2696 lines
384 KiB
XML
2696 lines
384 KiB
XML
<document id="39939918F30754D6DF9D45BF37CA5714" ID-CLB-Dataset="7751" ID-DOI="10.1093/mspecies/sey016" ID-ISSN="1545-1410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573595" ID-ZooBank="4D9C0C1A-B712-4246-84F9-18CAE8EC6272" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614695880541" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Harding, Lee E. & Han, Lian-Xian" docDate="2018" docId="03FE2B5DFFD48D4FFF549D84FBF6FCA5" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpecies.50.969.148-165.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 50 (969)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey016" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36.4:MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhinopithecus bieti : Milne-Edwards 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="161" masterDocId="FFC75325FFD58D42FF939F4AFFCAFF87" masterDocTitle="Rhinopithecus bieti (Primates: Cercopithecidae)" masterLastPageNumber="165" masterPageNumber="148" pageNumber="149" updateTime="1698931843284" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A55C1575D7DB9FFA4ACC69C9538549A1">
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<mods:title id="114CB322D4AF81D63733A3848FAE57B2">Rhinopithecus bieti (Primates: Cercopithecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="36B8CCDD970FCB2AE12C6CF2A9EC9E9F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F4F4FC771E6887E6A6D283F6F783159C">Harding, Lee E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7AA660D9AD041571B8DBA06D206649F9">SciWrite Environmental Sciences Ltd, 2339 Sumpter Drive, Coquitlam, British Columbia V 3 J 6 Y 3, Canada;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9D85646561FF62E7428CA90E7816F86F" type="email">leeharding@shaw.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F67D3C8D58A24A8EF70CF82D3566923A">Han, Lian-Xian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DC31CBEE34AAFA04381BA391E306079E">Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailongsi, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="175A9BA701BBA47214245A38E62A98DA" type="email">lianxian.han@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="B877B97DA8EBB8FEB296B0FBAC3F2233">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="745953280D3F589722A5795BD2CC63DB">
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<mods:date id="8DC936B1D150E28E102FDF33625A7D89">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C1186DDC2B17C9401B3E659EE093A813">2018-10-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F4FC5436F6126798D8C64FE9AF350058">969</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="17573757FB28723DF3F232A4C246C254" type="CLB-Dataset">7751</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A1010C253AC3FB768255610C9FC83B30" type="DOI">10.1093/mspecies/sey016</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FE2B5DFFD48D4FFF549D84FBF6FCA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605126" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180568711" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4605126" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE2B5DFFD48D4FFF549D84FBF6FCA5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE2B5DFFD48D4FFF549D84FBF6FCA5" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
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<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD48D43FF549D84FD75FD60" box="[199,703,717,744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FF549D84FD75FD60" blockId="1.[199,703,717,744]" box="[199,703,717,744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
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<heading id="D0A02D27FFD48D43FF549D84FD75FD60" box="[199,703,717,744]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FF549D84FD75FD60" ID-CoL="4S9ML" authority="Milne-Edwards, 1897" authorityName=": Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1897" box="[199,703,717,744]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FF549D84FE60FD6F" box="[199,426,718,744]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FE219D87FD75FD60" bold="true" box="[434,703,717,743]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Milne-Edwards, 1897</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD48D43FE9E9C48FD68FC9E" box="[269,674,770,793]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FE9E9C48FD68FC9E" blockId="1.[269,674,770,793]" box="[269,674,770,793]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Black-and-white Snub-nosed Monkey</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD48D43FFFE9C70FE1FFB16" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FFFE9C70FD0DFC56" blockId="1.[109,792,826,1169]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FFFE9C70FD48FCD6" ID-CoL="4S9ML" authority=": Milne-Edwards, 1897: 156" authorityName=": Milne-Edwards" authorityPageNumber="156" authorityYear="1897" box="[109,642,826,849]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FFFE9C70FE8FFCD6" box="[109,325,826,849]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
: Milne-Edwards, 1897:156
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFD48D43FD059C70FD01FCD6" box="[662,715,826,849]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FF589C10FEBAFC16" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">“...aux environs de Tsékou et à Atentsé dans la haute vallée du Mékong”</quote>
|
||
(around Tsékou and Atentsé [modern Yunling Xian,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD48D43FEAB9CD0FE52FC36" box="[312,408,922,945]" degrees="98.86" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" precision="555" value="98.86">98.86° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD48D43FE319CD0FDCFFC36" box="[418,517,922,945]" degrees="28.29" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" precision="555" value="28.29">28.29° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
] in the upper valley of the Mekong),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD48D43FE9A9CF0FE97FC56" box="[265,349,954,977]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD48D43FEFB9CF0FE61FC56" box="[360,427,954,977]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. First use of current name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FFFE9C90FE29FB96" blockId="1.[109,792,826,1169]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FFFE9C90FECFFB96" ID-CoL="4S9ML" authority=": Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951: 202" authorityName="Ellerman and Morrison-Scott" authorityPageNumber="202" authorityYear="1951" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="roxellanae" subSpecies="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FFFE9C90FE72FC76" box="[109,440,986,1009]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus roxellanae bieti</emphasis>
|
||
: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:202
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FFFE9B50FEBBFBD6" blockId="1.[109,792,826,1169]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FFFE9B50FCDFFBB6" ID-CoL="4QNHC" authority=": Groves, 1970: 569" authorityName="Groves" authorityPageNumber="569" authorityYear="1970" box="[109,789,1050,1073]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="roxellana" subGenus="Rhinopithecus" subSpecies="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FFFE9B50FDF3FBB6" box="[109,569,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Pygathrix (Rhinopithecus) roxellana bieti</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FDDE9B50FCDFFBB6" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[589,789,1050,1073]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16614" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1970. The forgotten leaf-eaters and the phylogeny of the Colobinae. Pp. 555 - 587 in Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics, and behavior (J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier, eds.). Academic Press, New York." type="book" year="1970">Groves, 1970:569</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FFFE9B10FE1FFB16" blockId="1.[109,792,826,1169]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FFFE9B10FF32FB16" ID-CoL="4S9ML" authority=": Jablonski and Peng, 1993: 36" authorityName=": Jablonski and Peng" authorityPageNumber="36" authorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti" subGenus="Rhinopithecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FFFE9B10FDC3FBF6" box="[109,521,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus (Rhinopithecus) bieti</emphasis>
|
||
: Jablonski and Peng, 1993:36
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD48D43FFFE9BF0FEFFFB76" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FFFE9BF0FEFFFB76" blockId="1.[109,792,1210,1265]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Context as for genus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FDEC9BF0FF56FB76" authorityName=": Jablonski and Peng" authorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FDEC9BF0FF56FB76" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD48D43FFFE9A50FC0CFA65" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FFFE9A50FEA6F996" blockId="1.[108,794,1306,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. Milne-Edwards (1870:341) 1st described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FF779A70FE33FAD6" baseAuthorityName="A.Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[228,505,1338,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FF779A70FE33FAD6" box="[228,505,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, placing it in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FFFE9A10FED9FAF6" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1870" box="[109,275,1370,1393]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FFFE9A10FED9FAF6" box="[109,275,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Semnopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FEDB9A10FDCCFAF6" author="DUFRESNE, C." box="[328,518,1370,1393]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" pagination="49" refId="ref16396" refString="DUFRESNE, C. 1797. Sur une novelle espece de singe. Bulletin de Sciences de la Societe Philomatique de Paris 1: 49." type="journal article" year="1797">Dufresne (1797)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. He later changed the genus to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FF489A30FEB0FA16" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[219,378,1402,1425]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FF489A30FEB0FA16" box="[219,378,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the species name to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FD399A30FE78FA36" authority="(Milne-Edwards 1872: 158)" baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityPageNumber="158" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FD399A30FCD2FA16" box="[682,792,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">roxellanae</emphasis>
|
||
(Milne-Edwards 1872:158)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FE5C9AD0FD08FA36" author="ANDERSON, J." box="[463,706,1434,1457]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" pagination="1875" refId="ref15377" refString="ANDERSON, J. 1878. Anatomical and zoological researches, comprising an account of the zoological results of the two expeditions to western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875, and a monograph of the two cetacean genera, Platanista and Orcella. B. Quaritch, London, United Kingdom." type="journal article" year="1878">Anderson (1878:43)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FFFE9AF0FE31FA56" box="[109,507,1466,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana" subGenus="Nasalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FFFE9AF0FE31FA56" box="[109,507,1466,1489]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Semnopithecus (Nasalis) roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD48D43FDC89AF0FD65FA56" box="[603,687,1466,1489]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
taxa but on his expeditions did not see or obtain specimens of any
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FFFE9AB0FEC6F996" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[109,268,1530,1553]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FFFE9AB0FEC6F996" box="[109,268,1530,1553]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FF0B9950FE38F976" blockId="1.[108,794,1306,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
Milne-Edwards (1897:121; pls. IX–XII) did not designate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFD48D43FF249970FF2FF9D6" box="[183,229,1594,1617]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen in his original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FD099970FD22F9D6" authorityName=": Jablonski and Peng" authorityYear="1993" box="[666,744,1594,1617]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FD099970FD22F9D6" box="[666,744,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but described, illustrated, and gave measurements for a
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FD1D9910FCD0F9F6" box="[654,794,1626,1649]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">“mâle vieux”</quote>
|
||
among his
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5151C2FFD48D43FF799930FEB8F916" box="[234,370,1658,1681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
for which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FE669930FD78F916" author="ELLIOT, D. G." box="[501,690,1658,1681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16516" refString="ELLIOT, D. G. 1913. A review of the Primates. Vol. 3. Monographs of the American Museum of Natural History, New York." type="book" year="1913">Elliot (1913:104)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
repeated measurements, referring to this mature male as the
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FD0199D0FD36F936" box="[658,764,1690,1713]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
“Ex
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFD48D43FD5199D0FD38F936" box="[706,754,1690,1713]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">type</typeStatus>
|
||
”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
in the Paris Museum.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FED399F0FE31F956" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[320,507,1722,1745]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref15347" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1938. Mammals of China and Mongolia. Vol. XI, Part 1. American Museum of Natural History, New York." type="book" year="1938">Allen (1938:302)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concurred that this specimen
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FF319990FE38F976" box="[162,498,1754,1777]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
“might be selected as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFD48D43FE209990FE2EF976" box="[435,484,1754,1777]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">type</typeStatus>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FF0B99B0FAB0FE85" blockId="1.[108,794,1306,1905]" lastBlockId="1.[839,1524,203,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
Pocock (1934) had “created a genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FDDA99B0FD05F896" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1924" box="[585,719,1786,1809]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FDDA99B0FD05F896" box="[585,719,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Presbytiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for it [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FFE59850FEC8F8B6" box="[118,258,1818,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avunculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FFE59850FEC8F8B6" box="[118,258,1818,1841]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. avunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], a taxon which seems altogether unnecessary...” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FFE59870FEFDF8D6" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[118,311,1850,1873]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16614" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1970. The forgotten leaf-eaters and the phylogeny of the Colobinae. Pp. 555 - 587 in Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics, and behavior (J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier, eds.). Academic Press, New York." type="book" year="1970">Groves 1970:559</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) had earlier considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FEA59810FE76F8F6" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1924" box="[310,444,1882,1905]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FEA59810FE76F8F6" box="[310,444,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Presbytiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
valid as a subgenus, although it was often used as the genus untilJablonski and Peng (1993) confirmed it as a subgenus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FBD89FA1FAB8FE85" box="[1099,1394,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avunculus" subGenus="Presbytiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FBD89FA1FAB8FE85" box="[1099,1394,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. (Presbytiscus) avunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FCE09E41FB34FDA5" blockId="1.[839,1524,203,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FCE09E41FBD8FEA5" author="CHASEN, F. N." box="[883,1042,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref15746" refString="CHASEN, F. N. 1940. A handlist of Malaysian mammals - a systematic list of the mammals of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java, including the adjacent small islands. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Singapore." type="book" year="1940">Chasen (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
followed
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FB179E41FADAFEA5" author="ELLIOT, D. G." box="[1156,1296,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16516" refString="ELLIOT, D. G. 1913. A review of the Primates. Vol. 3. Monographs of the American Museum of Natural History, New York." type="book" year="1913">Elliot (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FADB9E41FA1EFEA5" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1352,1492,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref15347" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1938. Mammals of China and Mongolia. Vol. XI, Part 1. American Museum of Natural History, New York." type="book" year="1938">Allen (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in maintaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FC439E61FB9EFEC5" box="[976,1108,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FC439E61FB9EFEC5" box="[976,1108,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FBF09E61FB78FEC5" authorityName=": Jablonski and Peng" authorityYear="1993" box="[1123,1202,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FBF09E61FB78FEC5" box="[1123,1202,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FB629E61FAA8FEC5" box="[1265,1378,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brelichi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FB629E61FAA8FEC5" box="[1265,1378,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. brelichi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FCD99E01FC2BFEE5" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[842,993,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FCD99E01FC2BFEE5" box="[842,993,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) reduced
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FCD49E21FC50FE05" authorityName=": Jablonski and Peng" authorityYear="1993" box="[839,922,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FCD49E21FC50FE05" box="[839,922,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FC4A9E21FB84FE05" box="[985,1102,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brelichi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FC4A9E21FB84FE05" box="[985,1102,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. brelichi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FA899E21FA68FE05" box="[1306,1442,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FA899E21FA68FE05" box="[1306,1442,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Later, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955:19), noting contra
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FA379EC1FC45FE45" author="CHASEN, F. N." pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref15746" refString="CHASEN, F. N. 1940. A handlist of Malaysian mammals - a systematic list of the mammals of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java, including the adjacent small islands. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Singapore." type="book" year="1940">Chasen (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that “…it appears unnecessary to have three genera for three snub-nosed Monkeys,” placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FB4F9E81FAE9FE65" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1903" box="[1244,1315,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Simias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FB4F9E81FAE9FE65" box="[1244,1315,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Simias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FAA69E81FA71FE65" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1924" box="[1333,1467,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FAA69E81FA71FE65" box="[1333,1467,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Presbytiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FCDB9EA1FC2BFD85" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[840,993,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FCDB9EA1FC2BFD85" box="[840,993,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as subgenera under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FB5F9EA1FAAFFD85" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[1228,1381,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FB5F9EA1FAAFFD85" box="[1228,1381,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but did not name the species and subspecies as such.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FCE09D61FA26FCC5" blockId="1.[839,1524,203,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FCE09D61FBC7FDC5" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[883,1037,555,578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16614" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1970. The forgotten leaf-eaters and the phylogeny of the Colobinae. Pp. 555 - 587 in Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics, and behavior (J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier, eds.). Academic Press, New York." type="book" year="1970">Groves (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Szalay and Delson (1979), and others placed the 4 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FC6D9D01FB5DFDE5" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[1022,1175,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FC6D9D01FB5DFDE5" box="[1022,1175,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known at that time in a subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FCE69D21FBC4FD05" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[885,1038,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FCE69D21FBC4FD05" box="[885,1038,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FBC89D21FB09FD05" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1970" box="[1115,1219,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FBC89D21FB09FD05" box="[1115,1219,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Pygathrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but as information on their distinctiveness accumulated, Ye et al. (1985) followed by Peng et al. (1988) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FB959DE1FB68FD45" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[1030,1186,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16671" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1989. A theory of human and primate evolution. Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1989">Groves (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
accepted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FA839DE1FA95FD45" authorityName=": Jablonski and Peng" authorityYear="1993" box="[1296,1375,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FA839DE1FA95FD45" box="[1296,1375,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a full species. Nevertheless,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FB899D81FB7FFD65" author="DELSON, E." box="[1050,1205,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16212" refString="DELSON, E. 2000. Colobinae. Pp. 186 - 189 in Encyclopedia of human evolution and prehistory (E. Delson, I. Tattersall, J. A. V. Couvering, and A. S. Brooks, eds.). 2 nd ed. Garland, New York." type="book" year="2000">Delson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and others continued to recognize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FC069DA1FB65FC85" authority="" box="[917,1199,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Rhinopithecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FC069DA1FB65FC85" box="[917,1199,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Pygathrix (Rhinopithecus)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although Jablonski and Peng (1993) resurrected Ellerman’s and Morrison-Scott’s (1951) subgenus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FC079C61FAD3FCC5" authority=", Groves (2001)" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[916,1305,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti" subGenus="Roxellanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FC079C61FBBBFCC5" box="[916,1137,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. (Roxellanae) bieti</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FBEC9C61FAD3FCC5" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[1151,1305,811,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16744" refString="GROVES, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="2001">Groves (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
renamed it
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FA0B9C61FA2EFCC5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1432,1508,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FA0B9C61FA2EFCC5" box="[1432,1508,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FCE09C01FB08FB85" blockId="1.[839,1524,203,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FCE09C01FB61FCE5" author="GEISSMANN, T." box="[883,1195,843,866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref16546" refString="GEISSMANN, T., ET AL. 2010. A new species of snub-nosed monkey, genus Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards, 1872 (Primates, Colobinae), from northern Kachin state, northeastern Myanmar. American Journal of Primatology 72: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2010">Geissmann et al. (2010:1)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the 5th species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FCDB9C21FC7BFC05" box="[840,945,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stykeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FCDB9C21FC7BFC05" box="[840,945,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. stykeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD48D43FC489C21FB8EFC05" box="[987,1092,875,898]" name="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, near the border with the mainland of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD48D43FCDB9CC1FC40FC25" box="[840,906,907,930]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, designating it the Burmese snub-nosed monkey. Its range has since been extended to mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD48D43FB469CE1FADFFC45" box="[1237,1301,939,962]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
west of the Salween River (Nu Jiang) with an estimated population in mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD48D43FCDB9CA1FC42FB85" box="[840,904,1003,1026]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
of 490–620 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FB8B9CA1FB78FB85" author="MA, C." box="[1048,1202,1003,1026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" pagination="377 - 382" refId="ref19306" refString="MA, C., ET AL. 2014. Distribution and conservation status of Rhinopithecus strykeri in China. Primates 55: 377 - 382." type="journal article" year="2014">Ma et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FCE09B41FC0CFA65" blockId="1.[839,1524,203,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FCE09B41FB88FBA5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[883,1090,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FCE09B41FB88FBA5" box="[883,1090,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is named for Monsignor Biet, apostolic bishop of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD48D43FC279B61FC24FBC5" box="[948,1006,1067,1090]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
, who had arranged for the collection of the original specimens (Milne-Edwards 1897). It has been called the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD48D43FCDB9B21FC53FB05" box="[840,921,1131,1154]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
or black snub-nosed monkey, but since it also occurs in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD48D43FCF49BC1FC54FB25" box="[871,926,1163,1186]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD48D43FC229BC1FBA2FB25" box="[945,1128,1163,1186]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Xizang province</collectingRegion>
|
||
of mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD48D43FA909BC1FA8DFB25" box="[1283,1351,1163,1186]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Yunnan snubnosed monkey seems restrictive. Since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FB789BE1FA90FB45" box="[1259,1370,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strykeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FB789BE1FA90FB45" box="[1259,1370,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. strykeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has an all-black body, was described in 2010, Chinese scholars have been calling it the black snub-nosed monkey (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FAE89BA1FCB7FAA5" author="CHEN, Y." pageId="1" pageNumber="149" pagination="679 - 690" refId="ref15791" refString="CHEN, Y., ET AL. 2015. Preliminary study of the newly discovered primate species Rhinopithecus strykeri at Pianma, Yunnan, China using infrared camera traps. International Journal of Primatology 36: 679 - 690." type="journal article" year="2015">Chen et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FC5D9A41FBEBFAA5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[974,1057,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FC5D9A41FBEBFAA5" box="[974,1057,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FC169A61FB84FAC5" author="CLAUZEL, C. & QING, W. & P. GIRAUDOUX & L. LI" box="[901,1102,1323,1346]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" pagination="207 - 217" refId="ref15880" refString="CLAUZEL, C., D. XI- QING, W. GONG- SHENG, P. GIRAUDOUX, AND L. LI. 2015. Assessing the impact of road developments on connectivity across multiple scales: application to Yunnan snub-nosed monkey conservation. Biological Conservation 192: 207 - 217." type="journal article" year="2015">Clauzel et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey in Chinese is
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FC459A01FB18FAE5" box="[982,1234,1355,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">“Hei Bai Yang Bi Hou,”</quote>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FB459A03FABEFAE5" bold="true" box="[1238,1396,1353,1379]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Ḇ H ® ⁂ M</emphasis>
|
||
. Bai people call it
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FC1A9A21FC26FA05" box="[905,1004,1387,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">“Baiyao”</quote>
|
||
or
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FB9D9A21FB5DFA05" box="[1038,1175,1387,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">“Baip hhod”</quote>
|
||
; the latter means
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FADC9A21FBD6FA25" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">“monkey wearing white trousers.”</quote>
|
||
Lisu people call it
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FB679AC1FA66FA25" box="[1268,1452,1419,1442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">“Zha mi pu zha”</quote>
|
||
(“Zha mi” means “monkey” in the Lisu language). In Tibetan,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FA359AE1FA39FA45" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1446,1523,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FA359AE1FA39FA45" box="[1446,1523,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<quote id="F9A86D59FFD48D43FCF39A81FC0CFA65" box="[864,966,1483,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">“Zhi Jie.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFD48D40FBDF997CFEB8FC85" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD48D40FBDF997CFEB8FC85" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D43FBDF997CFB25F9D7" blockId="1.[1100,1263,1590,1616]" box="[1100,1263,1590,1616]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFD48D43FBDF997CFB25F9D7" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,1590,1616]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FBDF997CFB25F9D7" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,1590,1616]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD48D40FCE09930FEB8FC85" blockId="1.[840,1523,1658,1905]" lastBlockId="2.[109,793,203,770]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FCE09930FB80F916" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[883,1098,1658,1681]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FCE09930FB80F916" box="[883,1098,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 1 of the largest colobines: males’ head–body length is
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD48D43FBA199D0FB75F936" box="[1074,1215,1690,1713]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.85" metricValueMax="8.3" metricValueMin="7.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" unit="cm" value="785.0" valueMax="830.0" valueMin="740.0">740–830 cm</quantity>
|
||
, tail length is
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD48D43FAF199D0FA25F936" box="[1378,1519,1690,1713]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" unit="cm" value="615.0" valueMax="720.0" valueMin="510.0">510–720 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Males are 50% larger:
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD48D43FBD099F0FB53F956" box="[1091,1177,1722,1745]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.53" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" unit="kg" value="15.3">15.3 kg</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FB3699F0FB78F956" box="[1189,1202,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 for males, versus
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD48D43FA3B99F0FA25F956" box="[1448,1519,1722,1745]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" unit="kg" value="9.1">9.1 kg</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FCDA9990FC9CF976" box="[841,854,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 7 for females (Kirkpatrick 1998). Its tail is 86–95% of head–body length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD48D43FB8899B0FB6FF896" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[1051,1189,1786,1809]" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16614" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1970. The forgotten leaf-eaters and the phylogeny of the Colobinae. Pp. 555 - 587 in Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics, and behavior (J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier, eds.). Academic Press, New York." type="book" year="1970">Groves 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In common with other snubnosed monkeys, it has thick lips, a flat face, and a diminutive nose with upturned nostrils.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD48D43FB1E9870FB15F8D6" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1165,1247,1850,1873]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="1" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD48D43FB1E9870FB15F8D6" box="[1165,1247,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="149">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only long-haired, black-and-white snub-nosed monkey. Males have a dark crown with hairs
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD78D40FF709F81FEA2FF65" box="[227,360,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.085" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.97" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="108.5" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="97.0">97–120 mm</quantity>
|
||
long forming a forward-drooping crest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FFE59FA1FECEFE85" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[118,260,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref16614" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1970. The forgotten leaf-eaters and the phylogeny of the Colobinae. Pp. 555 - 587 in Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics, and behavior (J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier, eds.). Academic Press, New York." type="book" year="1970">Groves 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its facial skin is bare and white with a black nose and pink lips. Pelage is black on the arms (but with a tuft of white at the elbows), back (but with pale guard hairs), and lower legs, whitish-gray on the cheeks, neck, thighs, and underparts, grading to a white abdomen with a dark midline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD78D40FD5A9E21FCCDFE05" box="[713,775,363,386]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1698,1719]" captionTargetBox="[845,1517,1027,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-410@0.[845,1517,1027,1684]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig.1.—An adult male and ajuvenileRhinopithecus bieti. Photographed at Tacheng in the Baimaxueshan (White Horse Snow Mountain) Nature Reserve,Yunnan, China by L. E. Harding." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573597/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). “Hairs very elongated in ischial region forming a fringe
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD78D40FD719EC1FF03FE45" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="205.0" valueMax="210.0" valueMin="200.0">200– 210 mm</quantity>
|
||
long” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FE8F9EE1FE16FE45" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[284,476,427,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref16614" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1970. The forgotten leaf-eaters and the phylogeny of the Colobinae. Pp. 555 - 587 in Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics, and behavior (J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier, eds.). Academic Press, New York." type="book" year="1970">Groves 1970:568</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). White hair on the thighs of mature males is very long and beard-like. Females and immatures are not as dark and their hair is shorter on the thighs, crown, and back. Infants are white and turn yellowish before turning gray. The color pattern is broadly similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FD2A9D61FF6CFDE5" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avunculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FD2A9D61FF6CFDE5" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">R. avunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD78D40FEAD9D01FE57FDE5" box="[318,413,587,610]" name="Vietnam" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which has a white crown, white cheek, and neck hair and is smaller and much shorter-haired, a likely adaptation to the milder climate.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FD8B9DC1FD42FD25" box="[536,648,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strykeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FD8B9DC1FD42FD25" box="[536,648,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">R. strykeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a similar face, but black pelage, and occurs between the Salween (Nu) and Irrawaddy rivers on both sides of the Myanmar–China border (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FF569DA1FEA8FC85" author="MA, C." box="[197,354,747,770]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="377 - 382" refId="ref19306" refString="MA, C., ET AL. 2014. Distribution and conservation status of Rhinopithecus strykeri in China. Primates 55: 377 - 382." type="journal article" year="2014">Ma et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFD78D40FE829C77FC16FE05" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD78D40FE829C77FC16FE05" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FE829C77FDBFFCD0" blockId="2.[273,629,829,855]" box="[273,629,829,855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFD78D40FE829C77FDBFFCD0" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[273,629,829,855]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FE829C77FDBFFCD0" bold="true" box="[273,629,829,855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FF0B9CCBFE32FADF" blockId="2.[108,792,897,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FF0B9CCBFEFEFC1F" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[152,308,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FF0B9CCBFEFEFC1F" box="[152,308,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares many cranial, dental, and postcranial features such as body size and limb proportions with the proboscis monkey,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FED59C8BFE32FC5F" baseAuthorityName="van Wurmb" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[326,504,961,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Nasalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larvatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FED59C8BFE32FC5F" box="[326,504,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Nasalis larvatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, duoc langurs,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FD3B9C8BFCDBFC5F" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1970" box="[680,785,961,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FD3B9C8BFCDBFC5F" box="[680,785,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Pygathrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, simakobu (pig-tailed langur),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FE2F9CABFDBAFC7F" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1903" box="[444,624,993,1016]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Simias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FE2F9CABFDBAFC7F" box="[444,624,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Simias concolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the fossil Eurasian colobine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FEAF9B4BFE1AFB9F" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1839" box="[316,464,1025,1048]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Mesopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FEAF9B4BFE1AFB9F" box="[316,464,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Mesopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting a common inheritance (Peng et al. 1993; Peng and Pan 1994;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FDF09B6BFCC2FBBF" author="JABLONSKI, N. G." box="[611,776,1057,1080]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref17621" refString="JABLONSKI, N. G. 1998. The evolution of the douc and snub-nosed monkeys and the question of the phyletic unity of the odd-nosed colobines. Pp. 13 - 52 in The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys (N. G. Jablonski, ed.). World Scientific, Singapore." type="book" year="1998">Jablonski 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pan et al. (2004) recommended placing these 4 genera and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FFFE9B2BFEC3FBFF" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[109,265,1121,1144]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FFFE9B2BFEC3FBFF" box="[109,265,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into a tribe, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FE429B2BFDBDFBFF" box="[465,631,1121,1144]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhinopithecini">Rhinopithecini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Alternatively, they are referred to as the “odd-nosed” clade, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FDE89BCBFCDDFB1F" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[635,791,1153,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FDE89BCBFCDDFB1F" box="[635,791,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, or the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FE929BEBFE57FB3F" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[257,413,1185,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FE929BEBFE57FB3F" box="[257,413,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FD809BEBFD73FB3F" author="JABLONSKI, N. G." box="[531,697,1185,1208]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref17621" refString="JABLONSKI, N. G. 1998. The evolution of the douc and snub-nosed monkeys and the question of the phyletic unity of the odd-nosed colobines. Pp. 13 - 52 in The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys (N. G. Jablonski, ed.). World Scientific, Singapore." type="book" year="1998">Jablonski 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Sterner et al. 2006; Whittaker et al. 2006; Roos et al. 2011). These common features contrast with the analogous features of the surilis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FF569A4BFEE3FA9F" box="[197,297,1281,1304]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FF569A4BFEE3FA9F" box="[197,297,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Presbytis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lutungs,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FE379A4BFD80FA9F" box="[420,586,1281,1304]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FE379A4BFD80FA9F" box="[420,586,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Trachypithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and south-Asian langurs (henceforth, langurs),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FE4F9A6BFDB5FABF" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1870" box="[476,639,1313,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FE4F9A6BFDB5FABF" box="[476,639,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Semnopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collectively called the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FF4D9A0BFE39FADF" authority="(Groves 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[222,499,1345,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Presbytini">
|
||
Presbytini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FECE9A0BFE2DFADF" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[349,487,1345,1368]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref16744" refString="GROVES, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="2001">Groves 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FF0B9A2BFE43F95F" blockId="2.[108,792,897,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FF0B9A2BFEADFAFF" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[152,359,1377,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FF0B9A2BFEADFAFF" box="[152,359,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most sexually dimorphic of snubnosed monkeys for size (as well as pelage differences as noted above) with females 63% to 69% male body mass (Jablonski and Pan 1991, 1995). As well, sexual dimorphism in canine size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD78D40FFE59AABFF7FFA7F" box="[118,181,1505,1528]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[109,144,1167,1188]" captionTargetBox="[384,1248,200,1154]" captionTargetId="figure-398@3.[384,1248,200,1154]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandibles of Rhinopithecus bieti: female (right), KIZ [Kunming Institute of Zoology] #210529 and male (left), KIZ #210823. Photographs by Lianxian Han and Ben Han used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573599/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FF709AABFEB6FA7F" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[227,380,1505,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FF709AABFEB6FA7F" box="[227,380,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is among the highest for colo-bine monkeys, and among species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FE67994BFD47F99F" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[500,653,1537,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FE67994BFD47F99F" box="[500,653,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is highest in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FFFF996BFF71F9BF" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[108,187,1569,1592]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FFFF996BFF71F9BF" box="[108,187,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; this may be associated with intense male–male compe-tition in the restricted breeding season (Jablonski and Pan 1995). Grueter and van Schaik (2009) showed that colobines living in multilevel societies (with more frequent and intense reproductive competition), as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FED899EBFE5DF93F" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[331,407,1697,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FED899EBFE5DF93F" box="[331,407,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does, exhibit higher levels of sexual dimorphism in body mass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FF0B99ABFE41F81F" blockId="2.[108,792,897,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
Brachial index is 97–107 and intermembral index is 92–96 for all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FE09984BFDC0F89F" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1970" box="[410,522,1793,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FE09984BFDC0F89F" box="[410,522,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Pygathrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as then understood to include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FF43986BFDE5F8BF" authority="(Groves 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[208,559,1825,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FF43986BFEB8F8BF" box="[208,370,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FE1F986BFDEEF8BF" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[396,548,1825,1848]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref16614" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1970. The forgotten leaf-eaters and the phylogeny of the Colobinae. Pp. 555 - 587 in Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics, and behavior (J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier, eds.). Academic Press, New York." type="book" year="1970">Groves 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The shoulder gir-dle and upper arm are also more robust in males (Pan et al. 1993), probably reflecting their greater terrestriality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FFE498CBFEB1F81F" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[119,379,1921,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FCE09F81FC16FE05" blockId="2.[840,1522,203,386]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FCE09F81FB9EFF65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[883,1108,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FCE09F81FB9EFF65" box="[883,1108,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is primarily arboreal, but with a strong terrestrial component of locomotion and occasional use of alpine habitats above the tree line (Kirkpatrick and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FCDB9E61FC02FEC5" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[840,968,299,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adult males, being heavier, are consistently more terrestrial than females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FB059E01FA45FEE5" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1174,1423,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FA0D9E01FC06FE05" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. LI & B. REN & M. LI" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref16959" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. LI, B. REN, AND M. LI. 2013 b. Substrate use and postural behavior in free-ranging snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan. Integrative Zoology 8: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2013">Grueter et al. 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFD78D40FBA29EF7FAF7F93F" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD78D40FBA29EF7FAF7F93F" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FBA29EF7FAC3FE50" blockId="2.[1073,1289,445,471]" box="[1073,1289,445,471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFD78D40FBA29EF7FAC3FE50" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,445,471]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FBA29EF7FAC3FE50" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,445,471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FCE09D4BFB9BFABF" blockId="2.[838,1525,513,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FCE09D4BFB8FFD9F" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[883,1093,513,536]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FCE09D4BFB8FFD9F" box="[883,1093,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is confined to the Hengduan Mountains between the Mekong River (Lancang Jiang) and the Yangtze River (also named Chang Jiang, “long river”; and Jinsha Jiang in the upper reaches) inYunnan, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD78D40FB5C9D2BFAD7FDFF" box="[1231,1309,609,632]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Xizang</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD78D40FABA9D2BFC5DFD1F" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Tibet Autonomous Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
, hereafter “
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD78D40FB8B9DCBFB92FD1F" box="[1048,1112,641,664]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
”), mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD78D40FB759DCBFAEDFD1F" box="[1254,1319,641,664]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD78D40FAA99DCBFAB7FD1F" box="[1338,1405,641,664]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The current range extends from the south near Yunlong (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD78D40FAFD9DEBFA07FD3F" box="[1390,1485,672,697]" degrees="25" direction="north" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" precision="925" value="25.866667">25°52′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in Lanping and Yunlong Counties, to the north at Zhuina,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD78D40FA039D8BFA24FD5F" box="[1424,1518,704,729]" degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" precision="925" value="29.333334">29°20′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Mankang County (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FB889DABFB1FFD7F" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1051,1237,737,760]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FB7D9DABFA66FD7F" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1262,1452,737,760]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref15347" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1938. Mammals of China and Mongolia. Vol. XI, Part 1. American Museum of Natural History, New York." type="book" year="1938">Allen (1938:303)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that “Prince Henri d’Orleans and M. Bonvalot... in 1890 saw them in the forest country between Tengri Nor and Batang.” This extends the historic range northward close to 30°00″N (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FCC29C2BFBD8FCFF" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[849,1042,865,888]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To the south, historical records exist to about
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD78D40FC1C9CCBFC21FC1F" box="[911,1003,896,921]" degrees="25" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" precision="925" value="25.2">25°12′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(He and Zhang 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FB669CCBFA5BFC1F" author="LI, B. - G. & R. - L. PAN & C. E. OXNARD" box="[1269,1425,897,920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="1227 - 1244" refId="ref18517" refString="LI, B. - G., R. - L. PAN, AND C. E. OXNARD. 2002. Extinction of snub-nosed monkeys in China during the past 400 years. International Journal of Primatology 23: 1227 - 1244." type="journal article" year="2002">Li et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nüchel et al. 2018). The southernmost population was thought to be at Mt. Longma at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD78D40FB869C8BFBBBFC5F" box="[1045,1137,960,985]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" precision="925" value="26.233334">26°14′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FB179C8BFAF7FC5F" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1156,1341,961,984]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in the Yunlong Provincial Nature Reserve until 2003–2007 when staff of Tianchi Provincial Nature Reserve obtained photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FCDB9B6BFC51FBBF" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[840,923,1057,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FCDB9B6BFC51FBBF" box="[840,923,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, conducted surveys finding several groups, and collected droppings for food analysis. In
|
||
<date id="FFE9BC8BFFD78D40FB689B0BFA6AFBDF" box="[1275,1440,1089,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" value="2015-02">February 2015</date>
|
||
, nature reserve staff captured still and video images of 15–30 individuals at the Wubaoshan (Wubao Mountain) section of the reserve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD78D40FCC29BEBFC5FFB3F" box="[849,917,1185,1208]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), moving the known distribution south about
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD78D40FA399BEBFA38FB3F" box="[1450,1522,1185,1208]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
(L.-X. Han, in litt.,
|
||
<date id="FFE9BC8BFFD78D40FBB59B8BFB0EFB5F" box="[1062,1220,1217,1240]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" value="2015-04-28">28 April 2015</date>
|
||
, citing local news reports). Wubaoshan is at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD78D40FB939BABFB94FB7F" box="[1024,1118,1248,1273]" degrees="25" direction="north" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" precision="925" value="25.866667">25°52′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD78D40FBFA9BABFB0BFB7F" box="[1129,1217,1248,1273]" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" precision="925" value="99.25">99°15′E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
in Yunlong County. These 2 nature reserves are adjacent and are often called the YunlongTianchi Nature Reserve.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FCE09A0BFBC4F99F" blockId="2.[838,1525,513,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
A larch-fir forest in the Cang Mountains (Cangshan, west of Dali in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD78D40FC2A9A2BFC3CFAFF" box="[953,1014,1377,1400]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), adjacent to the Erhai Basin, contains suitable habitat but is currently unoccupied (He and Zhang 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FA299ACBFC09FA3F" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Diancangshan (Dian Cang Mountain,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD78D40FA1F9AEBFA21FA3F" box="[1420,1515,1441,1464]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.09" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" unit="m" value="4090.0">4,090 m</quantity>
|
||
) is at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD78D40FC139A8BFC17FA5F" box="[896,989,1472,1497]" degrees="25" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" precision="925" value="25.666666">25°40′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD78D40FC799A8BFB8EFA5F" box="[1002,1092,1472,1497]" degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="5" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" precision="925" value="100.083336">100°5′E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. Interviews by Dali University
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FA0C9A8BFA38FA5F" author="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA" box="[1439,1522,1473,1496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref15832" refString="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA. 2014. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix I and Appendix II. www. cites. org /. Accessed 1 June 2018." type="book" year="2014">in 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FC419AABFBEAFA7F" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[978,1056,1505,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FC419AABFBEAFA7F" box="[978,1056,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred in Cangshan region before 1980s (Zhao et al. 2017).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FCE0996BFAF7F93F" blockId="2.[838,1525,513,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
Contrary to some reports,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FB02996BFA9CF9BF" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1169,1366,1569,1592]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided convincing evidence that, despite the appearance of suitable habitat east of the Yangtze River,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FBF5992BFB7EF9FF" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1126,1204,1633,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FBF5992BFB7EF9FF" box="[1126,1204,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never occurred there and local people have no knowledge of it. Evidently, the Yangtze and Mekong Rivers have been barriers to dispersal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD78D47FBB599B4FA8CF825" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFD78D41FBB599B4FF39F8C0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D40FBB599B4FADFF89F" blockId="2.[1062,1301,1790,1816]" box="[1062,1301,1790,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFD78D40FBB599B4FADFF89F" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,1790,1816]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FBB599B4FADFF89F" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,1790,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD78D41FCE09808FF39F8C0" blockId="2.[840,1523,1858,1945]" lastBlockId="3.[106,794,1264,1863]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD78D40FCE09808FB4AF8DE" box="[883,1152,1858,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Mesopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pentelucus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD78D40FCE09808FB4AF8DE" box="[883,1152,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="150">Mesopithecus pentelucus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a probable ancestor of the snubnosed monkeys (Peng et al. 1993; e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FB669828FAB4F8FE" author="DELSON, E." box="[1269,1406,1890,1913]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref16155" refString="DELSON, E. 1994. Evolutionary history of the colobine monkeys in palaeoenvironmental perspective. Pp. 11 - 43 in Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution (A. G. Davies and J. F. Oates, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1994">Delson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FA1E9828FCB4F81E" author="JABLONSKI, N. G." pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref17621" refString="JABLONSKI, N. G. 1998. The evolution of the douc and snub-nosed monkeys and the question of the phyletic unity of the odd-nosed colobines. Pp. 13 - 52 in The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys (N. G. Jablonski, ed.). World Scientific, Singapore." type="book" year="1998">Jablonski 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD78D40FC1E98C8FBD2F81E" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[909,1048,1922,1945]" pageId="2" pageNumber="150" refId="ref16695" refString="GROVES, C. P. 2000. The phylogeny of the Cercopithecoidea. Pp. 77 - 98 in Old World monkeys (P. F. Whitehead and C. J. Jolly, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2000">Groves 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ravosa and Profant 2000; Pan et al. 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD68D41FFFE9BBAFE81FA80" author="JABLONSKI, N. G. & D. SU & J. KELLEY & L. I. FLYNN & X. JI" box="[109,331,1264,1287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" pagination="174" refId="ref17849" refString="JABLONSKI, N. G., D. SU, J. KELLEY, L. I. FLYNN, AND X. JI. 2011. The Mio- Pliocene colobine monkey, Mesopithecus, in China. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144: 174." type="journal article" year="2011">Jablonski et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Recently, a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FE4C9BBAFDB9FA80" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1839" box="[479,627,1264,1287]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Mesopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FE4C9BBAFDB9FA80" box="[479,627,1264,1287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Mesopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossil has been found in Zaotong, northeast
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD68D41FE209A5AFDCFFAA0" box="[435,517,1296,1319]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD68D41FD899A5AFCC3FAA0" author="JABLONSKI, N. G. & D. SU & J. KELLEY & L. I. FLYNN & X. JI" box="[538,777,1296,1319]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" pagination="174" refId="ref17849" refString="JABLONSKI, N. G., D. SU, J. KELLEY, L. I. FLYNN, AND X. JI. 2011. The Mio- Pliocene colobine monkey, Mesopithecus, in China. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144: 174." type="journal article" year="2011">Jablonski et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Colobines arrived in mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD68D41FE3E9A7AFE27FAC0" box="[429,493,1328,1351]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the late Tertiary, later than the Cercopithecines (Pan and Jablonski 1987).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FDED9A1AFCD2FAE0" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[638,792,1360,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FDED9A1AFCD2FAE0" box="[638,792,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossils of Pleistocene age have been found throughout western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD68D41FFFC9ADAFF65FA20" box="[111,175,1424,1447]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD68D41FF749ADAFE88FA20" box="[231,322,1424,1447]" name="Vietnam" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Pan and Jablonski 1987;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD68D41FDF99ADAFCC5FA20" author="JABLONSKI, N. G." box="[618,783,1424,1447]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" refId="ref17621" refString="JABLONSKI, N. G. 1998. The evolution of the douc and snub-nosed monkeys and the question of the phyletic unity of the odd-nosed colobines. Pp. 13 - 52 in The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys (N. G. Jablonski, ed.). World Scientific, Singapore." type="book" year="1998">Jablonski 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD68D41FF089AFAFEF8FA40" box="[155,306,1456,1479]" name="Taiwan Island" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Taiwan Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD68D41FEC59AFAFE5CFA40" box="[342,406,1456,1479]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD68D41FE349AFAFDACFA40" author="CHANG, C. H. & M. TAKAI & S. OGINO" box="[423,614,1456,1479]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" pagination="439 - 451" refId="ref15703" refString="CHANG, C. H., M. TAKAI, AND S. OGINO. 2012. First discovery of colobine fossils from the early to middle Pleistocene of southern Taiwan. Journal of Human Evolution 63: 439 - 451." type="journal article" year="2012">Chang et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fossil record shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FE8B9A9AFE78FA60" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[280,434,1488,1511]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FE8B9A9AFE78FA60" box="[280,434,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was widely distributed in south, southwest, and central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD68D41FEFE9ABAFE7AF980" box="[365,432,1520,1543]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and in 2 provinces in northwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD68D41FFFC995AFF65F9A0" box="[111,175,1552,1575]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD68D41FF51995AFEC2F9A0" box="[194,264,1552,1575]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Gansu</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD68D41FED7995AFE56F9A0" box="[324,412,1552,1575]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
|
||
) until about 400 years ago, when increasing human populations accompanied a dramatic range retraction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD68D41FF75991AFEB3F9E0" author="LI, B. - G. & R. - L. PAN & C. E. OXNARD" box="[230,377,1616,1639]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" pagination="1227 - 1244" refId="ref18517" refString="LI, B. - G., R. - L. PAN, AND C. E. OXNARD. 2002. Extinction of snub-nosed monkeys in China during the past 400 years. International Journal of Primatology 23: 1227 - 1244." type="journal article" year="2002">Li et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FE01991AFD7CF9E0" box="[402,694,1616,1639]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lantianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FE01991AFD7CF9E0" box="[402,694,1616,1639]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Rhinopithecus lantianensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a largebodied, extinct form, was found north of the Yangtze River (Jablonski and Peng 1993).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FE3199DAFF62F940" authority="Mathew and Granger 1923" authorityName="Mathew and Granger" authorityYear="1923" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tingianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FE3199DAFDE3F920" box="[418,553,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">R. tingianus</emphasis>
|
||
Mathew and Granger 1923
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reported from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD68D41FEC299FAFE53F940" box="[337,409,1712,1735]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Hunan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Wang et al. 1982), is likely a subspecies or antecessor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FE1F999AFD79F960" authority="(Groves 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[396,691,1744,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brelichi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FE1F999AFDC9F960" box="[396,515,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">R. brelichi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD68D41FD8B999AFD62F960" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[536,680,1744,1767]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" refId="ref16614" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1970. The forgotten leaf-eaters and the phylogeny of the Colobinae. Pp. 555 - 587 in Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics, and behavior (J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier, eds.). Academic Press, New York." type="book" year="1970">Groves 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD68D41FD57999AFF3BF880" author="LIEDIGK, R." pageId="3" pageNumber="151" pagination="37418" refId="ref18995" refString="LIEDIGK, R., ET AL. 2012. Evolutionary history of the odd-nosed monkeys and the phylogenetic position of the newly described Myanmar snubnosed monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri. PLoS One 7: e 37418." type="journal article" year="2012">Liedigk et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
note that, because most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FE6899BAFD5FF880" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[507,661,1776,1799]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FE6899BAFD5FF880" box="[507,661,1776,1799]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossils consist only of teeth and jaw fragments, identification to species is challenging.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF28CAC3FFD68D41FFFE9BC5FB00FB45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573599" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573599/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" startId="3.[109,144,1167,1188]" targetBox="[384,1248,200,1154]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD68D41FFFE9BC5FB00FB45" blockId="3.[109,1522,1167,1218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FFFE9BC5FF67FB23" bold="true" box="[109,173,1167,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FC0A9BDAFB99FB22" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[921,1107,1168,1189]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FC0A9BDAFB99FB22" box="[921,1107,1168,1189]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: female (right), KIZ [Kunming Institute of Zoology] #210529 and male (left), KIZ #210823. Photographs by Lianxian Han and Ben Han used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFD68D47FC6F9BBAFDA6FA25" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD68D41FC6F9BBAFAF4FA8D" blockId="3.[1020,1342,1264,1290]" box="[1020,1342,1264,1290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFD68D41FC6F9BBAFAF4FA8D" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,1264,1290]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FC6F9BBAFAF4FA8D" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,1264,1290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD68D41FCE09A79FAB2F90D" blockId="3.[839,1524,1331,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FCE09A79FC7EFACC" bold="true" box="[883,948,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Form.</emphasis>
|
||
—The dental formula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FB549A79FA5EFACD" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1223,1428,1331,1354]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FB549A79FA5EFACD" box="[1223,1428,1331,1354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is i 2/2, c 1/1, p 2/2, m 3/3, total 32 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD68D41FBEA9A19FB24FAED" author="ELLIOT, D. G." box="[1145,1262,1363,1386]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" refId="ref16516" refString="ELLIOT, D. G. 1913. A review of the Primates. Vol. 3. Monographs of the American Museum of Natural History, New York." type="book" year="1913">Elliot 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FA979A19FA53FAED" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1284,1433,1363,1386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FA979A19FA53FAED" box="[1284,1433,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FC469A39FBB8FA0D" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1870" box="[981,1138,1395,1418]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FC469A39FBB8FA0D" box="[981,1138,1395,1418]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Semnopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have the largest molars (allo-scaled) among colobines (Pan and Oxnard 2003). Like the proboscis monkey and douc langurs,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FBA09AF9FBB4FA4D" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1075,1150,1459,1482]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FBA09AF9FBB4FA4D" box="[1075,1150,1459,1482]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a distinct presaccus at the forestomach, giving the stomach 4 parts, in contrast to the tripartite stomach of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FC789AB9FB23F98D" authority="(Caton 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Caton" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1003,1257,1523,1546]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Presbytini">
|
||
Presbytini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD68D41FBF79AB9FB14F98D" author="CATON, M. J." box="[1124,1246,1523,1546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" refId="ref15655" refString="CATON, M. J. 1998. The morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of Pygathrix nemaeus. Pp. 129 - 149 in Natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys (N. G. Jablonski, ed.). World Scientific, Singapore." type="book" year="1998">Caton 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The vertebral formula is 7 C, 12 T, 7 L, 3 S; the number of caudal vertebrae has not been reported, but presumably is 25 C with some variation as in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD68D41FCDA9919FC2DF9ED" box="[841,999,1619,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhinopithecini">Rhinopithecini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, e.g., mean 25±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD68D41FB1C9919FB65F9ED" box="[1167,1199,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">SD</emphasis>
|
||
0.79, range
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD68D41FABC9919FA43F9ED" box="[1327,1417,1619,1642]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.223000000000001" metricValueMax="6.604000000000001" metricValueMin="5.8420000000000005" pageId="3" pageNumber="151" unit="in" value="24.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="23.0">23–26 in</quantity>
|
||
proboscis monkeys (cf. Schultz 1942; Schultz and Straus 1945).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD68D41FCE099D9FBD1F8CD" blockId="3.[839,1524,1331,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="151">Craniofacial, dental, and mandibular morphology have been well described and contrasted with other Asian colobines, and with other snub-nosed monkeys (Peng et al. 1984, 1988; Pan et al. 1991, 1995; Pan and Oxnard 2001). Dermatoglyphs (skin patterns on the finger tips, palms, and soles) have been described (Zhang et al. 1981).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF28CAC3FFD18D46FFFE9B76FDD9FB64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" startId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" targetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD18D46FFFE9B76FDD9FB64" blockId="4.[109,793,1084,1251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FFFE9B76FF64FBD6" bold="true" box="[109,174,1084,1105]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FF559B76FE4BFBD6" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[198,385,1084,1105]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FF559B76FE4BFBD6" box="[198,385,1084,1105]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD18D46FF0B9A58FF3EFA4E" blockId="4.[108,792,1298,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FF0B9A58FEADFAAE" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[152,359,1298,1321]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FF0B9A58FEADFAAE" box="[152,359,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits neuroanatomical asymmetry in the Sulcus principalis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD18D46FECC9A78FE3EFACE" author="MA, Y. - Y. & J. - X. CAI & Y. - F. TIAN" box="[351,500,1330,1353]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" pagination="60 - 68" refId="ref19333" refString="MA, Y. - Y., J. - X. CAI, AND Y. - F. TIAN. 1992. The comparative study of brain asymmetry in six species of living nonhuman primates and three shrews distributed in China (English abstract). Acta Anthropologica Sinica 11: 60 - 68." type="journal article" year="1992">Ma et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the part of the simian (but not human) brain that connects the dorsoventral and dorsolateral frontal cortex and is thought to be involved in spatial perception. This structure may be involved in postural handedness (see “Function”).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD18D46FF0B9A9BFA43FE24" blockId="4.[108,792,1298,1929]" lastBlockId="4.[838,1525,203,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FF0B9A9BFECDFA6E" bold="true" box="[152,263,1489,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Function.</emphasis>
|
||
—The foregut of colobines contains symbiotic bacteria that ferment structural carbohydrates: the animal recovers nutrients by digesting the bacteria.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FDEF9958FCD2F9AE" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[636,792,1554,1577]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FDEF9958FCD2F9AE" box="[636,792,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species consume especially difficult foods high in tannins and other plant toxins (Kay and Davies 1994). In digestion trials of captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FF569938FEDDF90E" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[197,279,1650,1673]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FF569938FEDDF90E" box="[197,279,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using plastic markers, mean transit time was 27 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FF3899D8FF06F92E" box="[171,204,1682,1705]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">SD</emphasis>
|
||
7.4 h (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FEB199D8FEE5F92E" box="[290,303,1682,1705]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3) and retention time was 47 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FD2899D8FD16F92E" box="[699,732,1682,1705]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">SD</emphasis>
|
||
17 h (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FFE599F8FF49F94E" box="[118,131,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3); recently captured individuals, with presumably natural gut flora, had longer transit times and retention times than did long-term captives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD18D46FED599B8FDF3F88E" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & R. J. ZOU & E. S. DIERENFELD & H. W. ZHOU" box="[326,569,1778,1801]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" pagination="156 - 162" refId="ref18254" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., R. J. ZOU, E. S. DIERENFELD, AND H. W. ZHOU. 2001. Digestion of selected foods by Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti (Colobinae). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114: 156 - 162." type="journal article" year="2001">Kirkpatrick et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Transit times were longer than reported for other colobines, but retention times were similar (summarized in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD18D46FE259878FD7BF8CE" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & R. J. ZOU & E. S. DIERENFELD & H. W. ZHOU" box="[438,689,1842,1865]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" pagination="156 - 162" refId="ref18254" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., R. J. ZOU, E. S. DIERENFELD, AND H. W. ZHOU. 2001. Digestion of selected foods by Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti (Colobinae). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114: 156 - 162." type="journal article" year="2001">Kirkpatrick et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In captivity, apparent digestibility of dry food consisting of grasses, dicot leaves, wheat–barley biscuits, and lichens (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FD1B9838FD17F80E" authorityName="I.M.Brodo & D.L.Hawksworth" authorityYear="1977" box="[648,733,1906,1929]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bryoria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FD1B9838FD17F80E" box="[648,733,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Bryoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was 71–80%, similar to other colobines but below that of ruminant ungulates feeding on lichens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD18D46FB0E9FA1FA57FE85" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & R. J. ZOU & E. S. DIERENFELD & H. W. ZHOU" box="[1181,1437,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" pagination="156 - 162" refId="ref18254" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., R. J. ZOU, E. S. DIERENFELD, AND H. W. ZHOU. 2001. Digestion of selected foods by Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti (Colobinae). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114: 156 - 162." type="journal article" year="2001">Kirkpatrick et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fecal analysis accurately determines the relative proportion of leaves and lichens in diets, but not of relative proportions of foods with different digestibilities, such as fruit versus leaves. Lichens and leaves are not nutritional equivalents but both appear necessary for passage through the gut (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD18D46FB119EC6FAB3FE24" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & R. J. ZOU & E. S. DIERENFELD & H. W. ZHOU" box="[1154,1401,396,419]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" pagination="156 - 162" refId="ref18254" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., R. J. ZOU, E. S. DIERENFELD, AND H. W. ZHOU. 2001. Digestion of selected foods by Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti (Colobinae). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114: 156 - 162." type="journal article" year="2001">Kirkpatrick et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD18D46FCE09EE6FBAEFC83" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">
|
||
Using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, Wu et al. (2010) reported the fecal bacteria of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FAD19E87FA5AFE63" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1346,1424,461,484]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FAD19E87FA5AFE63" box="[1346,1424,461,484]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FCDA9EA7FC70FD83" box="[841,954,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Firmicutes</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FC4D9EA7FBB4FD83" box="[990,1150,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Proteobacteria</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FB309EA7FAFEFD83" box="[1187,1332,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Bacteroidetes</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FACB9EA7FA26FD83" box="[1368,1516,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Fibrobacteres</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FCDB9D47FC1AFDA3" box="[840,976,525,548]" class="Spirochaetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Spirochaetes" rank="class">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FCDB9D47FC1AFDA3" box="[840,976,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Spirochaetes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FB979D47FB69FDA3" box="[1028,1187,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Actinobacteria</emphasis>
|
||
belonging to 17 genera, in addition to a variety of uncultured and unidentified bacteria. Stomach microflora RNA are enriched in genes for the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, glycans, and vitamins; the metabolism of fatty acids; and many genes involved in cellulose digestion (Zhou et al. 2014). Xu et al. (2016) found a xylanase from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FC109D84FC18FD62" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[899,978,718,741]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FC109D84FC18FD62" box="[899,978,718,741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gut bacteria of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FB789D84FA8CFD62" authorityName="La Scola, Birtles, Mallet & Raoult" authorityYear="2000" box="[1259,1350,718,741]" class="Betaproteobacteria" family="Oxalobacteraceae" genus="Massilia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Burkholderiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FB789D84FA8CFD62" box="[1259,1350,718,741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Massilia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which may aid salt-tolerance in digestion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD18D46FCE09C44FBD4FC42" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">
|
||
When selecting mature leaves in autumn,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FAD79C44FA5EFCA2" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1348,1428,782,805]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FAD79C44FA5EFCA2" box="[1348,1428,782,805]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
chooses those with lower fiber content, higher ash, a higher ratio of crude protein to acid detergent fiber, and lower toughness than nonselected leaves; selected and nonselected leaves were not different in fat, crude protein, total phenolics, hemicelluloses, and lignin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD18D46FCC29CE4FBC4FC42" author="HUANG, Z. - P. & S. HUO & S. - G. YANG & L. - W. CUI & W. XIAO" box="[849,1038,942,965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" pagination="643 - 649" refId="ref17492" refString="HUANG, Z. - P., S. HUO, S. - G. YANG, L. - W. CUI, AND W. XIAO. 2010. Leaf choice in black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti is related to the physical and chemical properties of leaves. Current Zoology 56: 643 - 649." type="journal article" year="2010">Huang et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD18D46FCE09C84FB84FB61" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">
|
||
Relative to macaques (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FBFE9C85FB09FC61" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[1133,1219,975,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Macaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FBFE9C85FB09FC61" box="[1133,1219,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Macaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and surilis (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FAC49C85FA73FC61" box="[1367,1465,975,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FAC49C85FA73FC61" box="[1367,1465,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">Presbytis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the more prominent symphysial fusion, corpus, and sagittal condylar dimension of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FC689B45FBB7FBA1" box="[1019,1149,1039,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FC689B45FBB7FBA1" box="[1019,1149,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R. roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FB3C9B45FB31FBA1" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1199,1275,1039,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FB3C9B45FB31FBA1" box="[1199,1275,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produce more efficient biting force on the incisal and posterior canine teeth, with the heavy reaction force born on the temporomandibular joint; the well-developed bizygomatic width and mandibular height suggest that posterior canine function is similarly prominent in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FCDB9BFAFC52FB40" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[840,920,1200,1223]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FCDB9BFAFC52FB40" box="[840,920,1200,1223]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FC479BFAFB87FB40" box="[980,1101,1199,1223]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellan">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FC479BFAFC2EFB40" box="[980,996,1200,1223]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FC669BFAFB87FB40" box="[1013,1101,1200,1223]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">roxellan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but incisal function is stronger in the former (Pan et al. 1995).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD18D46FCE09BBAFBAEF94F" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">
|
||
Pan et al. (2011) found only small to moderate proportions of 13 individuals to exhibit hand preference across a variety of tasks. There was little gender difference: although females used the right hand significantly more than males for reaching and carrying, subjects showed overall symmetrical use of hands for this task. All subjects used the right hand significantly more often than equal left- and right-hand use for object manipulation and extractive foraging; they also used the right hand more, but without statistical significance, for extractive foraging, which requires bimanual coordination (Pan et al. 2011). No left-handed individuals were identified in this small sample. The right-handedness for object manipulation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FB59991BFAD6F9EF" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1226,1308,1617,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FB59991BFAD6F9EF" box="[1226,1308,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not found for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD18D46FCDB993BFC1AF90F" box="[840,976,1649,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD18D46FCDB993BFC1AF90F" box="[840,976,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">R. roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Zhao et al. 2008 cited by Pan et al. 2011), an interspecies difference that may be related to the greater sexual dimorphism of the former.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD18D47FCE09998FF27FEE5" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1929]" lastBlockId="5.[108,792,203,1442]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="4" pageNumber="152">In a follow-up study, Pan et al. (2013) compared hand and foot preference in various postures. Among all 11 subjects, right-handedness was stronger in clinging and bipedal postures compared to sitting or quadrupedal postures, although males more often switched from their left hand in the sitting posture to their right hand in the bipedal posture. At the individual level, handedness was not consistent among postures (Pan et al. 2013). Interestingly, more than one-half the test subjects—all genetically related—preferred the left foot for object manipulation, but the small sample size prevented conclusions about this (Pan et al. 2013).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FF0B9E21FEACFC25" blockId="5.[108,792,203,1442]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
Yu et al. (2011) found evidence in the mitochondrial genome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FF199EC1FEC1FE25" box="[138,267,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FF199EC1FEC1FE25" box="[138,267,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">R. roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for positive selection in genes that may help with energy metabolism at high altitude and in cold weather; however, these adaptations were absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FD869E81FDAEFE65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[533,612,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FD869E81FDAEFE65" box="[533,612,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting that the latter had other adaptations that allowed them to exploit even higher elevations and colder weather. Likewise, Wang et al. (2010) found no difference in the evolutionary pattern of the Leptin gene between these 2 high-elevation snub-nosed monkeys, compared to their lowland counterpart,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FD1B9D21FCDBFD05" box="[648,785,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avunculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FD1B9D21FCDBFD05" box="[648,785,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">R. avunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other colobines, in contrast to a previous finding of adaptive evolution of Leptin genes in other high-elevation mammals such as the plateau pika (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FED79D81FDD7FD65" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[324,541,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curzoniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FED79D81FDD7FD65" box="[324,541,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Ochotona curzoniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Leptin, an adipocytederived hormone, is believed to play an important role in energy homeostasis in adaptation to high-altitude environments; its lack of differentiation between lowland and highland colobines suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FF4F9C01FEE1FCE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[220,299,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FF4F9C01FEE1FCE5" box="[220,299,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has developed other mechanisms to adapt to cold and avoid hypoxia associated with its high-elevation habitats (Wang et al. 2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FF0B9CE1FDB7FB45" blockId="5.[108,792,203,1442]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
Zhou et al. (2014) identified 105 positively selected genes in the 4 Chinese
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FEB29C81FE70FC65" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[289,442,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FEB29C81FE70FC65" box="[289,442,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that were mainly associated with the biosynthesis of fatty acids; signaling pathways for insulin, adipocytokine, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation; and genes for propanoate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and lipid binding. These adaptations suggest enhanced energy metabolism to efficiently degrade plant cell wall components (celluloses and hemicelluloses) and absorb and exploit the scarce nutrients typical of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FE3D9BE1FD8DFB45" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[430,583,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FE3D9BE1FD8DFB45" box="[430,583,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FF339B81FDA6FA25" blockId="5.[108,792,203,1442]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
The team also found that more than one-half of the olfactory receptor genes in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FE4C9BA1FDB2FA85" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[479,632,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FE4C9BA1FDB2FA85" box="[479,632,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were inoperative pseudogenes or gene fragments, a higher proportion than for other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FF389A61FECDFAC5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[171,263,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
and mammals; they suggested that the reduction in the olfactory genes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FE1A9A01FDE8FAE5" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[393,546,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FE1A9A01FDE8FAE5" box="[393,546,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might have coincided with the recession of the external nostril, which houses the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons (Zhou et al. 2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFD08D47FF5C9AACFA8CF825" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FF5C9AACFD7CF987" blockId="5.[207,694,1510,1536]" box="[207,694,1510,1536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFD08D47FF5C9AACFD7CF987" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[207,694,1510,1536]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FF5C9AACFD7CF987" bold="true" box="[207,694,1510,1536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FF0B9960FDCAF8C6" blockId="5.[109,793,1578,1953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FF0B9960FEC0F9C5" bold="true" box="[152,266,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Ontogeny.</emphasis>
|
||
—In captivity, sexual maturity occurs at 4–5 years for female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FEFB9900FD8AF9E6" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[360,576,1610,1633]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FEFB9900FD8AF9E6" box="[360,576,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 5–6 years for males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FF2F9920FE8FF906" author="JI, W. - Z. & R. - J. ZOU & E. - Y. SHANG & H. - W. ZHOU & S. - C. YANG & B. - P. TIAN" box="[188,325,1642,1665]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" refId="ref17897" refString="JI, W. - Z., R. - J. ZOU, E. - Y. SHANG, H. - W. ZHOU, S. - C. YANG, AND B. - P. TIAN. 1998. Maintenance and breeding of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus [Rhinopithecus] bieti) in captivity. Pp. 323 - 335 in The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys (N. G. Jablonski, ed.). World Scientific, Singapore." type="book" year="1998">Ji et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Immatures ≤ 1 year old have similar gray coat colors and body size, indicating synchronized parturition during March–April; neonates have “brilliant white coats” that begin to have touches of gray by July and are all gray by autumn (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FF4199A0FE30F886" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[210,506,1770,1793]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998:24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Infant time on females, apparently suckling, declined from a peak of 51% of observation time in July to 9% in December.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FF0B9800FC27FE05" blockId="5.[109,793,1578,1953]" lastBlockId="5.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
Locomotion behaviors vary with ontogenic stage (Isler and Grueter 2006 and references therein): arm swinging (semi-brachiation) is seen in juveniles but disappears during adulthood; adults leap more frequently in conjunction with quadrupedal climbing in trees; adults more frequently climb vertical or nearvertical tree trunks of large diameter, which involves consistently reaching with the forelimbs above the level of the shoulder; and young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FC569E01FBDFFEE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[965,1045,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FC569E01FBDFFEE5" box="[965,1045,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sometimes walk bipedally on branches for short distances.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FCE09EC1FB70FCA5" blockId="5.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FCE09EC1FBD8FE24" bold="true" box="[883,1042,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Reproduction.</emphasis>
|
||
—Copulations occur all year, with peaks in the August–October mating season and a 2nd, nonbreeding peak during the March–April birth season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FAA09E81FCB4FD85" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FC1C9EA1FB92FD85" author="HUANG, Z. P. & L. W. CUI & M. B. SCOTT & S. J. WANG & W. XIAO" box="[911,1112,491,514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="237 - 245" refId="ref17432" refString="HUANG, Z. P., L. W. CUI, M. B. SCOTT, S. J. WANG, AND W. XIAO. 2012. Seasonality of reproduction of wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Mt. Lasha, Yunnan, China. Primates 53: 237 - 245." type="journal article" year="2012">Huang et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wang et al. 2012). At Mt. Lasha in the south (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD08D47FC529D41FBCEFDA5" box="[961,1028,523,546]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), copulation frequency peaks 1 month after peaks in staple foods, rainfall, and minimum temperatures, and 3–4 months after peaks in high-quality foods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FA389D01FC09FD05" author="HUANG, Z. P. & L. W. CUI & M. B. SCOTT & S. J. WANG & W. XIAO" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="237 - 245" refId="ref17432" refString="HUANG, Z. P., L. W. CUI, M. B. SCOTT, S. J. WANG, AND W. XIAO. 2012. Seasonality of reproduction of wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Mt. Lasha, Yunnan, China. Primates 53: 237 - 245." type="journal article" year="2012">Huang et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At Xiaochangdu, mating begins a little earlier, July–October, also coinciding with peak food availability and temperature at that northern site (Xiang and Sayers 2009). The monthly rate of intermale aggression increases during the mating season but is not significantly correlated with the copulation rate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FC209C41FB60FCA5" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[947,1194,779,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FCE09C61FB62FA65" blockId="5.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FCE09C61FBE9FCC5" author="HE, Y. & Y. PEI & R. ZOU & W. JI" box="[883,1059,811,834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="223 - 232" refId="ref17241" refString="HE, Y., Y. PEI, R. ZOU, AND W. JI. 2001. Changes of urinary steroid conjugates and gonadotropin excretion in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). American Journal of Primatology 55: 223 - 232." type="journal article" year="2001">He et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
measured reproductive hormone secretion during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FAB79C01FA38FCE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1316,1522,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FAB79C01FA38FCE5" box="[1316,1522,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by monitoring urinary estrone conjugate (E 1 C), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG), bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). They found that: (1) E 1 C peaked before ovulation (183.9 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FB229C81FB05FC65" box="[1201,1231,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">SE</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD08D47FB459C81FAD2FC65" box="[1238,1304,971,994]" metricMagnitude="-12" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" unit="ng" value="8.6">8.6 ng</quantity>
|
||
/mg Cr) followed by (2) an elevation of PdG in the luteal phase (754.4 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FAE49CA1FA5FFB85" box="[1399,1429,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">SE</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD08D47FA089CA1FA21FB85" box="[1435,1515,1003,1026]" metricMagnitude="-11" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.06" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" unit="ng" value="30.6">30.6 ng</quantity>
|
||
/ mg Cr) that was 3–4 times higher than during the corresponding follicular phase (198.3 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FBF29B61FBB5FBC5" box="[1121,1151,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">SE</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD08D47FB1B9B61FB11FBC5" box="[1160,1243,1067,1090]" metricMagnitude="-11" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.14" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" unit="ng" value="11.4">11.4 ng</quantity>
|
||
/mg Cr); (3) the peaks of LH and FSH were on the same day, while E 1 C peaked 1–2 days before; (4) FSH levels were higher in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase, when it was only slightly elevated; (5) the mean cycle length was 23.6 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FB099BE1FB72FB45" box="[1178,1208,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">SE</emphasis>
|
||
3.5 days (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FAB89BE1FAF2FB45" box="[1323,1336,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3) based upon successive urinary LH peaks; (6) based on the interval from the day of the E 1 C peak to the day of parturition, the gestation was 203.7 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FC0D9A41FC76FAA5" box="[926,956,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">SE</emphasis>
|
||
2.5 days (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FBBA9A41FBFCFAA5" box="[1065,1078,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3); and (7) both E 1 C and PdG increased and remained high after pregnancy, with a sharp decrease to basal levels following parturition or midterm abortion. They concluded that, although the pattern of reproductive hormones for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FCE39AC1FC0AFA25" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[880,960,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FCE39AC1FC0AFA25" box="[880,960,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that of other Old World monkeys, the hormone concentrations are unique and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD08D47FB7D9AE1FAF0FA45" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1262,1338,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FB7D9AE1FAF0FA45" box="[1262,1338,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a longer progestation period (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FB909A81FB52FA65" author="HE, Y. & Y. PEI & R. ZOU & W. JI" box="[1027,1176,1483,1506]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="223 - 232" refId="ref17241" refString="HE, Y., Y. PEI, R. ZOU, AND W. JI. 2001. Changes of urinary steroid conjugates and gonadotropin excretion in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). American Journal of Primatology 55: 223 - 232." type="journal article" year="2001">He et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FCE09AA1FC11F945" blockId="5.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
In captivity, parturition begins in December and peaks in March–May with a median birth date of April 10 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FA1A9941FC41F9C5" author="CUI, L. W. & A. H. SHENG & S. C. HE & W. XIAO" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="457 - 463" refId="ref16073" refString="CUI, L. W., A. H. SHENG, S. C. HE, AND W. XIAO. 2006 b. Birth seasonality and interbirth interval of captive Rhinopithecus bieti. American Journal of Primatology 68: 457 - 463." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is similar to the wild, where a 6.5- to 7.0-month gestation results in a birth season centering on March–April at more southerly sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FBBD9921FAD4F905" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1070,1310,1643,1666]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FABE9921FA23F905" author="HUANG, Z. P. & L. W. CUI & M. B. SCOTT & S. J. WANG & W. XIAO" box="[1325,1513,1643,1666]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="237 - 245" refId="ref17432" refString="HUANG, Z. P., L. W. CUI, M. B. SCOTT, S. J. WANG, AND W. XIAO. 2012. Seasonality of reproduction of wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Mt. Lasha, Yunnan, China. Primates 53: 237 - 245." type="journal article" year="2012">Huang et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and February–March at Xiaochangdu in the north (Xiang and Sayers 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD08D47FCE09981FA8CF825" blockId="5.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">
|
||
Interbirth interval in captivity mirrors that in the wild, 428 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FCDB99A1FCA3F885" box="[840,873,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">SD</emphasis>
|
||
87 days for females that had lost an infant at <1 year of age or experienced a still birth (29% of the sample), and 706 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FA479841FA3FF8A5" box="[1492,1525,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">SD</emphasis>
|
||
71 days for females (71%) whose last infant survived> 1 year, or an overall average of 624 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD08D47FB089801FB76F8E5" box="[1179,1212,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="153">SD</emphasis>
|
||
150 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FAA79801FA29F8E5" author="CUI, L. W. & A. H. SHENG & S. C. HE & W. XIAO" box="[1332,1507,1867,1890]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="457 - 463" refId="ref16073" refString="CUI, L. W., A. H. SHENG, S. C. HE, AND W. XIAO. 2006 b. Birth seasonality and interbirth interval of captive Rhinopithecus bieti. American Journal of Primatology 68: 457 - 463." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Infant mortality is higher in the wild, 60% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FAA59821FCB7F825" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), than in captivity, 30% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD08D47FB1F98C1FAFDF825" author="CUI, L. W. & A. H. SHENG & S. C. HE & W. XIAO" box="[1164,1335,1931,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="153" pagination="457 - 463" refId="ref16073" refString="CUI, L. W., A. H. SHENG, S. C. HE, AND W. XIAO. 2006 b. Birth seasonality and interbirth interval of captive Rhinopithecus bieti. American Journal of Primatology 68: 457 - 463." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD38D49FEEB9F81FCD2F813" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFD38D4BFEEB9F81FBD7F805" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FEEB9F81FDC4FF62" blockId="6.[376,526,203,229]" box="[376,526,203,229]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFD38D44FEEB9F81FDC4FF62" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[376,526,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FEEB9F81FDC4FF62" bold="true" box="[376,526,203,229]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FF0B9E44FCD2FDC1" blockId="6.[107,794,270,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FF0B9E44FE09FEA1" bold="true" box="[152,451,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Population characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
—In 2015 there were 15 known groups (= “bands”; see “Behavior”) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD38D44FDB19E65FDB2FEC1" box="[546,632,303,326]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, comprising 5 subpopulations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD38D44FEA89E05FDDAFEE1" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[315,528,335,358]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FEA89E05FDDAFEE1" box="[315,528,335,358]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were isolated geographically and genetically distinct across the geographic range of the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FEF19EC5FDC3FE21" author="LI, L. & Y. - D. XUE & G. - S. WU & D. - Q. LI & P. GIRAUDOUX" box="[354,521,399,422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="719 - 726" refId="ref18789" refString="LI, L., Y. - D. XUE, G. - S. WU, D. - Q. LI, AND P. GIRAUDOUX. 2015 a. Potential habitat corridors and restoration areas for the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan, China. Oryx 49: 719 - 726." type="journal article" year="2015">Li et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see “Population genetics”). These 15 bands did not include the recent observation of a small population in the Yunlong-Tianchi Nature Reserve (see “Distribution”), making a total of 16 extant groups in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD38D44FD2D9EA5FCDEFD81" box="[702,788,495,518]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD38D44FF1D9D45FF03FDA1" box="[142,201,527,550]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 3 bands are known, 2 of which are moderately connected and the 3rd isolated (Xiao et al. 2005; Yang et al. 2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FF0B9D05FE21FCE1" blockId="6.[107,794,270,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
||
In a band of about 175 individuals comprising 15–18 onemale units plus a dozen or so unaffiliated individuals at Wuyapuya (Deqing County;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD38D44FEB99DC5FEA3FD21" box="[298,361,655,678]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), the adult sex ratio was skewed toward females (3.1 females/male); this band had a 1:1 ratio of adults and immatures and a 1:2.5 ratio of yearling juveniles to infants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FFE59DA5FEBBFC81" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[118,369,751,774]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The latter ratio suggested a 1st-year mortality rate of 60%, an estimate corroborated by comparing the number of infants estimated for
|
||
<date id="FFE9BC8BFFD38D44FE789C65FD99FCC1" box="[491,595,815,838]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" value="1993-07">July 1993</date>
|
||
with yearlings for
|
||
<date id="FFE9BC8BFFD38D44FFFE9C05FF10FCE1" box="[109,218,847,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" value="1994-06">June 1994</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FF799C05FE11FCE1" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[234,475,847,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FF0B9C25FEBEFAA1" blockId="6.[107,794,270,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
||
For a population viability analysis, Xiao et al. (2005) gave group sizes of 13 bands of 30–360 totaling 1,701 individuals with the following estimated population parameters: mortality in year 1 for both female and male infants, 55% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FDE39C85FD5BFC61" box="[624,657,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
10.0%; year 2, 15% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FF469CA5FF3CFB81" box="[213,246,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
5.0% for both genders; year 3, 10% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FD009CA5FD7EFB81" box="[659,692,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
4.0% for both genders; years 4 and 5, 5% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FE609B45FDDEFBA1" box="[499,532,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
2.0% for both genders; years 6, 7, and 8 for females 3% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FE719B65FDC9FBC1" box="[482,515,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
1.0% and for males 5% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FFFE9B05FF44FBE1" box="[109,142,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
2.0%; and for older adults 3.0% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FE6C9B05FDEAFBE1" box="[511,544,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
1.0% for both genders. They estimated reproduction rates (= fecundity) of 0.95–1.00 for these 13 bands. For 5 of the bands, they estimated the proportion of males breeding, 28.9% to 48.8%, proportion of males successfully siring offspring, 27.5% to 40.9%, and mean number of litters sired by successful males in an average breeding cycle, 2.2 to 3.2 (Xiao et al. 2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FF0B9A64FD28F901" blockId="6.[107,794,270,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FF0B9A64FEDEFAC1" bold="true" box="[152,276,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Space use.</emphasis>
|
||
—The ranging pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD38D44FDAC9A65FCDDFAC1" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[575,791,1327,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FDAC9A65FCDDFAC1" box="[575,791,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been described as “seminomadic” as bands range over large areas, not remaining long in recently foraged areas and instead seeking new areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FE269AC5FD08FA21" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[437,706,1423,1446]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most groups have different seasonal distributions or visit patches of known seasonal forage (Zhao et al. 1988; Wu 1993; Yang 2003; Liu et al. 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FEF49AA5FDFDF981" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[359,567,1519,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Grueter et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FDD49AA5FD17F981" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[583,733,1519,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Li et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ren et al. 2009). Bands also move daily and seasonally in response to environmental variables and physiographic features such as temperature, slope, and sunlight (Liu et al. 2004; Xiang et al. 2010a; Quan et al. 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FE119925FD8EF901" author="HUANG, Z. P. & L. W. CUI & M. B. SCOTT & S. J. WANG & W. XIAO" box="[386,580,1647,1670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="237 - 245" refId="ref17432" refString="HUANG, Z. P., L. W. CUI, M. B. SCOTT, S. J. WANG, AND W. XIAO. 2012. Seasonality of reproduction of wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Mt. Lasha, Yunnan, China. Primates 53: 237 - 245." type="journal article" year="2012">Huang et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Xiang 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FF0B99C5FF03F821" blockId="6.[107,794,270,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
||
In any given year, a band’s home range may be from about
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FFFC99E5FF7FF941" box="[111,181,1711,1734]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C223703FFD38D44FF2699E7FF77F93C" attach="left" box="[181,189,1709,1723]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">2</superScript>
|
||
(e.g., Wuyapuya—Kirkpatrick et al. 1998) to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FD5B99E5FCDAF941" box="[712,784,1711,1734]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
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<superScript id="7C223703FFD38D44FC8399E7FCD2F93C" attach="left" box="[784,792,1709,1723]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">2</superScript>
|
||
(e.g., Xiaochangdu—Long et al. 1994); but over longer periods a band uses a larger home range, for example, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FD1A99A5FD10F881" box="[649,730,1775,1798]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C223703FFD38D44FD4899A7FD29F97C" attach="left" box="[731,739,1773,1787]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">2</superScript>
|
||
over 10 years at Wuyapuya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FEF99845FD96F8A1" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[362,604,1807,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Wuyapuya is in Deqing County in the northern part of Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve and is isolated from the southern portions of the Nature Reserve by Highway 214 and other anthropogenic features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FCE09F81FC1EFD25" blockId="6.[839,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FCE09F81FB9CFF65" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[883,1110,203,226]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Grueter et al. (2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and references therein) summarized home range size of 6 bands that ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FAA49FA1FA2EFE85" box="[1335,1508,235,258]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7429999999999999" metricValueMax="2.5300000000000002" metricValueMin="0.9560000000000001" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="km" value="17.43" valueMax="25.3" valueMin="9.56">9.56 to 25.3 km</quantity>
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<superScript id="7C223703FFD38D44FA779FA3FA26FF70" attach="left" box="[1508,1516,233,247]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">2</superScript>
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. Across all bands in the Samage Forest where both home range size and group size were known, they were positively correlated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FC309E01FBB9FEE5" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[931,1139,331,354]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Grueter et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At Samage Forest, by grid occupancy,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FC079E21FBB9FE05" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[916,1139,363,386]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Grueter et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that a large group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD38D44FA359E21FA39FE05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1446,1523,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FA359E21FA39FE05" box="[1446,1523,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(> 400 individuals) ranged over
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FB3B9EC1FB24FE25" box="[1192,1262,395,418]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FB7D9EC3FAD9FE25" box="[1262,1299,393,418]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="in" value="2.0">
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<superScript id="7C223703FFD38D44FB7D9EC3FB3CFE10" attach="left" box="[1262,1270,393,407]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">2</superScript>
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in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
a 14.5-month study, and over
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FC209EE1FC32FE45" box="[947,1016,427,450]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="km" value="56.0">56 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FC6B9EE3FBD5FE45" box="[1016,1055,425,450]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="in" value="2.0">
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<superScript id="7C223703FFD38D44FC6B9EE3FBCAFE30" attach="left" box="[1016,1024,425,439]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">2</superScript>
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in
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</quantity>
|
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10 years; home range sizes did not differ during winter, spring, and summer, but were smaller in autumn. Samage Forest comprises the southern part of Baimaxueshan (White Horse Snow Mountain) National Nature Reserve, near the town of Tacheng, and includes the villages of Gehuaqing, Xiangguqing, and Cikatong (Deqing and Weixi counties;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD38D44FA369D01FA28FDE5" box="[1445,1506,587,610]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In this part of Baimaxueshan, 5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD38D44FB069D21FB2BFD05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1173,1249,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
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||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FB069D21FB2BFD05" box="[1173,1249,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bands are now known (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FA489D21FC09FD25" author="LI, L. & Y. - D. XUE & G. - S. WU & D. - Q. LI & P. GIRAUDOUX" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="719 - 726" refId="ref18789" refString="LI, L., Y. - D. XUE, G. - S. WU, D. - Q. LI, AND P. GIRAUDOUX. 2015 a. Potential habitat corridors and restoration areas for the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan, China. Oryx 49: 719 - 726." type="journal article" year="2015">Li et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FCE09DE1FBAFFCC5" blockId="6.[839,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
||
One of the 2 bands at Laojunshan (Mt. Laojun) near Jinsichang (Lijiang and Lanping counties;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD38D44FAB39D81FAA8FD65" box="[1312,1378,715,738]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) also ranged over
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FC139DA1FC0DFC85" box="[896,967,747,770]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C223703FFD38D44FC549DA3FC05FD70" attach="left" box="[967,975,745,759]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">2</superScript>
|
||
(100% minimum convex polygon) in 11 months; mean daily range size was 4.80 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FB239C41FB1BFCA5" box="[1200,1233,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
5.81 ha with a range 0.0145.67 ha (Ren et al. 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FCE09C01FA18FBE5" blockId="6.[839,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
||
There is little evidence of range overlap among bands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FCC29C21FBF4FC05" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[849,1086,875,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and only 1 band occupies each of the 16 extant band home ranges in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD38D44FBF99CC1FB74FC25" box="[1130,1214,907,930]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, as far as is known. However, a comparatively low index of defendability of the Gehuaqing group at Samage Forest suggests that groups are not territorial per se (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FC089CA1FBA2FB85" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[923,1128,1003,1026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Grueter et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FB129CA1FAA9FB85" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[1153,1379,1003,1026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Grueter et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that a small band (the “Shikuadi” group) briefly entered the home range of the Gehuaqing band; whether this indicated an overlap of home range or merely a transitory incursion was not clear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D44FCE09B21FC47FAE5" blockId="6.[839,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
||
During sleeping and resting, groups arrange themselves into
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FCDB9BC1FC7FFB25" box="[840,949,1163,1186]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.65" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="m" value="66.5" valueMax="106.0" valueMin="27.0">27–106 m</quantity>
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||
<superScript id="7C223703FFD38D44FC269BC3FC77FB10" attach="left" box="[949,957,1161,1175]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">2</superScript>
|
||
/individual, and disperse over
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FA919BC1FA7BFB25" box="[1282,1457,1163,1186]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="m" value="10000.0" valueMax="15000.0" valueMin="5000.0">
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<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD38D44FA919BC1FAF5FB25" box="[1282,1343,1163,1186]" degrees="5,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" precision="55" value="5.0">5,000</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD38D44FAAD9BC1FA5EFB25" box="[1342,1428,1163,1186]" degrees="15,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" precision="55" value="-15.0">–15,000</geoCoordinate>
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m
|
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</quantity>
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<superScript id="7C223703FFD38D44FA229BC3FA73FB10" attach="left" box="[1457,1465,1161,1175]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">2</superScript>
|
||
/individual while feeding (Wu 1993). Feeding bands arrange themselves into a rough circle with each individual 1-male family unit or all-male unit keeping together and the males aggressively (by glaring or chasing) defending their feeding patch when members of other units approached to within
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FB499A61FAE8FAC5" box="[1242,1314,1323,1346]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FAA59A61FCB7FAE5" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD38D45FCE09A21FF27FDE5" blockId="6.[839,1524,203,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[108,795,203,1922]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD38D44FCE09A21FB8EFA05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[883,1092,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FCE09A21FB8EFA05" box="[883,1092,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
chooses tall trees for sleeping, usually on a moderately steep slope with south or southeast sun exposure and protection from wind, avoiding both the creek bottom and the ridge top (Zhao et al. 1988; Liu and Zhao 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FA079A81FC42F985" author="CUI, L. - W. & R. - C. QUAN & W. XIAO" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="192 - 198" refId="ref16024" refString="CUI, L. - W., R. - C. QUAN, AND W. XIAO. 2006 a. Sleeping sites of black-andwhite snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Baima Snow Mountain, China. Journal of Zoology 270: 192 - 198." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Selection of sleeping sites, and the trees selected, appear to consider both energetic (i.e., temperature, sun and wind exposure) and antipredator potential, the selection pressures being strong enough that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD38D44FB879901FBAAF9E5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1044,1120,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FB879901FBAAF9E5" box="[1044,1120,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups are willing to travel some distance to chosen sleeping sites if suitable ones are not located near foraging areas (Liu and Zhao 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FB5099C1FAA2F925" author="CUI, L. - W. & R. - C. QUAN & W. XIAO" box="[1219,1384,1675,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="192 - 198" refId="ref16024" refString="CUI, L. - W., R. - C. QUAN, AND W. XIAO. 2006 a. Sleeping sites of black-andwhite snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Baima Snow Mountain, China. Journal of Zoology 270: 192 - 198." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Otherwise, sleeping sites are at or near foraging areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FAB899E1FA0AF945" author="LI, D. & C. C. GRUETER & B. REN & M. LI & Z. PENG & F. WEI" box="[1323,1472,1707,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="327 - 334" refId="ref18459" refString="LI, D., C. C. GRUETER, B. REN, M. LI, Z. PENG, AND F. WEI. 2013. Distribution of sleeping sites of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, China. Integrative Zoology 8: 327 - 334." type="journal article" year="2013">Li et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At Nanren (a village in Deqing County north of Wuyapuya;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD38D44FA369981FA28F965" box="[1445,1506,1739,1762]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), sleeping sites are usually in the middle of slopes that offer morning sun exposure; in winter they average lower elevation than at other seasons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD38D44FB909861FB64F8C5" author="CUI, L. - W. & R. - C. QUAN & W. XIAO" box="[1027,1198,1835,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" pagination="192 - 198" refId="ref16024" refString="CUI, L. - W., R. - C. QUAN, AND W. XIAO. 2006 a. Sleeping sites of black-andwhite snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Baima Snow Mountain, China. Journal of Zoology 270: 192 - 198." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sleeping trees are tall emergents (27.5 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FC749801FBC2F8E5" box="[999,1032,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FB819801FB9EF8E5" box="[1042,1108,1867,1890]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="m" value="3.2">3.2 m</quantity>
|
||
) with large diameter at breast height (DBH; 57.9 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FC4C9821FBCAF805" box="[991,1024,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FB959821FB91F805" box="[1030,1115,1899,1922]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.69" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="cm" value="16.9">16.9 cm</quantity>
|
||
) and broad crown diameters (6.3 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FA429821FA38F805" box="[1489,1522,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">SD</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD38D44FCDB98C1FC40F825" box="[840,906,1931,1954]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" unit="m" value="1.4">1.4 m</quantity>
|
||
); focal groups choose tall conifers (fir,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD38D44FAA898C1FA07F825" box="[1339,1485,1931,1954]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="georgei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD38D44FAA898C1FA07F825" box="[1339,1485,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="154">Abies georgei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or spruce,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FF539F81FE48FF65" box="[192,386,203,226]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="likiangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FF539F81FE48FF65" box="[192,386,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Picea likiangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) over tall oaks,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FDB89F81FD4EFF65" box="[555,644,203,226]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FDB89F81FD4EFF65" box="[555,644,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and sleeping sites are changed nightly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FE1D9FA1FDF4FE85" author="CUI, L. - W. & R. - C. QUAN & W. XIAO" box="[398,574,235,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="192 - 198" refId="ref16024" refString="CUI, L. - W., R. - C. QUAN, AND W. XIAO. 2006 a. Sleeping sites of black-andwhite snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Baima Snow Mountain, China. Journal of Zoology 270: 192 - 198." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At Samage Forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FFE59E41FEE8FEA5" author="LI, D. Y." box="[118,290,267,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="141 - 152" refId="ref18687" refString="LI, D. Y., ET AL. 2006 b. Characteristics of night-time sleeping places selected by golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, China. Integrative Zoology 1: 141 - 152." type="journal article" year="2006">Li et al. 2006b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sleeping sites are exclusively in evergreen trees (82% conifers, mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FE379E61FDF5FEC5" box="[420,575,299,322]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="likiangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FE379E61FDF5FEC5" box="[420,575,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">P. likiangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FDE59E61FCDBFEC5" box="[630,785,299,322]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dumosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FDE59E61FCDBFEC5" box="[630,785,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Tsuga dumosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 18% evergreen broadleaf trees,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FD929E01FCD2FEE5" box="[513,792,331,354]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cyclobalanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oxyodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FD929E01FCD2FEE5" box="[513,792,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FF0E9E21FF3CFE05" box="[157,246,363,386]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FF0E9E21FF3CFE05" box="[157,246,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); sleeping trees are tall (mean 30.5 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FD0C9E21FD0AFE05" box="[671,704,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">SD</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FD5A9E21FCC6FE05" box="[713,780,363,386]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="6.4">6.4 m</quantity>
|
||
), have high boles (mean 18.4 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FE239EC1FE1BFE25" box="[432,465,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">SD</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FE4B9EC1FDD2FE25" box="[472,536,395,418]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="5.2">5.2 m</quantity>
|
||
), large diameters (mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FFFD9EE1FF0DFE45" box="[110,199,427,450]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.26" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="cm" value="62.6">62.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FF799EE1FEC1FE45" box="[234,267,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">SD</emphasis>
|
||
23.8), and large crown areas (mean 57.9 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FD649EE1FCD2FE45" box="[759,792,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">SD</emphasis>
|
||
38.0 m
|
||
<superScript id="7C223703FFD28D45FF299E83FF08FE50" attach="left" box="[186,194,457,471]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">2</superScript>
|
||
). Sleeping sites at Mt. Fuhe (Lanping County;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD28D45FD5D9E81FCC5FE65" box="[718,783,459,482]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) are similar, but the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FED19EA1FE5AFD85" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[322,400,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FED19EA1FE5AFD85" box="[322,400,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there more often uses the same tree on successive nights (Liu and Zhao 2004).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FDA79D41FDB5FDA5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[564,639,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FDA79D41FDB5FDA5" box="[564,639,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups do not relocate after entering sleeping sites, that is, after sunset (Ren et al. 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD28D45FF0B9D21FF74FC45" blockId="7.[108,795,203,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">
|
||
Mean daily travel distance was about
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FDAD9D21FD53FD05" box="[574,665,619,642]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.59" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="km" value="1.59">1.59 km</quantity>
|
||
(maximum
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FFFE9DC1FF01FD25" box="[109,203,651,674]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="km" value="2.95">2.95 km</quantity>
|
||
) over an 8-month period at Wuyapuya, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FD559DC1FCD2FD25" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[710,792,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FD559DC1FCD2FD25" box="[710,792,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
travels farther in warmer months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FE799DE1FD2FFD45" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[490,741,683,706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At Samage Forest, a band travelled a mean of 1.62 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FD179D81FD6FFD65" box="[644,677,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">SD</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FD3F9D81FCDAFD65" box="[684,784,715,738]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.98" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="km" value="0.798">0.798 km</quantity>
|
||
/ day (range
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FF799DA1FE51FC85" box="[234,411,747,770]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.397" metricValueMax="4.216" metricValueMin="0.578" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="km" value="2.397" valueMax="4.216" valueMin="0.578">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FF799DA1FEEFFC85" box="[234,293,747,770]" degrees="0.578" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="0.578">0.578</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FEB69DA1FEA5FC85" box="[293,367,747,770]" degrees="4.216" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="-4.216">–4.216</geoCoordinate>
|
||
km
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
/day) in a “zigzag pattern with frequent returns to previously visited areas” during a full month follow in
|
||
<date id="FFE9BC8BFFD28D45FF409C61FE4AFCC5" box="[211,384,811,834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" value="2006-09">September 2006</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FE039C61FD5CFCC5" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[400,662,811,834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Grueter et al. 2008:1133</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Daily path length varies significantly by season. For example, at Samage Forest a band travelled a mean of
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FE479C21FDDDFC05" box="[468,535,875,898]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.85" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="985.0">985 m</quantity>
|
||
per day in winter versus mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FF3D9CC1FECDFC25" box="[174,263,907,930]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.721" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="1721.0">1,721 m</quantity>
|
||
(F = 6.426, P = 0.016) in summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FD199CC1FF64FC45" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. LI & B. REN & M. LI" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="125 - 135" refId="ref16914" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. LI, B. REN, AND M. LI. 2013 a. Overwintering strategy of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys: adjustments in activity scheduling and foraging patterns. Primates 54: 125 - 135." type="journal article" year="2013">Grueter et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD28D45FF0B9C81FD9DFB05" blockId="7.[108,795,203,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">
|
||
At Jinsichang, the band travelled
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FDA29C81FD21FC65" box="[561,747,971,994]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.125" metricValueMax="9.62" metricValueMin="8.629999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="km" value="0.9125" valueMax="0.962" valueMin="0.863">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FDA29C81FDA6FC65" box="[561,620,971,994]" degrees="0.863" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="0.863">0.863</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FDFE9C81FD7CFC65" box="[621,694,971,994]" degrees="0.962" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="-0.962">–0.962</geoCoordinate>
|
||
km
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
/day (based on multipoint fixes of 2 satellite-collared males that were the breeding males of their respective one male unit) that generally represent the cumulative distance from the sleeping site to a morning foraging site, a resting site, and afternoon foraging site, and to the next sleeping site (Ren et al. 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD28D45FF0B9BC1FCC0FAE5" blockId="7.[108,795,203,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FF0B9BC1FEA7FB25" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[152,365,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FF0B9BC1FEA7FB25" box="[152,365,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bands usually travel in single-file to sleeping and feeding sites, avoiding open areas, often following known trails in a regular sequence, according to seasonal phenology of food resources (Wu et al. 1988; Wu 1993). Bands spend several hours at a foraging area before travelling to another, or to a sleeping site, so that by satellite telemetry, foraging and sleeping sites appear as clusters of point locations (Ren et al. 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD28D45FF0B9A21FD0FF965" blockId="7.[108,795,203,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FF0B9A21FEA1FA05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[152,363,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FF0B9A21FEA1FA05" box="[152,363,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 1 of the highest ranging and most northerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FF459AC1FEFFFA25" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[214,309,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occupying elevations from
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FDF19AC1FCD2FA25" box="[610,792,1419,1442]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6125" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="2.625" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="3612.5" valueMax="4600.0" valueMin="2625.0">2,625 to 4,600 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FFE59AE1FF49FA45" box="[118,131,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 groups—Kirkpatrick and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FE5C9AE1FD94FA45" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. Y. LI & S. K. FENG & B. P. REN" box="[463,606,1451,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="516 - 522" refId="ref16861" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. Y. LI, S. K. FENG, AND B. P. REN. 2010. Niche partitioning between sympatric rhesus macaques and Yunnan snubnosed monkeys at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Zoological Research 31: 516 - 522." type="journal article" year="2010">Grueter 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with occasional forays up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FF6C9A81FE96FA65" box="[255,348,1483,1506]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="4700.0">4,700 m</quantity>
|
||
, far above the tree line (at Wuyapuya—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FFFE9AA1FEE2F985" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[109,296,1515,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FE409AA1FD8FF985" box="[467,581,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strykeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FE409AA1FE29F985" box="[467,483,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FE679AA1FD8FF985" box="[500,581,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">strykeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found at
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FFFE9941FEC4F9A5" box="[109,270,1547,1570]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="2850.0" valueMax="3300.0" valueMin="2400.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FFFE9941FF63F9A5" box="[109,169,1547,1570]" degrees="2,400" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="2.4">2,400</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FF3A9941FF39F9A5" box="[169,243,1547,1570]" degrees="3,300" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="-3.3">–3,300</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD28D45FEA39941FE52F9A5" box="[304,408,1547,1570]" name="Myanmar" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FE349941FD9CF9A5" author="CHEN, Y." box="[423,598,1547,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="679 - 690" refId="ref15791" refString="CHEN, Y., ET AL. 2015. Preliminary study of the newly discovered primate species Rhinopithecus strykeri at Pianma, Yunnan, China using infrared camera traps. International Journal of Primatology 36: 679 - 690." type="journal article" year="2015">Chen et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FD009941FF48F9C5" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="2850.0" valueMax="3100.0" valueMin="2600.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FD009941FD05F9A5" box="[659,719,1547,1570]" degrees="2,600" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="2.6">2,600</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FD5C9941FCD2F9A5" box="[719,792,1547,1570]" degrees="3,100" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="-3.1">–3,100</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
in mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD28D45FE989961FE81F9C5" box="[267,331,1579,1602]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FECA9961FE25F9C5" author="MA, C." box="[345,495,1579,1602]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="377 - 382" refId="ref19306" refString="MA, C., ET AL. 2014. Distribution and conservation status of Rhinopithecus strykeri in China. Primates 55: 377 - 382." type="journal article" year="2014">Ma et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FDD69961FD02F9C5" box="[581,712,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FDD69961FD9FF9C5" box="[581,597,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FDF09961FD02F9C5" box="[611,712,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lives at
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FFFF9901FEC7F9E5" box="[108,269,1611,1634]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="2550.0" valueMax="4100.0" valueMin="1000.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FFFF9901FF6CF9E5" box="[108,166,1611,1634]" degrees="1,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="1.0">1,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FF349901FF38F9E5" box="[167,242,1611,1634]" degrees="4,100" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="-4.1">–4,100</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(Kirkpatrick and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FE5F9901FD93F9E5" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. Y. LI & S. K. FENG & B. P. REN" box="[460,601,1611,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="516 - 522" refId="ref16861" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. Y. LI, S. K. FENG, AND B. P. REN. 2010. Niche partitioning between sympatric rhesus macaques and Yunnan snubnosed monkeys at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Zoological Research 31: 516 - 522." type="journal article" year="2010">Grueter 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD28D45FD1F9901FD0CF9E5" box="[652,710,1611,1634]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
, a large group (N = 174) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FEA59921FE48F905" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[310,386,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FEA59921FE48F905" box="[310,386,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been filmed walking over a mountain pass through steep, rocky terrain above
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FDC999C1FD7FF925" box="[602,693,1675,1698]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="4700.0">4,700 m</quantity>
|
||
between Nanren and Wuyapiya to reach forest patches on the other side (Lian-Xian, personal communication,
|
||
<date id="FFE9BC8BFFD28D45FD949981FD70F965" box="[519,698,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" value="2018-09">September 2018</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD28D45FF0B99A1FA8CFE05" blockId="7.[108,795,203,1922]" lastBlockId="7.[839,1524,203,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">
|
||
At Xiaochangdu in the north, day length ranges from 12.2 to 16.0 h and monthly mean temperature ranges from 12.5°C in August to −3.6°C in January; annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 26.9°C and −15.4°C, respectively (Xiang et al. 2010a). Snow is present for 4–6 months of winter throughout the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FC419F81FBD4FF65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[978,1054,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FC419F81FBD4FF65" box="[978,1054,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is deeper and lasts longer in the north, although wind and sun exposure on south-facing slopes often reduce snow cover along ridge tops (Xiao et al. 2003). In contrast, at Mt. Longma in the south, the average annual temperature is 8.1°C and monthly average temperatures range from 14.3°C in August to 2.4°C in January (Li and Yang 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD28D45FCE09EC1FA22FDE5" blockId="7.[839,1524,203,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">
|
||
Xiao et al. (2003) classified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FB099EC1FB2CFE25" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1178,1254,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FB099EC1FB2CFE25" box="[1178,1254,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
range into 3 broad
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFD28D45FA209EC1FA25FE25" box="[1459,1519,395,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">types</typeStatus>
|
||
: (1) dark-coniferous forests of fir,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FB239EE1FAD7FE45" box="[1200,1309,427,450]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="georgei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FB239EE1FAD7FE45" box="[1200,1309,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">A. georgei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and spruce,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FA3D9EE1FC51FE65" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="likiangensi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FA3D9EE1FC51FE65" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">P. likiangensi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s; (2) mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests; and (3)
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD28D45FCDB9EA1FC53FD85" box="[840,921,491,514]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
pine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FC739EA1FB63FD85" box="[992,1193,491,514]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FC739EA1FB63FD85" box="[992,1193,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Pinus yunnanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) forest.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FA969EA1FA99FD85" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1285,1363,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FA969EA1FA99FD85" box="[1285,1363,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
avoid the pine forests, leaving the fir-spruce and mixed coniferous–broadleaf
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFD28D45FCDB9D61FC4AFDC5" box="[840,896,555,578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">types</typeStatus>
|
||
as suitable habitat. Other authors classify the coniferous forest band as fir-larch,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FBD69D01FB2CFDE5" box="[1093,1254,587,610]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="potaninii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FBD69D01FB2CFDE5" box="[1093,1254,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Larix potaninii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FAB99D01FA12FDE5" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1322,1496,587,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD28D4AFCE09D21FF3CFEC5" blockId="7.[839,1524,203,1282]" lastBlockId="8.[108,793,203,1922]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FCE09D21FB88FD05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[883,1090,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FCE09D21FB88FD05" box="[883,1090,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mainly uses coniferous or mixed conif-erous–broad-leaved forest above the broad-leaved forest and agricultural zones and below tree line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD28D45FA9C9DE1FA9EFD45" box="[1295,1364,683,706]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[840,875,1843,1864]" captionTargetBox="[845,1517,1352,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-988@7.[845,1517,1352,1830]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4.—Rhinopithecus bieti habitat in Baimaxueshan (White Horse Snow Mountain) National Nature Reserve with Jinsha Jiang (Yangtze River) in foreground. Photograph by L. E. Harding." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573605/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); these zones increase in elevation from south to north, defining potential habitat. At Mt. Longma, the fir-larch band is
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FA949DA1FA61FC85" box="[1287,1451,747,770]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="3250.0" valueMax="3500.0" valueMin="3000.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FA949DA1FA89FC85" box="[1287,1347,747,770]" degrees="3,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="3.0">3,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FAD09DA1FA47FC85" box="[1347,1421,747,770]" degrees="3,500" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="-3.5">–3,500</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, while at Xiaochangdu it is at
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FBDA9C41FB26FCA5" box="[1097,1260,779,802]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="3950.0" valueMax="4200.0" valueMin="3700.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FBDA9C41FB4EFCA5" box="[1097,1156,779,802]" degrees="3,700" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="3.7">3,700</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FB169C41FB04FCA5" box="[1157,1230,779,802]" degrees="4,200" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="-4.2">–4,200</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FB6E9C41FA7BFCA5" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1277,1457,779,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Jinsichang
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FC2E9C61FBCCFCC5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[957,1030,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FC2E9C61FBCCFCC5" box="[957,1030,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R.bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
band ranges between 3,200 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FACA9C61FA64FCC5" box="[1369,1454,811,834]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.63" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="3630.0">3,630 m</quantity>
|
||
(Yang 2003) and the Wuyapuya band
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FB039C01FAFAFCE5" box="[1168,1328,843,866]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="4050.0" valueMax="4600.0" valueMin="3500.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FB039C01FB01FCE5" box="[1168,1227,843,866]" degrees="3,500" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="3.5">3,500</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFD28D45FB589C01FADFFCE5" box="[1227,1301,843,866]" degrees="4,600" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" precision="55" value="-4.6">–4,600</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FAAC9C01FCB6FC05" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At Samage Forest, the Gehuaqing band (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD28D45FACA9C21FA50FC05" box="[1369,1434,875,898]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) ranges over
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD28D45FCED9CC1FBFFFC25" box="[894,1077,907,930]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="3300.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="2600.0">2,600 to 4,000 m</quantity>
|
||
and uses lower slopes in spring to access new leaf growth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FB909CE1FB5BFC45" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[1027,1169,939,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Li et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For all subpopulations, the elevational range is generally restricted by human disturbance and altered habitats at the lower elevations, and by tree line at the upper elevations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FB9B9B41FB70FBA5" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1032,1210,1035,1058]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, moderate human activity, such as herding livestock in alpine meadows, does not dissuade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FC3E9B01FC37FBE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[941,1021,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FC3E9B01FC37FBE5" box="[941,1021,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from using adjacent forest edge habitats; nor does absence of human activity in the forested zone, as in winter when livestock have been brought to valley bottoms, induce
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FCDA9BE1FC5DFB45" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[841,919,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FCDA9BE1FC5DFB45" box="[841,919,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to use lower-elevation forest habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD28D45FAA89BE1FCB7FB65" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Xiang et al. 2007b; Zhong et al. 2008). In some northerly populations, bands remain at high elevation through the winter, whether for access to food on slopes and ridges where wind reduces snow depth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDD8D4AFE159FA1FD80FE85" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & B. - P. REN & Z. - F. XIANG & M. LI" box="[390,586,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref17055" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, B. - P. REN, Z. - F. XIANG, AND M. LI. 2012. Food abundance is the main determinant of high-altitude range use in snubnosed monkeys. International Journal of Zoology 2012: 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="2012">Grueter et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or for the warmth of sunlight on high, south-facing slopes (Quan et al. 2011), as noted above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF28CAC3FFD28D45FCDB9879FAFDF804" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573605/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" startId="7.[840,875,1843,1864]" targetBox="[845,1517,1352,1830]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD28D45FCDB9879FAFDF804" blockId="7.[840,1522,1843,1923]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FCDB9879FC41F8CF" bold="true" box="[840,907,1843,1864]" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD28D45FC309879FBA8F8CF" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[931,1122,1843,1864]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD28D45FC309879FBA8F8CF" box="[931,1122,1843,1864]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="155">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat in Baimaxueshan (White Horse Snow Mountain) National Nature Reserve with Jinsha Jiang (Yangtze River) in foreground. Photograph by L. E. Harding.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDD8D4AFF0B9E01FD9AFD25" blockId="8.[108,793,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFF0B9E01FEAEFEE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[152,356,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFF0B9E01FEAEFEE5" box="[152,356,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat quality ranges from more productive in the south to marginal in the north, which is “climatologically harsher than any other inhabited by non-human
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFD239EC1FCC4FE25" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[688,782,395,418]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and where floral diversity is lower (Xiang et al. 2007b:1141). For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDD8D4AFF479E81FE0BFE65" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[212,449,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. (1994:246)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that floristic diversity was greater in the southern end of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFE269EA1FDC9FD85" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[437,515,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFE269EA1FDC9FD85" box="[437,515,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
range, with 24 species of trees and tree-like shrubs at Mt. Longma, compared to 5 “core” species at Xiaochangdu. In more northerly populations, at all seasons,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFF5D9D01FED5FDE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[206,287,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFF5D9D01FED5FDE5" box="[206,287,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fecal density is correlated with the abundance of arboreal lichens, mainly of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFDB89D21FDB6FD05" authorityName="I.M.Brodo & D.L.Hawksworth" authorityYear="1977" box="[555,636,619,642]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bryoria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFDB89D21FDB6FD05" box="[555,636,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Bryoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a staple food item especially in winter (Zhong et al. 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDD8D4AFF0B9DE1FD70FC45" blockId="8.[108,793,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFF0B9DE1FEA4FD45" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[152,366,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFF0B9DE1FEA4FD45" box="[152,366,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat at Xiaochangdu comprises 4 habitat
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFDD8D4AFF2D9D81FF30FD65" box="[190,250,715,738]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">types</typeStatus>
|
||
: (1) primary conifer forest (mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFDEC9D81FCD3FD65" box="[639,793,715,738]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="likiangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFDEC9D81FCD3FD65" box="[639,793,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">P. likiangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFF0F9DA1FE82FC85" box="[156,328,747,770]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="squamata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFF0F9DA1FE82FC85" box="[156,328,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Abies squamata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees with a thin understory of bushes <
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDD8D4AFC989DA1FF4EFCA5" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
in height), (2) secondary conifer forest (as above but selectively logged with a denser understory), (3) larch forest (mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFFFD9C01FEC8FCE5" authorityName="hort. ex Carriere" authorityYear="1855" baseAuthorityName="Lindl. & Gordon" box="[110,258,843,866]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griffithiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFFFD9C01FEC8FCE5" box="[110,258,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">L. griffithiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFEA59C01FE19FCE5" box="[310,467,843,866]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFEA59C01FE19FCE5" box="[310,467,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Rhododendron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees with a dense shrub layer of mostly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFF759C21FE49FC05" box="[230,387,875,898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFF759C21FE49FC05" box="[230,387,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Rhododendron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDD8D4AFD959C21FDF2FC05" box="[518,568,875,898]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
), and (4) evergreen broadleaf forest (mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFE129CC1FDBAFC25" box="[385,624,907,930]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFE129CC1FDBAFC25" box="[385,624,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Quercus aquifolioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees) and low density shrubs usually ≤
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDD8D4AFEE59CE1FE55FC45" box="[374,415,939,962]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
high (Xiang et al. 2007b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDD8D4AFF0B9C81FD7AFA05" blockId="8.[108,793,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">
|
||
At Wuyapuya,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFEDF9C81FE6EFC65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[332,420,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFEDF9C81FE6EFC65" box="[332,420,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat is characterized by fir,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFFFE9CA1FF12FB85" box="[109,216,1003,1026]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="georgei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFFFE9CA1FF12FB85" box="[109,216,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">A. georgei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and oak,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFED09CA1FD08FB85" authority="(Kirkpatrick et al. 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Kirkpatrick" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[323,706,1003,1026]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pannosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFED09CA1FE76FB85" box="[323,444,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Q. pannosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDD8D4AFE589CA1FD7DFB85" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[459,695,1003,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFD5E9CA1FCDDFB85" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[717,791,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFD5E9CA1FCDDFB85" box="[717,791,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat in a mixed coniferous–broadleaf forest in the Samage Forest includes 80 tree species (23 families), the 3 dominant tree species by basal area being
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFE019B01FE34FBE5" box="[402,510,1099,1122]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="georgei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFE019B01FE34FBE5" box="[402,510,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">A. georgei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFD989B01FF7FFB05" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cyclobalanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gambleana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFD989B01FF7FFB05" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Cyclobalanopsis cf. gambleana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFF659B21FE5BFB05" box="[246,401,1131,1154]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="likiangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFF659B21FE5BFB05" box="[246,401,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">P. likiangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 1 of the conifers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFDF89B21FD6EFB05" box="[619,676,1131,1154]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFDF89B21FD6EFB05" box="[619,676,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Larix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and 73% of the broadleaf trees are deciduous (Grueter et al. 2009). The Samage Forest habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFEE49BE1FE09FB45" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[375,451,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFEE49BE1FE09FB45" box="[375,451,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 5 main forest
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFDD8D4AFD119BE1FD70FB45" box="[642,698,1195,1218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">types</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDD8D4AFD5B9BE1FF68FB65" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Li et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): (1) mixed deciduous broadleaf and conifers, (2) pinedominated (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFF7E9BA1FEBBFA85" box="[237,369,1259,1282]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnansis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFF7E9BA1FEBBFA85" box="[237,369,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">P. yunnansis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), (3) evergreen broadleaf dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFFFD9A41FED4FAA5" box="[110,286,1291,1314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cyclobalanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFFFD9A41FED4FAA5" box="[110,286,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Cyclobalanopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. in the canopy, (4) cool temperate fir-dominated (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFF259A61FEE9FAC5" box="[182,291,1323,1346]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="georgei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFF259A61FEE9FAC5" box="[182,291,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">A. georgei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and (5) montane sclerophylus oak-dominated (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFFE59A01FF27FAE5" box="[118,237,1355,1378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pannosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFFE59A01FF27FAE5" box="[118,237,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Q. pannosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Of these, they preferred the mixed deciduous–coni-fer
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFDD8D4AFF029A21FF75FA05" box="[145,191,1387,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">type</typeStatus>
|
||
and usually avoided the others (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDD8D4AFD879A21FD6AFA05" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. - Y. LI & C. P. VAN SCHAIK & B. - P. REN & Y. - C. LONG & F. - W. WEI" box="[532,672,1387,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" pagination="1121 - 1145" refId="ref17114" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. - Y. LI, C. P. VAN SCHAIK, B. - P. REN, Y. - C. LONG, AND F. - W. WEI. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1121 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2008">Li et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDD8D4AFF0B9AC1FEF9F905" blockId="8.[108,793,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">
|
||
A site at Xiangguqing (east of Tacheng in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFDD8D4AFD1B9AC1FD06FA25" box="[648,716,1419,1442]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) illustrates the habitat diversity at a mesoscale: this Samage Forest site has essentially 2 habitat
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC24E9FFDD8D4AFE3C9A81FE21FA65" box="[431,491,1483,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">types</typeStatus>
|
||
: (1) a small bamboo forest (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFFE59AA1FE94F985" box="[118,350,1515,1538]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Fargesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFFE59AA1FE94F985" box="[118,350,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Fargesia yunnanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFE379AA1FDDBF985" box="[420,529,1515,1538]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dumosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFE379AA1FDDBF985" box="[420,529,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">T. dumosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFDD69AA1FF00F9A5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFDD69AA1FF00F9A5" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Rhododendron yunnanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dominant tree species, and (2) a more extensive fir (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFFE59961FF29F9C5" box="[118,227,1579,1602]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dumosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFFE59961FF29F9C5" box="[118,227,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">T. dumosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)–rhododendron (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFE0D9961FD88F9C5" authorityName="Franchet" authorityYear="1887" box="[414,578,1579,1602]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubiginosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFE0D9961FD88F9C5" box="[414,578,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. rubiginosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) forest with a shrub layer dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFEDF9901FDCCF9E5" box="[332,518,1611,1634]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Lyonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovalifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFEDF9901FDCCF9E5" box="[332,518,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Lyonia ovalifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFDD39901FEE4F905" authority="(Ren et al. 2012 a)" baseAuthorityName="Ren" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Enkianthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deflexus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFDD39901FCD2F9E5" box="[576,792,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Enkianthus deflexus</emphasis>
|
||
(Ren et al. 2012a)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDD8D4AFF0B99C1FA5EFEC5" blockId="8.[108,793,203,1922]" lastBlockId="8.[839,1523,203,930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">
|
||
In autumn, members of this population choose slopes of 20° to 40° at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDD8D4AFEC499E1FE3DF945" box="[343,503,1707,1730]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" unit="m" value="3000.0" valueMax="3300.0" valueMin="2700.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFDD8D4AFEC499E1FE59F945" box="[343,403,1707,1730]" degrees="2,700" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" precision="55" value="2.7">2,700</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFDD8D4AFE0099E1FE16F945" box="[403,476,1707,1730]" degrees="3,300" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" precision="55" value="-3.3">–3,300</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
with a tree canopy cover of 40–80% in deciduous broadleaf or mixed deciduous broadleafconiferous forest with DBH>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDD8D4AFE5399A1FDC2F885" box="[448,520,1771,1794]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
; within this habitat, they use locations>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDD8D4AFE809841FE9CF8A5" box="[275,342,1803,1826]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
from human disturbance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDD8D4AFDE39841FCC2F8A5" author="LI, D. - Y. & Z. - S. PENG & B. - P. REN & C. C. GRUETER & Q. - H. ZHOU & F. - W. WEI" box="[624,776,1803,1826]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" pagination="233 - 238" refId="ref18563" refString="LI, D. - Y., Z. - S. PENG, B. - P. REN, C. C. GRUETER, Q. - H. ZHOU, AND F. - W. WEI. 2006 a. Autumn habitat selection by the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Tacheng, Yunnan. Journal of China West Normal University 27: 233 - 238." type="journal article" year="2006">Li et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Jinsichang habitat occupies a nearly continuous primary coniferous forest belt (
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDD8D4AFEB99801FE05F8E5" box="[298,463,1867,1890]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" unit="m" value="3650.0" valueMax="4100.0" valueMin="3200.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFDD8D4AFEB99801FEACF8E5" box="[298,358,1867,1890]" degrees="3,200" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" precision="55" value="3.2">3,200</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63FC8CFFDD8D4AFEF59801FE7BF8E5" box="[358,433,1867,1890]" degrees="4,100" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" precision="55" value="-4.1">–4,100</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
) dominated by fir (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFD339801FCC5F8E5" box="[672,783,1867,1890]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="georgei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFD339801FCC5F8E5" box="[672,783,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">A. georgei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and spruce (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFF679821FE5AF805" box="[244,400,1899,1922]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="likiangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFF679821FE5AF805" box="[244,400,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">P. likiangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) below
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDD8D4AFE789821FD8EF805" box="[491,580,1899,1922]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" unit="m" value="3700.0">3,700 m</quantity>
|
||
and nearly pure fir forest above that level (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDD8D4AFBD69F81FB3CFF65" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1093,1270,203,226]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFA9E9F81FA91FF65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1293,1371,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFA9E9F81FA91FF65" box="[1293,1371,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat at Mt. Longma is dominated by fir (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFB029FA1FAC8FE85" box="[1169,1282,235,258]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="georgei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFB029FA1FAC8FE85" box="[1169,1282,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">A. georgei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), larch (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFAF09FA1FA29FE85" box="[1379,1507,235,258]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="potaninii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFAF09FA1FA29FE85" box="[1379,1507,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">L. potaninii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), oak (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFCEE9E41FC3CFEA5" box="[893,1014,267,290]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pannosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFCEE9E41FC3CFEA5" box="[893,1014,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Q. pannosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and rhododendron trees with a wide variety of deciduous trees and tree-like shrubs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDD8D4AFB469E61FA4EFEC5" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1237,1412,299,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDD8D4AFCE09E01FB54FD25" blockId="8.[839,1523,203,930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFCE09E01FC62FEE4" bold="true" box="[883,936,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
—As a broad generality,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFB429E01FA60FEE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1233,1450,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFB429E01FA60FEE5" box="[1233,1450,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relies heavily on immature leaves of monocots and dicots in spring, fruit in summer and autumn, and lichens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFDD8D4AFAD29EC1FA4DFE25" box="[1345,1415,395,418]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[840,875,1876,1897]" captionTargetBox="[845,1517,1001,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-856@8.[845,1517,1001,1864]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5.—An adult male Rhinopithecus bieti eating lichen. Photograph by L. E. Harding." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573607/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) in winter (Grueter et al. 2009). Wu (1991) characterized the diet of captive and wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFB999E81FB91FE65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1034,1115,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFB999E81FB91FE65" box="[1034,1115,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as (1) leaves and stems of gramminoids, (2) hyphae of lichens, and (3) buds, bark, small stems, and fruits of angiosperm trees, but not conifer needles.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFA379D41FA38FDA5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1444,1522,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFA379D41FA38FDA5" box="[1444,1522,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
selects both mature and young leaves that have higher crude protein and lower fiber (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and celluloses) and tannin than nonfood items (Li and Yang 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDD8D4AFC5F9DC1FB44FD25" author="HUANG, Z. - P. & S. HUO & S. - G. YANG & L. - W. CUI & W. XIAO" box="[972,1166,651,674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" pagination="643 - 649" refId="ref17492" refString="HUANG, Z. - P., S. HUO, S. - G. YANG, L. - W. CUI, AND W. XIAO. 2010. Leaf choice in black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti is related to the physical and chemical properties of leaves. Current Zoology 56: 643 - 649." type="journal article" year="2010">Huang et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDD8D4BFCE09DE1FDB6FD25" blockId="8.[839,1523,203,930]" lastBlockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">
|
||
Dietary breadth decreases with increasing latitude and altitude (reviewed by Grueter et al. 2009): at Xiaochangdu,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFA359D81FA39FD65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1446,1523,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFA359D81FA39FD65" box="[1446,1523,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on 25 vascular plant species, ≥ 3 species of lichens (a staple dietary constituent throughout the year, although it prefers vascular plant foliage) and its diet includes at least 7 species of invertebrates (Xiang et al. 2007b). There, in contrast to more southerly populations, lichens account for 47–64% of the diet (Yang et al. 2005). At Wuyapuya, its diet includes 20 species of plants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFF709F81FE54FF65" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C." box="[227,414,203,226]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" refId="ref18053" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. 1996. Ecology and behavior of the Yunnan snubnosed langur (Rhinopithecus bieti). Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Davis." type="book" year="1996">Kirkpatrick 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Samage Forest, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFFFE9FA1FF74FE85" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[109,190,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFFFE9FA1FF74FE85" box="[109,190,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on 150 different plant parts from at least 94 species and 38 families, 6 genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFE449E41FDBBFEA5" box="[471,625,267,290]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Acanthopanax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFE449E41FDBBFEA5" box="[471,625,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Acanthopanax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD109E41FD07FEA5" box="[643,717,267,290]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFD109E41FD07FEA5" box="[643,717,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Sorbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD4C9E41FCDBFEA5" box="[735,785,267,290]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFD4C9E41FCDBFEA5" box="[735,785,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Acer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFFFE9E61FF00FEC5" box="[109,202,299,322]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Fargesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFFFE9E61FF00FEC5" box="[109,202,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Fargesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFF499E61FE9BFEC5" box="[218,337,299,322]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Pterocarya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFF499E61FE9BFEC5" box="[218,337,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Pterocarya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFE039E61FE15FEC5" box="[400,479,299,322]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Cornus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFE039E61FE15FEC5" box="[400,479,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Cornus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) provide most of the diet; it highly selects a few uncommon angiosperm tree species (Grueter et al. 2009).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFF629E21FEF7FE05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[241,317,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFF629E21FECBFE05" box="[241,257,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFE9D9E21FEF7FE05" box="[270,317,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eats bamboo shoots in the summer and bamboo leaves (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFF639EC1FE87FE25" box="[240,333,395,418]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Fargesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFF639EC1FE87FE25" box="[240,333,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Fargesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) throughout the year, forages mushrooms, and digs up tubers; 1 consumed the flesh of an unidentified flying squirrel (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFF6F9E81FEAEFE65" box="[252,356,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and 1 ate a bird’s eggs (Grueter et al. 2009). Zhao et al. (2009) extended the list to include 2 lichen species and 110 vascular plant species. At Xiangguqing (east of Tacheng;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFDC8D4BFF469D61FED9FDC5" box="[213,275,555,578]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), in a 2-month (June–July) diet study and provisioning experiment,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFEDB9D01FE5FFDE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[328,405,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFEDB9D01FE5FFDE5" box="[328,405,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ate 32 wild plant food species, with bamboo shoots,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFEB69D21FE48FD05" box="[293,386,619,642]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Fargesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFEB69D21FE48FD05" box="[293,386,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Fargesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially prominent and preferred over lichen,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFF629DC1FDBDFD25" authority="(Ren et al. 2012 a)" baseAuthorityName="Ren" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[241,631,651,674]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="longissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFF629DC1FE7AFD25" box="[241,432,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Usnea longissima</emphasis>
|
||
(Ren et al. 2012a)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF28CAC3FFDD8D4AFCDB981EFC3BF800" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573607" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573607/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" startId="8.[840,875,1876,1897]" targetBox="[845,1517,1001,1864]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDD8D4AFCDB981EFC3BF800" blockId="8.[840,1523,1876,1927]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFCDB981EFC43F8EE" bold="true" box="[840,905,1876,1897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
|
||
—An adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDD8D4AFBA4981FFB39F8ED" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1079,1267,1877,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDD8D4AFBA4981FFB39F8ED" box="[1079,1267,1877,1898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="156">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eating lichen. Photograph by L. E. Harding.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDC8D4BFF0B9DE1FD3BFBC5" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">
|
||
At Jinsichang (Yang and Zhao 2001), diet includes, in order of frequency: (1) bamboo leaves, (2) dicotyledon leaves, (3) lichens, including fruticose (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFE4F9DA1FDE5FC85" authorityName="I.M.Brodo & D.L.Hawksworth" authorityYear="1977" box="[476,559,747,770]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bryoria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFE4F9DA1FDE5FC85" box="[476,559,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Bryoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFDD09DA1FD16FC85" box="[579,732,747,770]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="longissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFDD09DA1FD16FC85" box="[579,732,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">U. longissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and foliose (family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFEB79C41FE58FCA5" box="[292,402,779,802]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Stictaceae" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="family">Stictaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) lichens, (4) seeds, mainly from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFFFE9C61FE6AFCC5" box="[109,416,811,834]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Acanthopanax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="evodiaefolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFFFE9C61FE6AFCC5" box="[109,416,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Acanthopanax evodiaefolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (5) other, including conifer needles, probably taken accidentally, and a rodent (Yulongxuen red-backed vole,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFEA09C21FDD6FC05" authorityName="Hinton" authorityYear="1923" box="[307,540,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Eothenomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proditor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFEA09C21FDD6FC05" box="[307,540,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Eothenomys proditor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). At Mt. Longma,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFC929C21FF56FC25" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFC929C21FCDBFC05" box="[769,785,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFFFE9CC1FF56FC25" box="[109,156,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consumed ≥ 97 plant species (based on indirect observations such as trail signs—Huo 2005). This group’s winter diet includes 45 plant species of 26 families:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFDA99C81FCDBFC65" authorityName="T. P. Yi" authorityYear="1988" box="[570,785,971,994]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Fargesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papyrifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFDA99C81FCDBFC65" box="[570,785,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Fargesia papyrifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 19.8%,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFF2C9CA1FE57FB85" box="[191,413,1003,1026]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Qiongzhuea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFF2C9CA1FE57FB85" box="[191,413,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Qiongzhuea rigidula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 4.9%, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD8F9CA1FD06FB85" box="[540,716,1003,1026]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Fargesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFD8F9CA1FD06FB85" box="[540,716,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Fargesia pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 4.5%, while main lichens were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFE139B41FDD9FBA5" box="[384,531,1035,1058]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="longissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFE139B41FDD9FBA5" box="[384,531,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">U. longissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 10.4% and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD339B41FF45FBC5" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="florida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFD339B41FF45FBC5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Usnea florida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 8.4%, by frequency in scat analysis (Li and Yang 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDC8D4BFF0B9B01FD14F905" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFF0B9B01FE6CFBE4" bold="true" box="[152,422,1099,1123]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Diseases and parasites.</emphasis>
|
||
—Of 8
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD979B01FD16FBE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[516,732,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFD979B01FD16FBE5" box="[516,732,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
captured in the wild and sent to Kunming zoo in 1987–1992 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFFE49BC1FED4FB25" author="JI, W. - Z. & R. - J. ZOU & E. - Y. SHANG & H. - W. ZHOU & S. - C. YANG & B. - P. TIAN" box="[119,286,1163,1186]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" refId="ref17897" refString="JI, W. - Z., R. - J. ZOU, E. - Y. SHANG, H. - W. ZHOU, S. - C. YANG, AND B. - P. TIAN. 1998. Maintenance and breeding of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus [Rhinopithecus] bieti) in captivity. Pp. 323 - 335 in The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys (N. G. Jablonski, ed.). World Scientific, Singapore." type="book" year="1998">Ji et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), all tested negative for Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Retrovirus (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFDC8D4BFDD69BE1FDB7FB45" box="[581,637,1195,1218]" name="Vietnam" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">SRV</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Herpesvirus B, and tuberculosis (TB) and all were free of pathogenic bacilli. A Trichocephalid parasite was found in their feces (see below). Blood profiles (red and white corpuscles, platelets, hemoglobin, etc.) were similar to those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD209A61FCDEFAC5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[691,788,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Values for urea nitrogen, creatine, glutamine transaminase, glutamyltranspeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase levels were higher than those of humans and rhesus macaques (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFE859AE1FE03FA45" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[278,457,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Macaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mulatta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFE859AE1FE03FA45" box="[278,457,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Macaca mulatta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Glucose levels were considerably higher than those reported for humans and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD099A81FCD8FA65" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[666,786,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Macaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mulatta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFD099A81FCD8FA65" box="[666,786,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">M. mulatta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Uric acid levels and triglycerides were lower than those recognized for humans and rhesus macaques. The values of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transanunase (GOT), and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) differed from those of other monkeys and humans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFDD19921FD04F905" author="JI, W. - Z. & R. - J. ZOU & E. - Y. SHANG & H. - W. ZHOU & S. - C. YANG & B. - P. TIAN" box="[578,718,1643,1666]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" refId="ref17897" refString="JI, W. - Z., R. - J. ZOU, E. - Y. SHANG, H. - W. ZHOU, S. - C. YANG, AND B. - P. TIAN. 1998. Maintenance and breeding of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus [Rhinopithecus] bieti) in captivity. Pp. 323 - 335 in The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys (N. G. Jablonski, ed.). World Scientific, Singapore." type="book" year="1998">Ji et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDC8D4BFF0B99C1FCDBF805" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFF0B99C1FE88F925" author="LIN, H. - B." box="[152,322,1675,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="31 - 37" refId="ref19032" refString="LIN, H. - B., ET AL. 2016. Screening of nematode-trapping fungi for biocontrol intestinal parasitic nematode of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 35: 31 - 37." type="journal article" year="2016">Lin et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned heavy nematode loads in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD5599C1FCDBF925" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[710,785,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFD5599C1FCDBF925" box="[710,785,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In 1 study, 11 of 16 (68.75%) captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFDBB99E1FDB0F945" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[552,634,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFDBB99E1FDB0F945" box="[552,634,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD2A99E1FCD2F945" authorityName="Roederer" authorityYear="1761" box="[697,792,1707,1730]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichinellidae" genus="Trichuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichocephalida" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFD2A99E1FCD2F945" box="[697,792,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Trichuris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs, but no other gastrointestinal parasites were identified (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFC929981FF21F885" author="LI, M." pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="168 - 173" refId="ref18959" refString="LI, M., ET AL. 2015 b. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive nonhuman primates of twenty-four zoological gardens in China. Journal of Medical Primatology 44: 168 - 173." type="journal article" year="2015">Li et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFE3B99A1FE3FF885" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[424,501,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFE3B99A1FE3FF885" box="[424,501,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have higher parasite loads:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFFFC9841FF04F8A5" authorityName="Roederer" authorityYear="1761" box="[111,206,1803,1826]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichinellidae" genus="Trichuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichocephalida" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFFFC9841FF04F8A5" box="[111,206,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Trichuris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
egg densities are different between adults and juveniles, infections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFF6D9861FE4FF8C5" authorityName="Dubini" authorityYear="1843" box="[254,389,1835,1858]" class="Secernentea" family="Ancylostomatidae" genus="Ancylostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFF6D9861FE4FF8C5" box="[254,389,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Ancylostoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFE2C9861FD4DF8C5" box="[447,647,1835,1858]" class="Secernentea" family="Strongylidae" genus="Oesophagostomum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFE2C9861FD4DF8C5" box="[447,647,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Oesophagostomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vary seasonally (highest infection rate is in the raining season); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFD399801FF0DF805" baseAuthorityName="Bancroft" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Adelidae" genus="Capillaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepatica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFD399801FF0DF805" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Capillaria hepatica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFF6A9821FE8DF805" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[249,327,1899,1922]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Ascaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFF6A9821FE8DF805" box="[249,327,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Ascaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are occasionally observed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFDF99821FCCBF805" author="LI, Y. - P." box="[618,769,1899,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="399 - 402" refId="ref18426" refString="LI, Y. - P., ET AL. 2014 b. Investigation on intestinal parasite infection of Rhinopithecus bieti. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 33: 399 - 402." type="journal article" year="2014">Li et al. 2014b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDC8D4BFCE09F81FACAFE45" blockId="9.[839,1525,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Hou and Peng (1989) named a new, apparently host-specific species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFC5B9FA1FA8FFE85" box="[968,1349,235,258]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" genus="Trichocephalus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFC5B9FA1FBA6FE85" box="[968,1132,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Trichocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
(Trichocephalidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFCDB9E41FC53FEA5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[840,921,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFCDB9E41FC53FEA5" box="[840,921,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Weixi County (near Tacheng in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFDC8D4BFAAF9E41FAB0FEA5" box="[1340,1402,267,290]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFA079E41FC6BFEC5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" genus="Trichocephalus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhinopithecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFA079E41FC6BFEC5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">T. rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The 1st flea reported on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFB3D9E61FB30FEC5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1198,1274,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFB3D9E61FB30FEC5" box="[1198,1274,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, apparently a host-specific subspecies, was named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFBEE9E01FC7EFE05" authority="(Li 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Li" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Insecta" family="Vermipsyllidae" genus="Vermipsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="parallela" subSpecies="rhinopitheca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFBEE9E01FA39FEE5" box="[1149,1523,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Vermipsylla parallela rhinopitheca</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFCC29E21FC63FE05" author="LI, G. - Z." box="[849,937,363,386]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="243 - 248" refId="ref18307" refString="LI, G. - Z. 1985. A new flea from the golden monkey Rhinopithecus bieti Milne-Edwards from northwestern Yunnan. Zoological Research 6: 243 - 248." type="journal article" year="1985">Li 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Using different sleeping sites on consecutive days may avoid parasite transmission by preventing the accumulation of feces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFC389EE1FB9EFE45" author="CUI, L. - W. & R. - C. QUAN & W. XIAO" box="[939,1108,427,450]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="192 - 198" refId="ref16024" refString="CUI, L. - W., R. - C. QUAN, AND W. XIAO. 2006 a. Sleeping sites of black-andwhite snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Baima Snow Mountain, China. Journal of Zoology 270: 192 - 198." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFBF19EE1FB3AFE45" author="LI, D. & C. C. GRUETER & B. REN & M. LI & Z. PENG & F. WEI" box="[1122,1264,427,450]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="327 - 334" refId="ref18459" refString="LI, D., C. C. GRUETER, B. REN, M. LI, Z. PENG, AND F. WEI. 2013. Distribution of sleeping sites of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, China. Integrative Zoology 8: 327 - 334." type="journal article" year="2013">Li et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDC8D4BFCE09E81FA25FBA5" blockId="9.[839,1525,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFCE09E81FB53FE64" bold="true" box="[883,1177,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Interspecific interactions.</emphasis>
|
||
—Rhesus macaques are sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFC5B9EA1FB56FD85" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[968,1180,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFC5B9EA1FB56FD85" box="[968,1180,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Samage Forest. Since at least 14 of about 22 plant species eaten by the rhesus macaque are also eaten by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFB9C9D61FB95FDC5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1039,1119,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFB9C9D61FB95FDC5" box="[1039,1119,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both species prefer fruits, and both use mixed broadleaf deciduous–conifer forest most frequently, there is potential for niche overlap (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFB6D9D21FA28FD05" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. Y. LI & S. K. FENG & B. P. REN" box="[1278,1506,619,642]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="516 - 522" refId="ref16861" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. Y. LI, S. K. FENG, AND B. P. REN. 2010. Niche partitioning between sympatric rhesus macaques and Yunnan snubnosed monkeys at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Zoological Research 31: 516 - 522." type="journal article" year="2010">Grueter et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, they use space and some resources differently: (1) they maintain spatial separation (mean elevation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFA0C9DE1FA38FD45" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1439,1522,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFA0C9DE1FA38FD45" box="[1439,1522,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
locations was 3,218 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFBDE9D81FBA4FD65" box="[1101,1134,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">SD</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDC8D4BFBEA9D81FB0BFD65" box="[1145,1217,715,738]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" unit="m" value="188.0">188 m</quantity>
|
||
versus 2,995 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFAED9D81FA55FD65" box="[1406,1439,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">SD</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDC8D4BFA399D81FA38FD65" box="[1450,1522,715,738]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" unit="m" value="215.0">215 m</quantity>
|
||
for the rhesus macaque and the latter was sometimes seen in meadows while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFC6B9C41FB8CFCA5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1016,1094,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFC6B9C41FB8CFCA5" box="[1016,1094,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not), (2) the rhesus macaque often uses evergreen broadleaf (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFBFC9C61FAEFFCC5" box="[1135,1317,811,834]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cyclobalanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFBFC9C61FAEFFCC5" box="[1135,1317,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Cyclobalanopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-dominated) forest while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFC1E9C01FC15FCE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[909,991,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFC1E9C01FC15FCE5" box="[909,991,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rarely does, (3) the rhesus macaque raids crops and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFCEB9C21FC03FC05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[888,969,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFCEB9C21FC03FC05" box="[888,969,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not, (4) groups of the 2 species usually kept space between them (mean 2.4 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFB2C9CC1FB2AFC25" box="[1215,1248,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">SD</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDC8D4BFB759CC1FAFDFC25" box="[1254,1335,907,930]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" unit="km" value="2.5">2.5 km</quantity>
|
||
), and (5) when a close encounter did occur, a confrontation resulted in the rhesus macaques moving away. The authors suggested that, “the coexistence of the two taxa is facilitated via differential macrohabitat use and spatial avoidance” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFB719B41FA28FBA5" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. Y. LI & S. K. FENG & B. P. REN" box="[1250,1506,1035,1058]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="516 - 522" refId="ref16861" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. Y. LI, S. K. FENG, AND B. P. REN. 2010. Niche partitioning between sympatric rhesus macaques and Yunnan snubnosed monkeys at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Zoological Research 31: 516 - 522." type="journal article" year="2010">Grueter et al. 2010:516</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDC8D4BFCE09B61FC68FA05" blockId="9.[839,1525,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Eagles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFC5B9B61FBC5FBC5" box="[968,1039,1067,1090]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFC5B9B61FBC5FBC5" box="[968,1039,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Aquila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and buzzards (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFB249B61FB3FFBC5" box="[1207,1269,1067,1090]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFB249B61FB3FFBC5" box="[1207,1269,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Buteo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are reported to prey on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFCD49B01FC5FFBE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[839,917,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFCD49B01FC5FFBE5" box="[839,917,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFC369B01FB8AFBE5" author="BAI, S. - C. & S. - Q. ZOU & S. LIN & D. TUO & Z. TU & T. ZHONG" box="[933,1088,1099,1122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="413 - 419" refId="ref15429" refString="BAI, S. - C., S. - Q. ZOU, S. LIN, D. TUO, Z. TU, AND T. ZHONG. 1987. A preliminary observation on distribution, number and population structure of Rhinopithecus bieti in Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan. Zoological Research 8: 413 - 419." type="journal article" year="1987">Bai et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Liu and Zhao 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFABB9B01FA7CFBE5" author="LI, D. & C. C. GRUETER & B. REN & M. LI & Z. PENG & F. WEI" box="[1320,1462,1099,1122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="327 - 334" refId="ref18459" refString="LI, D., C. C. GRUETER, B. REN, M. LI, Z. PENG, AND F. WEI. 2013. Distribution of sleeping sites of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, China. Integrative Zoology 8: 327 - 334." type="journal article" year="2013">Li et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFA5F9B01FC7BFB05" author="CUI, L. W." pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="51 - 53" refId="ref15933" refString="CUI, L. W. 2003. A note on an interaction between Rhinopithecus bieti and a buzzard at Baima Snow Moutain. Folia Primatologica 74: 51 - 53." type="journal article" year="2003">Cui (2003:52)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a hawk (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFB1A9B21FB0DFB05" box="[1161,1223,1131,1154]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFB1A9B21FB0DFB05" box="[1161,1223,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Buteo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) attack on a 1-male group, which reveals the reactions and sex-age-specific roles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFA359BC1FA38FB25" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1446,1522,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFA359BC1FA38FB25" box="[1446,1522,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals to this predator: “On seeing a buzzard,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFACD9BE1FA56FB45" box="[1374,1436,1195,1218]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFACD9BE1FA56FB45" box="[1374,1436,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Buteo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., flying from a distance, adult monkeys in the group instantly emitted alarm calls and the group members immediately dropped from the upper to the middle/lower canopy of the fir trees they were in. When the buzzard was soaring over the canopy in search of them, the monkeys continued to descend and emitted loud alarm calls
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFCEA9A21FC5BFA05" box="[889,913,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">…</emphasis>
|
||
.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDC8D4BFCE09AC1FA10F905" blockId="9.[839,1525,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">The hawk continued alternately perching and flying around the group as they progressed lower in the trees. After 13 min the hawk attacked, upon which, “...the adult females enfolded the infants in their arms, the juveniles clasped their mothers tightly and all the monkeys emitted strident calls. Meanwhile, the adult male attacked the buzzard around the fir tree, opening his mouth and showing his large, sharp canines and giving loud calls.” The hawk finally flew away after a total encounter time of 14 min.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDC8D4BFCE099C1FBD7F805" blockId="9.[839,1525,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Leopards (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFC7A99C1FB57F925" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1001,1181,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFC7A99C1FB57F925" box="[1001,1181,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Panthera pardus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), if they still occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFA3199C1FA38F925" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1442,1522,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFA3199C1FA38F925" box="[1442,1522,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
range, probably prey (or preyed) on them, as they have on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDC8D4BFA4F99E1FC67F965" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFA4F99E1FA26F945" box="[1500,1516,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDC8D4BFCDB9981FC67F965" box="[840,941,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see discussion in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDC8D4BFB1A9981FAF5F965" author="CUI, L. - W. & R. - C. QUAN & W. XIAO" box="[1161,1343,1739,1762]" pageId="9" pageNumber="157" pagination="192 - 198" refId="ref16024" refString="CUI, L. - W., R. - C. QUAN, AND W. XIAO. 2006 a. Sleeping sites of black-andwhite snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Baima Snow Mountain, China. Journal of Zoology 270: 192 - 198." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Liu and Zhao (2004:246), noting the apparent absence of leopards at Mt. Fuhe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFDC8D4BFCC29841FC58F8A5" box="[849,914,1803,1826]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="157">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), speculated that antipredator behavior around sleeping sites (see above) “may be at least partly viewed as a trace of cultural tradition [i.e., instinct] ...developed in the past under heavy predation pressure.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFDF8D49FEE69F81FCD2F813" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FEE69F81FDDAFF62" blockId="10.[373,528,203,229]" box="[373,528,203,229]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFDF8D48FEE69F81FDDAFF62" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[373,528,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FEE69F81FDDAFF62" bold="true" box="[373,528,203,229]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FF0B9E44FEF5FDC1" blockId="10.[109,794,270,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FF0B9E44FDA6FEA1" box="[152,620,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FF0B9E44FEB3FEA1" bold="true" box="[152,377,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">Grouping behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDF8D48FE079E45FDA6FEA1" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[404,620,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">Rhinopithecus bieti</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has a 2-tiered grouping system in which from 11 to 26 “family” groups (or 1-male units) of 3–17 individuals including several mature females, and usually 1 or more all-male units, form variable groups (“bands”) of ≤ 480 individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FD899EC5FCDAFE21" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[538,784,399,422]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Xiao et al. 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FEAE9EE5FE21FE41" author="CUI, L. W. & S. HUO & T. ZHONG & Z. F. XIANG & W. XIAO & R. C. QUAN" box="[317,491,431,454]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="169 - 174" refId="ref15965" refString="CUI, L. W., S. HUO, T. ZHONG, Z. F. XIANG, W. XIAO, AND R. C. QUAN. 2008. Social organization of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Deqin, China. American Journal of Primatology 70: 169 - 174." type="journal article" year="2008">Cui et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Grueter 2009; Ren et al. 2012a; Wang et al. 2012;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FE049E85FDF5FE61" author="LI, Y." box="[407,575,463,486]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="335 - 342" refId="ref18382" refString="LI, Y., ET AL. 2014 a. Differences in the activity budgets of Yunnan snubnosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) by age-sex class at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Folia Primatologica 85: 335 - 342." type="journal article" year="2014">Li et al. 2014a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Bachelors within the band are threats to the males of 1-male units, and the frequency of male aggression is elevated when bachelors are present (Grueter 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FF0B9D05FE64FB41" blockId="10.[109,794,270,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">Ren et al. (2012a) observed 12 fission–fusion events during 5 years of study of the band at Xiangguqing (Samage Forest), which had grown to 480 individuals by 2008; 11 of these events also involved fission and subsequent fusion of the all-male unit, with transfer of males between subbands. All splits were during June–July and occurred in a forest of bamboo, a preferred food. June–July is after the birthing season when lactating females have high energy demands. In each case, the band split into 2 subbands of different but not greatly disparate sizes that moved independently for 2–11 days. No aggression or other unusual behaviors were seen at the time of the splits, and predators or anti-predator behavior were not observed. The investigators concluded that the fissions allowed more efficient exploitation of a limited food source, while fusions allowed more band-level social cohesion when food sources were more evenly distributed (Ren et al. 2012a). Nevertheless, 1-male units defend feeding patches from other units within a band; observed depletion of feeding patches suggests the potential for competition for food resources and may imply a food-based limitation on carrying capacity (Grueter et al. 2009).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FF0B9B84FDD1FA61" blockId="10.[109,794,270,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FF0B9B84FE69FB61" bold="true" box="[152,419,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">Reproductive behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—Females solicit copulation by “prostration plus glancing laterally” or “sitting plus head moving up and down” displays, and males solicit by a “grunt bared-teeth display” (Cui and Xiao 2004). Ejaculatory copulations are rare (e.g., mount to ejaculation ratio 5.2 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FD279A05FD18FAE1" box="[692,722,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">SE</emphasis>
|
||
4.0 in captivity—Cui and Xiao 2004) and seem to fit the “multiplemount ejaculation” copulatory pattern; only those during the summer–autumn mating season appear to result in pregnancy (Cui and Xiao 2004; Wang et al. 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FF0B9AA5FD61F941" blockId="10.[109,794,270,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Although colobine females usually give birth at night,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FD709AA5FECEF9A1" author="DING, W. & L. YANG & W. XIAO" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="5 - 8" refId="ref16316" refString="DING, W., L. YANG, AND W. XIAO. 2013. Daytime birth and parturition assistant behavior in wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) Yunnan, China. Behavioural Processes 94: 5 - 8." type="journal article" year="2013">Ding et al. (2013:5)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
witnessed a primiparous female parturition in the daytime: the parturition stage lasted 4.5 min, after which the female “skillfully severed the umbilical cord, ingested the placenta, and held and licked the newborn infant.” A multiparous female assisted in the delivery, watched with “great interest” by juvenile females in the 1-male unit (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FE6399E5FD51F941" author="DING, W. & L. YANG & W. XIAO" box="[496,667,1711,1734]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="5 - 8" refId="ref16316" refString="DING, W., L. YANG, AND W. XIAO. 2013. Daytime birth and parturition assistant behavior in wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) Yunnan, China. Behavioural Processes 94: 5 - 8." type="journal article" year="2013">Ding et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FF0B9984FC1DFEE5" blockId="10.[109,794,270,1926]" lastBlockId="10.[838,1524,203,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FF0B9984FD8EF961" box="[152,580,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FF0B9984FE9EF961" bold="true" box="[152,340,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">Communication.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDF8D48FEFC9985FD8EF961" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[367,580,1743,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">Rhinopithecus bieti</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be very vocal, but groups are usually relatively quiet, communicating mainly by sight using eye contact, positions, and gestures; while sleeping and foraging, “their murmurs can be only heard within a short distance such as
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFDF8D48FEFA9805FE06F8E1" box="[361,460,1871,1894]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" unit="m" value="60.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="40.0">40–80 m</quantity>
|
||
” (Wu et al. 1988:383). Males use a distinct, loud bray during intense internal aggression and other stressful situations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FB069F81FA5AFF65" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1173,1424,203,226]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FA339F81FCB4FE85" author="GRUETER, C. C." pageId="10" pageNumber="158" refId="ref16765" refString="GRUETER, C. C. 2003. Social behavior of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). Diploma thesis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland." type="book" year="2003">Grueter 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When entering sleeping sites,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDF8D48FB639FA1FA88FE85" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1264,1346,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FB639FA1FA88FE85" box="[1264,1346,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is even quieter than at other times and maintains silence during the night, presumably an antipredator strategy (Liu and Zhao 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FA5F9E61FC0CFEE5" author="CUI, L. - W. & R. - C. QUAN & W. XIAO" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="192 - 198" refId="ref16024" refString="CUI, L. - W., R. - C. QUAN, AND W. XIAO. 2006 a. Sleeping sites of black-andwhite snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Baima Snow Mountain, China. Journal of Zoology 270: 192 - 198." type="journal article" year="2006">Cui et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FCE09E21FB41FCC5" blockId="10.[838,1524,203,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FCE09E21FA4FFE05" box="[883,1413,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FCE09E21FB47FE04" bold="true" box="[883,1165,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">Miscellaneous behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDF8D48FB3B9E21FA4FFE05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1192,1413,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">Rhinopithecus bieti</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is moderately terrestrial, spending 20% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FB449EC1FA0CFE25" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. LI & B. REN & M. LI" box="[1239,1478,395,418]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref16959" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. LI, B. REN, AND M. LI. 2013 b. Substrate use and postural behavior in free-ranging snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan. Integrative Zoology 8: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2013">Grueter et al. 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to 35% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FC029EE1FB99FE45" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C." box="[913,1107,427,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" refId="ref18053" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. 1996. Ecology and behavior of the Yunnan snubnosed langur (Rhinopithecus bieti). Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Davis." type="book" year="1996">Kirkpatrick 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of time on the ground; most terrestrial locomotion is associated with travel (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FAC49E81FC41FD85" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. LI & B. REN & M. LI" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref16959" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. LI, B. REN, AND M. LI. 2013 b. Substrate use and postural behavior in free-ranging snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan. Integrative Zoology 8: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2013">Grueter et al. 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Combining 2 studies in the Tacheng area, as a daily average during daylight hours,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDF8D48FB349D41FB32FDA5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1191,1272,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FB349D41FB32FDA5" box="[1191,1272,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spends 35–39% feeding, 29–33% resting, 15–19% moving, and 13–14% in social activities (Ding and Zhao 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FB3F9D01FA4CFDE5" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. LI & B. REN & M. LI" box="[1196,1414,587,610]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="125 - 135" refId="ref16914" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. LI, B. REN, AND M. LI. 2013 a. Overwintering strategy of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys: adjustments in activity scheduling and foraging patterns. Primates 54: 125 - 135." type="journal article" year="2013">Grueter et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FA0E9D01FC54FD05" author="LI, Y." pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="335 - 342" refId="ref18382" refString="LI, Y., ET AL. 2014 a. Differences in the activity budgets of Yunnan snubnosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) by age-sex class at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Folia Primatologica 85: 335 - 342." type="journal article" year="2014">Li et al. (2014a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided the following time allocation by sex and age class at Xiangguqing in the Samage Forest: adult females spend more time feeding (44.8%) than adult males (39.5%), juveniles (39.1%), and infants (14.2%), and allocate significantly more time to feeding than to any other activity; conversely, adult males allocate more time to miscellaneous activities (12.5%) than do adult females (3.8%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FCE09C01FA0EFB25" blockId="10.[838,1524,203,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
At the higher, northernmost site, Xiaochangdu (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFDF8D48FA0E9C01FA29FCE5" box="[1437,1507,843,866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), where dietary choice is more restricted,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDF8D48FA939C21FA85FC05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1280,1359,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FA939C21FA85FC05" box="[1280,1359,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
allocates more time to feeding (33% to 59% of daylight, by month) and foraging (feeding time + travelling time: 62–81% by month). Foraging time is, however, independent of environmental variables (e.g., temperature, day length, and food availability, which are corelated), while nonforaging time (resting + “other”) responds to these seasonal changes (Xiang et al. 2010a). This shows that, even in the far north of its range,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDF8D48FB209B01FACBFBE5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1203,1281,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FB209B01FACBFBE5" box="[1203,1281,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
finds sufficient forage in about 10 h/day regardless of season, allowing it to spend more time in resting and social behaviors as day length increases.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FCE09BE1FC07FAE5" blockId="10.[838,1524,203,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Conversely, at one of the southernmost sites, Mt. Fuhe (Liu et al. 2004), although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDF8D48FBAC9B81FB44FB65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1087,1166,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FBAC9B81FB44FB65" box="[1087,1166,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spends similar amounts of time travelling (15% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FB879BA1FBFFFA85" box="[1044,1077,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">SD</emphasis>
|
||
2.8% of daylight) and “other” activities including playing and grooming (16% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FA879A41FAFFFAA5" box="[1300,1333,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">SD</emphasis>
|
||
2.5%), it spends less time feeding (30% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FBC99A61FBB1FAC5" box="[1114,1147,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">SD</emphasis>
|
||
4.8%) and more time resting (41% ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FCCD9A01FCB5FAE5" box="[862,895,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">SD</emphasis>
|
||
3.2%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D48FCE09A21FBBFF885" blockId="10.[838,1524,203,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Grooming (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFDF8D48FC629A21FBFBFA05" box="[1009,1073,1387,1410]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[108,143,693,714]" captionTargetBox="[115,787,200,680]" captionTargetId="figure-875@11.[115,787,200,680]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 6.—Adult male, adult female, and immature Rhinopithecus bieti (shown left to right). The immature individual is grooming the female, who is lying on her back (note the ischial callosities of the female). Photograph by L. E. Harding." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573609/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) occupies 8.4% of observational time for adults and 6.1% for all age-sex classes; females both groom and are groomed more than males and they spend more time grooming and in close proximity to others than males. Conversely, juveniles groom and are groomed less than adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FAAF9AA1FCB7F9A5" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Grueter 2009). The “high level of grooming, primarily among females, suggests strong female-female relationships” (Kirkpatrick and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FB969901FB0DF9E5" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. Y. LI & S. K. FENG & B. P. REN" box="[1029,1223,1611,1634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="516 - 522" refId="ref16861" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. Y. LI, S. K. FENG, AND B. P. REN. 2010. Niche partitioning between sympatric rhesus macaques and Yunnan snubnosed monkeys at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Zoological Research 31: 516 - 522." type="journal article" year="2010">Grueter 2010:107</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As well, the high amount of grooming activity involving males compared with males of other colobines suggest a higher level of affiliation with females (Kirkpatrick 1998; Kirkpatrick and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FB4099E1FAAEF945" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. Y. LI & S. K. FENG & B. P. REN" box="[1235,1380,1707,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="516 - 522" refId="ref16861" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. Y. LI, S. K. FENG, AND B. P. REN. 2010. Niche partitioning between sympatric rhesus macaques and Yunnan snubnosed monkeys at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Zoological Research 31: 516 - 522." type="journal article" year="2010">Grueter 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Infants are groomed 6.9% of the time, the highest proportion among all agesex classes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FC5899A1FBAFF885" author="LI, Y." box="[971,1125,1771,1794]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="335 - 342" refId="ref18382" refString="LI, Y., ET AL. 2014 a. Differences in the activity budgets of Yunnan snubnosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) by age-sex class at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Folia Primatologica 85: 335 - 342." type="journal article" year="2014">Li et al. 2014a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDF8D49FCE09841FBD8FEE5" blockId="10.[838,1524,203,1922]" lastBlockId="11.[839,1523,203,354]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">
|
||
In winter,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDF8D48FC799841FBF6F8A5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1002,1084,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDF8D48FC799841FBF6F8A5" box="[1002,1084,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="158">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
allocates more time to feeding on the poorer diet, and less to resting (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FB069861FAAFF8C5" author="GRUETER, C. C. & D. LI & B. REN & M. LI" box="[1173,1381,1835,1858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="125 - 135" refId="ref16914" refString="GRUETER, C. C., D. LI, B. REN, AND M. LI. 2013 a. Overwintering strategy of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys: adjustments in activity scheduling and foraging patterns. Primates 54: 125 - 135." type="journal article" year="2013">Grueter et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Social play takes up 3% of infant time in May and peaks at 24% in August (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDF8D48FCC29821FB8AF805" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[849,1088,1899,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="158" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Huddling together is common but only night length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FC4B9F81FBACFF65" author="LI, D. & B. REN & C. C. GRUETER & B. LI & M. LI" box="[984,1126,203,226]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="1092 - 1099" refId="ref18638" refString="LI, D., B. REN, C. C. GRUETER, B. LI, AND M. LI. 2010. Nocturnal sleeping habits of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in Xiangguqing, China. American Journal of Primatology 72: 1092 - 1099." type="journal article" year="2010">Li et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The adult male of each 1-male unit sleeps alone; however, female–juvenile and female–infant dyads usually huddle during the night, and group huddling (up to 8 individuals) increases with decreasing temperatures during winter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FCE79E01FBC8FEE5" author="LI, D. & B. REN & C. C. GRUETER & B. LI & M. LI" box="[884,1026,331,354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="1092 - 1099" refId="ref18638" refString="LI, D., B. REN, C. C. GRUETER, B. LI, AND M. LI. 2010. Nocturnal sleeping habits of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in Xiangguqing, China. American Journal of Primatology 72: 1092 - 1099." type="journal article" year="2010">Li et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF28CAC3FFDE8D49FFFF9DFFFE41FCA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573609" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573609/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" startId="11.[108,143,693,714]" targetBox="[115,787,200,680]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FFFF9DFFFE41FCA5" blockId="11.[108,794,693,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FFFF9DFFFF65FD4D" bold="true" box="[108,175,693,714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
|
||
—Adult male, adult female, and immature
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FDC89DFFFCD2FD4D" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[603,792,693,714]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FDC89DFFFCD2FD4D" box="[603,792,693,714]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(shown left to right). The immature individual is grooming the female, who is lying on her back (note the ischial callosities of the female). Photograph by L. E. Harding.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FFFE9C17FF79FC13" blockId="11.[108,794,861,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
occupies only about 4% of observation time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FDCC9C17FF68FC13" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FF0B9CD7FDE3FAD3" blockId="11.[108,794,861,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Adult and juvenile females residing in the same 1-male unit provide allomaternal care by transporting, grooming, and holding infants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FF639C97FE2EFC73" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[240,484,989,1012]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Allonursing is rare but has been observed (Ren et al. 2012b). Adult males rarely groom infants or juveniles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FED99B57FDF6FBB3" author="KIRKPATRICK, R. C. & Y. - C. LONG & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[330,572,1053,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="13 - 51" refId="ref18206" refString="KIRKPATRICK, R. C., Y. - C. LONG, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. International Journal of Primatology 19: 13 - 51." type="journal article" year="1998">Kirkpatrick et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although they passively tolerate infants in close contact, as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFDE8D49FDC49B77FD5DFBD3" box="[599,663,1085,1108]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1698,1719]" captionTargetBox="[845,1517,1027,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-410@0.[845,1517,1027,1684]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig.1.—An adult male and ajuvenileRhinopithecus bieti. Photographed at Tacheng in the Baimaxueshan (White Horse Snow Mountain) Nature Reserve,Yunnan, China by L. E. Harding." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573597/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
. Male allocare, ranging from carrying to guarding infants, peaks during the early spring, an energetically stressful season when food is scarce and parturient females are lactating, and ebbs in late summer, when female allocare increases (Xiang et al. 2010b). Xiang et al. (2010b) interpret the males’ allocare and the females’ willingness to relinquish their infants to male care, as an adaptive response to a highly seasonal, high-elevation environment that promotes survival of infants and mothers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FF0B9A17FDB5F9D3" blockId="11.[108,794,861,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Xiang and Grueter (2007) observed a case of adult male infanticide and cannibalism on a 1-month-old infant, but lack of information on parentage prevented conclusions as to whether this isolated incident fit within the sexual selection hypothesis (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FD339AF7FCC5FA53" author="HRDY, S. B." box="[672,783,1469,1492]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="13 - 40" refId="ref17394" refString="HRDY, S. B. 1979. Infanticide among animals: a review, classification, and examination of the implications for the reproductive strategies of females. Ethology and Sociobiology 1: 13 - 40." type="journal article" year="1979">Hrdy 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or was simply a case of social pathology or accident. Females may carry infants that have died for days if they died when 1 month old but only briefly (e.g., 1 day) in the case of a stillborn infant, and not at all in the case of an aborted fetus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FE749977FDA5F9D3" author="LI, T. & B. REN & D. LI & HANG, AND & M. LI" box="[487,623,1597,1620]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="127 - 132" refId="ref18734" refString="LI, T., B. REN, D. LI, Y. Z HANG, AND M. LI. 2012. Maternal responses to dead infants in Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China. Primates 53: 127 - 132." type="journal article" year="2012">Li et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FF0B9917FE40F8B3" blockId="11.[108,794,861,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
In captivity, agonistic interactions occurred infrequently (mean rate of 0.30 per hour), of which 65% involved dyads and 35% involved 3 or more individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FE6599D7FD49F933" author="GRUETER, C. C." box="[502,643,1693,1716]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="197 - 200" refId="ref16795" refString="GRUETER, C. C. 2004. Conflict and postconflict behaviour in captive blackand-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 45: 197 - 200." type="journal article" year="2004">Grueter 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most (72%) of aggressive events (threat, chase, contact) were unidirectional and the rest bidirectional; afterwards, post-conflict reconciliation was the norm (i.e., 71% of pairs reconciled and 9.5% were dispersed—Grueter 2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FF0B9877FCD2F813" blockId="11.[108,794,861,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
At night, at all seasons, it takes about 20 min for members of a group to fall asleep after they enter a sleeping site, and the annual mean sleeping time, 11.5 h (±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FD939834FDEBF812" box="[512,545,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">SD</emphasis>
|
||
1.3), is correlated with
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFDE8D4EFBC19ED3FE30FB65" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFDE8D4EFBC19ED3FE30FB65" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FBC19ED3FB20FE34" blockId="11.[1106,1258,409,435]" box="[1106,1258,409,435]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFDE8D49FBC19ED3FB20FE34" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1258,409,435]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FBC19ED3FB20FE34" bold="true" box="[1106,1258,409,435]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FCE09E96FA67FDD3" blockId="11.[838,1525,476,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FCE09E96FBCDFE73" bold="true" box="[883,1031,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Cytogenetics.</emphasis>
|
||
—The diploid number in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FAA49E97FA19FE73" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1335,1491,477,500]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FAA49E97FA19FE73" box="[1335,1491,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 2n = 44 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FC299EB7FB41FD93" author="BIGONI, F. & M. L. HOUCK & O. A. RYDER & J. WIENBERG & R. STANYON" box="[954,1163,509,532]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="679 - 688" refId="ref15554" refString="BIGONI, F., M. L. HOUCK, O. A. RYDER, J. WIENBERG, AND R. STANYON. 2004. Chromosome painting shows that Pygathrix nemaeus has the most basal karyotype among Asian Colobinae. International Journal of Primatology 25: 679 - 688." type="journal article" year="2004">Bigoni et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as with most other colobines (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FC1B9D57FC28FDB3" box="[904,994,541,564]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FC1B9D57FC28FDB3" box="[904,994,541,564]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Colobus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FC629D57FB5DFDB3" box="[1009,1175,541,564]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FC629D57FB5DFDB3" box="[1009,1175,541,564]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Trachypithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FB359D57FAC0FDB3" box="[1190,1290,541,564]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FB359D57FAC0FDB3" box="[1190,1290,541,564]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Presbytis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FA8A9D57FA76FDB3" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1870" box="[1305,1468,541,564]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FA8A9D57FA76FDB3" box="[1305,1468,541,564]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Semnopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FCDA9D77FC79FDD3" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1970" box="[841,947,573,596]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FCDA9D77FC79FDD3" box="[841,947,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Pygathrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FB869D77FBADFDD3" box="[1045,1127,573,596]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Nasalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FB869D77FBADFDD3" box="[1045,1127,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Nasalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 2n = 48—cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FA949D77FA57FDD3" author="HARDING, L. E." box="[1287,1437,573,596]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref17222" refString="HARDING, L. E. 2015. Nasalis larvatus. Mammalian Species 926: 84 - 99." type="journal article" year="2015">Harding 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FCE09D16FA2AFB93" blockId="11.[838,1525,476,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FCE09D16FB94FDF3" bold="true" box="[883,1118,604,628]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Molecular genetics.</emphasis>
|
||
—Mirroring morphology,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FA089D17FC1BFD13" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FA089D17FC1BFD13" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupies a genetic monophyletic clade of oddnosed monkeys, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FBA49DD7FB16FD33" box="[1079,1244,669,692]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhinopithecini">Rhinopithecini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that also includes the proboscis monkey, simakobu, and douc langurs (Sterner et al. 2006; Whittaker et al. 2006). Zhou et al. (2014) found that a duplication of genes for pancreatic RNase (encoded by RNASE1) in colobines (needed to digest and recover nutrients from the high concentrations of bacterial RNA derived from the symbiotic microflora in the stomach) occurred in 1 mutation event in the ancestor of extant colobines; however, they also found RNASE1 pseudogenes in all studied Asian colobines that were not present in African colobines, and inferred that the retrotransposition event occurred after the African-Asian colobine split, but before the divergence of extant Asian genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D49FCE09B57FB5CFA73" blockId="11.[838,1525,476,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Based on mtDNA,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FBD29B57FADAFBB3" author="MEYER, D. & I. D. RINALDI & H. RAMLEE & FARAJALLAH, J. K. & HODGES, AND & C. ROOS" box="[1089,1296,1053,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="311 - 319" refId="ref19391" refString="MEYER, D., I. D. RINALDI, H. RAMLEE, D. PERWITASARI- FARAJALLAH, J. K. HODGES, AND C. ROOS. 2011. Mitochondrial phylogeny of leaf monkeys (genus Presbytis, Eschscholtz, 1821) with implications for taxonomy and conservation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 311 - 319." type="journal article" year="2011">Meyer et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
dated the divergence of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FC059B77FABAFBD3" box="[918,1392,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FC059B77FBE5FBD3" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[918,1071,1085,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FBC49B77FB3DFBD3" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1870" box="[1111,1271,1085,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Semnopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FAB39B77FABAFBD3" box="[1312,1392,1085,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Nasalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nasalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
clade from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FCDB9B17FC20FBF3" box="[840,1002,1117,1140]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FCDB9B17FC20FBF3" box="[840,1002,1117,1140]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Trachypithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FBB69B17FB4DFBF3" box="[1061,1159,1117,1140]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FBB69B17FB4DFBF3" box="[1061,1159,1117,1140]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Presbytis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at about 12.3 million years ago, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FCEA9B37FB40FB13" box="[889,1162,1149,1172]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FCEA9B37FC03FB13" box="[889,969,1149,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Nasalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nasalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FC629B37FB40FB13" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1009,1162,1149,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FB409B37FAB9FB13" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1870" box="[1235,1395,1149,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FB409B37FAB9FB13" box="[1235,1395,1149,1172]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Semnopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
about 10.2 million years ago. Based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FCDB9BF7FC2BFB53" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[840,993,1213,1236]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FCDB9BF7FC2BFB53" box="[840,993,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverged from
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FB0A9BF7FA38FB53" box="[1177,1522,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FB0A9BF7FB23FB53" box="[1177,1257,1213,1236]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Nasalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nasalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FA869BF7FA96FB53" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1903" box="[1301,1372,1213,1236]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Simias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Simias</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FA1A9BF7FA38FB53" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1970" box="[1417,1522,1213,1236]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pygathrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pygathrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
about 7.3 million years ago,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FBEB9B97FB0EFB73" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1144,1220,1245,1268]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FBEB9B97FB0EFB73" box="[1144,1220,1245,1268]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FB6B9B97FAADFB73" box="[1272,1383,1245,1268]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strykeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FB6B9B97FAADFB73" box="[1272,1383,1245,1268]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. strykeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form a sister clade to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FC3B9BB7FBE7FA93" box="[936,1069,1277,1300]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FC3B9BB7FBE7FA93" box="[936,1069,1277,1300]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FBF59BB7FB12FA93" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1126,1240,1277,1300]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brelichi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FBF59BB7FB12FA93" box="[1126,1240,1277,1300]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. brelichi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and these 4 form a sister clade to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FC379A57FBE4FAB3" box="[932,1070,1309,1332]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avunculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FC379A57FBE4FAB3" box="[932,1070,1309,1332]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. avunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is basal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FB779A57FA7AFAB3" author="LIEDIGK, R." box="[1252,1456,1309,1332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="37418" refId="ref18995" refString="LIEDIGK, R., ET AL. 2012. Evolutionary history of the odd-nosed monkeys and the phylogenetic position of the newly described Myanmar snubnosed monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri. PLoS One 7: e 37418." type="journal article" year="2012">Liedigk et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Yang et al. 2012). Incongruence between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA suggests ancestral introgression among several of these taxa, including
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FC639A37FB05FA13" box="[1008,1231,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FC639A37FBF4FA13" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1008,1086,1405,1428]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">R. bieti</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FBF39A37FB05FA13" box="[1120,1231,1405,1428]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strykeri">R. strykeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FA969A37FC0AFA33" authority="(Liedigk et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Liedigk" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avunculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FA969A37FA5AFA13" box="[1285,1424,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. avunculus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFDE8D49FA339A37FC7EFA33" author="LIEDIGK, R." pageId="11" pageNumber="159" pagination="37418" refId="ref18995" refString="LIEDIGK, R., ET AL. 2012. Evolutionary history of the odd-nosed monkeys and the phylogenetic position of the newly described Myanmar snubnosed monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri. PLoS One 7: e 37418." type="journal article" year="2012">Liedigk et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Various genetic analyses have, however, reached different conclusions regarding relationships within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FAC89AF7FA3EFA53" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1371,1524,1469,1492]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FAC89AF7FA3EFA53" box="[1371,1524,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(reviewed in Wang et al. 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFDE8D4EFCE09AB7FD24FE85" blockId="11.[838,1525,476,1940]" lastBlockId="12.[109,794,203,1250]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">
|
||
More recent whole-genome sequencing of the 4 Chinese
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FCDB9957FC2BF9B3" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[840,993,1565,1588]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FCDB9957FC2BF9B3" box="[840,993,1565,1588]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species showed that their genetic diversity was much lower than for all other reported nonhuman
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FACD9977FA70F9D3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1374,1466,1597,1620]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
(heterozygosity 0.025–0.07% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FBE89917FADEF9F3" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1147,1300,1629,1652]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FBE89917FADEF9F3" box="[1147,1300,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus 0.085–0.24% in other nonhuman
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FB879937FBBCF913" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1044,1142,1661,1684]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FB179937FB38F913" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1156,1266,1661,1684]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brelichi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FB179937FB38F913" box="[1156,1266,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. brelichi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FA989937FA46F913" box="[1291,1420,1661,1684]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FA989937FA46F913" box="[1291,1420,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FA359937FA3BF913" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1446,1521,1661,1684]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FA359937FA3BF913" box="[1446,1521,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FCCC99D7FB6AF933" authority="(Zhou et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Zhou" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[863,1184,1693,1716]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strykeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FCCC99D7FC1BF933" box="[863,977,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. strykeri</emphasis>
|
||
(Zhou et al. 2014)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Zhou et al. (2014) produced a maximum likelihood phylogeny supporting a separation between the 2 northeastern species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FBF09997FB2FF973" box="[1123,1253,1757,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FBF09997FB2FF973" box="[1123,1253,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FA849997FA4CF973" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1303,1414,1757,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brelichi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FA849997FA4CF973" box="[1303,1414,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. brelichi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the 2 Himalayan species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FB8999B7FBAFF893" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1050,1125,1789,1812]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FB8999B7FBAFF893" box="[1050,1125,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FB0499B7FACEF893" box="[1175,1284,1789,1812]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strykeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FB0499B7FACEF893" box="[1175,1284,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. strykeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFDE8D49FA8799B7FA51F893" box="[1300,1435,1789,1812]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avunculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFDE8D49FA8799B7FA51F893" box="[1300,1435,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="159">R. avunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not included in the analysis). They estimated that the northeastern and Himalayan species diverged 1.60 million years ago, coinciding with the Yuanmu movement of the Tibetan plateau uplift, followed by the split of the 2 Himalayan species beginning about 0.3 million years ago, possibly associated with the cold climate of the penultimate Pleistocene glaciation (Zhou et al. 2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD98D4EFF0B9E41FD13FE65" blockId="12.[109,794,203,1250]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFF0B9E41FDBDFEA5" box="[152,631,267,291]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFF0B9E41FE48FEA4" bold="true" box="[152,386,267,291]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Population genetics.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFE0E9E41FDBDFEA5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[413,631,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">Rhinopithecus bieti</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
exhibits adequate haplotype diversity (H) and nucleotide diversity (π) in mtDNA (H: 0.948 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFECA9E01FEB0FEE5" box="[345,378,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">SD</emphasis>
|
||
0.006; π: 0.036 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFDDC9E01FDBAFEE5" box="[591,624,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">SD</emphasis>
|
||
0.018), similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFF189E21FEDFFE05" box="[139,277,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roxellana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFF189E21FEDFFE05" box="[139,277,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R. roxellana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(H: 0.845 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFE399E21FE01FE05" box="[426,459,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">SD</emphasis>
|
||
0.026; π: 0.0 34 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFD399E21FD01FE05" box="[682,715,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">SD</emphasis>
|
||
0.017) and both have higher diversity than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFE649EC1FDA3FE25" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[503,617,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brelichi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFE649EC1FDA3FE25" box="[503,617,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R. brelichi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(H: 0.457 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFD6B9EC1FCD3FE25" box="[760,793,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">SD</emphasis>
|
||
0.084; π: 0.014 ±
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFEAA9EE1FE90FE45" box="[313,346,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">SD</emphasis>
|
||
0.007) in which genetic diversity is low enough to be of conservation concern (Yang et al. 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD98D4EFF0B9EA1FE30FB65" blockId="12.[109,794,203,1250]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
In molecular and mtDNA from 11 of the extant population fragments (not including the recently rediscovered Mt. Wubao group; see “Distribution”),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFE059D61FE2EFDC5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[406,484,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFE059D61FE2EFDC5" box="[406,484,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resolves into 2 main clades: the most southerly Fuhe–Lasha–Longma groups comprise the most genetically distinct and isolated clade, while the others comprise 4 distinct subclusters that show decreasing genetic isolation-by-distance from south to north, which reflects anthropogenic habitat barriers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFEE89D81FDD3FD65" author="LIU, Z. & B. REN & F. WEI & ONG, Y. & AO, AND & M. LI" box="[379,537,715,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="3334 - 3349" refId="ref19119" refString="LIU, Z., B. REN, F. WEI, Y. L ONG, Y. H AO, AND M. LI. 2007. Phylogeography and population structure of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) inferred from mitochondrial control region DNA sequence analysis. Molecular Ecology 16: 3334 - 3349." type="journal article" year="2007">Liu et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFDBB9D81FD97FD65" author="LIU, Z." box="[552,605,715,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="3831 - 3846" refId="ref19214" refString="LIU, Z., ET AL. 2009. The effect of landscape features on population genetic structure in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) implies an anthropogenic genetic discontinuity. Molecular Ecology 18: 3831 - 3846." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFDFF9D81FCC2FD65" author="LI, L. & Y. - D. XUE & G. - S. WU & D. - Q. LI & P. GIRAUDOUX" box="[620,776,715,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="719 - 726" refId="ref18789" refString="LI, L., Y. - D. XUE, G. - S. WU, D. - Q. LI, AND P. GIRAUDOUX. 2015 a. Potential habitat corridors and restoration areas for the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan, China. Oryx 49: 719 - 726." type="journal article" year="2015">Li et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFFFE9DA1FED5FC85" author="LIU, Z. & B. REN & F. WEI & ONG, Y. & AO, AND & M. LI" box="[109,287,747,770]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="3334 - 3349" refId="ref19119" refString="LIU, Z., B. REN, F. WEI, Y. L ONG, Y. H AO, AND M. LI. 2007. Phylogeography and population structure of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) inferred from mitochondrial control region DNA sequence analysis. Molecular Ecology 16: 3334 - 3349." type="journal article" year="2007">Liu et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
hypothesize that the genetic history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFD589DA1FCD3FC85" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[715,793,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFD589DA1FCD3FC85" box="[715,793,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes an initial divergence between the 2 main clades 1.0–0.7 million years ago (possibly associated with the Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau), secondary contact after this divergence as a result of a population expansion 0.16–0.05 million years ago, and population reduction and habitat fragmentation in the very recent past. Genetic differentiation (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFD189CE1FD51FC45" box="[651,667,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">F</emphasis>
|
||
ST) among the 5 subpopulations was significant, ranging from 0.1104 to 0.6597, and the migration rate between each subpopulation was low, ranging from 0.0028 to 0.0092, giving additional support to genetic isolation. Although genetic profiles of several individuals suggested potential admixture among subpopulations,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFD609B01FF27FB05" author="LIU, Z." pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="3831 - 3846" refId="ref19214" refString="LIU, Z., ET AL. 2009. The effect of landscape features on population genetic structure in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) implies an anthropogenic genetic discontinuity. Molecular Ecology 18: 3831 - 3846." type="journal article" year="2009">Liu et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not find any 1st-generation migrants. There was no genetic evidence of recent population declines, and divergence time estimates ranged from 950 to 21,550 years among subpopulation pairs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFEDC9B81FE20FB65" author="LIU, Z." box="[335,490,1227,1250]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="3831 - 3846" refId="ref19214" refString="LIU, Z., ET AL. 2009. The effect of landscape features on population genetic structure in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) implies an anthropogenic genetic discontinuity. Molecular Ecology 18: 3831 - 3846." type="journal article" year="2009">Liu et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2D883A0FFD98D4FFEDC9A62FBF6FCA5" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34DC9C0FFD98D4FFEDC9A62FBF6FCA5" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD98D4EFEDC9A62FDFCFAC5" blockId="12.[335,566,1320,1346]" box="[335,566,1320,1346]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<heading id="D0A02D27FFD98D4EFEDC9A62FDFCFAC5" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[335,566,1320,1346]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFEDC9A62FDFCFAC5" bold="true" box="[335,566,1320,1346]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD98D4EFF0B9A21FF79F905" blockId="12.[107,794,1387,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFF429A21FEA0FA05" baseAuthorityName="Groves" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[209,362,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFF429A21FEA0FA05" box="[209,362,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Rhinopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species of mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD98D4EFDFF9A21FD66FA05" box="[620,684,1387,1410]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
occurred across south, southwest, and central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD98D4EFE6D9AC1FD8AFA25" box="[510,576,1419,1442]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and in 2 provinces in northwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340DADBFFD98D4EFF6E9AE1FEF7FA45" box="[253,317,1451,1474]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFEDF9AE1FE58FA45" box="[332,402,1451,1474]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Gansu</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFE599AE1FDE8FA45" box="[458,546,1451,1474]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
|
||
) until about 400 years ago, but suffered dramatic range contractions because of: (1) the rapidly increasing human population, especially during the 20th century; (2) wars in the 1st one-half of the 20th century; (3) deteriorating environments and accelerated deforestation; and (4) hunting monkeys for food, medicine, and income (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFD529901FF69F905" author="LI, B. - G. & R. - L. PAN & C. E. OXNARD" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="1227 - 1244" refId="ref18517" refString="LI, B. - G., R. - L. PAN, AND C. E. OXNARD. 2002. Extinction of snub-nosed monkeys in China during the past 400 years. International Journal of Primatology 23: 1227 - 1244." type="journal article" year="2002">Li et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD98D4EFF0B99C1FA39FE45" blockId="12.[107,794,1387,1954]" lastBlockId="12.[838,1525,203,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFF0B99C1FEA2F925" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[152,360,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFF0B99C1FEA2F925" box="[152,360,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Rhinopithecus bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was believed extinct because no observations were reported after the original description (MilneEdwards 1897) until 1960 when 8 skins were obtained from hunters in Deqin County,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFEEB99A1FE03F885" box="[376,457,1771,1794]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Peng et al. 1962). The national government established 2 protected areas for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFD1A9841FD2AF8A5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[649,736,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFD1A9841FD2AF8A5" box="[649,736,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the Hongla Xue
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFF649861FEE6F8C5" box="[247,300,1835,1858]" country="Myanmar" name="Shan" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Shan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mountain (Hongla Snow Mountain) National Nature Reserve in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFEA69801FEA6F8E5" box="[309,364,1867,1890]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Baimaxueshan (White Horse Snow Mountain) National Nature Reserve in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFD899821FDA5F805" box="[538,623,1899,1922]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, established in 1983, was expanded in 2002 to encompass the Samage Forest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD98D4EFB059F81FB18FF65" box="[1174,1234,203,226]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The Yunlong and Tianchi nature reserves in the south are provincial. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFAD69FA1FAB5FE85" box="[1349,1407,235,258]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
, at least 3 subpopulations occur within the Hongla Xue
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFAC79E41FA43FEA5" box="[1364,1417,267,290]" country="Myanmar" name="Shan" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Shan</collectingRegion>
|
||
National Nature Reserve, established in 1993 (Xiang et al. 2007a). These 4 nature reserves are units of the Three Parallel Rivers of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFCDA9E21FC50FE05" box="[841,922,363,386]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
World Heritage Site as designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD98D4EFCE09E81FC2EFBA5" blockId="12.[838,1525,203,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
About
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD98D4EFC539E81FBE3FE65" box="[960,1065,459,482]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.082" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" unit="km" value="3082.0">3,082 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C223703FFD98D4EFBBA9E83FBFBFE50" attach="left" box="[1065,1073,457,471]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">2</superScript>
|
||
or 18.86% of the total landscape in the current distribution area (not including the recently discovered group at Mt. Wubao) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFB1D9D41FB11FDA5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1166,1243,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFB1D9D41FB56FDA5" box="[1166,1180,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFB3F9D41FB11FDA5" box="[1196,1243,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is suitable habitat (Wang et al. 2011). This includes Cangshan (Cang Mountains), with 19 peaks>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD98D4EFC5A9D01FBEEFDE5" box="[969,1060,587,610]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" unit="m" value="3500.0">3,500 m</quantity>
|
||
, that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFBF79D01FAE1FDE5" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1124,1323,587,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found to be suitable habitat, although currently unoccupied, as noted above (see “Distribution”). Based on GIS analysis of present and historical distribution, bioclimatic zones, human influence, topography, tree cover, and protected-areas distribution, Nüchel et al. (2018) showed a vastly larger area of potential habitat to the east and west (i.e., beyond both the Chanjiang [Yangtze] and Lancangjiang [Mekong] Rivers). Several nature reserves already exist in this area, including the large Haba Xue
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFAA69C01FAA0FCE5" box="[1333,1386,843,866]" country="Myanmar" name="Shan" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Shan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Haba Snow Mountain) Provincial Nature Reserve that spans Yangtze River on both sides of the Tiger-leaping Gorge, and Pudacuo National Park. These reserves, together with the Cang Mountains to the south, may offer space for population expansion without undue social and economic hardship, if a translocation project were to be considered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD98D4EFCE09B61FA45F945" blockId="12.[838,1525,203,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
The overall population trajectory since rediscovery in 1960 was in decline until protections became effective in the 1980s, when some subpopulations began to increase, while others continued to decline or became extirpated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFB709BC1FABCFB25" author="BAI, S. - C. & S. - Q. ZOU & S. LIN & D. TUO & Z. TU & T. ZHONG" box="[1251,1398,1163,1186]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="413 - 419" refId="ref15429" refString="BAI, S. - C., S. - Q. ZOU, S. LIN, D. TUO, Z. TU, AND T. ZHONG. 1987. A preliminary observation on distribution, number and population structure of Rhinopithecus bieti in Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan. Zoological Research 8: 413 - 419." type="journal article" year="1987">Bai et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFA179BC1FCB1FB45" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Xiao et al. 2003, 2005; Yang et al. 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFAA69BE1FA75FB45" author="LI, L. & S. YU & B. REN & M. LI & R. WU & Y. LONG" box="[1333,1471,1195,1218]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="474 - 478" refId="ref18895" refString="LI, L., S. YU, B. REN, M. LI, R. WU, AND Y. LONG. 2009. A study on the carrying capacity of the available habitat for the Rhinopithecus bieti population at Mt. Laojun in Yunnan, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 16: 474 - 478." type="journal article" year="2009">Li et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFA5D9BE1FC7DFB65" author="LIU, Z." pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="3831 - 3846" refId="ref19214" refString="LIU, Z., ET AL. 2009. The effect of landscape features on population genetic structure in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) implies an anthropogenic genetic discontinuity. Molecular Ecology 18: 3831 - 3846." type="journal article" year="2009">Liu et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zhang et al. 2016). Spatially limited, short-term surveys began in 1979, but the 1st comprehensive survey in 1987– 1992 revealed 20 bands or subpopulations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFAB89A41FA29FAA5" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[1323,1507,1291,1314]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Surveys completed in 2000 found no sign of monkeys in several areas where they had previously existed, but 3 new bands were found, leaving 11 extant, of which at least 5 were isolated by barriers such as low-elevation farmland, roads, and higher-elevation grazing lands (Xiao et al. 2003). The total population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFA359AE1FA38FA45" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1446,1522,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFA359AE1FA38FA45" box="[1446,1522,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovered from
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD98D4EFC639A81FBA2FA65" box="[1008,1128,1483,1506]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.159" metricValueMax="2.286" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" unit="in" value="850.0" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="800.0">800–900 in</quantity>
|
||
1986 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFB219A81FA81FA65" author="BAI, S. - C. & S. - Q. ZOU & S. LIN & D. TUO & T. ZHONG & X. - H. WANG" box="[1202,1355,1483,1506]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="60 - 75" refId="ref15492" refString="BAI, S. - C., S. - Q. ZOU, S. LIN, D. TUO, T. ZHONG, AND X. - H. WANG. 1988. An investigation of distribution number and food habit of the Rhinopithecus bieti (English abstract). Zoological Research 9: 60 - 75." type="journal article" year="1988">Bai et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to about 1,700 individuals in 13 bands by 2002 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFB2C9AA1FAB9F985" author="DING, W. & S. - J. YANG & Z. - H. LIU" box="[1215,1395,1515,1538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" pagination="338 - 344" refId="ref16269" refString="DING, W., S. - J. YANG, AND Z. - H. LIU. 2003. The influence of the fragmentation of habitat upon the number of population of Rhinopithecus bieti. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 22: 338 - 344." type="journal article" year="2003">Ding et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 2,500 based on surveys during 2004–2009 (Wong et al. 2013 citing Y.-C. Long, unpublished data). In 2012, the population in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFA289961FA38F9C5" box="[1467,1522,1579,1602]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFCE59901FC0DF9E5" box="[886,967,1611,1634]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
totaled> 3,000 (Yong-Cheng Long interviewed in Platt 2013), and about
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD98D4EFBD09921FB57F905" box="[1091,1181,1643,1666]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" unit="in" value="3500.0">3,500 in</quantity>
|
||
early 2016 (Yong-Cheng Long cited in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFC0D99C3FBC3F925" bold="true" box="[926,1033,1673,1698]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">DWĦffi</emphasis>
|
||
2016). This suggests a gradual, sustained rate of increase (λ, lambda) of 1.05 over the last 3 decades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD98D4EFCE09981FBF1F8E5" blockId="12.[838,1525,203,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFBDD99A1FB54F885" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1102,1182,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFBDD99A1FB54F885" box="[1102,1182,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as “Endangered” (Bleisch and Richardson 2008). The Convention on International Trade in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD98D4EFCDB9861FA45F8C5" author="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA" box="[840,1423,1835,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" refId="ref15832" refString="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA. 2014. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix I and Appendix II. www. cites. org /. Accessed 1 June 2018." type="book" year="2014">Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFCDB9801FC5FF8E5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[840,917,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFCDB9801FC5FF8E5" box="[840,917,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Appendix I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD98D4FFCE09821FDB1FD25" blockId="12.[838,1525,203,1954]" lastBlockId="13.[107,796,203,1922]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">
|
||
Under Chinese law,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD98D4EFBCF9821FB64F805" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1116,1198,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD98D4EFBCF9821FB64F805" box="[1116,1198,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was designated in the “first class of protected animal” category in 1977. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD98D4EFAD998C1FA54F825" box="[1354,1438,1931,1954]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="12" pageNumber="160">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, human activities encroaching on or within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD88D4FFE709F81FDE5FF65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[483,559,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD88D4FFE709F81FDE5FF65" box="[483,559,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat, such as hunting and logging—formerly with official approval even within protected areas—are the major threats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD88D4FFE7D9E41FD56FEA5" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[494,668,267,290]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Xiao et al. 2003, 2005; Xiang et al. 2007a).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD88D4FFE449E61FD61FEC5" author="LI, L. & S. YU & B. REN & M. LI & R. WU & Y. LONG" box="[471,683,299,322]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" pagination="474 - 478" refId="ref18895" refString="LI, L., S. YU, B. REN, M. LI, R. WU, AND Y. LONG. 2009. A study on the carrying capacity of the available habitat for the Rhinopithecus bieti population at Mt. Laojun in Yunnan, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 16: 474 - 478." type="journal article" year="2009">Li et al. (2009:477)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remarked that, “All the local mountainous residents within the range of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD88D4FFFFE9E21FF74FE05" box="[109,190,363,386]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
snub-nosed monkey (including Yi, Lisu, Tibetan, Pumi, Naxi, Bai, Molimosuo, and Han) have a long hunting history. Although the government’s Wildlife Protection Law was enacted in 1987 [which came into effect in 1989], the law was not fully enforced, and poaching is a key threat...”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD88D4FFDA89EA1FD29FD85" author="LI, L. & S. YU & B. REN & M. LI & R. WU & Y. LONG" box="[571,739,491,514]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" pagination="474 - 478" refId="ref18895" refString="LI, L., S. YU, B. REN, M. LI, R. WU, AND Y. LONG. 2009. A study on the carrying capacity of the available habitat for the Rhinopithecus bieti population at Mt. Laojun in Yunnan, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 16: 474 - 478." type="journal article" year="2009">Li et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also mentioned the high density of snares encountered in every survey. National and provincial governments encourage the maintenance of cultural traditions by ethnic minorities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD88D4FFD3C9D01FF68FD05" author="GOODMAN, J." pageId="13" pageNumber="161" refId="ref16592" refString="GOODMAN, J. 2009. Yunnan - China south of the clouds. Odyssy Books & Guides, Hong Kong." type="book" year="2009">Goodman 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but, as in many parts of the world, this social goal is in conflict with conservation of endangered species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD88D4FFF0B9DE1FCC1FB65" blockId="13.[107,796,203,1922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Threats include use of pesticides:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD88D4FFD929DE1FD0BFD45" author="LONG, Y. - C. & C. R. KIRKPATRICK & T. ZHONG & L. XIAO" box="[513,705,683,706]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref19255" refString="LONG, Y. - C., C. R. KIRKPATRICK, T. ZHONG, AND L. XIAO. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). Primates 35: 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1994">Long et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave an example of forest spraying to control a moth larvae infestation, after which 5 monkey carcasses were found in the Yiyong area, where monkeys have never been seen since. Threats in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD88D4FFD719C41FCD3FCA5" box="[738,793,779,802]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
include habitat destruction through wood extraction, uncontrolled forest and grass fires, cutting of oak (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD88D4FFDC99C01FF6FFC05" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD88D4FFDC99C01FF6FFC05" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Quercus aquifolioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) branches, “inappropriate attitudes to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD88D4FFDAE9C21FD40FC05" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[573,650,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD88D4FFDAE9C21FD40FC05" box="[573,650,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when people carry out economic activities in the forest” and hunting (Xiang et al. 2007a:525). For example, during 347 days of survey from 2002 to 2005, steel snares that could capture
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD88D4FFDD99C81FD5CFC65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[586,662,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD88D4FFDD99C81FD5CFC65" box="[586,662,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(though not necessarily set for them) were found on every survey at Milaka; conversely, at Zhina and Xiaochangdu, steel snares were never seen (Xiang et al. 2007a). The difference appeared to be that the last 2 sites were near and within a sacred mountain (Damyon Garpo), respectively, and the 1st was not (although all are within a national nature reserve). Mountains may be designated as sacred by a “living Buddha” or Rinpoche, within limits prescribed by tradition and according to wishes of a local council.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD88D4FFF0B9BA1FD51F9C5" blockId="13.[107,796,203,1922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Many of the resources used by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD88D4FFE7A9BA1FDFCFA85" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[489,566,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD88D4FFE7A9BA1FDFCFA85" box="[489,566,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also collected by local people, including timber for house-building and fuel wood and plants for Chinese traditional medicine and food, suggesting a need for management to avoid conflicts (Zhao et al. 2009). Yu et al. (2015), identifying 166 medicinal plant species that Tibetan people collect within the Hongla Xue
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD88D4FFDB59AC1FD91FA25" box="[550,603,1419,1442]" country="Myanmar" name="Shan" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Shan</collectingRegion>
|
||
National Nature Reserve, proposed management strategies to avoid conflict with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD88D4FFFFC9A81FF7DFA65" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[111,183,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD88D4FFFFC9A81FF7DFA65" box="[111,183,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">R.bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while allowing this culturally and economically important activity. Nevertheless, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD88D4FFE529AA1FDC4F985" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[449,526,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD88D4FFE529AA1FDC4F985" box="[449,526,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
avoids areas of intensive human activity, they do accommodate to modest human presence when not disturbed, as at Tacheng (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD88D4FFE719961FDE3F9C5" box="[482,553,1579,1602]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1698,1719]" captionTargetBox="[845,1517,1027,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-410@0.[845,1517,1027,1684]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig.1.—An adult male and ajuvenileRhinopithecus bieti. Photographed at Tacheng in the Baimaxueshan (White Horse Snow Mountain) Nature Reserve,Yunnan, China by L. E. Harding." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573597/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD88D4FFDA49961FD8EF9C5" box="[567,580,1579,1602]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[840,875,1876,1897]" captionTargetBox="[845,1517,1001,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-856@8.[845,1517,1001,1864]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5.—An adult male Rhinopithecus bieti eating lichen. Photograph by L. E. Harding." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573607/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">5</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD88D4FFF0B9901FB26FEA5" blockId="13.[107,796,203,1922]" lastBlockId="13.[840,1525,203,802]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Xiang et al. (2007a) warned of loss of gene flow by mentioning that National Highway G214, Milaka village and farmland form a barrier to dispersal between
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD88D4FFE1D99C1FE0EF925" box="[398,452,1675,1698]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
andYunnan populations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD88D4FFD5E99C1FCC2F925" box="[717,776,1675,1698]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Presence of feces shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD88D4FFE0C99E1FE20F945" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[415,490,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD88D4FFE0C99E1FE20F945" box="[415,490,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
move between Xiaochangdu and Milaka populations and it was recommended that this corridor should be protected (Xiang et al. 2007a). The Jinsichang population (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C86CEFFD88D4FFFE59841FF7EF8A5" box="[118,180,1803,1826]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1084,1105]" captionTargetBox="[118,785,202,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-737@4.[115,787,200,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Rhinopithecus bieti is restricted to ridge-top “islands” of forest between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers in Yunnan and Xizang provinces, China. Study areas mentioned in the text are shown. Not all groups are shown, but all are included within the ovals representing genetically distinct clusters (see “Distribution”) except for the Mt. Wubao group, which has not been sampled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573603/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is isolated and the groups at Mt. Fuhe, Mt. Longma, and Mt. Wubao are isolated from other subpopulations and may be isolated from each other by low-elevation barriers (Xiao et al. 2003). Restoration of habitat along corridors between the Jinsichang and Mt. Fuhe–Mt. Longma population clusters and between the latter and the Samage Forest cluster, to improve connectivity for gene flow has been proposed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC6E7BAFFD88D4FFBDA9E41FB17FEA5" author="LI, L. & Y. - D. XUE & G. - S. WU & D. - Q. LI & P. GIRAUDOUX" box="[1097,1245,267,290]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" pagination="719 - 726" refId="ref18789" refString="LI, L., Y. - D. XUE, G. - S. WU, D. - Q. LI, AND P. GIRAUDOUX. 2015 a. Potential habitat corridors and restoration areas for the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan, China. Oryx 49: 719 - 726." type="journal article" year="2015">Li et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD88D4FFCE09E61FB32FE65" blockId="13.[840,1525,203,802]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD88D4FFC1D9E61FC28FEC5" box="[910,994,299,322]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the area of suitable habitat for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C57E1C8FFD88D4FFAA69E61FA48FEC5" authorityName=", Groves" authorityYear="2001" box="[1333,1410,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rhinopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bieti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9234659FFD88D4FFAA69E61FA48FEC5" box="[1333,1410,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">R. bieti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
decreased from
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD88D4FFC169E01FC26FEE5" box="[901,1004,331,354]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.169" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" unit="km" value="4169.0">4,169 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD88D4FFC7F9E03FBD8FEE5" box="[1004,1042,329,354]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C223703FFD88D4FFC7F9E03FC3EFED0" attach="left" box="[1004,1012,329,343]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
1958 to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD88D4FFBE59E01FB17FEE5" box="[1142,1245,331,354]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8869999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" unit="km" value="1887.0">1,887 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF37AEFFD88D4FFB4E9E03FAC9FEE5" box="[1245,1283,329,354]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="13" pageNumber="161" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C223703FFD88D4FFB4E9E03FB2FFED0" attach="left" box="[1245,1253,329,343]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
1997, a 31% decline, mainly because of logging and forest clearing to create highelevation summer grazing lands (Xiao et al. 2003). Xiao et al. (2005) calculated higher than 50% probabilities of extinction within 82 years for 5 of 13 extant bands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE89A4BFFD88D4FFCE09EA1FBF6FCA5" blockId="13.[840,1525,203,802]" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">
|
||
On the other hand, sufficient suitable habitat remains for a population of ≤ 5,250 if all bands’ territories in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD88D4FFAE29D41FA08FDA5" box="[1393,1474,523,546]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499354A9FFD88D4FFCDB9D61FCB5FDC5" box="[840,895,555,578]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="13" pageNumber="161">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
were filled to their assumed carrying capacities calculated by Xiao et al. (2005:table 3). Given that some 20 bands have been known recently (see “Distribution,” above), the potential exists for population growth if protection from poaching is provided and if habitat loss is limited. There may also be possibilities of (1) expansion to the north within the historic range and (2) reintroduction to the Cang Mountains west of Dali (see “Distribution,” above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |