treatments-xml/data/7D/33/58/7D33580A04765755AEB2EDF5D93B9C26.xml

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<mods:title id="F2187AD47A0BF967D37F11934F584175">A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii complex, S. akitsushima (Annelida, Polychaeta, Serpulidae), from the rocky intertidal zone of Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B74A67A91113DAD91EC2CBA8DB5B8C24">Nishi, Eijiroh</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0846C1E33A1D6C5E4A2C2C45EBF05A63">College of Education, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A611458E87831996459B473617AD03B3">Abe, Hirokazu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9A63551A937D0985EE7B02BCE75CCFF0">Department of Biology, Center for Liberal Arts &amp; Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Idaidori 1 - 1 - 1, Yahaba, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028 - 3694, Japan &amp; Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ishinomaki Senshu University, Shinmito 1, Minamisakai, Ishinomaki, Miyagi 986 - 8580, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="52DF6DE032DF8C4AE71A047614C68AE8">Tanaka, Katsuhiko</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5AAB62EF18484F832CA9BB43C6EBE84C">Department of Marine Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3 - 20 - 1, Orido, Shimizu, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 424 - 8610, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="15E68D6391A8022AC3EC1DF74AA5C638">Jimi, Naoto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FA83C7FC99C855DEEDE94232EC7AA110">Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, 429 - 63 Sugashima, Toba, Mie 517 - 0004, Japan &amp; Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EEC58383DAB750CFE1898074332F2A27">Kupriyanova, Elena K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="68A52F603FDABB44EAF7D8028A36FB93">Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney 2010 NSW, Australia &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="7D33580A04765755AEB2EDF5D93B9C26" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195302523" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C79A1ACE-8027-4EC4-9854-FD1539F88956" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D33580A04765755AEB2EDF5D93B9C26" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Polychaeta" scope_family="Serpulidae" scope_phylum="Annelida">
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<taxonomicName id="0C17CAE56620DFFD69048470416EED1B" ID-CoL="992HX" LSID="http://zoobank.org/C79A1ACE-8027-4EC4-9854-FD1539F88956" authority="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova, 2022" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima" status="sp. nov.">Spirobranchus akitsushima</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4FDD96A5E41E5B0EA56FA90B373221C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation id="22F7F2F584D7A423CFD38417648E509A" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">[Japanese name: Yakko-kanzashi gokai] Figs 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="69918B799042448163D02EEF95C0E3D9" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="8A96CC3FF755155B40A5AFC157592658" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="664EF7B85125A75C2AF951F909699853" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="A63DF751D053D4DF7A2ACE3077D91230" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="DE8C5286E0FF0F8DF01FC5D231014588" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="8D4D2665A4EB568C385189D5F391798A" authority="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova, 2022" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Sedentaria" family="Serpulidae" genus="Pomatoleios" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pomatoleios crosslandi" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="crosslandi" status="sp. nov.">Pomatoleios crosslandi</taxonomicName>
non Pixell, 1913. - 
<bibRefCitation id="6048F667D196B9E8225544D06F6A1B84" author="Okuda, S" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Benthology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B51" refString="Okuda, S, 1937. AnnelidaPolychaeta in Onagawa Bay and its vicinity. I. PolychaetaSedentaria. Science Reports, Tohoku University, Series 4 12: 45-69." title="AnnelidaPolychaeta in Onagawa Bay and its vicinity. I. PolychaetaSedentaria. Science Reports, Tohoku University, Series 4 12: 45 - 69." year="1937">Okuda 1937</bibRefCitation>
: 64-67, pl. 2, fig. 1; Onagawa Bay; 
<bibRefCitation id="42E1BC3F0891C4646C741EF5F4A5B031" author="Utinomi, H" journalOrPublisher="Nanki-seibutsu" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Utinomi, H, 1956. Coloured Illustrations of Seashore Animals of Japan, Hoikusha, Osaka, 167 pp. [in Japanese]" title="Coloured Illustrations of Seashore Animals of Japan, Hoikusha, Osaka, 167 pp. [in Japanese]" year="1956">Utinomi 1956</bibRefCitation>
: 41, pl. 21, fig. 3; south of Tohoku.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="490708F32D6D82A91D0B415BCEDB79EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C6560B2145F5010544E30E3DBF7AF39F" authority="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova, 2022" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Sedentaria" family="Serpulidae" genus="Pomatoleios" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pomatoleios kraussii" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii" status="sp. nov.">Pomatoleios kraussii</taxonomicName>
non Baird, 1864. - 
<bibRefCitation id="6440B763206399A95B8B6509CA22F10D" author="Imajima, M" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Foundation, Occasional Papers" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 452" refId="B29" refString="Imajima, M, Hartman, O, 1964. The polychaetous annelids of Japan. Allan Hancock Foundation, Occasional Papers 26: 1 - 452" title="The polychaetous annelids of Japan." volume="26" year="1964">Imajima and Hartman 1964</bibRefCitation>
: 372; 
<bibRefCitation id="5735B4DD10E5439B62F681C2BD8CC09B" author="Okuda, S" editor="Okada, K" journalOrPublisher="Hokuryukan Co., Ltd., Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="531 - 531" refId="B53" refString="Okuda, S, Imajima, M, 1965. Pomatoleios kraussii (Baird). In: Okada, K, Ed., New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan [I] (Printed Version 9, in 1988). Hokuryukan Co., Ltd., Tokyo: 531 - 531" title="Pomatoleios kraussii (Baird)." volumeTitle="New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan [I] (Printed Version 9, in 1988)." year="1965">Okuda and Imajima 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 531; 
<bibRefCitation id="DB7E0711BF41C5E59C5CE1D17592E3CB" author="Sawada, N" journalOrPublisher="Fortschritte der Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="99 - 114" refId="B67" refString="Sawada, N, 1984. Electron microscopical studies of spermatogenesis in polychaetes. Fortschritte der Zoologie 29: 99 - 114" title="Electron microscopical studies of spermatogenesis in polychaetes." volume="29" year="1984">Sawada 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 105 [development]; 
<bibRefCitation id="477AD8059B6E96A99B66A4CD27E32104" author="Sawada, N" editor="Dan, K" journalOrPublisher="Baihukan Co., Ltd." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="70 - 80" refId="B68" refString="Sawada, N, 1988. Annelida (I) Polychaeta. In: Dan, K, Ishikawa, M, Numakunai, T, Eds., Experimental embryology in marine invertebrates. Baihukan Co., Ltd.: 70 - 80" title="Annelida (I) Polychaeta." volumeTitle="Experimental embryology in marine invertebrates." year="1988">Sawada 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 76-77, fig. 5-4, 5-5, 5-6, table 5-3 [reproduction, development]; 
<bibRefCitation id="944A78F5356EEADA8960D807D5B3CE94" author="Imajima, M" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="89 - 111" refId="B21" refString="Imajima, M, 1977. Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands). Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 10: 89 - 111" title="Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands)." volume="10" year="1977">Imajima 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 100-101; Ogasawara Island; 1978: 56; Nii-jima, Izu Islands; 1979a: 178; Kii Peninsula; 1979b: 33; 1984: 165; Oga Peninsula; 1986: 154; Oki Islands; 
<bibRefCitation id="65E05062DE81AAA77BC0BB56C35C0BF6" author="Uchida, H" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Marine Park Research Station" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 98" refId="B83" refString="Uchida, H, 1978. Serpulid tube worms (Polychaeta, Sedentaria) from Japan with the systematic review of the group. Bulletin of the Marine Park Research Station 2: 1 - 98" title="Serpulid tube worms (Polychaeta, Sedentaria) from Japan with the systematic review of the group." volume="2" year="1978">Uchida 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 32; Wakayama, Izu, Kochi; 
<bibRefCitation id="AF3A174995BC795AFF992B6842EFC035" author="Akiyama, N" journalOrPublisher="Toyokan Publishing, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B1" refString="Akiyama, N, 1981. Handbook of biological observation in rocky shore. Toyokan Publishing, Tokyo" title="Handbook of biological observation in rocky shore." year="1981">Akiyama 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 100-101 [distribution, tube characters]; 
<bibRefCitation id="D33060DE22700CE734F2233F3FABCCBF" author="Miura, T" editor="Hutchings, PA" journalOrPublisher="The Linnean Society of New South Wales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="338 - 354" refId="B41" refString="Miura, T, Kajihara, T, 1984. An ecological study of the life histories of two Japanese serpulid worms, Hydroides ezoensis and Pomatoleios kraussii. In: Hutchings, PA, Ed., Proceedings of the First International Polychaete Conference, Sydney, Australia, July 1983. The Linnean Society of New South Wales: 338 - 354" title="An ecological study of the life histories of two Japanese serpulid worms, Hydroides ezoensis and Pomatoleios kraussii." volumeTitle="Proceedings of the First International Polychaete Conference, Sydney, Australia, July 1983." year="1984">Miura and Kajihara 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 343-352; Misaki [distribution, larval development]; 
<bibRefCitation id="214096A06FE789DC882918BDFDA4A06E" author="Uchida, H" editor="Nishimura, S" journalOrPublisher="Vol. 1. Hoikusha, Osaka" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="310 - 373" refId="B84" refString="Uchida, H, 1992. Annelida. In: Nishimura, S, Ed., Guide to seashore animals of Japan with color pictures and keys. Vol. 1. Hoikusha, Osaka: 310 - 373" title="Annelida." volumeTitle="Guide to seashore animals of Japan with color pictures and keys." year="1992">Uchida 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 369, pl. 71-7; south of central Honshu; 
<bibRefCitation id="353B48C5576AD85EF2C3D25EEE025AB3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010500221728" author="Khandeparker, L" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B33" refString="Khandeparker, L, Desai, D, Shirayama, Y, 2005. Larval development and post-settlement metamorphosis of the barnacle Balanus albicostatus Pilsbry and the serpulid polychaete Pomatoleios kraussii Baird: Impact of a commonly used antifouling biocide, Irgarol 1051. Biofouling 21(3/4): 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010500221728" title="Larval development and post-settlement metamorphosis of the barnacle Balanus albicostatus Pilsbry and the serpulid polychaete Pomatoleios kraussii Baird: Impact of a commonly used antifouling biocide, Irgarol 1051. Biofouling 21 (3 / 4): 169 - 180." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010500221728" year="2005">Khandeparker et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; Seto, Wakayama [development]; 
<bibRefCitation id="0FD0F13B0692EF6AB06436844DA0FB13" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4282/sosj.24.9" author="Horikoshi, A" journalOrPublisher="Sessile Organisms" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="9 - 19" refId="B17" refString="Horikoshi, A, Okamoto, K, 2007. Present sessile organism community structure on the intertidal coast of Tokyo Bay. Sessile Organisms 24 (1): 9 - 19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4282/sosj.24.9" title="Present sessile organism community structure on the intertidal coast of Tokyo Bay." url="https://doi.org/10.4282/sosj.24.9" volume="24" year="2007">Horikoshi and Okamoto 2007</bibRefCitation>
; Tokyo Bay; 
<bibRefCitation id="B53C0DC7194CE3927FC77EF680FFAD6E" author="Uchida, H" journalOrPublisher="Nanki-seibutsu" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="175 - 184" refId="B85" refString="Uchida, H, 2008. Recent transition of polychaete fauna in intertidal zones of Wakayama Prefecture. I. A case study of rocky shore. Nanki-seibutsu 50: 175 - 184" title="Recent transition of polychaete fauna in intertidal zones of Wakayama Prefecture. I. A case study of rocky shore." volume="50" year="2008">Uchida 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 180, table 1; Wakayama [distribution].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BEB9C40150261ED3DAE52D78C5BE1FBA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="9265182984C087520CC61893DF2BF227" authority="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova, 2022" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Sedentaria" family="Serpulidae" genus="Pomatoleios" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pomatoleios kraussii" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii" status="sp. nov.">Pomatoleios kraussii</taxonomicName>
(Baird, 1865)? [sic]. - 
<bibRefCitation id="7B98B45611591837885F478B2AF66DB8" author="Imajima, M" journalOrPublisher="Seibutsu Kenkyusha, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B27" refString="Imajima, M, 1996. Annelida, Polychaeta. Seibutsu Kenkyusha, Tokyo" title="Annelida, Polychaeta." year="1996">Imajima 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 342, fig. 280; south of Honshu.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="33BEBAFB2F376488F57B3F66B3D8012E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="6161A8C11BD0650C95A676B5524AB927" authority="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova, 2022" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Sedentaria" family="Serpulidae" genus="Pomatoleios" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pomatoleios kraussii" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii" status="sp. nov.">Pomatoleios cf. kraussii</taxonomicName>
. - 
<bibRefCitation id="68B3DFE101EB76D2AB34800B2E5518C1" author="Suzuki, T" journalOrPublisher="Wetland International Japan, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B81" refString="Suzuki, T, Kimura, S, Kimura, T, Mori, K, Taru, M, 2013. Benthos of the Tidal Flat. Wetland International Japan, Tokyo" title="Benthos of the Tidal Flat." year="2013">Suzuki et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 196, fig. 326.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8B97B49B1BD43B8D7711F01AF297742" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="312446196F9EB3C2DB2509F68A4B981A" authority="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova, 2022" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus kraussii" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii" status="sp. nov.">Spirobranchus kraussii</taxonomicName>
. - 
<bibRefCitation id="06DB0F65E7337E3AD7B60C81BC49820F" author="Japanese Association of Sessile Organisms" journalOrPublisher="Kouseishya Kouseikaku Co., Ltd., Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="88 - 102" refId="B46" refString="Japanese Association of Sessile Organisms, 2017. Chapter 5 Sabellidae and Serpulidae. In: Methods of identification of fouling organisms. Kouseishya Kouseikaku Co., Ltd., Tokyo: 88 - 102" title="Chapter 5 Sabellidae and Serpulidae." volumeTitle="Methods of identification of fouling organisms." year="2017">Nishi et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
: 96.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F411C74DBBE740E4ECB5C648AF753226" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="B3498749473C480767A84EBC2C15FC43" authority="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova, 2022" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Spirobranchus</taxonomicName>
sp. 1. - 
<bibRefCitation id="0E81F5C0032932C81BD27AA8D5C4DA27" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" author="Kobayashi, G" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Kobayashi, G, Goto, R, 2021. Molecular phylogenetic assessment of Spirobranchus kraussii- complex (Annelida: Serpulidae) from the Japanese Archipelago. PeerJ 9: e11746. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" title="Molecular phylogenetic assessment of Spirobranchus kraussii- complex (Annelida: Serpulidae) from the Japanese Archipelago. PeerJ 9: e 11746." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" year="2021">Kobayashi and Goto 2021</bibRefCitation>
: 4-5, figs 2, 3; Wakayama [tube structures, coloration of peduncle, molecular analysis]; 
<bibRefCitation id="85771406F6442310E15E052B2DCFB718" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5179/benthos.76.92" author="Ohno, A" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Benthology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="92 - 202" refId="B50" refString="Ohno, A, Goto, N, Sato, T, Matsushima, Y, Iwamori, A, Ichikawa, K, Otsuka, Y, Matsuda, S, Sasaki, T, 2021. Immersion panel survey of the depth range of Spirobranchus sp. 1 on the Echizen coast of the Sea of Japan, central Japan. Japanese Journal of Benthology 76 (0): 92 - 202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5179/benthos.76.92" title="Immersion panel survey of the depth range of Spirobranchus sp. 1 on the Echizen coast of the Sea of Japan, central Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.5179/benthos.76.92" volume="76" year="2021">Ohno et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
; Echizen, Fukui [distribution].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="949C3C304D6919C968F1F52026B6D67A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F1F9113F0791D2947BE3326A32437D54" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF5DBFC25F63B4D2B54C658B5BDA7CDA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation id="8EE0D168FBEC78ADBA8110ABC4B060DB" accessionNumber="LC661622, LC661636, LC661650, LC661664" collectingDate="2020-06-04" collectorName="Nishi, E." country="Japan" county="Wakaejima Island" latitude="35.30063" location="Sagami Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="139.55087" municipality="Kamakura" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
<emphasis id="F07033D59EDB26B72E15A912654EA604" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="2DAEAA75D413EF34C4D19718A115A408">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCountry id="D60840E9BC9823D7E2E28D3D9DD0379E" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
• 
<location id="D7597CB4725C9622EC0764FC8EBDC6E9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D33580A04765755AEB2EDF5D93B9C26:D7597CB4725C9622EC0764FC8EBDC6E9" country="Japan" county="Wakaejima Island" latitude="35.30063" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="139.55087" municipality="Kamakura" name="Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="251FB81D5CAA7EFC4B27CB31E9109C24">Kamakura</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="EAC77B2B46B1ACA8D8F4B35C158DF1F4">Wakaejima Island</collectingCounty>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="F4EC12FB8AA237EB29AA192791983534" degrees="35.300628" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.30063">35.300628°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D6D5EB1C91FEC3F773C6A10CD43A77C5" degrees="139.550868" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="139.55087">139.550868°E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectingDate id="26C7261B3F6DE3EE665946EA4970DDCB" value="2020-06-04">4 June 2020</collectingDate>
; 
<collectorName id="BF76BB29531CB1818C59BA158360DCF3">Nishi, E.</collectorName>
leg.; intertidal rocky shore (Figs 
<figureCitation id="D57E6BEC6FA8857F0A1F15725C7E1D72" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of collection sites A Japan and adjacent seas B Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, and Pacific side of Honshu, and collection sites on Miura Peninsula and Yokohama C collection sites of Miura Peninsula and Yokohama D Wakaejima, Kamakura, type locality of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. E Hayama F Western part of Miura Peninsula, showing Tsurugizaki and Jogashima G Jogashima H close-up view of collection sites of Jogashima I close-up view of Tsurugizaki. Key: ○: paleo-aggregation, ● (red): current distribution. Arrow in H indicates (A) in Fig. 3; P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in I indicates site of (I) and (J) in Fig. 3." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682366" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="EB1B08FFFCC22E89DB17BF4160EFC8CB" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2A, B</figureCitation>
), collected by hand; GenBank: 
<accessionNumber id="FF3A022A5521EC451DA3EA030AB7A394" isEnumeration="true">LC661622, LC661636, LC661650, LC661664</accessionNumber>
; CBM-ZW 1127, hologenophore.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CAD7710027DC23DA7FBFEC808984B5A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation id="E98A239FE785DC99A0AE9CEEB0B4BE0F" accessionNumber="LC661623, LC661626, LC661637, LC661640, LC661651, LC661654, LC661665, LC661668" collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="GenBank" country="Japan" county="Wakaejima Island" latitude="35.30063" location="Japan" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="139.55087" municipality="Kamakura" specimenCount="4" typeStatus="Paratypes">
<emphasis id="EA2C4C9D7EC1BA029E3AEBEB36C00236" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="7FDAA482AB4F1B078154427FC3122278">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCountry id="9DD6A5A4F54CDDC1D1853AE335A2AC5A" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
• 
<specimenCount id="EBAE677FD85D8A1C6E99A473FD88EC47" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype; 
<collectorName id="306F8CC054D9C5E20DFC8943F138F41D">GenBank</collectorName>
: 
<accessionNumber id="39AF93F1D75CDA782C72AB8F27B51C65" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/LC661623">LC661623</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="33C43DF79F499FE6DB04CB538A56CD97" isEnumeration="true">LC661626, LC661637</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="F9015A8A400BACD0C12B4A6E6E02BF7E" isEnumeration="true">LC661640, LC661651</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="7A193C4914EC032CE0BC996CFDF669D4" isEnumeration="true">LC661654, LC661665</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="F0F5A863BF3E7739142C6D01FD180DFE" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/LC661668">LC661668</accessionNumber>
; CBM-ZW 1128 to 1131, all hologenophores
</materialsCitation>
• 
<specimenCount id="7C080AE12CD0832F5E07FBCBF7FF864B" type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
, including 
<materialsCitation id="30F88BED632D53DD1723F8FD9F4EE780" accessionNumber="LC661630, LC661635, LC661644, LC661649, LC661658, LC661663" collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="August, GenBank" country="Japan" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCount id="6E8EA8D2803AD016EF4C8E84F85D41E5" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
lacking crown; collection site same as for 
<typeStatus id="43888A59F5DB42D0611465CA9FB2B3B6">holotype</typeStatus>
; 3 
<collectorName id="2C90D7F87ABF0A87173E37BD8DDEB74D">August</collectorName>
, 2020; 
<collectorName id="5E8730A82DA5931E232A306021B63027">GenBank</collectorName>
: 
<accessionNumber id="511EC50BE5C76CCEBA5BBFB8B5593FE4" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/LC661630">LC661630</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="058DF805A3B2C94B5168CE093A17D42A" isEnumeration="true">LC661635, LC661644</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="27574B0D324DF1998D74DDDF1A148235" isEnumeration="true">LC661649, LC661658</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="A54C69B17E207652E12A8F76B3BE30BA" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/LC661663">LC661663</accessionNumber>
; CBM-ZW 1135 to 1140, all hologenophores
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="7A451F247F60B344E3CB68A115981CB5" accessionNumber="LC661627, LC661629, LC661641, LC661643, LC661655, LC661657, LC661669, LC661671" collectingDate="2020-08-04" collectorName="Tanaka, K., GenBank" country="Japan" county="Omaezaki" latitude="34.59486" location="Todai-shita" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="138.22556" municipality="Fig." specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Shizuoka" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="B930F5110C920BE790349B84FAC87B7E" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
; 
<collectingRegion id="B7108AFF9F8EA5CFDA69D168EA669E09" country="Japan" name="Shizuoka">Shizuoka</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCounty id="C65F2777F58269A3EDDAAFAA8B628729">Omaezaki</collectingCounty>
(
<collectingMunicipality id="1CCDE5E12743A8EED77C8F6AD1CD5955">Fig.</collectingMunicipality>
<figureCitation id="0165047A8EDF1C4A515231F43B32980D" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of collection sites A Japan and adjacent seas B Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, and Pacific side of Honshu, and collection sites on Miura Peninsula and Yokohama C collection sites of Miura Peninsula and Yokohama D Wakaejima, Kamakura, type locality of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. E Hayama F Western part of Miura Peninsula, showing Tsurugizaki and Jogashima G Jogashima H close-up view of collection sites of Jogashima I close-up view of Tsurugizaki. Key: ○: paleo-aggregation, ● (red): current distribution. Arrow in H indicates (A) in Fig. 3; P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in I indicates site of (I) and (J) in Fig. 3." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682366" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1B</figureCitation>
), 
<location id="36B351C664EDB1793055A4B4F37F08BE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D33580A04765755AEB2EDF5D93B9C26:36B351C664EDB1793055A4B4F37F08BE" country="Japan" county="Omaezaki" latitude="34.59486" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="138.22556" municipality="Fig." name="Todai-shita" stateProvince="Shizuoka">Todai-shita</location>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="52B61C1A93952B241E7CE53817A66BEE" degrees="34.594861" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="34.59486">34.594861°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="E8FB8640E16ADA0DE7C9586BD067E504" degrees="138.225556" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="138.22556">138.225556°E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectingDate id="C19D53BD919130ACF236CAFBD7349965" value="2020-08-04">4 August 2020</collectingDate>
; 
<collectorName id="FF75401EFD65C86C8ECD0226CEF04F22">Tanaka, K.</collectorName>
leg.; intertidal rocky shore, collected by hand; 
<collectorName id="AC11D73924DCC96B6E9AA441991A7754">GenBank</collectorName>
: 
<accessionNumber id="C19DB1654DB78629F62DC51DCFBAE590" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/LC661627">LC661627</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="38BED2F347F3FF9DF6046E533AC3243D" isEnumeration="true">LC661629, LC661641</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="6479DF48C9BAC9B9B7549CDF36C75C01" isEnumeration="true">LC661643, LC661655</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="56ED3F9572AEC54B1BA2BB9B77E88869" isEnumeration="true">LC661657, LC661669</accessionNumber>
- 
<accessionNumber id="CE2FE40245D0EE1511F6C384111D7071" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/LC661671">LC661671</accessionNumber>
; CBM-ZW 1132 to 1134, all hologenophores
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5234FEE36A84CE9285EE765D99F1A2A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph id="91B981C1E029A0542DF80AAD5A0AB27D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Non-type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ECD202EFF1BA8AA324CC337A4793801E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Japan • 10 specimens; Sagami Bay, Hayama, Chojagasaki; 
<geoCoordinate id="F161CC77FF694CEE0680324028E526F8" degrees="35.253254" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.253254">35.253254°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C8EA6605B336548AFD45133770CB92F7" degrees="139.578030" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="139.57803">139.578030°E</geoCoordinate>
; 8 June 2020; Nishi, E. leg.; intertidal rocky shore, on vertical rocks (see Figs 
<figureCitation id="A477EAA3BBBB811CAEFF156458AFA7F9" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of collection sites A Japan and adjacent seas B Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, and Pacific side of Honshu, and collection sites on Miura Peninsula and Yokohama C collection sites of Miura Peninsula and Yokohama D Wakaejima, Kamakura, type locality of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. E Hayama F Western part of Miura Peninsula, showing Tsurugizaki and Jogashima G Jogashima H close-up view of collection sites of Jogashima I close-up view of Tsurugizaki. Key: ○: paleo-aggregation, ● (red): current distribution. Arrow in H indicates (A) in Fig. 3; P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in I indicates site of (I) and (J) in Fig. 3." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682366" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CE8422B8E7733371C3B3F17E4158BDA1" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2C, D</figureCitation>
); CMNH-ZW 2273, paragenophores • a single specimen; same collection data as above; CMNH-ZW 2274, paragenophore • a single specimen; same collection data as for paratype from Omaezaki CBM-ZW 1132; CMNH-ZW 2275, paragenophore • a single specimen; same collection data as for paratype from Omaezaki CBM-ZW 1132; MSM-INV-21-1, paragenophore • a single specimen; same collection data as for holotype; CMNH-ZW2276, paragenophore • a single specimen; same collection data as for holotype; CMNH-ZW2277, paragenophore • a colony of worms with tubes; same collection data as for paratype CBM-ZW 1135-1140; MSM-INV-21-2, paragenophore • 3 specimens with tubes; Ogasawara, Chichijima Island, Sakaiura; 
<geoCoordinate id="D8D25DB19A59C053589C4CC65591253A" degrees="27.082548" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="27.082548">27.082548°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="9D61BE3213A082BAE1608B9764A413FC" degrees="142.207746" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="142.20775">142.207746°E</geoCoordinate>
; 28 June 1995; Nishi, E. leg.; intertidal rocky shore, by hand; CMNH-ZW 2278, syngenophores.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="786F8893EBB1761AD13B7BD7F9E8A02D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="4CE61129C9540A3A3A137003E7A58C8D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="26093CF2C91B6D4257848D0D1F72786F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="56D4E302C6330224B49FA680BD61D313" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tubes</emphasis>
white, blue, or purple, inside and outside (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="0D64035B0E63065727D5D287420A0B1C" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2D, E, G, H, J, K-Q</figureCitation>
). Tube (sub)triangular in cross-section, with flattened or pointed median sharp keel (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="EB2982C7410268036A1F3CDCC726D37B" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2E, H, K-N, P</figureCitation>
), laterally with a row of transverse ridges (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="B8809B8D7FD2D3796447C74425FA9394" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2K, L, P, Q</figureCitation>
) and a row of pits below sharp keel (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="0A854DEC990BF538A07ADE7CBAF375DB" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2Q</figureCitation>
). Internal diameter (minimum, mean, maximum) in adults (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="230D3E3B597F7B0448DC912B7499E749" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2Q, R, T, U</figureCitation>
) 1.0, 1.45, 2.1 mm (SD 1.34, 
<emphasis id="65588D30ADADBE0FF0ACB2E8AF52027C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 10 for Kamakura specimens). Outer tube diameter 2.2 to 3.0 mm. A blunt flap over tube mouth (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A010DDEF98E2E063D7A1BAA974FCC8FF" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2E, M</figureCitation>
) for 1.5 to 2.8 mm, 1.2 to 2.5 mm wide, in Kamakura and Hayama specimens (see Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A94727D9154F405CE6F198EA46DC289F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2B, D</figureCitation>
). A sharp flap over tube mouth in Sagami Bay and Yokohama specimens (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="D882F067B11AED486A9863BC2D93D704" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2G, H</figureCitation>
L, P). Juvenile tube with an undeveloped keel (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A2290F8F65D7587674E9618FC8186200" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2K</figureCitation>
). Posterior tabulae rarely found (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="F6D52F77B8F7D652ED70AD6F77F36F4A" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2O</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="0533A89D6CDA08EF413A3A36D1B00D05" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="1049CE74AD05A35887AD69F3962C0A8C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D3DA146BE312EE89925B8273751E1E21" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of 
<taxonomicName id="22A3547394B1AEC71215443FA6AF2552" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="936F0C32A1639B872F0EC437574588CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis id="CCA0E2F24617BFE585D595A822A68A20" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
Wakaejima, Kamakura 
<emphasis id="563F47B42AF4A4C6E97462E8BE694E12" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C-E</emphasis>
Hayama, Sagami Bay 
<emphasis id="58CBBCCA10919078063C169D1F782C33" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, G</emphasis>
Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula 
<emphasis id="A8572F0F93BCC6C5D9C23E093C60996B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H-J</emphasis>
Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (
<emphasis id="390E3A4C5B7BBEC7ED8B5D922299A732" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3-5 cm (
<emphasis id="E2EEB485A7A163001A9EFEE2B24E5E96" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H, J</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="5E33F76C080CE5BF6E012D2D25C796A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K-O</emphasis>
tubes of Kamakura population 
<emphasis id="6FC3AE828DDBA90C100FCC39317528B1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P, Q</emphasis>
Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (
<emphasis id="1C137E9BD94591CBA3CA69096EE58116" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K, L, M, N, O, P</emphasis>
), 2 mm (
<emphasis id="3E6AF1E15FDEBDC84EA25D581203EF7C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="116FB172286BFCDB7C4A61339D71C5CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="0D633C49029F9D627D93F06567F44931" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Operculum</emphasis>
with inversely conical to shallow ampulla, covered with calcareous endplate (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="6563B6B41F35CC225A6FB712B88E136F" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4A-D, F, G</figureCitation>
) 1.4 mm in diameter (holotype), 1.0-1.5 mm in paratypes, without spines or ornamentations, and usually covered with filamentous algae and bryozoans (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="E64A6ED61AA5E450F2C9BC21E53D7BDC" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4C, D, G</figureCitation>
). Dissected endplate circular in top view, lower part covered with blue membrane (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="3BD66114B7C30EFC23201AB73D6C5C1C" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4H</figureCitation>
), bowl-like in lateral view (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="FA776F76019CBA0AC2EEED33C1E3CC5E" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4I</figureCitation>
). Talon absent (e.g., Fig. 
<figureCitation id="718CF81F15B9A4DDEB7F78D3421A9354" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A, E</figureCitation>
), slight rounded swellings without bulges or protuberances on underside of calcareous endplates present in some worms (Figs 
<figureCitation id="4A1F47BCCA07A2577669686879466B85" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4H, I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="A2A226430E71B9C5A34538E6694D4F58" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5B, C, D, F-H</figureCitation>
). In dissected endplate rounded swelling length 0.38-0.55 mm (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="251AEDABEBD4114A70E841AF14CC0D74" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5B-D, F-H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC9E10B5DB150C9FD1815CBEE6A92B7F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="9E1AF5F6F086D32DA441D518AAF82952" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peduncle</emphasis>
broad, triangular in cross-section, with simple (unbranched) distal lateral wings (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="B96E372C767F9D5BC16BF8915C6FADA2" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4D, F, G</figureCitation>
) and middle lateral constrictions (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="D067B0C206AE94FB6505DCB939D349E2" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4F, G</figureCitation>
, arrowed), rarely branched (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="1E85CB85D81ED869E3775283DE0DBE23" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4E</figureCitation>
); ventrally with two lateral dark bands on white background (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="3E092A64F4E8F65C745057CC77B4A10E" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4A</figureCitation>
); lateral wings with alternating pale and dark bands (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="6119625313AE7C8D196ED658FD18E42E" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4D, F</figureCitation>
); inserted at base of radiolar crown left of median line (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="63D61789DCB9AC818B227DCA4F7FCD42" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4D, F, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3715121CD12C194B742FA7E0CA805A9F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A4FE158A90571FD1D623747FC5994568" genus="Radioles" lsidName="Radioles" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A8FF066FE3A29391CD9009AAAA753B1F" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Radioles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
arranged in two semicircles (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="ED1AE19455FCA2E0F3717A798787CD11" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4C, G, J</figureCitation>
). In type specimens, 17 pairs of radioles in holotype, 13-19 pairs in paratypes. In holotype, radioles 1.6-1.8 mm long, distal tip (without pinnules) 0.3 mm, interradiolar membrane extending 1/2 of radioles (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="CCF91619A6D25C6C2ACE77204FCB93C5" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4G, H, I</figureCitation>
). Radiolar eyes 3 or 4 pairs above interradiolar membrane (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="902557C19AAC8BAC4330224B32D43452" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4H, I, K</figureCitation>
). Mouth palps present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C1370BAD120E0042CC129A8003A84FC2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="356BBD16B659DA33EFB7A7F4C21285C0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="44C71A8E706FF702B1574C0EF0FC7D80" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Collar and thoracic membranes</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Collar trilobed, with extensive ventral lobe covering almost entire crown (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="13CF7BE8A6FE400614F8EBEB7A5BD067" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4A-C</figureCitation>
), wide gap between right and left dorso-lateral lobes (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="E3D5421629A1C20B2CA8F954FD78ED98" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4D</figureCitation>
). Tonguelets folded, leaf-like. Thoracic membranes forming ventral apron across anterior abdominal segment (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="362788787726A68E11E747B2817701E9" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DAE4D5CBE931F3005888D020B742BDC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="C1C36DBA93C9141A4B5DE8C88493C7A5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax</emphasis>
with six thoracic uncinigerous segments, juveniles with collar chaetae and adults without. Length 2.0 mm in holotype, 1.6-2.5 in paratypes, width 1.0 mm in holotype, 0.7-1.2 in paratypes. Collar chaetae in juveniles simple limbate and with numerous hairlike processes at the base of distal limbate part (
<taxonomicName id="B55E130B52F264791312EB38EFEDBEF0" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="342D533E8E7828A6A5691305BC8B3FDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
chaetae). 
<taxonomicName id="999287B1C6A1E26F04B7ABDEB9CE542B" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1844" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Apomatus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apomatus" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="32940467293D21178912A01D0AAEC743" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Apomatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
chaetae absent. Thoracic chaetae limbate (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="D5481DE1227DAC1EB070627BB40B6FCD" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5I</figureCitation>
). Uncini saw-shaped with 9-11 teeth (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="D902899CF3BFE1B11FE4200D3B2A10F4" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5J</figureCitation>
). Ventral ends of thoracic uncinigerous tori widely separated anteriorly, gradually approaching one another toward the end of thorax, thus leaving a triangular depression (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="9728AEA063D095AF89839AAE34AA5F64" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="21713C8893724FC4AF41E82D7ECBD886" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="FE207F04B16765805BCF93EBC8ABBD79" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Abdomen</emphasis>
with 46 chaetigers in holotype, 34 to 60 chaetigers in paratypes. Length 3.6 mm in holotype, 3.0-4.0 mm in paratypes. Two or three achaetous segments in anteriormost abdomen (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="530C3C229EA7D391D9E5E547A7A844B9" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4B, C</figureCitation>
). Uncini saw-shaped with 9-11 teeth (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="123513BE72CACD97DADA0EA32C1CF2FA" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5L</figureCitation>
), incidentally with two teeth above blunt, clearly gouged underneath peg (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="D4E8ACF2900568A49F81AF8FB3302D38" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5J</figureCitation>
). Abdominal chaetae true trumpet-shaped, abruptly bent distally, with two rows of denticles separated by a hollow groove and forming long lateral spine (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="628450765A9A28B83CBB546DBFEFC332" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5K</figureCitation>
). Chaetae becoming increasingly longer posteriorly, but posterior capillary chaetae absent. Posterior glandular pad absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="242CE55673D6BD371283BEC13BAFA1B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5316D3ADDB81C8CC87873D0C1D37B0EE" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour</emphasis>
oblique lateral stripes of alternating white and gray colors sometimes appearing in opercular peduncles of live specimens (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="C75B356A777DA4E1CCC689A80DDD354B" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4A, D, F, G</figureCitation>
), these stripes fading in preserved worms. In radiolar crown of worms in Kamakura, Hayama, and Miura Peninsula, the third or fourth of each radiole on dorsal side yellow, particularly above inter-radiolar membrane (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="5AD4FF2948B6754C4DBCD058DC3886FF" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4A-D, G</figureCitation>
), whereas some worms lack this yellow coloration. Ventrally, some radioles yellow, but others brown to black, or reddish (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="CC81D840D5369B9D1009DBAF602C4AEB" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4F</figureCitation>
). Radiolar eyes dark brown, pale brown, or dark red (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="C9BB783467B0FF710B3E5B633DDCEE70" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4C, D, F, G</figureCitation>
). Males with creamy white abdomens filled with sperm, females with orange to pale orange abdomens when filled with eggs (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="0763FA3464495E33FDD9F40C09A88227" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4B, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16386616E4E1C29407CE9B52F08F71E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="paleo (sub-fossil) and recent tube aggregations">
<paragraph id="C8370B48007A53AA6F936E3EE1F0CDCB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paleo (sub-fossil) and Recent tube aggregations.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54CEA8AD699A838792136AD68A27974A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Aggregations of 
<taxonomicName id="A6FA6EE640CC6380E00873DE3A060737" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="98E3FAAAF0AA0D5EE13BB85C22B83155" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. were common on vertical natural rocks in Hayama (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="4AFE026BA4E1A299AA2653D5BA6D6984" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2C, D</figureCitation>
) from -10 to +15 cm from MSL, while solitary live worms were also found at -100 to +65 cm from MSL. In Kamakura and Tsurugizaki aggregations were abundant on and below natural rocks and in rock pools (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="FEBA6075A96592C136EA94F957350EE2" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2A, B, F, G</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="413282C92F5415CE68F015DEEB9472D9" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="7BD83C900EC432E72A5E7EB8FA1101F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is highly gregarious, sometimes with a density of more than 100 specimens per cm2 (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="46F56004FF481DBE6F0A8841A51FEE14" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2C, D, G</figureCitation>
), and the animals form an intertidal belt on concrete blocks and wall steps, extending horizontally for 10 m along the coast of Yokohama (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="592C04BA808524A49EC8FE3E422DA27F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2H-J</figureCitation>
). At one site in the intertidal of Jogashima, both Recent and sub-fossil tube aggregations were observed within an area of 2 m2 (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A6BB2948E1EF16828FC8186CBC1F8EE0" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3A, D</figureCitation>
). Recent tubes in densities ranging from 1 to&gt; 100 per 102 were found at -110 to +60 cm from MSL, and dense aggregations (&gt; 10 tubes/10 cm2) extending horizontally for ~ 1 m were found at -10 to +20 cm from MSL (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="E6D26D26A33B66A268C1450E6FBFF1D2" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3D, H</figureCitation>
). Small patchy paleo-aggregations were found on vertical rock walls and in tide pools (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="EF54575E950DF1BFC76B243768525BAF" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3A, B, E-G</figureCitation>
). The sub-fossil tubes of bluish color were entangled (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="D542B25F4E5837BB137F1BF07C88F7CF" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3F, G</figureCitation>
) and their keels, transversal ridges, and pits, were preserved (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="93A37423816C480654F0E322569CEE04" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3E-G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DC236F0E471CDADC5F35F0527B43E170" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="2128962C5B0A44FE7043DCEF9DA473E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="DB91D5988FE3470BD70F623C263F2139" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Paleo-aggregations of 
<taxonomicName id="B08C763B06DD854596DFA5ED8DC47446" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="034893CC4DBC94E7D15B1A73EFB11FF8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. Jogashima (
<emphasis id="FC874A705C600EB1FCBED984B357A1B0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-H</emphasis>
), and Tsurugizaki (
<emphasis id="FB9AEBE84EF546F07E9CF23F706D0D06" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I-L</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="12D248EC915B44A2BBEC910DE1FF25F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
close-up view of P2 of J 
<emphasis id="8538F25B0C4D103BB7737769B9352803" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
close-up of P3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P1-3) and current distribution (C1) in 
<emphasis id="71DA2C100289AD5F733B8AC21C60C0E9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B825DF63FEA5461E60B47F34EF8DB67A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
are corresponding to P1-P3 and C1 in Fig. 
<figureCitation id="B2795BBF5344A414549A7CAFB9AD37D2" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of collection sites A Japan and adjacent seas B Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, and Pacific side of Honshu, and collection sites on Miura Peninsula and Yokohama C collection sites of Miura Peninsula and Yokohama D Wakaejima, Kamakura, type locality of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. E Hayama F Western part of Miura Peninsula, showing Tsurugizaki and Jogashima G Jogashima H close-up view of collection sites of Jogashima I close-up view of Tsurugizaki. Key: ○: paleo-aggregation, ● (red): current distribution. Arrow in H indicates (A) in Fig. 3; P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in I indicates site of (I) and (J) in Fig. 3." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682366" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1I</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="ACA2C906BA76D2AC0B50F885956FC29F" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="5CD7287781798740E705EF9F9DDA54C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B5C07B3E7AECB72EB6BD381434E809FC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Type and non-type specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="5C52DED26C294BEF7D4188DE952199B8" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="B8B0A532EFA1FCD9A00607C0CACF74E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis id="77CC8886593E75B6A9BC6F57078AE053" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-E, H, I</emphasis>
Kamakura specimens 
<emphasis id="3110BCA9B731A8E253E5EA7E143187FE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
Hayama specimens 
<emphasis id="494BC215D4FB53B7CC71C54E7A2EA340" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
mature female specimen 
<emphasis id="CD7335C30832160168C580E4610790BD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) 
<emphasis id="DA2092F85537C9DD51489366F2287CE3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, F, G</emphasis>
dorsal view 
<emphasis id="8D7208DE9B6E543D4AD7B666097E8CC9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, E</emphasis>
lateral view 
<emphasis id="AC076929DB800F8D6172CC45590F084E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
bilobed wing tip (arrows) 
<emphasis id="DC527242B4F62BD00236053B589E01F3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, G</emphasis>
operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) 
<emphasis id="BACBC5C1C9CEB7BD25A49EE2BF90971A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H, I</emphasis>
dissected endplate 
<emphasis id="10DE72382FE726BE66C9536D147FC7A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
lower view, covered with a blue membrane 
<emphasis id="2782158779580FD446C84FE4134B1004" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (
<emphasis id="85DF434C260E91BA67D2530C478F658B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
); 2 mm (
<emphasis id="6B7E091E824B40D83DA168E33EC0F012" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D, F, G</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis id="FCC720AA0EE3C3D28CE990BF226AE188" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, H, I</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3F8BADAFD2DBE5DBF57391C14345C54E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph id="67F19DDD914C4BD516667E90604D1736" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E746484BE7D03A928D4F0EC205494978" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (
<emphasis id="36B98F909004B2A65B86A23CEFED653E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-H</emphasis>
) and chaetae (
<emphasis id="652DF139E44E1D84A9163764962B8DA2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I-M</emphasis>
) of 
<taxonomicName id="325BB68A2F38B005386B474460C7D277" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="E8BF0A280D06E8F4DF49350A0F5FB135" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis id="706E7D1D4A1B31036608EEBD26ED4916" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
ventral view of endplate 
<emphasis id="66E3BD237BEC94D261C4EEB38D5EF5AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-H</emphasis>
lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), 
<emphasis id="8699D9C9F9A2C262E824620B172AD5AB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="425B5140DD374608F777EE454B1ED755" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up 
<emphasis id="079A776842228CD0681039BCEAA70758" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
thoracic uncini 
<emphasis id="EEC1126877C048F1F7AB4C03B12E0827" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae 
<emphasis id="E470F73F75157404B46E2D190D24681D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (
<emphasis id="C5C4988DFFFEE005982257C70C9686A2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-H</emphasis>
); 0.01 mm (
<emphasis id="60E3C01263389884CF96FDD6742ACCA5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I-L</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6A5E79B2DFCF6D88FD578EF81CD45939" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Both Recent and sub-fossil tube aggregations were also found in Tsurugizaki. The paleo-aggregations (P1 of Fig. 
<figureCitation id="3F358CEE3FCCE1F7C21E6D8E41AAE736" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3I</figureCitation>
, Fig. 
<figureCitation id="BA7FC02711475FA2F8A43E9B5CA49D1B" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of collection sites A Japan and adjacent seas B Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, and Pacific side of Honshu, and collection sites on Miura Peninsula and Yokohama C collection sites of Miura Peninsula and Yokohama D Wakaejima, Kamakura, type locality of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. E Hayama F Western part of Miura Peninsula, showing Tsurugizaki and Jogashima G Jogashima H close-up view of collection sites of Jogashima I close-up view of Tsurugizaki. Key: ○: paleo-aggregation, ● (red): current distribution. Arrow in H indicates (A) in Fig. 3; P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in I indicates site of (I) and (J) in Fig. 3." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682366" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1I</figureCitation>
, north-eastern one) were 25-30 m away in horizontal distance from the Recent aggregations (C1 of Fig. 
<figureCitation id="7D0A871A1A2C03385DD1CCA68E2FAC9C" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3I</figureCitation>
). In P2 and P3 of Fig. 
<figureCitation id="C471AC6A86508AB7D154074350DF238C" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3J</figureCitation>
, numerous aggregations of fossilized tubes were also found in a marine cave (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="5681FC292AB7F134F628439067AA1420" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3K, L</figureCitation>
) 12-15 m away in horizontal distance from the recent aggregation (Figs 
<figureCitation id="14E8F3ADFA1C0B00BDAA83E88A6F46B4" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of collection sites A Japan and adjacent seas B Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, and Pacific side of Honshu, and collection sites on Miura Peninsula and Yokohama C collection sites of Miura Peninsula and Yokohama D Wakaejima, Kamakura, type locality of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. E Hayama F Western part of Miura Peninsula, showing Tsurugizaki and Jogashima G Jogashima H close-up view of collection sites of Jogashima I close-up view of Tsurugizaki. Key: ○: paleo-aggregation, ● (red): current distribution. Arrow in H indicates (A) in Fig. 3; P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in I indicates site of (I) and (J) in Fig. 3." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682366" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="84820133701405865321377851C7FB81" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3J</figureCitation>
). In P2 and P3, sub-fossil tubes were well preserved (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="F2CCEC0449730670F0E794A4484EDF00" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3K</figureCitation>
). Particularly in P2, these aggregations were separated into two layers, and upper one found at +150 to +210 cm and the lower one approximately +70 to +100 cm from MSL.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EB42943559BD45DE63A26B4AD4E537E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="5DB7572EAECBE7D463310E52E6A981F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2DF60C8A7CED891F743ABE2AE8941CF3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Intertidal rocky shore of Kamakura, Sagami Bay, Honshu, Japan.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E424BD097F3CEC43B880D010880573A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="DCC2EB9590D67354EF6AA84746AD02AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A65086A845421BC0EB727FA5A589F374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The specific epithet refers to Akitsushima, another name of Japan in the Nara era, ~ 1,300 years ago, as appeared in Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) and Nihon Shoki (The Chronicle of Japan).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31D35E842F328158EC4FD710F402939B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic remarks">
<paragraph id="1ADA4B0E56590635A11D6DCF734DCDA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="92B5024316249D4910D289D88B9AEBCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4AD5BA83E873F4C08C3B8FD11985D1DF" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="6A06FE8D4069DDA14ACC637045C65A32" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is superficially similar to both 
<taxonomicName id="438DB1A66EF637B0E6AB474E33CF4B93" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. kraussii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="DC6CED46907A77E010AD56ABFC8E2523" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from South Africa and 
<taxonomicName id="90EE6B8DB44AD7DDC9480082A90B48AD" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. sinuspersicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sinuspersicus">
<emphasis id="2497EDB1C860DBCACD7EA857A682A995" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sinuspersicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Pazoki, Rahimian, Struck, Katouzian &amp; Kupriyanova, 2020 from the Persian Gulf. 
<bibRefCitation id="05712AA8080945DAB58BF320BDB17AA6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" author="Pazoki, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="401 - 430" refId="B57" refString="Pazoki, S, Rahimian, H, Struck, TH, Katouzian, AR, Kupriyanova, EK, 2020. A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii -complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Zootaxa 4748 (3): 401 - 430, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" title="A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" volume="4748" year="2020">Pazoki et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
compared 
<taxonomicName id="ABF47916D9244B3D5C9AB9C11BA92010" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. sinuspersicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sinuspersicus">
<emphasis id="F9D5F81AF0E6B8ED92E2CE646618F8F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sinuspersicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8B35A4254469F13639FE7344A8A8EDFF" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. kraussii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="CB95AA3094C0E202E698D8C9FEC248B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in body length, number of abdominal chaetigers, endplate morphology (shape of talon), peduncular wing morphologies and site of peduncular origin, chaetal distribution pattern, and uncinal teeth distributional pattern (rasp- or saw-shaped). The new Japanese species can also be distinguished by endplate morphology, site of origin of peduncle, and uncinal teeth distributional pattern (Table 
<tableCitation id="1B7FFB7C8CE97C563C047A4672FBF673" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Comparison of formally described taxa from the Spirobranchus kraussii complex. Sizes are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E53F0D9F7629F6D514BEA88AE8950C09" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="E53F0D9F7629F6D514BEA88AE8950C09">3</tableCitation>
). We also compared our new species to two recently described South Asian species, 
<taxonomicName id="1DFD9C3A80C2A0AD4B3DE6AB874F8FE6" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. bakau" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bakau">
<emphasis id="DD8C54BBF4F972C95B6D8C2FE3987BDC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sivenanthan, Shantti, Kupriyanova, Quek, Yap &amp; Teo, 2021 and 
<taxonomicName id="3EF96205EACB022D002F884057457568" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. manilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="manilensis">
<emphasis id="E132AC2902141A17BD74E7D625C7D527" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. manilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sivenanthan, Shantti, Kupriyanova, Quek, Yap &amp; Teo, 2021 in Table 
<tableCitation id="925B56E4D6751A45F87E99EDFEB14D11" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Comparison of formally described taxa from the Spirobranchus kraussii complex. Sizes are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E53F0D9F7629F6D514BEA88AE8950C09" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="E53F0D9F7629F6D514BEA88AE8950C09">3</tableCitation>
; the authority of 
<taxonomicName id="DB0CBD717B125B8CF61EB8117ED82CAD" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. manilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="manilensis">
<emphasis id="874FE531305FF34B4F30B89C9E819B47" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. manilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was clarified in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF1AEDA772B54FAAE4809338B5DB080F" author="Read, G" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1541621" refId="B64" refString="Read, G, Fauchald, K [Ed.], 2021. World Polychaeta Database. Spirobranchus manilensis Sivananthan, Shantti, Kupriyanova, Quek, Yap &amp; Teo, 2021. http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1541621" title="World Polychaeta Database. Spirobranchus manilensis Sivananthan, Shantti, Kupriyanova, Quek, Yap &amp; Teo, 2021." url="http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1541621" year="2021">Read and Fauchald (2021)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E53F0D9F7629F6D514BEA88AE8950C09" ID-Table-UUID="E53F0D9F7629F6D514BEA88AE8950C09" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E53F0D9F7629F6D514BEA88AE8950C09" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Table 3" startId="T3">
<paragraph id="83093DFCE600F01040C9D0FE9572E607" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6FC0B6C409887AD0B22FCE078F859A96" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 3.</emphasis>
Comparison of formally described taxa from the 
<taxonomicName id="C520AEEE04A1488590730FB0779B77BF" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus kraussii" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="A645325D2D3614F6C078CA27DBB30285" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex. Sizes are in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CD8C1E9A7E93DEEC372F3D77B4B3FCD7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<table id="0527F1332BCA0E80B96EBEF979EF276C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<tr id="2C33D5F6052A2FF8CA2DD615C3039C84" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<th id="7C90603906DFD4740D2AEB93B18200CF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Characters</th>
<th id="D659AA42CB827AAB272921079544D874" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="EAFA78346A999E83415991145E23BC70" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. kraussii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="5886DCFF5F5BD8282470EFC8D316B5B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="0CA4E0DDA508810E809FAE68893BB702" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E1E0BC6D0B1E3B0092109AF77A915314" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. sinuspersicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sinuspersicus">
<emphasis id="9881B0B7769FC1F9A2B156798FB9AA68" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sinuspersicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="75063E1B383A578DE560DC71A3F791DF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="EBB703A69C8BA0C5AC25B776BF3FBA48" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. lirianeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lirianeae">
<emphasis id="06247DE843123539941482593DAE86C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lirianeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="B5257E11F92C5E8F9FE4C07E20C9EE3C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="5C654B2F53D4988C0D1394FEDB953F22" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. bakau" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bakau">
<emphasis id="EF78EF2E77EBA40C5A8B29EE2B50EEA1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9AF654C553315332C49912BBD1E8EA23" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="3F20F0A702F93A74B0641D3FFA913B15" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. manilensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="manilensis">
<emphasis id="B87D3FE9C9E9F36385A0F4534CDF04D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. manilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="A7CC93AF171FC55800CB674EA12639FF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="33F961640BC5EB776C7B8CF6F7389D34" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. akitsushima" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="F2D31CB8C4828D394A0D0D6FF7B32C1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="7201C5D4AD112D1A13FDD497AF1EEA7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="2D042EA9BA4621A23C874A75242BF04A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="2F7158D950B4E353C877B375FF4C2D0F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Total body length</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="5292DBC0A2A853AF7BF37E5D40C6D097" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">31 in adults, 9.6-11.7 in juveniles</td>
<td id="D78C2CE3FD34440808B844A153364351" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">15 in adults, 2.5-3.5 in juveniles</td>
<td id="2F2EF957C094230323E5110B22CDF6BF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">5 in adults</td>
<td id="49D0492ACF90DD4FA221FE6AD4985E17" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3-14 in adults</td>
<td id="F28CCF5833466CBEC7F1F6E016C8ADA8" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">8-18 in adults</td>
<td id="1860D70C41E2E9740F6E0EB4683B9BA0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">5-12 in adults, 2-4 in juveniles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EEFAD533103810EADFCEAFD582C14130" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="803EC397573B1ED9165F8D5648CB6736" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="9ED5111A3FCA8467CBE020AB348EFDEF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">No. of abdominal chaetigers</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="293D20B8B85482207466445D4BC83B4E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">70+10</td>
<td id="343A076A113BE99253365A8108A6DFFC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">41+6</td>
<td id="02A277189E1153993F3A4F337D866F2C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">~46</td>
<td id="A7DA8B3002F9E8B5DFFFB1CC368DB9B1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">27-45</td>
<td id="D1807990A6DE70F1DE6811AB0146F910" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">38-41</td>
<td id="7C1800D67C43C139FF73C5B5CFD4DB78" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">30-60</td>
</tr>
<tr id="45C2CB4AF3D7C426C2D247F0625C4DDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="A945E3F2751F4C9CEA2858D83EAF859D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="AAEDC9832ACD98C141253055C36EC759" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Achaetous abdominal segments</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="6820A13C49A8EC2D19E81C6CD118AD1D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">anterior to middle segments</td>
<td id="899389EE3A17F0533446101398C739CE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">anterior 1-2 segments</td>
<td id="CF8515A535AA9A8931F2CECA9D8FDC82" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">at least first one</td>
<td id="CE7B7EC4FB3E2F314CA793DBDABCA254" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">anterior 1-3 segments</td>
<td id="7A4B4391359499DFBEB14E5B4E6839BB" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">anterior 1-3 segments</td>
<td id="4C7F716C1177BA8231A0CD5DDD251687" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">anterior 2-3 segments</td>
</tr>
<tr id="AA5D0F3D49C377F591E681E9A0AFF9FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="AE1AC4D2A0F7607BD9B1CEA638EC5ECC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="9E05133B591960F6C04A3752A3A1CCAD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peduncular lateral wings</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="2BB03057BC15A3F8BEBC246A74AFE415" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Y-shaped appearance</td>
<td id="0C69DE212FECF9FA859F59A605B70637" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">V-shaped appearance</td>
<td id="9B826473A3454444D332B02D5975DA28" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">? V-shaped appearance</td>
<td id="FE3D2A51584B3C6194391F9EFC43940A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">? V-shaped appearance</td>
<td id="B05D49EC34E29A305D35A3542078CF73" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">? V-shaped appearance</td>
<td id="77ABE0EBC8940AE194F9138392A90281" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Y- or V-shaped</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7BF9CCBC29D2A36E1CAC9C16E7020B55" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="A86AF8E1A55D7968DCBB156C6E241DD6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="8A0E6395FBF8D528614E2554156063FE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peduncular wing origin</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="9712832D93B600B59C3BB8EF5322F71B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Dorso-left of radiolar lobes</td>
<td id="291EC50E93800EE9F59D1A56A5E974BD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Dorso-central of radiolar lobes</td>
<td id="7C98753058B816BE0F6C9F29F9335635" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Slightly left to mid-dorsal line</td>
<td id="B5EC7B6E17F946B803D9AF6679155DE8" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">left to near medial line</td>
<td id="4509022FC370E4D67141AE2FFA8EE1DC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">left to near medial line</td>
<td id="FEB4481D8246C78859E8205623AD7736" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Dorso-left of radiolar lobes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EA7194F91E161495B8F046E5EC29869D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="130887C0CC651AE1B12845E8E4099DAA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="9EFCBAB2A39EEC8A65A3DA38EB64E5E5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peduncular wing tips</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="156D07EEDC06F6D0DF449314AB6D05F7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">smooth and pointed</td>
<td id="FB468FB6B69C35ADDDA07EB62E49D607" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">tapering, rarely fringed</td>
<td id="E3A5FF8D84F7C92014EF3B3E686BBC73" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">rounded</td>
<td id="A5E47FB5D676A29225E3679763623C53" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">tapering or with truncated</td>
<td id="AAB11AD94068B8CC8FA08243FF673B86" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">tapering</td>
<td id="291B69DB8FF5B168F7315E1AEE1BCA23" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">not fringed, rarely bilobed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BB83CC0775FC36C0633477749E25C19E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="EBD17A34E61E41B675959E524CC465F6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="3568518F73B576DB40919C6F57704FAE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Talon of endplate</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="82AE491CF06A56DC0F5FB855351F4988" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">oval, with ~ 10 small protrusions</td>
<td id="5B26231B71AE6A2D5E3438E033D37923" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">circular, with 2 or 3 small protrusions</td>
<td id="CE7411EAAB49C05C488856C934801DF9" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">extending into ampulla, basally ending in five rounded teeth</td>
<td id="A7C9B6183EB11388E7BA5C20246A6E6E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">peg-like structure extending into ampulla, terminally bifid or trifid</td>
<td id="9C8711AD37FEA0E477970BDAE08D9EE7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">extending into ampulla, with a series of tooth-like serrations along the edge</td>
<td id="F827CAEE72934F459954CDC384BEEB06" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">absent, no protrusions, or with a rounded swelling</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEAA5F1708CF0D1AB8F28595E5808D9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td id="5E1DB3D7437467596C386DFA18C2EFEF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="CEF9CC87B6863B339DA3CAA57F0FFD3B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thoracic uncini</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="727546605ACC0CA87902C6ECB3D673CC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">saw-shaped</td>
<td id="1504A53B7C4AFC445A99607228DA40E8" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">saw- and saw-to-rasp-shaped</td>
<td id="3A8E688A47478E9F7509CFDFF5E9716F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">saw-shaped</td>
<td id="413456A496C678647D517BA693760501" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">saw-to-rasp-shaped</td>
<td id="F6A76A90687C6A0E6FA72359CBABFDED" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td id="F35256DE03AC66836AFE9C192B0B5C56" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">saw-shaped</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6DF09E4F7178884BB47829129ECF4F3B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="414CD9495E8639112F1E351ABC7CCA61" author="Imajima, M" journalOrPublisher="Seibutsu Kenkyusha, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B27" refString="Imajima, M, 1996. Annelida, Polychaeta. Seibutsu Kenkyusha, Tokyo" title="Annelida, Polychaeta." year="1996">Imajima (1996</bibRefCitation>
: 342, fig. 280) had recorded Japanese 
<normalizedToken id="F61260A6902394C622DC7726A32F7D66" originalValue="“Yakko-kanzashi”">&quot;Yakko-kanzashi&quot;</normalizedToken>
as 
<taxonomicName id="B32D224FD7DCF8625E8543250632938B" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Sedentaria" family="Serpulidae" genus="Pomatoleios" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pomatoleios kraussii" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="8D40DD5ADF17C796F78CF4DB6368DC46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pomatoleios kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Baird, 1865)? [sic!] from around Honshu and to the south of it, with a note stating &quot;uncini shape might be different from the one of South Africa, and thus it might be a different species&quot;. This inference was also noted in 
<bibRefCitation id="16FCFCDE65C2261AC9C7FDB548CEC588" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4282/sosj.14.21" author="Imajima, M" journalOrPublisher="Sessile Organisms" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="21 - 29" refId="B28" refString="Imajima, M, 1997. On the polychaetes. Sessile Organisms 14: 21 - 29, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4282/sosj.14.21" title="On the polychaetes." url="https://doi.org/10.4282/sosj.14.21" volume="14" year="1997">Imajima (1997</bibRefCitation>
: 23-24). Detailed observations using SEM images of 
<taxonomicName id="95DF8E69EC784BA3085D4D1ED8DFCEC7" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. kraussii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="618087697C5132E44AA2A5F7F14C6107" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uncini and chaetae (
<bibRefCitation id="C715764FA3A61D15ACFEE3959466FED7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.05" author="Simon, CA" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Invasions" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="221 - 249" refId="B74" refString="Simon, CA, van Niekerk, HH, Burghardt, I, ten Hove, HA, Kupriyanova, EK, 2019. Not out of Africa: Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) is not a global fouling and invasive serpulid of Indo-Pacific origin. Aquatic Invasions 14 (2): 221 - 249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.05" title="Not out of Africa: Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) is not a global fouling and invasive serpulid of Indo-Pacific origin." url="https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.05" volume="14" year="2019">Simon et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
) and our new species of Japan (this study) have not shown any differences in morphology and number of teeth of uncini in thorax and abdomen. We distinguish the two species (South African and Japanese) based mainly on the results of genetical analysis and other morphological characters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA7B42E211BD83AE36A3EC9343A67BD9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="8DAE229A8039F819B4589E67D707BB30" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" author="Kobayashi, G" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Kobayashi, G, Goto, R, 2021. Molecular phylogenetic assessment of Spirobranchus kraussii- complex (Annelida: Serpulidae) from the Japanese Archipelago. PeerJ 9: e11746. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" title="Molecular phylogenetic assessment of Spirobranchus kraussii- complex (Annelida: Serpulidae) from the Japanese Archipelago. PeerJ 9: e 11746." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" year="2021">Kobayashi and Goto (2021)</bibRefCitation>
observed a flap-like structure over the tube mouth in their specimens collected from both Seto, Wakayama and Okinawa. This structure was also observed in the Sagami Bay population of the new species (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A4A69FDF5B69B608600AB18F635A526B" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2E, M</figureCitation>
). The ventral surface of the peduncle in Seto specimens has a dark coloration with dense pigmentation (
<bibRefCitation id="7E1C7736693B26990FA88B8D01E0A045" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" author="Kobayashi, G" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Kobayashi, G, Goto, R, 2021. Molecular phylogenetic assessment of Spirobranchus kraussii- complex (Annelida: Serpulidae) from the Japanese Archipelago. PeerJ 9: e11746. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" title="Molecular phylogenetic assessment of Spirobranchus kraussii- complex (Annelida: Serpulidae) from the Japanese Archipelago. PeerJ 9: e 11746." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" year="2021">Kobayashi and Goto 2021</bibRefCitation>
) as in ones of our new species from Sagami Bay and Omaezaki (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="E2BDFFBB36FBDF82D0FD6BD0355936BD" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4D, F, G</figureCitation>
). In their Okinawan specimens, the coloration of peduncles was whitish and never heavily pigmented, and lacked lateral banding in some worms (
<bibRefCitation id="BD26828E57FAF3B9BA72BDD739EF5B32" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" author="Kobayashi, G" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Kobayashi, G, Goto, R, 2021. Molecular phylogenetic assessment of Spirobranchus kraussii- complex (Annelida: Serpulidae) from the Japanese Archipelago. PeerJ 9: e11746. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" title="Molecular phylogenetic assessment of Spirobranchus kraussii- complex (Annelida: Serpulidae) from the Japanese Archipelago. PeerJ 9: e 11746." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11746" year="2021">Kobayashi and Goto 2021</bibRefCitation>
). As the coloration of Okinawan worms was observed for ethanol preserved specimens, further comparisons of fresh specimens are needed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="77C05A73424645AA14717C0B84B2FBA2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="739CAE079B742C79446BB5FABC807F26" authorityName="Brandao &amp; Brasil" authorityYear="2020" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus lirianeae" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lirianeae">
<emphasis id="94B5DB215FCCBB440A39D8D8D4A36C8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus lirianeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="2EA96039E9125A48BBD20D8E114C215C" originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
&amp; dos Santos Brasil, 2020, another species of the 
<taxonomicName id="06769C43728D78790EB81D632100647B" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. kraussii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="3C7C75A3F50907A6200005BAF35ABA8E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex from Brazilian waters, has a concave opercular endplate and its talon is with protuberances, while abdominal uncini have 13 or 14 teeth. The subtidal solitary species inhabits tubes with a single sharp longitudinal keel. In 
<taxonomicName id="ACD91759D5A9E7C474E042A9D990A6D0" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. akitsushima" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="07125FA7AA366EA1FB2D38A678AF0D7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. the tube has either a flattened projection of the tube keel (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="2FA7432BA1BC2FF884FA8A1E40825290" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2E, M</figureCitation>
) or sometimes a single sharp longitudinal keel (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="614CACA3AB05DBCBB67B34DCC63638D3" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2H, L, P</figureCitation>
), both appearing in the same aggregation. The Japanese new species, while highly gregarious and belt-forming (Figs 
<figureCitation id="72E5ECA54CCA5CB58058900F30701231" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2B, C, I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="48A28E1306E557272F25FCCC236213CE" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Paleo-aggregations of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. Jogashima (A-H), and Tsurugizaki (I-L) K close-up view of P 2 of J L close-up of P 3 of J. Paleo-aggregation (P 1 - 3) and current distribution (C 1) in I and J are corresponding to P 1 - P 3 and C 1 in Fig. 1 I." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3D, H</figureCitation>
), sometimes forms small aggregations and even solitary specimens have been observed. A similar range of appearances, solitary to highly gregarious, was noted and analyzed by 
<bibRefCitation id="7183B00501CCBFE35AD5A3989A25DFBD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00444" author="Smith, AM" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="97 - 103" refId="B76" refString="Smith, AM, Henderson, ZE, Kennedy, M, King, TM, Spencer, HG, 2012. Reef formation versus solitariness in two New Zealand serpulids does not involve cryptic species. Aquatic Biology 16 (1): 97 - 103, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00444" title="Reef formation versus solitariness in two New Zealand serpulids does not involve cryptic species." url="https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00444" volume="16" year="2012">Smith et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
for the New Zealand 
<taxonomicName id="10641D33AD5F1D4585E1705A87049F63" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. cariniferus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cariniferus">
<emphasis id="651994E9018FEB003E2B4AA12FBEA2BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cariniferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gray, 1843). We summarize the new species characters in Table 
<tableCitation id="4B19C86661C329A94EFF344E0C38C64B" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Comparison of formally described taxa from the Spirobranchus kraussii complex. Sizes are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E53F0D9F7629F6D514BEA88AE8950C09" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="E53F0D9F7629F6D514BEA88AE8950C09">3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B1201DCFB34D6BE1529C131DE432C91" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="90EC1DDCC9B9070C2F71916DB1B474F7" authorityName="Sivananthan, Shantti, Kupriyanova, Quek, Yap &amp; Teo" authorityYear="2021" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus bakau" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bakau">
<emphasis id="115A76E17D9AB80816EA49A0D58F651B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus bakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sivananthan, Shantti, Kupriyanova, Quek, Yap &amp; Teo, 2021, recently described from mangrove roots of the Singapore intertidal zone, has very characteristic tubes with wing-like keel structures and in some cases with lateral keels (
<bibRefCitation id="C01D2085B8281DF874AEE15536FCA14A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" author="Sivananthan, GD" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 65" refId="B75" refString="Sivananthan, GD, Shantti, P, Kupriyanova, EK, Quek, ZBR, Yap, NWL, Teo, SLM, 2021. Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii -complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Zootaxa 5040 (1): 33 - 65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" title="Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii - complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" volume="5040" year="2021">Sivananthan et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2). Adults of the Singaporean species have collar chaetae, which are limbate type only, no 
<taxonomicName id="9C8EC63B58EFE777CE050111D661BF5D" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A661348EAE336F23228C815E9984B6C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-type chaetae, while thoracic uncini are saw-to-rasp-shaped (
<bibRefCitation id="5855B74B8A3042CD9FA2C318C1FFF1A3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" author="Sivananthan, GD" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 65" refId="B75" refString="Sivananthan, GD, Shantti, P, Kupriyanova, EK, Quek, ZBR, Yap, NWL, Teo, SLM, 2021. Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii -complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Zootaxa 5040 (1): 33 - 65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" title="Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii - complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" volume="5040" year="2021">Sivananthan et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Its opercular talon is a peg-like structure extending downwards from endplate into the opercular ampulla, terminally bifid or trifid (
<bibRefCitation id="CD02E8898CA78DA5BFC1DD41CE60F89D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" author="Sivananthan, GD" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 65" refId="B75" refString="Sivananthan, GD, Shantti, P, Kupriyanova, EK, Quek, ZBR, Yap, NWL, Teo, SLM, 2021. Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii -complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Zootaxa 5040 (1): 33 - 65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" title="Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii - complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" volume="5040" year="2021">Sivananthan et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast, our new species has no wing-like keel structures or lateral keels in tubes, collar chaetae are absent in adults, uncini are saw-shaped, and there is no talon on the underside of the opercular endplate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C9030589E4801A7EB47C68F40C24955" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="37EF9200E27EE51339B589F5397EC3A1" authorityName="Sivananthan, Shantti, Kupriyanova, Quek, Yap &amp; Teo" authorityYear="2021" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus manilensis" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="manilensis">
<emphasis id="B688F1D9067DFF3CC4E02BE3E09CC76D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus manilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sivananthan, Shantti, Kupriyanova, Quek, Yap &amp; Teo, 2021 (non Pillai, 1965), originally described from Manila Bay, Philippines, has also characteristic tubes with white to pale brown color, with one to two keels; peduncle with peduncular wings ending in pointed tips; operculum with sub-triangular talon, extending downwards from endplate into tissue of opercular ampulla, with a series of tooth-like serrations along the edge (
<bibRefCitation id="2637112F403ED85EAB757BE5F41551E5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" author="Sivananthan, GD" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 65" refId="B75" refString="Sivananthan, GD, Shantti, P, Kupriyanova, EK, Quek, ZBR, Yap, NWL, Teo, SLM, 2021. Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii -complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Zootaxa 5040 (1): 33 - 65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" title="Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii - complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" volume="5040" year="2021">Sivananthan et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast to this South Asian species, our new Japanese species has a tube with blue coloration (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A3D3544BB51F5B3C1C8085A47FA6E85C" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2H, L-Q</figureCitation>
), a median keel (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="B987C56A8003F0FEE84C91D80CC3762D" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Field view of collection sites, aggregation, tubes of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A, B Wakaejima, Kamakura C-E Hayama, Sagami Bay F, G Tsurugizaki, Miura Peninsula H-J Nojima, Yokohama. Aggregation of Yokohama found on concrete wall (I), around mean-sea level, thickness ~ 3 - 5 cm (H, J) K-O tubes of Kamakura population P, Q Ogasawara specimens. Scale bars: 1 mm (K, L, M, N, O, P), 2 mm (Q)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2 L, M, P, Q</figureCitation>
), peduncular wings with rounded tips (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A3A7F6747E4FA147EA83815E68D9B0EC" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Type and non-type specimens of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-E, H, I Kamakura specimens F Hayama specimens B, C mature female specimen A ventral view, lateral band of peduncle (arrows) D, F, G dorsal view B, E lateral view E bilobed wing tip (arrows) F, G operculum in dorsal view, middle constriction (arrows) H, I dissected endplate H lower view, covered with a blue membrane I lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, achaetous chaetiger; ap, apron; c, collar; pd, peduncle; w, wing. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 2 mm (C, D, F, G); 0.5 mm (E, H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4F, G, E</figureCitation>
), and no talon on the underside of the opercular endplate (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="304E58882CB56794DD2F385D45FE6BA3" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron microscopy images of operculum (A-H) and chaetae (I-M) of Spirobranchus akitsushima sp. nov. A-D ventral view of endplate E-H lateral view. Note that some endplates are with a rounded swelling (sw), B-D. I thoracic capillary chaetae, scales are in close-up J thoracic uncini K abdominal true trumpet-shaped chaetae L abdominal uncini. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-H); 0.01 mm (I-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.79569.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A-H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A2F142FBFBD09F16639763005E5DE01" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="54E7601CD8A7BFDB716081E9ACAA3380" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="A3ACDF166DBA57231E2EAF02EACAFB42" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. has peduncles originating from the left side as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0101C5C4F1B5C373F0ADAA23104322" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. kraussii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="D790A81A473AC472B098F5D24E4E5F73" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A89DF7FD72AC7EE59C3032FC42D0517C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.05" author="Simon, CA" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Invasions" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="221 - 249" refId="B74" refString="Simon, CA, van Niekerk, HH, Burghardt, I, ten Hove, HA, Kupriyanova, EK, 2019. Not out of Africa: Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) is not a global fouling and invasive serpulid of Indo-Pacific origin. Aquatic Invasions 14 (2): 221 - 249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.05" title="Not out of Africa: Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) is not a global fouling and invasive serpulid of Indo-Pacific origin." url="https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.05" volume="14" year="2019">Simon et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
), in 
<taxonomicName id="362FD0CBB5A351648E4D92D70F51DBE5" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. lirianeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lirianeae">
<emphasis id="44A1D787CEB3BB66F3B2C7662552938C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lirianeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="961A85FA63AED35F5C4F13C9C340A27E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.51" author="Brandao, IC" journalOrPublisher="Victorian Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B9" refString="Brandao, IC, dos Santos Brasil, AC, 2020. On a new species of Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818 (Annelida: Serpulidae) and considerations on the genus along the Brazilian coast. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 60: e20206051. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.51" title="On a new species of Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818 (Annelida: Serpulidae) and considerations on the genus along the Brazilian coast. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 60: e 20206051." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.51" year="2020">
<normalizedToken id="D3F0C1F1F0FBA8BD03F988A9CDC32034" originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
and dos Santos Brasil 2020
</bibRefCitation>
), and in 
<taxonomicName id="904BFF47D3443E9E2647E3F434E24792" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. bakau" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bakau">
<emphasis id="5EFEACA80E67B1CB5C314A1BB10EA9EC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bakau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="1D52487CEDA74921BF5E0BCCBCEF0ACF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" author="Sivananthan, GD" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 65" refId="B75" refString="Sivananthan, GD, Shantti, P, Kupriyanova, EK, Quek, ZBR, Yap, NWL, Teo, SLM, 2021. Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii -complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Zootaxa 5040 (1): 33 - 65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" title="Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii - complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" volume="5040" year="2021">Sivananthan et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
); however, that of 
<taxonomicName id="967FF60C587764B6552A1B6F443F2149" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. sinuspersicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sinuspersicus">
<emphasis id="5A2F8FBB699E97AB2658147D4B3AB305" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sinuspersicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
originates medially (
<bibRefCitation id="FC63E5FA3D60EF8FBC2A8A0EFF3C65D8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" author="Pazoki, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="401 - 430" refId="B57" refString="Pazoki, S, Rahimian, H, Struck, TH, Katouzian, AR, Kupriyanova, EK, 2020. A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii -complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Zootaxa 4748 (3): 401 - 430, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" title="A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" volume="4748" year="2020">Pazoki et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="D93D1F84E6D2FB43394D12ACD645EAF5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" author="Pazoki, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="401 - 430" refId="B57" refString="Pazoki, S, Rahimian, H, Struck, TH, Katouzian, AR, Kupriyanova, EK, 2020. A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii -complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Zootaxa 4748 (3): 401 - 430, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" title="A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" volume="4748" year="2020">Pazoki et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
noted the differences in peduncular wings between 
<taxonomicName id="A678CD8B4D2A3CFF82E49C89CB184CF6" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. kraussii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="2F38587DBF729EA32712C1D52E7BD1D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="642DF62342FB701FC04FF1D6FD4E5DC4" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. sinuspersicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sinuspersicus">
<emphasis id="2705296513CEBDD20F86432CF7E66975" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sinuspersicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the former having a Y-shaped, the latter a V-shaped appearance. Judging from the figures of 
<bibRefCitation id="71B64F0E5C1C1B2B66209EACFFF5357E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.51" author="Brandao, IC" journalOrPublisher="Victorian Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B9" refString="Brandao, IC, dos Santos Brasil, AC, 2020. On a new species of Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818 (Annelida: Serpulidae) and considerations on the genus along the Brazilian coast. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 60: e20206051. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.51" title="On a new species of Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818 (Annelida: Serpulidae) and considerations on the genus along the Brazilian coast. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 60: e 20206051." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.51" year="2020">
<normalizedToken id="B7FE71FC6056959BC3D15C73E98B12EB" originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
and dos Santos Brasil (2020
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2B, C, F, G), lateral wings of the peduncle in 
<taxonomicName id="39787E08E01D3A79290493C435070999" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. lirianeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lirianeae">
<emphasis id="703F34F605921481BD78A9DA53F01BEB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lirianeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a V-shaped appearance. 
<taxonomicName id="49928D2A7D0ADE1182E6AAAC0FB3B2E5" authorityName="Nishi &amp; Abe &amp; Tanaka &amp; Jimi &amp; Kupriyanova" authorityYear="2022" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Spirobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirobranchus akitsushima" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="akitsushima">
<emphasis id="F2B7E6FC906CDF2656C99D2A97263238" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirobranchus akitsushima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. has both types of peduncles, which suggests that this character may vary depending on the methods of fixation (e.g., fixed within tubes or without) and necessitates further comparative research.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE85832A87B279E1C5A1A89FAEDC3F3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The upper surface of the endplate is flat and unadorned in all species of the 
<taxonomicName id="7B19CF6D9AFA3E39B67DC04F1B505892" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. kraussii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="B76000640BE2DFF2B16FAB551F30CE0F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, but the talon on the lower surface of the endplate appears useful for species delimitation in the complex. The endplate of the new Japanese species is characteristic as it has no talon (= lacking bulges or ornamentations), while other valid species from South Africa, Persian Gulf, Singapore, Brazil, and the Philippines have distinct talons (
<bibRefCitation id="9ED083B66D050846353B50DF4623C2DA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.05" author="Simon, CA" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Invasions" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="221 - 249" refId="B74" refString="Simon, CA, van Niekerk, HH, Burghardt, I, ten Hove, HA, Kupriyanova, EK, 2019. Not out of Africa: Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) is not a global fouling and invasive serpulid of Indo-Pacific origin. Aquatic Invasions 14 (2): 221 - 249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.05" title="Not out of Africa: Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) is not a global fouling and invasive serpulid of Indo-Pacific origin." url="https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.05" volume="14" year="2019">Simon et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="A50A270220C74C292C89FD85ED24030B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.51" author="Brandao, IC" journalOrPublisher="Victorian Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B9" refString="Brandao, IC, dos Santos Brasil, AC, 2020. On a new species of Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818 (Annelida: Serpulidae) and considerations on the genus along the Brazilian coast. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 60: e20206051. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.51" title="On a new species of Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818 (Annelida: Serpulidae) and considerations on the genus along the Brazilian coast. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 60: e 20206051." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.51" year="2020">
<normalizedToken id="781C4B12896B3CBC3BA2A45EFA4566E6" originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
and dos Santos Brasil 2020
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="023ACF4376983FD506956CC4FBBA99F6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" author="Pazoki, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="401 - 430" refId="B57" refString="Pazoki, S, Rahimian, H, Struck, TH, Katouzian, AR, Kupriyanova, EK, 2020. A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii -complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Zootaxa 4748 (3): 401 - 430, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" title="A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.3.1" volume="4748" year="2020">Pazoki et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EBA4A4437713EC53A91E1A0C57C8C2BB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" author="Sivananthan, GD" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 65" refId="B75" refString="Sivananthan, GD, Shantti, P, Kupriyanova, EK, Quek, ZBR, Yap, NWL, Teo, SLM, 2021. Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii -complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Zootaxa 5040 (1): 33 - 65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" title="Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii - complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2" volume="5040" year="2021">Sivananthan et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Other as yet not formally described populations of the complex either lack a talon (
<bibRefCitation id="81D7F0181A01BA9AAA6050F3ED209BE5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3424.1.1" author="Sun, Y" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 42" refId="B79" refString="Sun, Y, ten Hove, HA, Qui, J-W, 2012. Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Hong Kong. Zootaxa 3424 (1): 1 - 42, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3424.1.1" title="Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Hong Kong." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3424.1.1" volume="3424" year="2012">Sun et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
: Hong Kong) or have one (
<bibRefCitation id="5F8FFDD2EB1875EFB9BA2D092E0B91F1" author="Bailey-Brock, JH" editor="Devaney, DM" journalOrPublisher="Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida. Bishop Museum, Hawai'i" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 454" refId="B3" refString="Bailey-Brock, JH, 1987. Phylum Annelida. In: Devaney, DM, Eldredge, LG, Eds., Reef and shore Fauna of Hawaii. Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida. Bishop Museum, Hawai'i: 213 - 454" title="Phylum Annelida." volumeTitle="Reef and shore Fauna of Hawaii." year="1987">Bailey-Brock 1987</bibRefCitation>
: Hawaii; 
<bibRefCitation id="0612C24FC0764B63DDC5489B3E51D0E5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.09.001" author="Belal, AAM" journalOrPublisher="Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="23 - 30" refId="B7" refString="Belal, AAM, Ghobashy, AFA, 2012. Settlement behavior and description of the Lessepsian immigrant of the serpulid polychaete Pomatoleios kraussii in the Suez Bay. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 38 (1): 23 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.09.001" title="Settlement behavior and description of the Lessepsian immigrant of the serpulid polychaete Pomatoleios kraussii in the Suez Bay." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.09.001" volume="38" year="2012">Belal and Ghobashy 2012</bibRefCitation>
: Suez bay). Among them, the population from Suez Bay has a long talon, extending into base of peduncle (
<bibRefCitation id="79B80B4E5BBFF75CFD395482154CE8EC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.09.001" author="Belal, AAM" journalOrPublisher="Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="23 - 30" refId="B7" refString="Belal, AAM, Ghobashy, AFA, 2012. Settlement behavior and description of the Lessepsian immigrant of the serpulid polychaete Pomatoleios kraussii in the Suez Bay. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 38 (1): 23 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.09.001" title="Settlement behavior and description of the Lessepsian immigrant of the serpulid polychaete Pomatoleios kraussii in the Suez Bay." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.09.001" volume="38" year="2012">Belal and Ghobashy 2012</bibRefCitation>
). To clarify the taxonomic status of the above populations of 
<taxonomicName id="ED837C79EF28FD13DBADAD1D6EF7EFFC" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. kraussii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kraussii">
<emphasis id="30B9AEFD4FECDA2CAB56356838AD9E1F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. kraussii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, a detailed morphological study accompanied by DNA sequence data is warranted.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>