally, with macropubescent vestiture dorsally, apical half style-like, bare; postocular setae variable; large facial setae declinate; gena moderately high to high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.30 or larger.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9318535FF3FE87D0F1CFDF1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FE87D0F1EFE6E" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FF3FE87D0F2BFEA9" box="[199,289,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thorax:</emphasis>
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Acrostichal setae no well-developed; dorsocentral setae 5 (1+4), development variable; supra-alar seta variable; presutural supra-alar seta lacking; intrapostalar seta present, although sometimes weak; hindtibia lacking apical seta.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FE8CE0F1CFDF1" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FF3FE8CE0F30FE44" box="[199,314,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Abdomen:</emphasis>
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Male terminalia symmetrical, epandrium longer than wide; surstyli fused medially except near apices and with 1–2 lateral projecting processes or prongs in addition to apical prominences; aedeagus shallowly crescent-shaped and generally quite slender, at least apically; female ventral receptacle with small papilla-like operculum.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9318535FF3FEB7E0A4BFBB1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FEB7E0AC8FD89" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FF3FEB7E0F6AFDD4" bold="true" box="[199,352,548,573]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Members of
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FE03EB7E0C8EFDD4" box="[507,644,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FE03EB7E0C8EFDD4" box="[507,644,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neoephydra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are known only from the Neotropics, where they are widespread and occur in habitats similar to those of the Holarctic genera
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FCEBEB1D0DCAFD89" authority="Fallen" authorityName="Fallen" box="[787,960,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FCEBEB1D0D79FD89" box="[787,883,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ephydra</emphasis>
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Fallén
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FC0FEB120AC8FD89" authority="Cresson." authorityName="Cresson." box="[1015,1218,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FC0FEB120A53FDB6" box="[1015,1113,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Setacera</emphasis>
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Cresson.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FEB360AD8FCD1" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FF3FEB360F8CFD6C" bold="true" box="[199,390,620,645]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Like many taxa of the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FCF0EB360D86FD6C" box="[776,908,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ephydrinae">Ephydrinae</taxonomicName>
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, specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FBCCEB360AB7FD6C" box="[1076,1213,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FBCCEB360AB7FD6C" box="[1076,1213,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neoephydra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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inhabit diverse and what would appear to be environments inimical to life.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9318535FCF0EBD50DC8FD41" author="Oliveira" box="[776,962,655,680]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Oliveira, S. J. de (1954 a) Contribuicao para o conhecimento do genero " Dimecoenia " Cresson, 1916. I. " Dimecoenia lenti " sp. nov. encontrada no Chile (Diptera, Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14 (2), 187 - 194." type="journal article" year="1954" yearSuffix="a">Oliveira (1954a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that Dr. Herman Lent found larvae, pupae, and adults of a Chilean species in the hot effluent of a high altitude, hot water geyser located at El Tatio (
|
||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE9318535FF66EB8D0EF2FD19" box="[158,248,727,752]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="5200.0">5200 m</quantity>
|
||
), near
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9318535FEBCEB820FBCFD19" box="[324,438,727,752]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
|
||
de Atacama. Although the temperature of the water was not taken, Dr. Lent stated that it was sufficiently hot to cook an egg. Dr. Lent also observed a small, predatory toad,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FB74EBA60F1BFCD1" authority="Wiegmann" authorityName="Wiegmann" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Telmatobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruvianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FB74EBA60B96FCFD" box="[1164,1436,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Telmatobius peruvianus</emphasis>
|
||
Wiegmann
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FEE7EA7A0F61FCD1" box="[287,363,800,824]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FE8DEA450C24FCD1" box="[373,558,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), whose diet consisted solely of freshly emerged, adult flies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FEA1F0EE4FC21" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Numerous larvae and pupae of a second species, collected in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9318535FC05EA1E0A4EFCB4" box="[1021,1092,836,861]" name="Brazil" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, were found to inhabit warm, algae-covered, and often saline water that had accumulated in depressions of large rocks near the sea shore (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9318535FF66EAD60F46FC4C" author="Oliveira" box="[158,332,908,933]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Oliveira, S. J. de (1954 b) Contribuicao para o conhecimento do genero " Dimecoenia " Cresson, (1916. II. Sobre 3 especies novas do Brasil (Diptera, Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14 (3), 269 - 278." type="journal article" year="1954" yearSuffix="b">Oliveira 1954b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9318535FEA0EAD60F9EFC4C" author="Oliveira" box="[344,404,908,933]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Oliveira, S. J. de (1958) Contribuicao para o conhecimento do genero " Dimecoenia " Cresson, 1916. IV. Descricao da larva e do pupario de " Dimecoenia grumanni " Oliveira, 1954 (Diptera, Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 18 (2), 167 - 169." type="journal article" year="1958">1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Water evaporation from the shallow depressions is rapid, accounting for the concentration of salts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FEA8E0A4BFBB1" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9318535FF3FEA8E0F66FC05" author="Hennig" box="[199,364,980,1005]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Hennig, W. (1943) Ubersicht uber die bisher bekannten Metamorphosestadien der Ephydriden, mit Neubeschreibungen nach dem Material der Deutschen Limnologischen Sundaexpedition. (Diptera: Ephydridae). Arbeiten uber morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, 10 (2 - 3), 105 - 138." type="journal article" year="1943">Hennig (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9318535FE5EEA8E0C57FC04" author="Oliveira" box="[422,605,980,1005]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Oliveira, S. J. de (1954 b) Contribuicao para o conhecimento do genero " Dimecoenia " Cresson, (1916. II. Sobre 3 especies novas do Brasil (Diptera, Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14 (3), 269 - 278." type="journal article" year="1954" yearSuffix="b">Oliveira (1954b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9318535FD92EA8E0CA9FC04" author="Oliveira" box="[618,675,980,1005]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Oliveira, S. J. de (1958) Contribuicao para o conhecimento do genero " Dimecoenia " Cresson, 1916. IV. Descricao da larva e do pupario de " Dimecoenia grumanni " Oliveira, 1954 (Diptera, Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 18 (2), 167 - 169." type="journal article" year="1958">1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) described and figured the larvae of four species belonging to this genus. Based on these Figs., larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FDBDEAAD0CC4FBF9" box="[581,718,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FDBDEAAD0CC4FBF9" box="[581,718,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neoephydra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are typical of the tribe, with eight pairs of claw-bearing prolegs on the ventral surface, the terminal pair being larger and with crochets opposable to those of the other prolegs. The posterior spiracles are borne on a long respiratory tube which bifurcates posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E9318535FF3FED3E0D7DF936" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FED3E0C6AFAD9" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FF3FED3E0F46FB94" bold="true" box="[199,332,1124,1149]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FEAEED3E0FD5FB94" box="[342,479,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FEAEED3E0FD5FB94" box="[342,479,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neoephydra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the generic name for most South American species that had been placed in the genus “
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FF15EDD30F76FB49" box="[237,380,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FF15EDD30F72FB49" box="[237,376,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dimecoenia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
” As noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9318535FDDAEDDD0CD9FB49" author="Steyskal" box="[546,723,1159,1184]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1970) The species of the genus Dimecoenia (Diptera: Ephydridae) in America north of Panama, with the description of a new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63 (2), 462 - 465. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 63.2.462" type="journal article" year="1970">Steyskal (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9318535FCF4EDDD0DABFB49" author="Wirth" box="[780,929,1159,1184]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1971) The brine flies of the genus Ephydra in North America (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64 (2), 357 - 377. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 64.2.357" type="journal article" year="1971">Wirth (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the Neotropical species, which were treated as members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FEB2EDF70C78FB2C" authority="Wirth 1968" authorityName="Wirth" authorityYear="1968" box="[330,626,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FEB2EDF70FDBFB2D" box="[330,465,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dimecoenia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9318535FE1AEDF60C60FB2C" author="Wirth" box="[482,618,1196,1221]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1968) 77. Family Ephydridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 43." type="book chapter" year="1968">Wirth 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are structurally dissimilar from the Nearctic species. We came to the same conclusion as Steyskal and Wirth after studying structures of the male terminalia. A more complete diagnosis is given in the generic and species group's descriptions. Particular attention should be paid to structures of the male terminalia and female ventral receptacle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FEC660A55FA0C" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Species groups are also being recognized (the
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FD2DEC670DEDFABC" box="[725,999,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FD2DEC670D42FABD" box="[725,840,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araucaria">araucaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FCACEC660DE9FABC" box="[852,995,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dasycephala">dasycephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FBD8EC670A92FABD" box="[1056,1176,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FBD8EC670A92FABD" box="[1056,1176,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups). These groups are proposed for specimens that are dissimilar superficially from the typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FC15EC050A7CFA91" box="[1005,1142,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FC15EC050A7CFA91" box="[1005,1142,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neoephydra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FB57EC3B0B15FA91" box="[1199,1311,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araucaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FB57EC3B0B15FA91" box="[1199,1311,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">araucaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group) but which have structures of the male and/or female terminalia that closely resemble those of other similar aggregates. We chose the informal category of “species group” for these subtaxa because of its flexibility, without encumbering additional, fixed nomenclature, such as would be required for the subgeneric category.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FECB50B22F99D" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FE40ECB50C4BF9E1" box="[440,577,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FE40ECB50C4BF9E1" box="[440,577,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neoephydra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is established by the following characters:
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FB9AECAA0F1FF9C4" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Conformation of the male terminalia:</emphasis>
|
||
The surstyli are fused medially except near their apices and each surstylus bears one or two additional, anterolateral prongs. This conformation is unique within the subfamily.
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FC40EF620B96F9B9" box="[952,1436,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Conformation of female ventral receptacle:</emphasis>
|
||
All species groups have a small, papilla-like operculum, which is also unique to females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FB60EF060B2BF99C" box="[1176,1313,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FB60EF060B2BF99C" box="[1176,1313,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neoephydra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9318535FF3FEFDA0D7DF936" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
It is also probable that the species groups of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FD4CEF250D37F971" box="[692,829,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FD4CEF250D37F971" box="[692,829,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neoephydra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are monophyletic, although the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9318535FB5CEFDB0B1EF971" box="[1188,1300,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Neoephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araucaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9318535FB5CEFDB0B1EF971" box="[1188,1300,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">araucaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group lacks characterization by derived character states. The monophyly of the remaining groups is well founded as evidenced by the appropriate characterization heading each group treatment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |