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<document id="EE54CB1E47B7B9773840B5227A82B51B" ID-CLB-Dataset="5966" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b932c9e5-ddad-4c11-8eee-ff17188d77cf" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5032970" ID-ZooBank="F9105E33-3E8B-4B3C-88B3-0316207B70F6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1624643559605" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gale, Andy S. &amp; Jagt, John W. M." docDate="2021" docId="F160A3677154FF97FDC073B3FBB52299" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-755_149-190.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 755" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Alkaidia sumralli Blake &amp; Reid 1998" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="186" masterDocId="0D59DB1F7176FFB2FFF77706FFD02038" masterDocTitle="The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal" masterLastPageNumber="190" masterPageNumber="149" pageNumber="183" updateTime="1698976416854" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="AF28B4B7AE295E5F82FB4D245C87F22C">The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9B8BDD1E47437D3A249D4EE5D16C230E">Gale, Andy S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EA6B786FD62FBFDA7BF57A5828CAA4EB">Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom. School of the Environment, Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO 13 QL, United Kingdom. Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6 - 7, 6211 KJ Maastricht, the Netherlands.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="46C7441287BF8CF0D6B73FF5CDE753AA">Jagt, John W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27154FF90FDC073B3FC2D24F7" authority="Blake &amp; Reid, 1998" authorityName="Blake &amp; Reid" authorityYear="1998" box="[567,1021,1205,1232]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Alkaidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sumralli">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637154FF90FDC073B3FCDA24E8" bold="true" box="[567,778,1205,1232]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Alkaidia sumralli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807154FF90FCE573B3FC2D24F7" author="Blake D. B. &amp; Reid R. III." box="[786,1021,1205,1231]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" pagination="512 - 532" refId="ref16316" refString="Blake D. B. &amp; Reid R. III. 1998. Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications. Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 512 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002233600002429 X" type="journal article" year="1998">Blake &amp; Reid, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="797612717154FF90FD8973DFFC6524CB" blockId="34.[567,1021,1205,1267]" box="[638,949,1241,1267]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47154FF90FD8973DFFCC024CB" box="[638,784,1241,1267]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[242,1324,266,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-116@35.[223,1365,263,1746]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 16. A–C. Alkaidia sumralli Blake &amp; Reid, 1998 (NHMUK EE15225). A–B. Abactinal (A) and actinal (B) views of well-preserved individual, retaining spines and pedicellariae. C. Enlargement of ambulacral groove, showing spines and duck-bill pedicellariae. — D. Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873, duck-billed pedicellaria of a zoroasterid (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). Provenance:A–C. Grayson Formation, Graysonites wacoense ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for details of locality, reference is made to Hess 2015 and Gale et al. 2021). D. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. Scale bars: A–B = 50 mm; C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033002/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Figs 16A–C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47154FF90FCEB73DFFC6524CB" box="[796,949,1241,1267]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[189,232,1539,1565]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-233@36.[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 17.A, F–G. Zoroaster fulgensThomson, 1873 (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). A.Adambulacral, in abactinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 5). F. Ambulacral base, in actinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 8). G. Ambulacral, in proximal view. — B–E, H, K. Alkaidia sumralli Blake &amp; Reid, 1998, isolated ambulacrals and adambulacrals. B–C. Abactinal views of adambulacrals (NHMUK PI EE 18005–18006). D. Abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18007). E. Actinal view of adambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). H. Actinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). K. Proximal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18010), the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 9). — I–J. Terminaster cancriformis (Quenstedt, 1876) (NMB M 9036), ambulacral, in abactinal and actinal views; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 26 figs 11–12). Provenance: A, F–G. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. B–E, H, K. Grayson Formation, Graysonites wacoense ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for locality details, reference is made to Hess 2015 and Gale et al. 2021). I–J. Upper Oxfordian (Couches d’Effingen, bifurcatus ammonite Zone, stenocycloides ammonite Subzone), Savigna, near Orgelet, Département de Jura, France (Gale 2011b). See Material and methods for abbreviations. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033004/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">17B–E, H, K</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="797612717154FF90FF4A721DFC9C250D" blockId="34.[189,844,1307,1334]" box="[189,844,1307,1334]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="59D9355F7154FF90FF4A721DFC9C250D" box="[189,844,1307,1334]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">
<treatmentCitation id="F86834607154FF90FF4A721DFD6A250E" author="Blake D. B. &amp; Reid R. III." box="[189,698,1307,1334]" page="529" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" year="1998">
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27154FF90FF4A721DFD6A250E" authority="Blake &amp; Reid, 1998: 529" authorityName="Blake &amp; Reid" authorityPageNumber="529" authorityYear="1998" box="[189,698,1307,1334]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Alkaidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sumralli">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637154FF90FF4A721DFE5A250D" box="[189,394,1307,1333]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Alkaidia sumralli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807154FF90FE66721DFD6A250E" author="Blake D. B. &amp; Reid R. III." box="[401,698,1307,1334]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" pagination="512 - 532" refId="ref16316" refString="Blake D. B. &amp; Reid R. III. 1998. Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications. Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 512 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002233600002429 X" type="journal article" year="1998">Blake &amp; Reid, 1998: 529</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 9/1–14.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="59D9355F7154FF90FF4A725BFB42254F" box="[189,1170,1373,1399]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27154FF90FF4A725BFE5A254F" authorityName="Blake &amp; Reid" authorityYear="1998" box="[189,394,1373,1399]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Alkaidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sumralli">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637154FF90FF4A725BFE5A254F" box="[189,394,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Alkaidia sumralli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="F86834607154FF90FE50725BFD62254F" author="Ewin T. A. M. &amp; Gale A. S." box="[423,690,1373,1399]" page="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807154FF90FE50725BFD62254F" author="Ewin T. A. M. &amp; Gale A. S." box="[423,690,1373,1399]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" pagination="931 - 954" refId="ref16503" refString="Ewin T. A. M. &amp; Gale A. S. 2020. Asteroids (Echinodermata) from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Agadir Basin, west Morocco. Journal of Paleontology 94 (5): 931 - 954. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / jpa. 2020.20" type="journal article" year="2020">Ewin &amp; Gale 2020: 13</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 10.1–10.2, 13.3, 13.8, 13.11–13.12.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="31D341FA7154FF90FF4A7299FE1F2634" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="797612717154FF90FF4A7299FEE62581" blockId="34.[189,310,1439,1465]" box="[189,310,1439,1465]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">
<heading id="223EA51D7154FF90FF4A7299FEE62581" bold="true" box="[189,310,1439,1465]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" reason="3">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637154FF90FF4A7299FEE62581" bold="true" box="[189,310,1439,1465]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797612717154FF90FF4A72C8FE1F2634" blockId="34.[188,1399,1486,1548]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27154FF90FF4A72C8FEF025D0" authorityName="Blake &amp; Reid" authorityYear="1998" box="[189,288,1486,1512]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Alkaidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637154FF90FF4A72C8FEF025D0" box="[189,288,1486,1512]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Alkaidia</emphasis>
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in which the primary radial ossicles are elongated and the terminal ossicle is not deeply notched on its proximal margin.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="31D341FA7154FF90FF4A7135FAB32734" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="797612717154FF90FF4A7135FE7A2675" blockId="34.[189,426,1587,1613]" box="[189,426,1587,1613]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">
<heading id="223EA51D7154FF90FF4A7135FE7A2675" bold="true" box="[189,426,1587,1613]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" reason="3">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637154FF90FF4A7135FE7A2675" bold="true" box="[189,426,1587,1613]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797612717154FF90FF4A7165FAB32734" blockId="34.[186,1399,1635,1805]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">
<materialsCitation id="C9A1182C7154FF90FF4A7165FAB02734" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3311523307" collectionCode="NHMUK" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" specimenCode="NHMUK PI EE 15225, NHMUK PI EE 18005-18007, 18009" specimenCount="1">
The holotype (Texas Memorial Museum, number 1786 TX1) is from the Grayson Formation (lower Cenomanian) at the Waco shale pit (Waco, Mclennan County, Texas, USA).Additional material comprises a magnificent individual (
<specimenCode id="296FBA0A7154FF90FE0571ACFCC026FD" box="[498,784,1706,1733]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">NHMUK PI EE 15225</specimenCode>
), collected by Frank Holterhoff from the Grayson Formation (lower Cenomanian) of Dottie Lynn, Fort Worth, Texas and illustrated here (
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47154FF90FB4C71C8FA9A26D1" box="[1211,1354,1742,1769]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[242,1324,266,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-116@35.[223,1365,263,1746]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 16. A–C. Alkaidia sumralli Blake &amp; Reid, 1998 (NHMUK EE15225). A–B. Abactinal (A) and actinal (B) views of well-preserved individual, retaining spines and pedicellariae. C. Enlargement of ambulacral groove, showing spines and duck-bill pedicellariae. — D. Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873, duck-billed pedicellaria of a zoroasterid (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). Provenance:A–C. Grayson Formation, Graysonites wacoense ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for details of locality, reference is made to Hess 2015 and Gale et al. 2021). D. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. Scale bars: A–B = 50 mm; C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033002/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Fig. 16A–C</figureCitation>
), as well as numerous dissociated ossicles from the same locality (
<specimenCode id="296FBA0A7154FF90FC6371F4FB2C2735" box="[916,1276,1778,1805]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">NHMUK PI EE 18005–18007</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="296FBA0A7154FF90FAFE71F4FA872734" box="[1289,1367,1778,1804]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">18009</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="31D341FA7154FF97FF4A7032FBB52299" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="797612717154FF90FF4A7032FEFF2776" blockId="34.[189,303,1844,1870]" box="[189,303,1844,1870]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">
<heading id="223EA51D7154FF90FF4A7032FEFF2776" bold="true" box="[189,303,1844,1870]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" reason="3">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637154FF90FF4A7032FEFF2776" bold="true" box="[189,303,1844,1870]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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The affinities of
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27154FF90FE727065FDDA2745" authorityName="Blake &amp; Reid" authorityYear="1998" box="[389,522,1891,1917]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Alkaidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sumralli">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637154FF90FE727065FDDA2745" box="[389,522,1891,1917]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">A. sumralli</emphasis>
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have recently been discussed in some detail by
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807154FF90FBBA7065FA932745" author="Ewin T. A. M. &amp; Gale A. S." box="[1101,1347,1891,1917]" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" pagination="931 - 954" refId="ref16503" refString="Ewin T. A. M. &amp; Gale A. S. 2020. Asteroids (Echinodermata) from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Agadir Basin, west Morocco. Journal of Paleontology 94 (5): 931 - 954. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / jpa. 2020.20" type="journal article" year="2020">Ewin &amp; Gale (2020)</bibRefCitation>
and the evidence for its inclusion in the
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27154FF90FD9C7081FC7A279A" authority="(Zorocallina)" baseAuthorityName="Zorocallina" box="[619,938,1927,1954]" class="Asteroidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Forcipulatida (Zorocallina)</taxonomicName>
and the family
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27154FF90FB917081FAF32799" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2011" box="[1126,1315,1927,1953]" class="Asteroidea" family="Terminasteridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Terminasteridae</taxonomicName>
can be summarised briefly as follows: the presence of abundant, straight ‘duck-billed’ forcipulate pedicellariae is a characteristic of the
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27154FF90FE1970C8FDA527D0" authorityName="Downey" authorityYear="1970" box="[494,629,1998,2024]" class="Asteroidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Zorocallina">Zorocallina</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47154FF90FD7E70C8FD2A27D1" box="[649,762,1998,2025]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[242,1324,266,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-116@35.[223,1365,263,1746]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 16. A–C. Alkaidia sumralli Blake &amp; Reid, 1998 (NHMUK EE15225). A–B. Abactinal (A) and actinal (B) views of well-preserved individual, retaining spines and pedicellariae. C. Enlargement of ambulacral groove, showing spines and duck-bill pedicellariae. — D. Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873, duck-billed pedicellaria of a zoroasterid (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). Provenance:A–C. Grayson Formation, Graysonites wacoense ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for details of locality, reference is made to Hess 2015 and Gale et al. 2021). D. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. Scale bars: A–B = 50 mm; C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033002/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="183">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
); the construction of the abactinal surface is closely similar to that of zoroasterids and terminasterids, which also have large, Y-shaped first superomarginals and a row of robust, lobed, quadrangular radial ossicles which imbricate proximally and each carry a centrally placed conical spine (
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807153FF97FDDD7656FCDE2152" author="Ewin T. A. M. &amp; Gale A. S." box="[554,782,336,362]" pageId="37" pageNumber="186" pagination="931 - 954" refId="ref16503" refString="Ewin T. A. M. &amp; Gale A. S. 2020. Asteroids (Echinodermata) from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Agadir Basin, west Morocco. Journal of Paleontology 94 (5): 931 - 954. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / jpa. 2020.20" type="journal article" year="2020">Ewin &amp; Gale 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="2DB642F97155FF91FF4A71FEFC2727DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033002" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5033002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033002/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="184" startId="35.[189,232,1784,1810]" targetBox="[242,1324,266,1745]" targetPageId="35">
<paragraph id="797612717155FF91FF4A71FEFC2727DE" blockId="35.[187,1398,1784,2022]" pageId="35" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637155FF91FF4A71FEFE8E272A" bold="true" box="[189,350,1784,1810]" pageId="35" pageNumber="184">Fig. 16. A–C</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27155FF91FE8771FEFCEF272A" authority="Blake &amp; Reid, 1998" authorityName="Blake &amp; Reid" authorityYear="1998" box="[368,831,1784,1810]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Alkaidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="35" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sumralli">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637155FF91FE8771FEFD90272A" box="[368,576,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="184">Alkaidia sumralli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807155FF91FDBD71FEFCEF272A" author="Blake D. B. &amp; Reid R. III." box="[586,831,1784,1810]" pageId="35" pageNumber="184" pagination="512 - 532" refId="ref16316" refString="Blake D. B. &amp; Reid R. III. 1998. Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications. Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 512 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002233600002429 X" type="journal article" year="1998">Blake &amp; Reid, 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(NHMUK EE15225).
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637155FF91FBA271FEFB5C272A" bold="true" box="[1109,1164,1784,1810]" pageId="35" pageNumber="184">A–B</emphasis>
. Abactinal (A) and actinal (B) views of well-preserved individual, retaining spines and pedicellariae.
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637155FF91FB6F701DFB7D270D" bold="true" box="[1176,1197,1819,1845]" pageId="35" pageNumber="184">C</emphasis>
. Enlargement of ambulacral groove, showing spines and duck-bill pedicellariae. —
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637155FF91FC367039FC062761" bold="true" box="[961,982,1855,1881]" pageId="35" pageNumber="184">D</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27155FF91FC127039FAA02761" authority="Thomson, 1873" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1873" box="[997,1392,1854,1881]" class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fulgens">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637155FF91FC127039FB632760" box="[997,1203,1854,1880]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="184">Zoroaster fulgens</emphasis>
Thomson, 1873
</taxonomicName>
, duck-billed pedicellaria of a zoroasterid (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). Provenance:A–C. Grayson Formation,
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27155FF91FEBD7083FD8527A7" baseAuthorityName="Bose" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[330,597,1925,1951]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Acanthoceratidae" genus="Graysonites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ammonoidea" pageId="35" pageNumber="184" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="wacoense">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637155FF91FEBD7083FD8527A7" box="[330,597,1925,1951]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="184">Graysonites wacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for details of locality, reference is made to
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807155FF91FD6F70AFFCC527FB" author="Hess H." box="[664,789,1960,1987]" pageId="35" pageNumber="184" pagination="77 - 107" refId="ref17074" refString="Hess H. 2015. Roveacrinids (Crinoidea) from the mid-Cretaceous of Texas: ontogeny, phylogeny, functional morphology, lifestyle. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134: 77 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 015 - 0076 - z" type="journal article" year="2015">Hess 2015</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807155FF91FCA570AEFBC827FA" author="Gale A. S. &amp; Rashall J. M. &amp; Kennedy W. J. &amp; Holterhoff F." box="[850,1048,1960,1986]" pageId="35" pageNumber="184" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref16961" refString="Gale A. S., Rashall J. M., Kennedy W. J. &amp; Holterhoff F. 2021. The microcrinoid taxonomy, biostratigraphy and correlation of the upper Fredericksburg and Lower Washita groups (Cretaceous, middle Albian to lower Cenomanian) of northern Texas and southern Oklahoma, USA. Acta Geologica Polonica 71 (1): 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="2021">
Gale
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637155FF91FC6270AFFC1F27FA" box="[917,975,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="184">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). D. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. Scale bars: A–B = 50 mm; C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2DB642F97152FF96FF4A7105FDB627DF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5033004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033004/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" startId="36.[189,232,1539,1565]" targetBox="[189,1396,285,1480]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph id="797612717152FF96FF4A7105FDB627DF" blockId="36.[184,1399,1539,2023]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FF4A7105FEA12625" bold="true" box="[189,369,1539,1565]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">Fig. 17.A, F–G</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27152FF96FE8A7102FD2F2625" authority="Thomson, 1873" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1873" box="[381,767,1539,1565]" class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fulgens">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FE8A7102FD992625" box="[381,585,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">Zoroaster fulgens</emphasis>
Thomson, 1873
</taxonomicName>
(A.S. Gale collection, unregistered).
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FB507105FB6C2625" bold="true" box="[1191,1212,1539,1565]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">A</emphasis>
.Adambulacral, in abactinal view; the original of
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807152FF96FDB97120FD342678" author="Gale A. S." box="[590,740,1574,1600]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref16782" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale (2011a</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 8 fig. 5).
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FC667120FC732678" bold="true" box="[913,931,1574,1600]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">F</emphasis>
. Ambulacral base, in actinal view; the original of
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807152FF96FEC9714FFE01265B" author="Gale A. S." box="[318,465,1609,1635]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref16782" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale (2011a</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 8 fig. 8).
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FD9E714FFD50265B" bold="true" box="[617,640,1609,1635]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">G</emphasis>
. Ambulacral, in proximal view. —
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FBEB714FFB4C265B" bold="true" box="[1052,1180,1609,1635]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">B–E, H, K</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27152FF96FB5D714FFE7C26BF" authority="Blake &amp; Reid, 1998" authorityName="Blake &amp; Reid" authorityYear="1998" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Alkaidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sumralli">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FB5D714FFAA7265B" box="[1194,1399,1609,1635]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">Alkaidia sumralli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807152FF96FF4B716AFE7C26BF" author="Blake D. B. &amp; Reid R. III." box="[188,428,1644,1671]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" pagination="512 - 532" refId="ref16316" refString="Blake D. B. &amp; Reid R. III. 1998. Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications. Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 512 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002233600002429 X" type="journal article" year="1998">Blake &amp; Reid, 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, isolated ambulacrals and adambulacrals.
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FC56716AFC0726BE" bold="true" box="[929,983,1644,1670]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">B–C</emphasis>
. Abactinal views of adambulacrals (NHMUK PI EE 18005–18006).
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FDB17196FD8B2692" bold="true" box="[582,603,1680,1706]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">D</emphasis>
. Abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18007).
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FB087196FAC22692" bold="true" box="[1279,1298,1680,1706]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">E</emphasis>
. Actinal view of adambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008).
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FD1D71B5FCD126F5" bold="true" box="[746,769,1715,1741]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">H</emphasis>
. Actinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008).
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FF4B71D0FF0326C8" bold="true" box="[188,211,1750,1776]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">K</emphasis>
. Proximal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18010), the original of
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807152FF96FBD271D0FB6A26C8" author="Gale A. S." box="[1061,1210,1750,1776]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref16782" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale (2011a</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 8 fig. 9). —
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FF4A71FFFF36272B" bold="true" box="[189,230,1785,1811]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">I–J</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27152FF96FF0271FCFD2E272C" authority="(Quenstedt, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[245,766,1785,1812]" class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Terminaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cancriformis">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FF0271FCFDF1272B" box="[245,545,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">Terminaster cancriformis</emphasis>
(Quenstedt, 1876)
</taxonomicName>
(NMB M 9036), ambulacral, in abactinal and actinal views; the original of
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807152FF96FE3F701AFD8E270F" author="Gale A. S." box="[456,606,1820,1847]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref16782" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale (2011a</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 26 figs 11–12). Provenance: A, F–G. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. B–E, H, K. Grayson Formation,
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27152FF96FCE27046FBCC2761" baseAuthorityName="Bose" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[789,1052,1856,1882]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Acanthoceratidae" genus="Graysonites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ammonoidea" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="wacoense">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FCE27046FBCC2761" box="[789,1052,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">Graysonites wacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for locality details, reference is made to
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807152FF96FBC17065FB652746" author="Hess H." box="[1078,1205,1891,1918]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" pagination="77 - 107" refId="ref17074" refString="Hess H. 2015. Roveacrinids (Crinoidea) from the mid-Cretaceous of Texas: ontogeny, phylogeny, functional morphology, lifestyle. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134: 77 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 015 - 0076 - z" type="journal article" year="2015">Hess 2015</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807152FF96FB027065FF2C2798" author="Gale A. S. &amp; Rashall J. M. &amp; Kennedy W. J. &amp; Holterhoff F." pageId="36" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref16961" refString="Gale A. S., Rashall J. M., Kennedy W. J. &amp; Holterhoff F. 2021. The microcrinoid taxonomy, biostratigraphy and correlation of the upper Fredericksburg and Lower Washita groups (Cretaceous, middle Albian to lower Cenomanian) of northern Texas and southern Oklahoma, USA. Acta Geologica Polonica 71 (1): 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="2021">
Gale
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FACF7062FAA72745" box="[1336,1399,1891,1917]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). I–J. Upper Oxfordian (Couches d’Effingen,
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FCF87080FC552798" box="[783,901,1926,1952]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">bifurcatus</emphasis>
ammonite Zone,
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637152FF96FBB87080FB2A2798" box="[1103,1274,1926,1952]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="185">stenocycloides</emphasis>
ammonite Subzone), Savigna, near Orgelet, Département de Jura, France (
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807152FF96FC5170AFFBE227FC" author="Gale A. S." box="[934,1074,1961,1988]" pageId="36" pageNumber="185" refId="ref16811" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 b. Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, Department [sic] du Jura, France. In: Meyer C. A. &amp; Costeur L. (eds) Special Issue: Echinoderms - from the early" type="book" year="2011">Gale 2011b</bibRefCitation>
). See Material and methods for abbreviations. Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="797612717153FF97FF4A7694FBAA2220" blockId="37.[189,1399,402,536]" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">
Additionally, the morphology of the adambulacrals and ambulacrals, and the nature of their articulation is similar in zoroasterids,
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27153FF97FE0A76B1FD5A21E8" authorityName="Hess" authorityYear="1974" box="[509,650,439,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Terminaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="37" pageNumber="186" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637153FF97FE0A76B1FD5A21E8" box="[509,650,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">Terminaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27153FF97FD3C76B0FCFE21E8" authorityName="Blake &amp; Reid" authorityYear="1998" box="[715,814,438,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Alkaidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="37" pageNumber="186" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637153FF97FD3C76B0FCFE21E8" box="[715,814,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">Alkaidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47153FF97FCB476B0FC4E21E8" box="[835,926,438,464]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[189,232,1539,1565]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-233@36.[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 17.A, F–G. Zoroaster fulgensThomson, 1873 (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). A.Adambulacral, in abactinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 5). F. Ambulacral base, in actinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 8). G. Ambulacral, in proximal view. — B–E, H, K. Alkaidia sumralli Blake &amp; Reid, 1998, isolated ambulacrals and adambulacrals. B–C. Abactinal views of adambulacrals (NHMUK PI EE 18005–18006). D. Abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18007). E. Actinal view of adambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). H. Actinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). K. Proximal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18010), the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 9). — I–J. Terminaster cancriformis (Quenstedt, 1876) (NMB M 9036), ambulacral, in abactinal and actinal views; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 26 figs 11–12). Provenance: A, F–G. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. B–E, H, K. Grayson Formation, Graysonites wacoense ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for locality details, reference is made to Hess 2015 and Gale et al. 2021). I–J. Upper Oxfordian (Couches d’Effingen, bifurcatus ammonite Zone, stenocycloides ammonite Subzone), Savigna, near Orgelet, Département de Jura, France (Gale 2011b). See Material and methods for abbreviations. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033004/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637153FF97FC4F76B3FBD621E8" bold="true" box="[952,1030,437,464]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">Ada1a</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637153FF97FBBF76B3FB5321E8" bold="true" box="[1096,1155,437,464]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">ada2</emphasis>
are concave on the adamulacrals (
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47153FF97FE9876DCFDD321CC" box="[367,515,474,500]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[189,232,1539,1565]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-233@36.[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 17.A, F–G. Zoroaster fulgensThomson, 1873 (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). A.Adambulacral, in abactinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 5). F. Ambulacral base, in actinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 8). G. Ambulacral, in proximal view. — B–E, H, K. Alkaidia sumralli Blake &amp; Reid, 1998, isolated ambulacrals and adambulacrals. B–C. Abactinal views of adambulacrals (NHMUK PI EE 18005–18006). D. Abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18007). E. Actinal view of adambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). H. Actinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). K. Proximal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18010), the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 9). — I–J. Terminaster cancriformis (Quenstedt, 1876) (NMB M 9036), ambulacral, in abactinal and actinal views; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 26 figs 11–12). Provenance: A, F–G. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. B–E, H, K. Grayson Formation, Graysonites wacoense ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for locality details, reference is made to Hess 2015 and Gale et al. 2021). I–J. Upper Oxfordian (Couches d’Effingen, bifurcatus ammonite Zone, stenocycloides ammonite Subzone), Savigna, near Orgelet, Département de Jura, France (Gale 2011b). See Material and methods for abbreviations. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033004/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">Fig. 17A–C</figureCitation>
) and positioned on a process on the ambulacrals (
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47153FF97FB7B76DCFABA21CC" box="[1164,1386,474,500]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[189,232,1539,1565]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-233@36.[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 17.A, F–G. Zoroaster fulgensThomson, 1873 (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). A.Adambulacral, in abactinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 5). F. Ambulacral base, in actinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 8). G. Ambulacral, in proximal view. — B–E, H, K. Alkaidia sumralli Blake &amp; Reid, 1998, isolated ambulacrals and adambulacrals. B–C. Abactinal views of adambulacrals (NHMUK PI EE 18005–18006). D. Abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18007). E. Actinal view of adambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). H. Actinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). K. Proximal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18010), the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 9). — I–J. Terminaster cancriformis (Quenstedt, 1876) (NMB M 9036), ambulacral, in abactinal and actinal views; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 26 figs 11–12). Provenance: A, F–G. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. B–E, H, K. Grayson Formation, Graysonites wacoense ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for locality details, reference is made to Hess 2015 and Gale et al. 2021). I–J. Upper Oxfordian (Couches d’Effingen, bifurcatus ammonite Zone, stenocycloides ammonite Subzone), Savigna, near Orgelet, Département de Jura, France (Gale 2011b). See Material and methods for abbreviations. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033004/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">Fig. 17G–H, J–K</figureCitation>
). The
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637153FF97FF0576FBFE932220" bold="true" box="[242,323,509,536]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">dadam</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637153FF97FE8B76FBFE1D2220" bold="true" box="[380,461,509,536]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">padam</emphasis>
facets are subequal in size, broad and short (
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47153FF97FC2A76FBFBBD2220" box="[989,1133,509,536]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[189,232,1539,1565]" captionTargetBox="[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-233@36.[189,1396,285,1480]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 17.A, F–G. Zoroaster fulgensThomson, 1873 (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). A.Adambulacral, in abactinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 5). F. Ambulacral base, in actinal view; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 8). G. Ambulacral, in proximal view. — B–E, H, K. Alkaidia sumralli Blake &amp; Reid, 1998, isolated ambulacrals and adambulacrals. B–C. Abactinal views of adambulacrals (NHMUK PI EE 18005–18006). D. Abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18007). E. Actinal view of adambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). H. Actinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18008). K. Proximal view of ambulacral (NHMUK PI EE 18010), the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 8 fig. 9). — I–J. Terminaster cancriformis (Quenstedt, 1876) (NMB M 9036), ambulacral, in abactinal and actinal views; the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 26 figs 11–12). Provenance: A, F–G. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. B–E, H, K. Grayson Formation, Graysonites wacoense ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for locality details, reference is made to Hess 2015 and Gale et al. 2021). I–J. Upper Oxfordian (Couches d’Effingen, bifurcatus ammonite Zone, stenocycloides ammonite Subzone), Savigna, near Orgelet, Département de Jura, France (Gale 2011b). See Material and methods for abbreviations. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5033004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5033004/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">Fig. 17A–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797612717153FF97FF4A7539FBB52299" blockId="37.[188,1399,575,673]" pageId="37" pageNumber="186">The abactinal construction is never seen in extant benthopectinids, in which the abactinal ossicles in the arms are small and parapaxilliform or very small, and never imbricate. Additionally, in benthopectinids the abactinal surface is invariably flat, and the arm section is not subcylindrical.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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