235 lines
30 KiB
XML
235 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FC26EC389FD69BCAD6D754CB11108541">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8D4016DC39988D4D5929717E302E1C21">Herhold, Hollister W</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5DCF457A64846F3D0936848ED3A7F56A">Degrey, Samuel P</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E0BEF6AD9065A51F47AA325D6275113">Grimaldi, David A</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7263FAE0BD14D081B089C985916C30C5">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="038D8781FFCC2068FF11FBD1A3F6FB75" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7733189" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209443295" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7733189" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D8781FFCC2068FF11FBD1A3F6FB75" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D8781FFCC2068FF11FBD1A3F6FB75" lastPageId="44" pageId="40">
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<subSubSection id="C33E651CFFCC206CFF11FBD1A1EAFD57" box="[234,510,1102,1126]" pageId="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCC206CFF11FBD1A1EAFD57" blockId="40.[234,510,1102,1126]" box="[234,510,1102,1126]" pageId="40">
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<heading id="D0D381FBFFCC206CFF11FBD1A1EAFD57" box="[234,510,1102,1126]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="40" reason="4">
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ORDER
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFEC4FBD1A1EAFD57" ID-CoL="372" ID-ENA="30073" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[319,510,1102,1126]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">EPHEMEROPTERA</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33E651CFFCC206CFF77FBE0A49AFAE0" pageId="40" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCC206CFF77FBE0A185FF15" blockId="40.[108,637,1151,1738]" pageId="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFF77FBE0A126FDA6" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[140,306,1151,1175]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
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are unique in having a winged subimago developmental stage; all other pterygotes have lost this molt as winged individuals. Additionally (and relevant to tracheation),
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFF97FA9BA10FFC2D" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[108,283,1284,1308]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
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, like
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFE9FFA9BA1DCFC2D" authorityName="Several D Tillyard" authorityYear="1914" box="[356,456,1284,1308]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Odonata" pageId="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Odonata</taxonomicName>
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, possess direct flight muscles, where the wing muscles insert directly at the wing bases. Mayfly tracheae were first described in detail by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFE68FAF8A26CFC4E" author="Swammerdam, J." box="[403,632,1383,1407]" pageId="40" refId="ref58333" refString="Swammerdam, J. 1737. Bybel der natuure. Leyden: Isaak Severinus, Boudewyn van der Aa, Pieter van der Aa." type="book" year="1737">Swammerdam (1737</bibRefCitation>
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; see fig. 1), and modern treatments include
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFDC2FA17A138FCF0" author="Needham, J. G. & Y. - C. Hsu & J. R. Traver" pageId="40" refId="ref56797" refString="Needham, J. G., Y. - C. Hsu, and J. R. Traver. 1935. The biology of mayflies, with a systematic account of North American species. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing." type="book" year="1935">Needham et al. (1935)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFEC2FA36A1D2FCF0" author="Landa, V." box="[313,454,1449,1473]" pageId="40" pagination="25 - 82" refId="ref56133" refString="Landa, V. 1948. Contributions to the anatomy of ephemerids larvae. I. Topography and anatomy of tracheal system. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske zoologicke spolecnosti 12: 25 - 82." type="journal article" year="1948">Landa (1948</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFE29FA36A21EFCF0" author="Landa, V." box="[466,522,1449,1473]" pageId="40" pagination="289 - 316" refId="ref56166" refString="Landa, V. 1969. Comparative anatomy of mayfly larvae (Ephemeroptera). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 66: 289 - 316." type="journal article" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
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), and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFDAAFA36A0EDFCD3" author="Soldan, T." pageId="40" pagination="636 - 641" refId="ref58073" refString="Soldan, T. 1979. Internal anatomy of Dolania americana (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72: 636 - 641." type="journal article" year="1979">Soldán (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFEE9FA55A1F6FCD3" author="Chapman, R. N." box="[274,482,1482,1506]" pageId="40" pagination="27 - 51" refId="ref53960" refString="Chapman, R. N. 1918. The basal connections of the tracheae of the wings of insects. In The Wings of insects: 27 - 51. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press." type="book chapter" year="1918">Chapman (1918)</bibRefCitation>
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included a discussion of wing tracheae of mayflies in his early comparative analysis.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCC206CFF77F9B1A49AFAE0" blockId="40.[108,637,1151,1738]" lastBlockId="40.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="40">
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For this study, three mayfly specimens were scanned: an adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFEC0F9D1A268FF57" box="[315,636,1614,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Ephemeridae" genus="Ephemera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCC206CFEC0F9D1A1B3FF57" box="[315,423,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="40">Ephemera</emphasis>
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sp. (Ephemeridae)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFF64F9F0A186FFB6" authority="(McDunnough, 1931)" box="[159,402,1647,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" genus="Neocloeon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangulifer">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCC206CFF64F9F0A186FFB6" box="[159,402,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="40">Neocloeon triangulifer</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subimago and adult (
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFF8FF90EA0CEFF98" ID-CoL="6ZG" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[116,218,1681,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Baetidae</taxonomicName>
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). The
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFEDDF90EA181FF98" authorityName="Traver" authorityYear="1932" box="[294,405,1681,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" genus="Neocloeon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCC206CFEDDF90EA181FF98" box="[294,405,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="40">Neocloeon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens afforded the opportunity to compare tracheal architecture between the winged stages. Although scan resolution ranged from 13 µm for
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFC02FE9CA49EF82B" box="[1017,1162,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Ephemeridae" genus="Ephemera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCC206CFC02FE9CA470F82A" box="[1017,1124,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="40">Ephemera</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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to 2 µm for the adult
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCC206CFC92FEBBA3C9F80D" box="[873,989,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFC92FEBBA3CDF80D" authorityName="Traver" authorityYear="1932" box="[873,985,292,316]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" genus="Neocloeon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neocloeon</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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sufficient detail was achieved to determine that all
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<specimenCount id="9D22FD1EFFCC206CFC09FEDAA4B5F86C" box="[1010,1185,325,349]" pageId="40" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
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of both taxa are remarkably similar in tracheal architecture, the primary difference being the morphology of the air sac. Adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFBEFFE37A4A8F8F1" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[1044,1212,424,448]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
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do not feed, and the alimentary canal forms a large, central air sac (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFC6AFE75A436FB33" author="Soldan, T." box="[913,1058,490,514]" pageId="40" pagination="636 - 641" refId="ref58073" refString="Soldan, T. 1979. Internal anatomy of Dolania americana (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72: 636 - 641." type="journal article" year="1979">Soldán, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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), perhaps aiding the emergence of the alate subimago from the water, with visceral trachea either reduced or displaced. While not complete until the adult stage, the subimago possesses smaller but substantial air spaces that fuse to form the single adult air sac (see
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<figureCitation id="131F2A12FFCC206CFC95FD2EA3A0FBF8" box="[878,948,689,713]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="42.[109,195,1211,1232]" captionTargetBox="[228,1091,228,1183]" captionTargetId="figure-179@42.[228,1091,224,1183]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 21. Air sacs formed from alimentary canal in subimago and adult Ephemeroptera, shown in lateral views. A. Neocloeon triangulifer subimago; B. N. triangulifer adult; C. Ephemera sp. adult. Specimens not to same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730211" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730211/files/figure.png" pageId="40">fig. 21</figureCitation>
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). As air sacs in tracheal visualizations can obscure details of smaller branches, all air sacs are omitted from the
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFD57FC8BA343FA1D" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[684,855,788,812]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
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plates. Due to the size of the wings,
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFD03FCAAA3B4FA7C" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[760,928,821,845]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
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plates are shown with the wings cropped to show as much detail as possible without scaling the image to fit the page. Other minor differences between specimens are described in their respective sections below.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33E651CFFCC2068FD37FC45A3F6FB75" lastPageId="44" pageId="40" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCC206CFD37FC45A484FFB6" blockId="40.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="40">
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T2-S is the start point of the longitudinal trunk, which arcs toward the midline of the body for a short distance before turning posteriad and proceeding all the way to the terminalia. While similar structures have been noted in the larvae of many insect orders (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFC6EFBE0A459FDA6" author="Snodgrass, R. E." box="[917,1101,1151,1175]" pageId="40" refId="ref57898" refString="Snodgrass, R. E. 1935. Principles of insect morphology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press." type="book" year="1935">Snodgrass, 1935</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFBA7FBE0A2F7FD89" author="Whitten, J. M." pageId="40" pagination="233 - 257" refId="ref59407" refString="Whitten, J. M. 1960. The tracheal pattern in selected Diptera Nematocera. Journal of Morphology 1 - 7 (3): 233 - 257." type="journal article" year="1960">Whitten, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFD0FFB3EA3CCFD88" author="Wigglesworth, V. B." box="[756,984,1185,1209]" pageId="40" refId="ref59525" refString="Wigglesworth, V. B. 1972. The principles of insect physiology, 7 th ed. London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd .." type="book" year="1972">Wigglesworth, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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), the presence of a large, nearly linear longitudinal trunk in an adult that spans the length of the body appears to be unique to
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFCE7FA9BA3D7FC2D" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[796,963,1284,1308]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
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. This structure is likely homologous with the dorsal longitudinal trunk seen in other taxa, and individual segments of the trachea are referred as such, beginning with T2-DLT as the start. The thoracic portion of the DLT in
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFCF0FA36A362FCF0" box="[779,886,1449,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Ephemeridae" genus="Ephemera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCC206CFCF0FA36A362FCF0" box="[779,886,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="40">Ephemera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appears to be two tracheae, arranged dorsoventrally. This is the result of compression in the thorax—distention of the air-filled alimentary canal, compression by packing material for CT scanning, or postmortem settling of tissues can all contribute to deformation of tracheae in soft-bodied insects such as mayflies.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCC206EFD37F90EA16FFC8E" blockId="40.[684,1213,226,1738]" lastBlockId="42.[108,636,1315,1736]" lastPageId="42" pageId="40">
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Noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCC206CFCBAF90EA416FF98" author="Chapman, R. N." box="[833,1026,1681,1705]" pageId="40" pagination="27 - 51" refId="ref53960" refString="Chapman, R. N. 1918. The basal connections of the tracheae of the wings of insects. In The Wings of insects: 27 - 51. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press." type="book chapter" year="1918">Chapman (1918)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCC206CFBE9F90EA4A8FF98" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[1042,1212,1681,1705]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess only anterior wing base tracheae (T2,3- AWba), extending into the wing as T2,3-W-c-r with the corresponding PWba and W-cu-a tracheae absent. This lack of a branch leading to the trailing-edge wing tracheae is a condition apparently unique to mayflies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5B661FFFCD206DFF96F90FA37BFF97" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730561" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7730561" box="[109,879,1678,1702]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730561/files/figure.png" pageId="41" startId="41.[109,195,1680,1701]" targetBox="[276,1045,224,1653]" targetPageId="41">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCD206DFF96F90FA37BFF97" blockId="41.[109,879,1678,1702]" box="[109,879,1678,1702]" pageId="41">
|
||
FIGURE 20.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCD206DFF0BF911A1DDFF97" authorityName="A D Sulc" authorityYear="1927" box="[240,457,1678,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Lepismatidae" genus="Lepisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zygentoma" pageId="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saccharinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCD206DFF0BF911A1DDFF97" box="[240,457,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="41">Lepisma saccharinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCD206DFE2DF911A259FF97" box="[470,589,1678,1702]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zygentoma" pageId="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Zygentoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCD206DFDACF911A2F4FF97" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[599,736,1678,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Lepismatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zygentoma" pageId="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lepismatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5B661FFFCE206EFF96FB24A0CBFC3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730211" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7730211" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730211/files/figure.png" pageId="42" startId="42.[109,195,1211,1232]" targetBox="[228,1091,228,1183]" targetPageId="42">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCE206EFF96FB24A0CBFC3D" blockId="42.[109,1213,1209,1292]" pageId="42">
|
||
FIGURE 21. Air sacs formed from alimentary canal in subimago and adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCE206EFC8BFB26A41AFDE0" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[880,1038,1209,1233]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, shown in lateral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCE206EFF48FB49A0DFFDDF" bold="true" box="[179,203,1238,1262]" pageId="42">A.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCE206EFF28FB48A1A4FDDE" box="[211,432,1239,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" genus="Neocloeon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangulifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCE206EFF28FB48A1A4FDDE" box="[211,432,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="42">Neocloeon triangulifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subimago;
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCE206EFDDDFB48A229FDDE" bold="true" box="[550,573,1239,1263]" pageId="42">B.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCE206EFDBFFB48A2C0FDDE" box="[580,724,1239,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" genus="Neocloeon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangulifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCE206EFDBFFB48A2C0FDDE" box="[580,724,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="42">N. triangulifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adult;
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCE206EFCE7FB49A320FDDF" bold="true" box="[796,820,1238,1262]" pageId="42">C.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCE206EFCC0FB48A3D7FDDF" box="[827,963,1239,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Ephemeridae" genus="Ephemera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCE206EFCC0FB48A38BFDDE" box="[827,927,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="42">Ephemera</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adult. Specimens not to same scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCE206EFF77FA56A165FFB7" blockId="42.[108,636,1315,1736]" pageId="42">The three ephemeropteran specimens display some disparity in the origins of H-Oc branches. These appear to be developmental variations, as larger trunks may supply different regions as smaller tracheae “sprout” from them during ontogeny.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCE206EFF77F910A36CFC8E" blockId="42.[108,636,1315,1736]" lastBlockId="42.[684,1212,1315,1737]" pageId="42">
|
||
It remains unclear whether all abdominal spiracles are functional.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCE206EFE7AF92FA26FFFF9" author="Needham, J. G. & Y. - C. Hsu & J. R. Traver" box="[385,635,1712,1736]" pageId="42" refId="ref56797" refString="Needham, J. G., Y. - C. Hsu, and J. R. Traver. 1935. The biology of mayflies, with a systematic account of North American species. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing." type="book" year="1935">Needham et al. (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicates that abdominal spiracles may be continuously open, but close examination of the spiracular openings via CT cross section suggests that A2-S through A7-S may be closed or unused.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCE206EFD37FA56A495FF54" blockId="42.[684,1212,1315,1737]" pageId="42">
|
||
DESCRIPTION: BODY: Adults with long central air sac formed from modified alimentary canal, extending from head capsule to end of 7th abdominal segment; subimago with individual air sacs that fuse in the imago (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="131F2A12FFCE206EFBD5F9D2A460FF54" box="[1070,1140,1613,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="42.[109,195,1211,1232]" captionTargetBox="[228,1091,228,1183]" captionTargetId="figure-179@42.[228,1091,224,1183]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 21. Air sacs formed from alimentary canal in subimago and adult Ephemeroptera, shown in lateral views. A. Neocloeon triangulifer subimago; B. N. triangulifer adult; C. Ephemera sp. adult. Specimens not to same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730211" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730211/files/figure.png" pageId="42">fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCE2068FD37F9F1A225FBB6" blockId="42.[684,1212,1315,1737]" lastBlockId="44.[108,636,226,1738]" lastPageId="44" pageId="42">
|
||
HEAD: Tracheal morphology largely from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFCE206EFD57F910A35CFF96" author="Landa, V." box="[684,840,1679,1703]" pageId="42" pagination="25 - 82" refId="ref56133" refString="Landa, V. 1948. Contributions to the anatomy of ephemerids larvae. I. Topography and anatomy of tracheal system. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske zoologicke spolecnosti 12: 25 - 82." type="journal article" year="1948">Landa (1948)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but with unified nomenclature here. Palmen’s organ (H-PO) prominent and centrally located. Just after entry into head capsule, thick H-DCT bifurcates into two tracheae; dorsal one of these proceeds anteriad a short distance before dividing into H-Ocel and dorsal branch to H-PO; ventrally H-Lbr branches anteriad shortly with H-DOc branch before remaining trachea turns directly ventrad; H-Lbr continues toward reduced mouthparts with small H-Ant branch at base of antennae. H-VCT thick, splits into three branches at base of head capsule: H-VOc, extending laterally toward eye; H-Lbm directly ventrad, and ventrally supplying H-PO.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5B661FFFCF206FFF90F923A30DFFE3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730563" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7730563" box="[107,793,1722,1746]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730563/files/figure.png" pageId="43" startId="43.[107,193,1724,1745]" targetBox="[327,1046,224,1697]" targetPageId="43">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFCF206FFF90F923A30DFFE3" blockId="43.[107,793,1722,1746]" box="[107,793,1722,1746]" pageId="43">
|
||
FIGURE 22.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCF206FFF16F925A145FFE3" box="[237,337,1722,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Ephemeridae" genus="Ephemera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFCF206FFF16F925A145FFE3" box="[237,337,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="43">Ephemera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCF206FFEA4F925A214FFE3" authority="Hyatt & Arms, 1891" authorityName="Hyatt & Arms" authorityYear="1891" box="[351,512,1722,1746]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFCF206FFDF1F925A286FFE3" box="[522,658,1722,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Ephemeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ephemeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFC82068FF77FD0FA21CFFFB" blockId="44.[108,636,226,1738]" pageId="44">THORAX: T2-S with three branches: T2-CT, T2-SAtr, and T2-DLT. T2-CT very short, before bifurcating into anterior H-DCT and H-VCT at posterior margin of prothorax. T1-L branching directly ventrad from T2-VCT anterior of H-DCT/H-VCT split from T2-CT. T2-SAtr dorsal, with T2-AWL posteriad and multiple T2-FM dorsad: thick T2-FM1 splitting dorsally and subdividing into smaller tracheae that supply flight muscles, thinner T2-FM2 running dorsad and slightly posteriad; T2-AWL arcing briefly dorsad and posteriad before proceeding ventrad into midleg as T2-L, with T2-AWba branching near dorsal apex of arc and continuing to T2-W-c-r. T2-PWba absent. T2-DLT very thick, beginning mediad before arcing directly posteriad and continuing to the terminalia. Small T2-FM3 extends ventrally from T2-DLT midway between T2-S and T3-S. T3-S opens into very thick T3-SAtr, with (effectively) five branches: T3-DB, T3-AWL, and three T3-FM. T3-DB runs directly mediad, linking with T2-DLT from anterior, continuing directly posteriad as T3-DLT. T3-AWL arcing briefly dorsad and then posteriad, similar to T2-AWL, with T3-Wba branching near apex of arc while T3-L continues into hindleg; T3-Wba continues as T3-W-c-r into wing. T3-PWba absent. T3-FM1 very thick, extends directly dorsad and T2-FM2 posteriad and slightly ventrad into flight muscle; T3-FM3 runs ventrad in fanlike extension into flight muscle.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFC82068FD37FF7DA3F6FB75" blockId="44.[684,1213,226,580]" pageId="44">
|
||
ABDOMEN: A1-S, A8-S functional; unclear if A2..7-S connect through body wall. A1-S modified, with large A1-FM dorsally; T3-DLT from anterior, continuing posteriad as A1-DLT. Remaining abdominal segments similar, with A
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFC82068FD44FE17A2D9F8AE" box="[703,717,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
-S linked with neighboring segments via A
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFC82068FB5FFE17A4A6F8AE" box="[1188,1202,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
- DLT extending linearly through abdomen past A8-S. A8-DLT extending into terminalia as A-Cr. All A
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFC82068FD12FE74A2E3FB33" box="[745,759,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
-S with various visceral tracheae extending dorsad and posteriad from A
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFC82068FBEDFD93A430FB12" box="[1046,1060,524,547]" italics="true" pageId="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
-S, dorsal and ventral commissures absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |