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<document id="04DFB2A6E479F32376B8D549930C8A5F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f1421451-9a87-4732-85ee-8c6c468fcec6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="223879" ID-ZooBank="F7B057B8-EECF-4A50-B58D-74BD85B3F1E5" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460605340143" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rando, Juan Carlos, Alcover, Josep Antoni, Olson, Storrs L. &amp; Pieper, Harald" docDate="2013" docId="03CAC2177422FF91FF22FB7ECD34BFE0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03647p357.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3647 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Otus frutuosoi Rando, Alcover, Olson &amp; Pieper, 2013, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="353" masterDocId="FFF3BA6F7421FF9BFFB5FFB8CE77BC6B" masterDocTitle="A new species of extinct scops owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae: Otus) from São Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago, North Atlantic Ocean)" masterLastPageNumber="357" masterPageNumber="343" pageNumber="346" updateTime="1698327836474" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="352AABFA97A9DA46424655A0EB19A33F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="281EBDB5A8D663AB3E761CEF5C40DF4F">
<mods:title id="B6D71E2190F0689BDEE93826358FE97D">A new species of extinct scops owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae: Otus) from São Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago, North Atlantic Ocean)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="53B074DAE9851EC38655DF0B9473D08E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D5FA965A8D7F4EF7566EBC26F7BB40EA">
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<mods:namePart id="50D08261E3ED8E1769E7AEBB53F7C828">Rando, Juan Carlos</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="CD157AE6F05186DC5D36A61C6773BEA5" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AA55E02D8460BA1EA527508F29360AA6">
<mods:roleTerm id="12BC5411F8E5861278EE0953C93869AC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4789E0D2D3898E5615CD3C2E5E8EFAF7">Alcover, Josep Antoni</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="222E19D841F28BF6677F7A789C2DB657" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B09444A37F9725CC0F56D5E653EA7C54">
<mods:roleTerm id="06EF9E38793A5AC0F006489D1F4D0163">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="92B0499EB41FD9D76953AE2C2CF78C3F">Olson, Storrs L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="536FB4375A837E37DC22D56D80A9BD87" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5FF1451551ED0779E4A47F7BEB3D5D4D">
<mods:roleTerm id="0698FC8D6B4510EBF598B42C9F06792C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A9DE41A20FDC3CB0A4D3B0C38C7AF40F">Pieper, Harald</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="32B47B1C49D581CF069BD9CCA22306CC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="93DD3A58A98F8EA1EA7A8555A21F1727" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="62A1AE2554FF3B3AA99926F67EC1B8F7">
<mods:title id="FA74CC40812919AD7BC363531713A376">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="FA5F2042B1164C51F5A7D51EBB51E2F3">
<mods:date id="2C5E771058F9EC6867F9D9A818999577">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="0FEBAE23EF7475C9547C8F9E0A600F0D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="5273C6310A13DE72132E4E7F577958BE">3647</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="7973F916DD793B1C0F0141D08FB29B80" type="issue">
<mods:number id="E367FB005CE3143BB6F47F4216542E91">2</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="C057115868B4309FC52E3B1DBA2BBCB4">343</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="D733375E1F277574D9EE0100D224154A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="220FA8788E1485C3E59850B7F816D9F2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="67F11191E8A253F0296A6A2DCB75C8E7" type="GBIF-Dataset">f1421451-9a87-4732-85ee-8c6c468fcec6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DC90B76C8198373DC3CDCDC742A12178" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="499F642276AE2DFA970D8A40C692D3BC" type="Zenodo-Dep">223879</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="68CB2268B72CC9B28840361D8E912F14" type="ZooBank">F7B057B8-EECF-4A50-B58D-74BD85B3F1E5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CAC2177422FF91FF22FB7ECD34BFE0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6158472" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119567707" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6158472" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CAC2177422FF91FF22FB7ECD34BFE0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CAC2177422FF91FF22FB7ECD34BFE0" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="353" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<subSubSection id="C379208A7422FF98FF22FB7ECF33B96A" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017422FF98FF22FB7ECF93B88B" blockId="3.[151,484,1222,1281]" box="[151,484,1222,1248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<heading id="D094C46D7422FF98FF22FB7ECF93B88B" bold="true" box="[151,484,1222,1248]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FF22FB7ECF93B88B" bold="true" box="[151,484,1222,1248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827422FF98FF22FB7ECF31B88B" box="[151,326,1222,1248]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FF22FB7ECF31B88B" bold="true" box="[151,326,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Otus frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22412687422FF98FEE0FB7ECF93B88B" box="[341,484,1222,1248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC73017422FF98FF22FB51CF33B96A" blockId="3.[151,484,1222,1281]" box="[151,324,1257,1281]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
(
<figureCitation id="13586F847422FF98FF2BFB51CF7EB96A" box="[158,265,1257,1281]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1822,1845]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[159,1444,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison of premaxilla, lateral view, of O. frutuosoi n. sp. (A, MCMa 1800.012) and O scops (A ``, IMEDEA 2205), and wing bones of Otus frutuosoi n. sp. (B – F), O. mauli (B`– F`) and O. scops, IMEDEA 2205 (B `` – F ``). (B, MCMa 1790.012; B`, MMF 41633; B ``) left humeri, caudal view; (C, MCMa 1793.012; C`, MMF 41636; C ``) left ulnae, ventral view; (D, MCMa 1794.012; D`, MMF 41636; D ``) left radii, lateral view; (E, DZUL 3058; E`, MMF 41643; E ``) left carpometacarpi, ventral view; (F, MCMa 1795.012; F`, MMF 41632; F ``) right coracoids, ventral view. Scale = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Figures 2</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="13586F847422FF98FE98FB51CF4CB96A" box="[301,315,1257,1281]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison of pelvis of Otus frutuosoi n. sp. (A – B, MCMa 1799.012) and O. scops (A `` – B ``, IMEDEA 2205), lateral and ventral views, and leg bones of O. frutuosoi (C – E), O. mauli (C`– E`), and O. scops IMEDEA 2205 (C `` – E ``). (C, MCMa 1782.012; C`, MMF 41638; C ``) right femora, caudal view; (D, MCMa 1786.012; D`, MMM 41641; D ``) left tibiotarsi, cranial view; and (E, MCMa 1779.012; E`, MMF 41628, E ``) right tarsometatarsi, dorsal view. Scale = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223882/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C379208A7422FF98FF22FA8ACE99B9B7" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017422FF98FF22FA8ACD35B922" blockId="3.[151,1437,1329,1932]" box="[151,834,1329,1354]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FF22FA8ACF7AB921" bold="true" box="[151,269,1330,1354]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<typeStatus id="54D8CDA37422FF98FF22FA8ACF7FB921" box="[151,264,1330,1354]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
MCMa 1779.012, complete right tarsometatarsus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC73017422FF98FF72FAEECC45B9F9" blockId="3.[151,1437,1329,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FF72FAEECF1EB905" bold="true" box="[199,361,1365,1390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<typeStatus id="54D8CDA37422FF98FF72FAEECF75B905" box="[199,258,1366,1390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
Gruta de Água de Pau (São Miguel Island, Azores Archipelago). All the material was collected on
<date id="FFDD55C17422FF98FF0FFAC1CF3CB9FA" box="[186,331,1401,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2011-08-28">28.VIII.2011</date>
by J.C.R and J.A.A.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC73017422FF98FF72FA27CE99B9B7" blockId="3.[151,1437,1329,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FF72FA27CF45B9D3" bold="true" box="[199,306,1439,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Horizon:</emphasis>
Holocene. 1970±40 BP (49 cal BC–125 cal AD) is the 14C age of the dated sample (lab code: KIA– 47427).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C379208A7422FF98FF72FA5FCF0EBA6B" box="[199,377,1511,1536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017422FF98FF72FA5FCF0EBA6B" blockId="3.[151,1437,1329,1932]" box="[199,377,1511,1536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FF72FA5FCF6EBA6B" bold="true" box="[199,281,1511,1536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Status:</emphasis>
Extinct.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C379208A7422FF9DFF72F9B5CDA4BE57" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="349" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017422FF98FF72F9B5CFC6BADF" blockId="3.[151,1437,1329,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FF72F9B5CF26BA4E" bold="true" box="[199,337,1549,1573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Etymology:</emphasis>
The species name honours Gaspar Frutuoso (b. 1522 Ponta Delgada–d. 1591 Ribeira Grande), an early historian and chronicler of Macaronesia, who in the last years of his life wrote the huge work
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FB5EF988CEA3BA07" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">As Sáudades da Terra</emphasis>
, in six volumes (not published until 1867). He is considered to be the first great historian of the Portuguese Atlantic islands. Frutuoso provided detailed ornithological information, including a list of the birds of São Miguel (Knecht &amp; Scheer 1972).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC73017422FF9DFF72F978CDA4BE57" blockId="3.[151,1437,1329,1932]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,898]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="349" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FF72F978CF3FBAB3" bold="true" box="[199,328,1728,1752]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<typeStatus id="54D8CDA37422FF98FF72F978CF34BAB3" box="[199,323,1728,1752]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
MCMa 1780.02, complete left tarsometatarsus, proximal part slightly encrusted; IMEDEA 94638, nearly complete right tarsometatarsus, with the trochlea metatarsi II broken; MCMa 1781.012, complete right femur; MCMa 1782.012, complete right femur; MCMa 1783.012, complete left femur; DZUL 3057, left femur broken at the shaft, glued; MCMa 1784.012, left tibiotarsus, distal part slightly broken; MCMa 1785.012, right tibiotarsus, distal part slightly broken; MCMa 1786.012, nearly complete left tibiotarsus, with the
<emphasis id="B917AF137422FF98FA8DF8E8CE82BBE7" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">condylus lateralis</emphasis>
slightly eroded; MCMa 1787.012, complete right humerus, slightly encrusted; MCMa 1788.012, complete left humerus, slightly encrusted; MCMa 1789.012, nearly complete left humerus, slightly encrusted, with some damage to the deltoid crest; MCMa 1790.012, complete left humerus, slightly encrusted; MCMa 1791.012, complete right ulna; MCMa 1792.012, complete left ulna; IMEDEA 94639, complete left ulna, slightly encrusted; MCMa 1793.012, complete left ulna; MCMa 1794.012, proximal two thirds of left radius with the
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFAADFEBDCC2CBD2B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">arcus origo musculi extensor longus digiti majoris</emphasis>
broken; MCMa 1795.012, complete right coracoid; MCMa 1796.012, complete right carpometacarpus; MCMa 1797.012, complete right carpometacarpus; MCMa 1798.012, complete left carpometacarpus; DZUL 3058, complete left carpometacarpus; MCMa 1799.012; nearly complete ossa cinguli membri pelvis (synsacrum + pelvis), with both
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFD60FE2DCD1BBDC7" box="[725,876,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">scapus pubis</emphasis>
broken; MCMa 1800.012, damaged associated skeleton, partially encrusted, including premaxilla, skull fragments, jaw fragments, a nearly complete right humerus, slightly broken at its distal end, two distal ends of ulnae, two fragmented radii, two scapulae, a fragmented right coracoid, two complete femora, two proximal ends of tibiotarsi, a fragmented right tarsometatarsus, some fragments of pelvis, three vertebrae, and some ribs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1C23897425FF9FFF22F8A6CAE2BBC4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223881/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" targetBox="[159,1436,193,1799]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017425FF9FFF22F8A6CAE2BBC4" blockId="4.[151,1436,1822,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="B917AF137425FF9FFF22F8A6CF64BB5F" bold="true" box="[151,275,1822,1845]" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Comparison of premaxilla, lateral view, of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827425FF9FFD66F8A7CD3ABB5E" box="[723,845,1823,1845]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B917AF137425FF9FFD66F8A7CD3ABB5E" box="[723,845,1823,1845]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B917AF137425FF9FFCE1F8A7CDF9BB5F" bold="true" box="[852,910,1823,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22412687425FF9FFCE1F8A7CDF9BB5F" box="[852,910,1823,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(A, MCMa 1800.012) and
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827425FF9FFB1DF8A7CA8EBB5E" box="[1192,1273,1823,1845]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137425FF9FFB1DF8A7CA8EBB5E" box="[1192,1273,1823,1845]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">O scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A``, IMEDEA 2205), and wing bones of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827425FF9FFE12F886CC4CBB38" box="[423,571,1853,1875]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B917AF137425FF9FFE12F886CC4CBB38" box="[423,571,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">Otus frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B917AF137425FF9FFDF7F886CC0ABB38" bold="true" box="[578,637,1854,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22412687425FF9FFDF7F886CC0ABB38" box="[578,637,1854,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(B–F),
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827425FF9FFD7AF886CD5EBB38" box="[719,809,1853,1875]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauli">
<emphasis id="B917AF137425FF9FFD7AF886CD5EBB38" box="[719,809,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">O. mauli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(B`–F`) and
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827425FF9FFC06F886CA7BBB38" box="[947,1036,1854,1875]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137425FF9FFC06F886CA7BBB38" box="[947,1036,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, IMEDEA 2205 (B``–F``). (B, MCMa 1790.012; B`, MMF 41633; B``) left humeri, caudal view; (C, MCMa 1793.012; C`, MMF 41636; C``) left ulnae, ventral view; (D, MCMa 1794.012; D`, MMF 41636; D``) left radii, lateral view; (E, DZUL 3058; E`, MMF 41643; E``) left carpometacarpi, ventral view; (F, MCMa 1795.012; F`, MMF 41632; F``) right coracoids, ventral view. Scale = 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1C23897424FF9EFF22F8A4CA9EBBE4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223882/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1799]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017424FF9EFF22F8A4CA9EBBE4" blockId="5.[151,1436,1820,1935]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="B917AF137424FF9EFF22F8A4CF63BB59" bold="true" box="[151,276,1820,1843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Comparison of pelvis of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827424FF9EFDA9F8A6CCD8BB58" box="[540,687,1821,1843]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B917AF137424FF9EFDA9F8A6CCD8BB58" box="[540,687,1821,1843]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Otus frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22412687424FF9EFD03F8A5CC87BB59" box="[694,752,1821,1842]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B917AF137424FF9EFD03F8A5CC87BB59" bold="true" box="[694,752,1821,1842]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(A–B, MCMa 1799.012) and
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827424FF9EFB9CF8A6CAF6BB58" box="[1065,1153,1822,1843]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137424FF9EFB9CF8A6CAF6BB58" box="[1065,1153,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A``–B``, IMEDEA 2205), lateral and ventral views, and leg bones of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827424FF9EFDE7F884CCBABB39" box="[594,717,1852,1874]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF137424FF9EFDE7F884CCBABB39" box="[594,717,1852,1874]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C–E),
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827424FF9EFC94F884CD0CBB39" box="[801,891,1852,1874]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauli">
<emphasis id="B917AF137424FF9EFC94F884CD0CBB39" box="[801,891,1852,1874]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">O. mauli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C`–E`), and
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827424FF9EFBBEF884CA14BB39" box="[1035,1123,1852,1874]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137424FF9EFBBEF884CA14BB39" box="[1035,1123,1852,1874]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
IMEDEA 2205 (C``–E``). (C, MCMa 1782.012; C`, MMF 41638; C``) right femora, caudal view; (D, MCMa 1786.012; D`, MMM 41641; D``) left tibiotarsi, cranial view; and (E, MCMa 1779.012; E`, MMF 41628, E``) right tarsometatarsi, dorsal view. Scale = 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C379208A7427FF9DFF72FDFFCD74BEC1" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017427FF9DFF72FDFFCC1EBEEC" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFF72FDFFCCA7BE0B" bold="true" box="[199,720,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
Other material belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFD80FDFFCCA7BE0B" authority="Five" authorityName="Five" box="[565,720,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFD80FDFFCCB0BE0B" bold="true" box="[565,711,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
:
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
Five fragmentary bones (three femora, one tibiotarsus, one humerus), used to obtain a 14C AMS date.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC73017427FF9DFF72FD2ACD74BEC1" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,898]" box="[199,771,658,683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFF72FD2ACF86BEC0" bold="true" box="[199,497,658,683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Suggested English name:</emphasis>
São Miguel
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFD34FD2ACCB3BEC1" box="[641,708,658,682]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">Scops</taxonomicName>
Owl.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C379208A7427FF9DFF72FD0ECD58BFE9" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017427FF9DFF72FD0ECD58BFE9" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFF72FD0ECF34BEA4" bold="true" box="[199,323,694,719]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
A small species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFD94FD00CC21BEA4" box="[545,598,696,719]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFD94FD00CC21BEA4" box="[545,598,696,719]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Otus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with forelimb elements (humerus, ulna and carpometacarpus) shorter than those of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFF4FFD63CF2BBE98" box="[250,348,731,755]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFF4FFD63CF2BBE98" box="[250,348,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but with the femur, tibiotarsus and especially tarsometatarsus longer. The pelvis is shorter and broader than in
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFEF9FCB8CFA7BF7C" box="[332,464,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFEF9FCB8CFBBBF7C" box="[332,460,768,791]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">Otus scops</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The premaxilla is less robust than in
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFC34FCB8CD8BBF7C" box="[897,1020,768,791]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFC34FCB8CD8BBF7C" box="[897,1020,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Otus scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with its tip less directed downward than in that species, giving a less pointed appearance in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="13586F847427FF9DFC19FC9ACA67BF51" box="[940,1040,802,826]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1822,1845]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[159,1444,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison of premaxilla, lateral view, of O. frutuosoi n. sp. (A, MCMa 1800.012) and O scops (A ``, IMEDEA 2205), and wing bones of Otus frutuosoi n. sp. (B – F), O. mauli (B`– F`) and O. scops, IMEDEA 2205 (B `` – F ``). (B, MCMa 1790.012; B`, MMF 41633; B ``) left humeri, caudal view; (C, MCMa 1793.012; C`, MMF 41636; C ``) left ulnae, ventral view; (D, MCMa 1794.012; D`, MMF 41636; D ``) left radii, lateral view; (E, DZUL 3058; E`, MMF 41643; E ``) left carpometacarpi, ventral view; (F, MCMa 1795.012; F`, MMF 41632; F ``) right coracoids, ventral view. Scale = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223881/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Figure 2</figureCitation>
). The new species differs from the extinct
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFF5BFCF0CF22BF34" box="[238,341,839,863]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauli">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFF5BFCF0CF22BF34" box="[238,341,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. mauli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the significantly smaller size of all its bones (excepting the scapula and tarsometatarsus), especially the ulna and tibiotarsus (Table 1;
<figureCitation id="13586F847427FF9DFD31FCD2CC9ABFE9" box="[644,749,874,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison of pelvis of Otus frutuosoi n. sp. (A – B, MCMa 1799.012) and O. scops (A `` – B ``, IMEDEA 2205), lateral and ventral views, and leg bones of O. frutuosoi (C – E), O. mauli (C`– E`), and O. scops IMEDEA 2205 (C `` – E ``). (C, MCMa 1782.012; C`, MMF 41638; C ``) right femora, caudal view; (D, MCMa 1786.012; D`, MMM 41641; D ``) left tibiotarsi, cranial view; and (E, MCMa 1779.012; E`, MMF 41628, E ``) right tarsometatarsi, dorsal view. Scale = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223882/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Figures 3</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="13586F847427FF9DFCA4FCD2CD55BFE9" box="[785,802,874,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1636,1659]" captionTargetBox="[364,1213,964,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[360,1227,951,1614]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Wing (carpometacarpus, ulna and humerus) and leg bone (femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus) lengths (mean ± standard error in mm) of O. frutuosoi n. sp. (rhombi), O. mauli (bars), and O. scops (circles)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223883/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1C23897427FF9DFF22F9DCCA31BAF2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223883/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" targetBox="[364,1213,964,1603]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017427FF9DFF22F9DCCA31BAF2" blockId="6.[151,1437,1636,1689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFF22F9DCCF65BA12" bold="true" box="[151,274,1636,1659]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Wing (carpometacarpus, ulna and humerus) and leg bone (femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus) lengths (mean ± standard error in mm) of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFE23F93CCC67BAF2" box="[406,528,1667,1689]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFE23F93CCC67BAF2" box="[406,528,1667,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFDA2F93BCC27BAF3" bold="true" box="[535,592,1667,1688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22412687427FF9DFDA2F93BCC27BAF3" box="[535,592,1667,1688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(rhombi),
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFD09F93CCD61BAF2" box="[700,790,1667,1689]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauli">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFD09F93CCD61BAF2" box="[700,790,1667,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. mauli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(bars), and
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFC3BF93CCD92BAF2" box="[910,997,1668,1689]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFC3BF93CCD92BAF2" box="[910,997,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(circles).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C379208A7427FF91FF72F979CD34BFE0" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="353" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017427FF9DFF72F979CF06BB03" blockId="6.[151,1436,1728,2009]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFF72F979CF4ABAB2" bold="true" box="[199,317,1729,1753]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Remarks:</emphasis>
The new species is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFCB2F979CD19BAB3" box="[775,878,1729,1752]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFCB2F979CD19BAB3" box="[775,878,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFC01F979CA6ABAB3" box="[948,1053,1728,1752]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauli">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFC01F979CA6ABAB3" box="[948,1053,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. mauli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its overall morphology. The tarsometatarsus of the new species is similar in size to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFCC5F95DCDA2BA96" box="[880,981,1765,1789]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauli">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFCC5F95DCDA2BA96" box="[880,981,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. mauli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(U = -1.1; p = 0.4) but is more robust (
<figureCitation id="13586F847427FF9DFF2BF8B0CF75BB4B" box="[158,258,1800,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison of pelvis of Otus frutuosoi n. sp. (A – B, MCMa 1799.012) and O. scops (A `` – B ``, IMEDEA 2205), lateral and ventral views, and leg bones of O. frutuosoi (C – E), O. mauli (C`– E`), and O. scops IMEDEA 2205 (C `` – E ``). (C, MCMa 1782.012; C`, MMF 41638; C ``) right femora, caudal view; (D, MCMa 1786.012; D`, MMM 41641; D ``) left tibiotarsi, cranial view; and (E, MCMa 1779.012; E`, MMF 41628, E ``) right tarsometatarsi, dorsal view. Scale = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223882/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Figure 3</figureCitation>
). The femur is likewise similar (31.0 vs.
<quantity id="4C9BDEE47427FF9DFD55F8B0CD3DBB4B" box="[736,842,1800,1824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.32" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" unit="mm" value="33.2">33.2 mm</quantity>
), but
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFC39F8B1CA62BB4B" box="[908,1045,1800,1824]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFC39F8B1CA62BB4B" box="[908,1045,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a shorter ulna (
<quantity id="4C9BDEE47427FF9DFB4FF8B0CB15BB4B" box="[1274,1378,1800,1824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.36" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" unit="mm" value="43.6">43.6 mm</quantity>
) and tibiotarsus (
<quantity id="4C9BDEE47427FF9DFEA9F894CFF2BB2F" box="[284,389,1836,1860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" unit="mm" value="49.5">49.5 mm</quantity>
) than
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFE7BF895CC45BB2E" box="[462,562,1837,1861]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauli">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFE7BF895CC45BB2E" box="[462,562,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. mauli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(c. 51.0 and 55.0 mm respectively), differences of 14.5% and 10% (Table 1 and
<figureCitation id="13586F847427FF9DFF73F8E8CF58BB03" box="[198,303,1872,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison of pelvis of Otus frutuosoi n. sp. (A – B, MCMa 1799.012) and O. scops (A `` – B ``, IMEDEA 2205), lateral and ventral views, and leg bones of O. frutuosoi (C – E), O. mauli (C`– E`), and O. scops IMEDEA 2205 (C `` – E ``). (C, MCMa 1782.012; C`, MMF 41638; C ``) right femora, caudal view; (D, MCMa 1786.012; D`, MMM 41641; D ``) left tibiotarsi, cranial view; and (E, MCMa 1779.012; E`, MMF 41628, E ``) right tarsometatarsi, dorsal view. Scale = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223882/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Figures 3</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="13586F847427FF9DFEE6F8E8CF13BB03" box="[339,356,1872,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1636,1659]" captionTargetBox="[364,1213,964,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[360,1227,951,1614]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Wing (carpometacarpus, ulna and humerus) and leg bone (femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus) lengths (mean ± standard error in mm) of O. frutuosoi n. sp. (rhombi), O. mauli (bars), and O. scops (circles)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223883/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC73017427FF9CFF7CF8CCCF35BC91" blockId="6.[151,1436,1728,2009]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,467]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="350" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
The MANOVA performed with the total lengths of humerus, ulna, carpometacarpus, and femur identified significant morphological differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFD1AF821CD4EBBDB" box="[687,825,1944,1968]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFD1AF821CCB4BBDB" box="[687,707,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFD61F820CD4EBBDB" box="[724,825,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827427FF9DFCC1F821CDA0BBDB" box="[884,983,1945,1968]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137427FF9DFCC1F821CDA0BBDB" box="[884,983,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wilks’ lambda = 0.0017, d.f. = 4, 24; p&lt;0.001). The new bird has a shorter humerus (F1,29 = 36.55; p&lt;0.001), ulna (F1,29 = 90.3; p&lt;0.001) and carpometacarpus (F1,29 = 129.06; p&lt;0.001) than
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827426FF9CFD06FF20CD63BCDB" box="[691,788,152,176]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFD06FF20CD63BCDB" box="[691,788,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but a longer femur (F1,29 = 11; p=0.003). In addition, the new species has a longer tarsometatarsus (U = -2.78; p&lt;0.005) and tibiotarsus (U= -2.55; p=0.005) (Table 1;
<figureCitation id="13586F847426FF9CFF22FF5ACF77BC91" box="[151,256,226,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison of pelvis of Otus frutuosoi n. sp. (A – B, MCMa 1799.012) and O. scops (A `` – B ``, IMEDEA 2205), lateral and ventral views, and leg bones of O. frutuosoi (C – E), O. mauli (C`– E`), and O. scops IMEDEA 2205 (C `` – E ``). (C, MCMa 1782.012; C`, MMF 41638; C ``) right femora, caudal view; (D, MCMa 1786.012; D`, MMM 41641; D ``) left tibiotarsi, cranial view; and (E, MCMa 1779.012; E`, MMF 41628, E ``) right tarsometatarsi, dorsal view. Scale = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223882/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">Figures 3</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="13586F847426FF9CFE91FF5ACF42BC91" box="[292,309,226,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1636,1659]" captionTargetBox="[364,1213,964,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[360,1227,951,1614]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Wing (carpometacarpus, ulna and humerus) and leg bone (femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus) lengths (mean ± standard error in mm) of O. frutuosoi n. sp. (rhombi), O. mauli (bars), and O. scops (circles)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223883/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC73017426FF9CFF7CFEBFCFC9BDE1" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">
The percent difference is not the same for each bone and the differences are larger for distal ends of wing and leg (Table 1). The total length of the wing bones (humerus + ulna + carpometacarpus) is 14% smaller in the new species than in
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827426FF9CFEF2FEE8CFDEBD0C" box="[327,425,336,359]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFEF2FEE8CFDEBD0C" box="[327,425,336,359]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while the total leg length (femur + tibiotarsus + tarsometatarsus) is 11.6% greater in
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827426FF9CFA34FEE8CE8BBDE0" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFA34FEE8CE8BBDE0" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827426FF9CFEE2FECBCFC0BDE0" box="[343,439,371,395]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFEE2FECBCFC0BDE0" box="[343,439,371,395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC73017426FF9CFF7CFE2FCA71BDB9" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">
The estimated weight of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827426FF9CFE52FE20CC06BDC4" box="[487,625,407,431]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFE52FE20CC06BDC4" box="[487,625,407,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 144±
<quantity id="4C9BDEE47426FF9CFD0FFE2FCC9BBDDB" box="[698,748,407,432]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" unit="g" value="35.0">35 g</quantity>
(128.6–151.6) (n = 5), is on average 34.6% higher than the weight of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827426FF9CFEBDFE03CF1EBDB8" box="[264,361,443,467]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFEBDFE03CF1EBDB8" box="[264,361,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
obtained by the same method, 107±
<quantity id="4C9BDEE47426FF9CFCB5FE02CD47BDB8" box="[768,816,442,467]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" unit="g" value="10.0">10 g</quantity>
(82–130) (n = 25).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1C23897426FF9CFF22F8D5CF55BBAA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223884/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" targetBox="[151,1435,519,1880]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BDC73017426FF9CFF22F8D5CF55BBAA" blockId="7.[151,1437,1901,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFF22F8D5CF64BBE8" bold="true" box="[151,275,1901,1924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Right wing of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827426FF9CFE1BF8D7CC6BBBEF" box="[430,540,1903,1924]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFE1BF8D7CC6BBBEF" box="[430,540,1903,1924]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">Otus scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(above) and estimated maximum wing size of
<taxonomicName id="4C6308827426FF9CFC4EF8D7CA00BBEF" box="[1019,1143,1902,1924]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFC4EF8D7CA00BBEF" box="[1019,1143,1902,1924]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B917AF137426FF9CFBC8F8D6CAC1BBE8" bold="true" box="[1149,1206,1902,1923]" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22412687426FF9CFBC8F8D6CAC1BBE8" box="[1149,1206,1902,1923]" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(obtained by reducing the upper photograph to the size of the wing bones of the new species), both with the major elements in anatomical position. Scale = 4 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDC7301742BFF91FF7CFF22CB32BC96" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,907]" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">
The average wing area of
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FE45FF23CC26BCD8" box="[496,593,155,179]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FE45FF23CC26BCD8" box="[496,593,155,179]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 170±
<quantity id="4C9BDEE4742BFF91FD1AFF22CC84BCD9" box="[687,755,154,178]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
2 (n=6), whereas the estimated maximum wing surface in
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FA34FF23CE8BBCB2" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FA34FF23CE8BBCB2" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4C9BDEE4742BFF91FEB9FF79CF17BCB2" box="[268,352,193,217]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" unit="cm" value="114.0">114 cm</quantity>
2) is 33% smaller (
<figureCitation id="13586F84742BFF91FD87FF79CCE2BCB2" box="[562,661,193,217]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,519,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,519,1880]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Right wing of Otus scops (above) and estimated maximum wing size of O. frutuosoi n. sp. (obtained by reducing the upper photograph to the size of the wing bones of the new species), both with the major elements in anatomical position. Scale = 4 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223884/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">Figure 5</figureCitation>
). Our approach assumes that the flight feathers of
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FB60FF7ACB2ABCB2" box="[1237,1373,193,217]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FB60FF7ACB2ABCB2" box="[1237,1373,193,217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were reduced to the same proportion as the bones (
<figureCitation id="13586F84742BFF91FD24FF5DCC85BC96" box="[657,754,229,253]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,519,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,519,1880]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Right wing of Otus scops (above) and estimated maximum wing size of O. frutuosoi n. sp. (obtained by reducing the upper photograph to the size of the wing bones of the new species), both with the major elements in anatomical position. Scale = 4 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223884/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">Figure 5</figureCitation>
), although they may have been reduced even further.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC7301742BFF91FF7CFEB1CFA2BD92" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,907]" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">
The area of the spread wing directly contributed by the humerus is smaller than that contributed by the ulna and carpometacarpus (see
<figureCitation id="13586F84742BFF91FE74FE95CC56BD2E" box="[449,545,301,325]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,519,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,519,1880]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Right wing of Otus scops (above) and estimated maximum wing size of O. frutuosoi n. sp. (obtained by reducing the upper photograph to the size of the wing bones of the new species), both with the major elements in anatomical position. Scale = 4 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223884/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">Figure 5</figureCitation>
). The reduction of wing surface of
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FC04FE96CA4EBD2D" box="[945,1081,302,326]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FC04FE96CA4EBD2D" box="[945,1081,302,326]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in comparison with
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FA94FE96CBF5BD2D" box="[1313,1410,302,326]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FA94FE96CBF5BD2D" box="[1313,1410,302,326]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mostly a factor of reduction in the distal wing elements, which are more shortened in
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FBFEFEEACAA5BD02" box="[1099,1234,337,361]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FBFEFEEACAA5BD02" box="[1099,1234,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than the proximal ones. Such a differential reduction has been observed in other flightless birds, in which the shortening of the manus precedes the reduction in other wing elements (Nudds &amp; Davidson 2010). Because the surface reduces as the square of linear dimensions, the reduction of the whole wing surface in
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FC67FE06CA2CBDBD" box="[978,1115,446,470]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FC67FE06CA2CBDBD" box="[978,1115,446,470]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in relation to
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FAB5FE06CB14BDBD" box="[1280,1379,446,470]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FAB5FE06CB14BDBD" box="[1280,1379,446,470]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been greater than 33%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC7301742BFF91FF7CFDB0CDD3BEBC" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,907]" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">
The ratio of body weight to wing area (using the mean values) indicates a wing loading of
<quantity id="4C9BDEE4742BFF91FB67FDB0CB6FBE4B" box="[1234,1304,520,544]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" unit="g" value="0.31">0.31 g</quantity>
/cm -2 for
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FA34FDB1CEA2BE2C" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FA34FDB1CEA2BE2C" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but this is estimated to have been nearly 100% greater in
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FC2CFD88CA52BE2C" box="[921,1061,559,583]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FC2CFD88CA52BE2C" box="[921,1061,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4C9BDEE4742BFF91FB8FFD97CAF2BE2C" box="[1082,1157,559,583]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" unit="g" value="0.63">0.63 g</quantity>
/cm -2). This is likely an overestimate because of probable reduction in relative weight, compared to femur length, of flight musculature in
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FF22FDC0CF57BEE4" box="[151,288,631,655]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FF22FDC0CF57BEE4" box="[151,288,631,655]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ratio of combined humerus, ulna and carpometacarpus lengths to femur length is smaller in
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FA34FDC0CE8BBED8" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FA34FDC0CE8BBED8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3.30:1) than for
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FE75FD24CC57BED8" box="[448,544,668,691]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scops">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FE75FD24CC57BED8" box="[448,544,668,691]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. scops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(4.07:1) (data from Table 1), suggesting weaker powers of flight. Overall, these results strongly suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C630882742BFF91FE60FD78CC2ABEBC" box="[469,605,703,727]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Otus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frutuosoi">
<emphasis id="B917AF13742BFF91FE60FD78CC2ABEBC" box="[469,605,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">O. frutuosoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had ground–dwelling habits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDC7301742BFF91FF7CFD5BCD34BFE0" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,907]" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">
The PCA performed with the proportions of hind- and forelimb bones (Table 2;
<figureCitation id="13586F84742BFF91FB33FD5BCA9DBE90" box="[1158,1258,739,763]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1761,1784]" captionTargetBox="[389,1162,993,1740]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[340,1247,932,1789]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. PCA plot for the two principal components obtained from wing (humerus, ulna and carpometacarpus) and leg bones (femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus) proportions of extant scops owls (Otus and Megascops, squares), related species and other extant and extinct (†) owls. Data from Table 2. 1: Otus scops; 2: O. frutuosoi n. sp.; 3: M. nudipes (Daudin); 4: M. petersoni (Fitzpatrick and O`Neill); 5: M. asio (Linnaeus); 6: M. atricapillus; 7: M. clarkii; 8: M. choliba (Vieillot); 9: O. elegans (Cassin); 10: M. kennicottii (Elliot); 11: O. magicus (Müller); 12: O. megalotis (Walden); 13: M. trichopsis; 14: O. everetti Tweeddale (Philippines); 15: O. bakkamoena (Thailand and Burma); 16: Athene cunicularia (Molina); 17: A. noctua (Scopoli); 18: Ptilopsis leucotis (Temminck); 19: Gymnoglaux lawrencii; 20: Grallistrix erdmani Olson and James; 21: G. auceps Olson and James; 22: G. orion Olson and James; 23: Sceloglaux albifacies." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223885/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="353">Figure 6</figureCitation>
) produced two principal components explaining 72.1% of the total variance. 43.9% is explained by PC1, which shows a high positive weighting for ulna and femur lengths, and a high negative weighting for tarsometatarsus and carpometacarpus. PC2 explained 28.2% of the variance and shows a high positive weighting for humerus length, and a high negative weighting for carpometacarpus and ulna.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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