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<document id="D0A7C58D435A4E7AA9951F42D89B4173" ID-CLB-Dataset="58033" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2023.882.2177" ID-GBIF-Dataset="57d1d191-2bf5-4229-a0f5-9ab472a114a6" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8177581" ID-ZooBank="67C909E4-C700-4F8D-B8CE-5FD9B2C5D549" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1690201644379" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Korn, Dieter &amp; Weyer, Dieter" docDate="2023" docId="03EA5C14CA228562FDD5FE99FC388612" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-882_1-230.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 882" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.882.2177" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Acutimitoceratinae Korn 1994" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFD3246CCA09854FFFCEFF90FFB2846D" masterDocTitle="The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)" masterLastPageNumber="230" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1699545181523" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="2062C4ADCA052865A4F8401C8888A64B">The ammonoids from the Gattendorfia Limestone of Oberrödinghausen (Early Carboniferous; Rhenish Mountains, Germany)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="16A796A6C287B8598D3F2412E5FCF751">Korn, Dieter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="438CCE201CBF2A5320E9CFE3F5BB2DDD">Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B15B1E2A33905FEE4EA08AA0D6B62765" type="email">dieter.korn@mfn.berlin</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="5FA892D1915DF97F668A3CAA7BE42038">Weyer, Dieter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4CED03F95095EC646A37B8C8DBBFF5AB">Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6E8AC1D8F128836B8AAA2C79A6808B83" type="email">dieter.weyer@t-online.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="92E4066BFD7F0DD115B69896E77CC6FA">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="89937EEFC005DD1C610B240464032173">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03EA5C14CA228562FDD5FE99FC388612" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8180630" ID-GBIF-Taxon="212420238" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8180630" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EA5C14CA228562FDD5FE99FC388612" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA5C14CA228562FDD5FE99FC388612" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<subSubSection id="C359BE89CA228564FDD5FE99FBA5854E" box="[539,1047,265,291]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FDD5FE99FBA5854E" blockId="43.[539,1047,265,291]" box="[539,1047,265,291]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FD55FE99FBA5854E" authority="Korn, 1994" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[667,1047,265,291]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FD55FE99FC3E854E" bold="true" box="[667,908,265,291]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Acutimitoceratinae</emphasis>
Korn, 1994
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359BE89CA228564FF73FEDBFC11866C" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73FEDBFE848508" blockId="43.[189,310,331,357]" box="[189,310,331,357]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<heading id="D0B45A6ECA228564FF73FEDBFE848508" bold="true" box="[189,310,331,357]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FF73FEDBFE848508" bold="true" box="[189,310,331,357]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73FEEBFC11866C" blockId="43.[187,1398,379,514]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Subfamily of the family
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FE15FEEBFD2185F8" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1884" box="[475,659,379,405]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Prionoceratidae</taxonomicName>
with the sutural formula E A L U I; adventive lobe V-shaped or lanceolate, pointed. Conch in the juvenile stage subevolute or evolute; adult stage involute or subinvolute. Coiling rate usually moderately high or high (WER = 1.75–2.25) and rarely very high (up to 2.35). Shell ornament with fine to coarse growth lines, usually without ribs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359BE89CA228564FF73FDB9FC8D86D6" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73FDB9FE6F862E" blockId="43.[189,477,553,579]" box="[189,477,553,579]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<heading id="D0B45A6ECA228564FF73FDB9FE6F862E" bold="true" box="[189,477,553,579]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FF73FDB9FE6F862E" bold="true" box="[189,477,553,579]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Subfamily composition</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73FDC9FC8D86D6" blockId="43.[189,1399,601,700]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The subfamily comprises six genera:
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FD5DFDCAFBAC8619" authority="Librovitch, 1957" authorityName="Librovitch" authorityYear="1957" box="[659,1054,601,628]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Acutimitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FD5DFDCAFCF78619" box="[659,837,602,628]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Acutimitoceras</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA228564FC9CFDC9FBAC8619" author="Librovitch L. S." box="[850,1054,601,628]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="246 - 273" refId="ref116057" refString="Librovitch L. S. 1957. O nekotorykh novykh gruppakh goniatitov iz kamennougolnykh otlozheniy SSSR. Ezhegodnik Vsesoyuznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva 16: 246 - 273." type="journal article" year="1957">Librovitch, 1957</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(4 species);
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FB0BFDCAFE3786FA" authority="Vohringer, 1960" authorityName="Vohringer" authorityYear="1960" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Costimitoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FB0BFDCAFAC58619" box="[1221,1399,602,628]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Costimitoceras</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA228564FF73FDEDFE3786FA" author="Vohringer E." box="[189,389,637,663]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="107 - 196" refId="ref118120" refString="Vohringer E. 1960. Die Goniatiten der unterkarbonischen Gattendorfia - Stufe im Honnetal (Sauerland). Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 3: 107 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Vöhringer, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(3 species);
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FDE0FDEDFC3C86F5" authority="Kusina, 1985" authorityName="Kusina" authorityYear="1985" box="[558,910,637,664]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" genus="Sulcimitoceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FDE0FDEDFD6E86FA" box="[558,732,637,663]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Sulcimitoceras</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA228564FD25FDEDFC3C86F5" author="Kusina L. F." box="[747,910,637,664]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref115924" refString="Kusina L. F. 1985. K revizii roda Imitoceras (Ammonoidea). Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal 1985: 35 - 48." type="journal article" year="1985">Kusina, 1985</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1 species);
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FBF9FDEEFAC586FA" authority="Korn, 1993" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1993" box="[1079,1399,637,664]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Nicimitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FBF9FDEEFB6E86FA" box="[1079,1244,638,663]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Nicimitoceras</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA228564FB24FDEEFAC586FA" author="Korn D." box="[1258,1399,637,664]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="581 - 593" refId="ref114371" refString="Korn D. 1993. The ammonoid faunal change near the Devonian - Carboniferous boundary. Annales de la Societe geologique de Belgique 115: 581 - 593." type="journal article" year="1993">Korn, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(7 species) and
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FEBAFD31FD1186D6" authority="Becker, 1996" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1996" box="[372,675,673,699]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" genus="Stockumites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FEBAFD31FDB286D6" box="[372,512,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stockumites</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA228564FDC6FD31FD1186D6" author="Becker R. T." box="[520,675,673,699]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="19 - 45" refId="ref111308" refString="Becker R. T. 1996. New faunal records and holostratigraphic correlation of the Hasselbachtal D / C- Boundary Auxiliary Stratotype (Germany). Annales de la Societe geologique de Belgique 117: 19 - 45." type="journal article" year="1996">Becker, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(36 species).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359BE89CA228563FF73FD74FC7D835D" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73FD74FEEA8693" blockId="43.[189,344,740,766]" box="[189,344,740,766]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<heading id="D0B45A6ECA228564FF73FD74FEEA8693" bold="true" box="[189,344,740,766]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FF73FD74FEEA8693" bold="true" box="[189,344,740,766]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Morphology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73FC84FDA9806B" blockId="43.[188,1401,787,1030]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
In the adult stage, the species of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FCF8FC83FBA58740" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[822,1047,787,813]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
are distinguished from the representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FE00FCA7FD34873C" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1884" box="[462,646,823,849]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratinae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Prionoceratinae">Prionoceratinae</taxonomicName>
by the mostly higher whorl expansion rate, which is almost always above a value of 1.75, but the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FD4CFCCCFC88871B" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1884" box="[642,826,860,886]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratinae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Prionoceratinae">Prionoceratinae</taxonomicName>
are below this value. In the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FB40FCCCFAC0871B" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[1166,1394,860,886]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="43" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
, the adult conch is almost always completely involute and ranges from thinly discoidal to globular; in contrast to the mostly stout conchs of the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FD6DFC34FCED87D3" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1884" box="[675,863,932,958]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratinae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Prionoceratinae">Prionoceratinae</taxonomicName>
; however, discoidal conchs are more common than pachyconic or globular conchs in the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FD64FC58FC3D878F" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[682,911,968,994]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="43" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
. Oxyconic conchs occur independently in several evolutionary lineages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73FBBFFE4980FC" blockId="43.[188,1398,1071,1169]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Juvenile conchs of the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FE0AFBBFFD178024" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[452,677,1071,1097]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="43" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
show a very wide variation in their morphology, ranging from subinvolute to very evolute. Likewise, the length of the more widely umbilicate juvenile stage varies markedly between species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73FB29FDAE81E5" blockId="43.[185,1399,1209,1417]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The shell ornament consists of simple growth lines in almost all species of the subfamilyAcutimitocratinae. These growth lines usually are with a convex curve across the flank and form a sinus on the venter. Only in some species, the growth lines have a biconvex course. Spiral lines occur in
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FB47FA92FA898171" authorityName="Vohringer" authorityYear="1960" box="[1161,1339,1282,1308]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Costimitoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FB47FA92FA898171" box="[1161,1339,1282,1308]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Costimitoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, together with the growth lines, form a reticulate ornament. Some species possess shell constrictions, in others only radial internal shell thickenings are present. Some species have neither shell constrictions nor internal shell thickenings.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73FA20FED1825A" blockId="43.[189,1399,1456,1591]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">The suture line is simple and consists of the elements E A L U I. The external lobe is usually lanceolate with parallel flanks; in some cases, however, the external lobe may be narrow V-shaped or very weakly pouched. The adventive lobe is often V-shaped and varies in shape from symmetrical to moderately asymmetrical.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73F9CFFE858214" blockId="43.[189,311,1631,1657]" box="[189,311,1631,1657]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<heading id="D0B45A6ECA228564FF73F9CFFE858214" bold="true" box="[189,311,1631,1657]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA228564FF73F9CFFE858214" bold="true" box="[189,311,1631,1657]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Ontogeny</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228564FF73F91FFB728333" blockId="43.[188,1401,1679,1886]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The ontogeny of the representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FD0AF91FFC1782C4" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[708,933,1679,1705]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="43" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
shows spectacular changes; this is the cardinal difference to the species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FD5DF923FCFD82A0" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1884" box="[659,847,1715,1741]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratinae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="43" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Prionoceratinae">Prionoceratinae</taxonomicName>
. All species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA228564FBE3F923FABC82A0" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[1069,1294,1715,1741]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="43" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
show an early ontogenetic stage of variable length. The juvenile whorls only slightly embrace the preceding one, which results in a rather widely umbilicate or even serpenticonic juvenile conch shape. In the middle growth stage, the closure of the umbilicus begins by more or less wide overlap upon the preceding whorl. In most of the species, the umbilicus is already closed at
<quantity id="4CBB40E7CA228564FC62F8D4FC4D8333" box="[940,1023,1860,1886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
conch diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA228563FF73F816FBD9852A" blockId="43.[189,1399,1926,2025]" lastBlockId="44.[189,1398,265,327]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The ontogenetic changes in the conch morphology can be illustrated in diagrams of ontogenetic trajectories (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA228564FE9CF83AFE6A83A9" author="Korn D." box="[338,472,1962,1988]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="501 - 514" refId="ref114700" refString="Korn D. 2012. Quantification of ontogenetic allometry in ammonoids. Evolution &amp; Development 14: 501 - 514. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ede. 12003" type="journal article" year="2012">Korn 2012</bibRefCitation>
). They show that particularly the ontogenetic trajectory of the ww/dm ratio describes a strikingly triphasic course. The amplitude of the changes depends on the length of the widely umbilicate juvenile stage and the width of the conch in the middle growth stage. Species with a stout conch tend to show a more pronounced triphasic ontogeny than discoidal forms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258563FF73FEFFFE8D85E4" blockId="44.[189,319,367,393]" box="[189,319,367,393]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<heading id="D0B45A6ECA258563FF73FEFFFE8D85E4" bold="true" box="[189,319,367,393]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FF73FEFFFE8D85E4" bold="true" box="[189,319,367,393]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Phylogeny</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258563FF73FE0EFDF886DE" blockId="44.[189,1400,414,691]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FF3EFE0EFE6385D5" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[240,465,414,440]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="44" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
are the dominant earliest Carboniferous ammonoid group immediately after the Hangenberg Event. The origin of the subfamily is most probably in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FB80FE53FAB285B1" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1988" box="[1102,1280,451,476]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" genus="Mimimitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FB80FE53FAB285B1" box="[1102,1280,451,476]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Mimimitoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or related forms, some of which developed rather evolute inner whorls already in the late Famennian (Korn
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FAF2FE77FAC5866D" box="[1340,1399,486,512]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2015). Although specimens of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FD01FD9AFC028649" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[719,944,522,548]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
are very abundant in all of the earliest Carboniferous ammonoid occurrences, there is no undoubted record older than the Hangenberg Event. This means that the phylogenetic origin of the entire group, which most probably gave rise to all postHangenberg ammonoids (except for a few failed survivors such as some clymeniids and species of
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FF73FD0AFEDD86DE" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1988" box="[189,367,666,691]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" genus="Mimimitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FF73FD0AFEDD86DE" box="[189,367,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Mimimitoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), is still unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258563FF73FD4BFC8F870C" blockId="44.[189,1399,731,865]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FF3DFD4BFE668698" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[243,468,731,757]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="44" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
gave rise to at least two ammonoid clades, the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FB57FD4BFAF08698" authorityName="Ruzhencev" authorityYear="1950" box="[1177,1346,731,757]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Imitoceratinae">Imitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
and the family
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FEF1FD6FFE488774" authorityName="Bartzsch &amp; Weyer" authorityYear="1987" box="[319,506,767,793]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Gattendorfiidae</taxonomicName>
. The first is characterised by a pouched external lobe and the second by an incompletely closed or open umbilicus in the adult stage. A possible third evolutionary lineage are the prolecanitids and with these all Mesozoic ammonoids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258563FF73FC19FE4487CE" blockId="44.[189,502,905,931]" box="[189,502,905,931]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<heading id="D0B45A6ECA258563FF73FC19FE4487CE" bold="true" box="[189,502,905,931]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FF73FC19FE4487CE" bold="true" box="[189,502,905,931]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Stratigraphic occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258563FF73FC28FBA580EB" blockId="44.[189,1399,952,1158]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Species of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FE33FC28FD6C87BF" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[509,734,952,978]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
are already present in the lowermost beds deposited directly after the Hangenberg Event with morphologically advanced species, i.e., species with a widely involute juvenile conch (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FDEEFB91FD108077" author="Korn D." box="[544,674,1024,1051]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="71 - 89" refId="ref113987" refString="Korn D. 1984. Die Goniatiten der Stockumer Imitoceras - Kalklinsen (Ammonoidea; Devon / Karbon-Grenze). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 67: 71 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpm / 1984 / 1984 / 66" type="journal article" year="1984">Korn 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FD7EFB90FC168077" author="Price J. D. &amp; House M. R." box="[688,932,1024,1051]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="15 - 22" refId="ref116899" refString="Price J. D. &amp; House M. R. 1984. Ammonoids near the Devonian - Carboniferous boundary. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 67: 15 - 22." type="journal article" year="1984">Price &amp; House 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FC7FFB90FBF88076" author="Kusina L. F." box="[945,1098,1024,1051]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref115924" refString="Kusina L. F. 1985. K revizii roda Imitoceras (Ammonoidea). Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal 1985: 35 - 48." type="journal article" year="1985">Kusina 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FB96FB91FB5B8077" author="House M. R." box="[1112,1257,1024,1051]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="163 - 185" refId="ref113318" refString="House M. R. 1996. Juvenile goniatite survival strategies following Devonian extinction events. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 102: 163 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. SP. 1996.001.01.12" type="journal article" year="1996">House 1996</bibRefCitation>
; Korn
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FAF5FB91FAC58077" box="[1339,1399,1024,1050]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2004). Investigations in the Oberrödinghausen section show that most of the species have a very short stratigraphic range. A wide distribution across several ammonoid zones, as considered possible by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FF73FBFCFE3980EB" author="Vohringer E." box="[189,395,1132,1158]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="107 - 196" refId="ref118120" refString="Vohringer E. 1960. Die Goniatiten der unterkarbonischen Gattendorfia - Stufe im Honnetal (Sauerland). Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 3: 107 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Vöhringer (1960)</bibRefCitation>
, could not be confirmed by the new study and revision.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258563FF73FB3EFD41815E" blockId="44.[189,1399,1198,1332]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
In contrast to the good stratigraphic knowledge of the early Tournaisian species, not much is known about the middle Tournaisian distribution of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FC56FB42FBCF8081" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[920,1149,1234,1260]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
. The occurrences of possible members of the subfamily in Karaganda (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FCEFFB65FC54817D" author="Librovitch L. S." box="[801,998,1269,1296]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 395" refId="ref116035" refString="Librovitch L. S. 1940. Ammonoidea iz kamennougolnykh otlozheniy Severnogo Kazakhstana. Paleontologiya SSSR 4: 1 - 395." type="journal article" year="1940">Librovitch 1940</bibRefCitation>
) and the American Midcontinent (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FF0BFA89FE598159" author="Miller A. K. &amp; Collinson C." box="[197,491,1305,1332]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="454 - 487" refId="ref116164" refString="Miller A. K. &amp; Collinson C. 1951. Lower Mississippian ammonoids of Missouri. Journal of Paleontology 25: 454 - 487." type="journal article" year="1951">Miller &amp; Collinson 1951</bibRefCitation>
) require confirmation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258563FF73FACBFE53811B" blockId="44.[189,481,1371,1398]" box="[189,481,1371,1398]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<heading id="D0B45A6ECA258563FF73FACBFE53811B" bold="true" box="[189,481,1371,1398]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FF73FACBFE53811B" bold="true" box="[189,481,1371,1398]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Geographic occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258563FF73FA1BFC7D835D" blockId="44.[189,1400,1419,1840]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
The subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FEA1FA1BFDE281C8" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[367,592,1419,1445]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
has a very wide geographic range. In practically all assemblages of early Tournaisian ammonoids, the species of this subfamily are the dominant elements. The following list provides an overview on the occurrences (and selected references) of the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FB41FA42FAC78181" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[1167,1397,1490,1516]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="44" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
: Rhenish Mountains (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FE72FA66FDDB827D" author="Schmidt H." box="[444,617,1526,1552]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="98 - 171" refId="ref117457" refString="Schmidt H. 1924. Zwei Cephalopodenfaunen an der Devon-Carbongrenze im Sauerland. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 44: 98 - 171." type="journal article" year="1924">Schmidt 1924</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FDB5FA66FD0B827C" author="Schmidt H." box="[635,697,1526,1553]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="489 - 609" refId="ref117481" refString="Schmidt H. 1925. Die carbonischen Goniatiten Deutschlands. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 45: 489 - 609." type="journal article" year="1925">1925</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FD04FA66FC3F827D" author="Vohringer E." box="[714,909,1526,1552]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="107 - 196" refId="ref118120" refString="Vohringer E. 1960. Die Goniatiten der unterkarbonischen Gattendorfia - Stufe im Honnetal (Sauerland). Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 3: 107 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Vöhringer 1960</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FC50FA67FB96827D" author="Korn D." box="[926,1060,1526,1553]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="513 - 526" refId="ref113936" refString="Korn D. 1981. Ein neues, Ammonoiden-fuhrendes Profil an der Devon-Karbon-Grenze im Sauerland (Rhein. Schiefergebirge). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte 1981: 513 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpm / 1981 / 1981 / 513" type="journal article" year="1981">Korn 1981</bibRefCitation>
, 1984;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FB4BFA66FA90827D" author="Becker R. T." box="[1157,1314,1526,1552]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="193 - 213" refId="ref111221" refString="Becker R. T. 1988. Ammonoids from the Devonian - Carboniferous Boundary in the Hasselbach Valley (Northern Rhenish Slate Mountains). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 100: 193 - 213." type="journal article" year="1988">Becker 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FAFAFA66FAC0827D" author="Becker R. T." box="[1332,1394,1526,1552]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="19 - 45" refId="ref111308" refString="Becker R. T. 1996. New faunal records and holostratigraphic correlation of the Hasselbachtal D / C- Boundary Auxiliary Stratotype (Germany). Annales de la Societe geologique de Belgique 117: 19 - 45." type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FF73F98BFEF98259" author="Korn D." box="[189,331,1562,1589]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="169 - 182" refId="ref114323" refString="Korn D. 1992 c. Ammonoideen aus dem Oberdevon und Unterkarbon von Aprath, Schurf Steinbergerbach und Strasseneinschnitt Kohleiche. In: Thomas E. (ed.) Oberdevon und Unterkarbon von Aprath im Bergischen Land: 169 - 182. von Loga, Koln." type="book chapter" year="1992">
Korn 1992
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FEF0F98AFEF98259" author="Clausen C. - D. &amp; Korn D. &amp; Feist R. &amp; Leuschner K. &amp; Groos-Uffenorde H. &amp; Luppold F. W. &amp; Stoppel D. &amp; Higgs K. &amp; Streel M." box="[318,331,1562,1588]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="71 - 95" refId="ref112508" refString="Clausen C. - D., Korn D., Feist R., Leuschner K., Groos-Uffenorde H., Luppold F. W., Stoppel D., Higgs K. &amp; Streel M. 1994. Die Devon / Karbon-Grenze bei Stockum (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Geologie und Palaontologie in Westfalen 29: 71 - 95." type="journal article" year="1994">c</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, 1994;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FE6FF98BFDD68259" author="Korn D. &amp; Clausen C. - D. &amp; Belka Z. &amp; Leuteritz K. &amp; Luppold F. W. &amp; Feist R. &amp; Weyer D." box="[417,612,1562,1589]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="97 - 147" refId="ref115128" refString="Korn D., Clausen C. - D., Belka Z., Leuteritz K., Luppold F. W., Feist R. &amp; Weyer D. 1994. Die Devon / Karbon-Grenze bei Drewer (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Geologie und Palaontologie in Westfalen 29: 97 - 147." type="journal article" year="1994">
Korn
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FE2BF98BFDAD8259" box="[485,543,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FDBFF98BFCD68259" author="Korn D. &amp; Weyer D." box="[625,868,1562,1589]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="79 - 124" refId="ref115026" refString="Korn D. &amp; Weyer D. 2003. High resolution stratigraphy of the Devonian - Carboniferous transitional beds in the Rhenish Mountains. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe 6: 79 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmng. 4860060105" type="journal article" year="2003">Korn &amp; Weyer 2003</bibRefCitation>
), Thuringia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FC34F98AFB648258" author="Schindewolf O. H." box="[1018,1238,1562,1589]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="281 - 306" refId="ref117401" refString="Schindewolf O. H. 1952. Uber das Oberdevon und Unterkarbon von Saalfeld in Ostthuringen. Eine Nachlese zur Stratigraphie und Ammoneen-Fauna. Senckenbergiana 32: 281 - 306." type="journal article" year="1952">Schindewolf 1952</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FB2FF98BFAC38259" author="Weyer D." box="[1249,1393,1562,1589]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="837 - 857" refId="ref118373" refString="Weyer D. 1976. Ein neuesAmmonoidea-Genus aus dem Untertournai des Thuringischen Schiefergebirges. Zeitschrift fur geologische Wissenschaften 4: 837 - 857." type="journal article" year="1976">Weyer 1976</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FF73F9AEFF498235" author="Weyer D." box="[189,251,1598,1624]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="167 - 185" refId="ref118397" refString="Weyer D. 1977. Ammonoideen aus dem Untertournai von Schleiz (Ostthuringisches Schiefergebirge). Zeitschrift fur geologische Wissenschaften 5: 167 - 185." type="journal article" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FEC9F9AEFD938235" author="Bartzsch K. &amp; Weyer D." box="[263,545,1598,1625]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="3 - 53" refId="ref110895" refString="Bartzsch K. &amp; Weyer D. 1982. Zur Stratigraphie des Untertournai (Gattendorfia - Stufe) von Saalfeld im Thuringischen Schiefergebirge. Abhandlungen und Berichte zur Naturkunde und Vorgeschichte 12: 3 - 53." type="journal article" year="1982">Bartzsch &amp; Weyer 1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FDE3F9AEFDDB8235" author="Bartzsch K. &amp; Weyer D." box="[557,617,1598,1624]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="147 - 152" refId="ref110932" refString="Bartzsch K. &amp; Weyer D. 1986. Biostratigraphie der Devon / Karbon-Grenze im Bohlen-Profil bei Saalfeld (Thuringen, DDR). Zeitschrift fur geologische Wissenschaften 14: 147 - 152." type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
), Upper Franconia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FC9DF9AEFB9C8235" author="Schindewolf O. H." box="[851,1070,1598,1624]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="393 - 509" refId="ref117178" refString="Schindewolf O. H. 1923. Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Palaozoikums in Oberfranken, Ostthuringen und dem Sachsischen Vogtlande. I. Stratigraphie und Ammoneenfauna des Oberdevons von Hof a. S. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie, Beilage-Band 49: 250 - 357, 393 - 509." type="journal article" year="1923">Schindewolf 1923</bibRefCitation>
; Korn 1994), Silesia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FAE2F9AEFF488211" author="Tietze E." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref117842" refString="Tietze E. 1869. Ueber die devonischen Schichten von Ebersdorf unweit Neurode in der Grafschaft Glatz. Geognostische Inaugual-Dissertation: 1 - 43." type="book chapter" year="1869">Tietze 1869</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FEC6F9F2FEF48211" author="Tietze E." box="[264,326,1634,1660]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="103 - 158" refId="ref117867" refString="Tietze E. 1870. Ueber die devonischen Schichten von Ebersdorf unweit Neurode in der Grafschaft Glatz. Palaeontographica 19: 103 - 158." type="journal article" year="1870">1870</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FE9AF9F2FE5A8210" author="Weyer D." box="[340,488,1634,1661]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="443 - 464" refId="ref118300" refString="Weyer D. 1965. Zur Ammonoideen-Fauna der Gattendorfia - Stufe von Dzikowiec (Ebersdorf) in Dolny Slask (Niederschlesien). Berichte der geologischen Gesellschaft der DDR 10: 443 - 464." type="journal article" year="1965">Weyer 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FE38F9F2FDC48211" author="Dzik J." box="[502,630,1634,1660]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="57 - 170" refId="ref112635" refString="Dzik J. 1997. Emergence and succession of Carboniferous conodont and ammonoid communities in the Polish part of the Variscan sea. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 42: 57 - 170." type="journal article" year="1997">Dzik 1997</bibRefCitation>
), Carnic Alps (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FCE0F9F2FC718211" author="Korn D." box="[814,963,1634,1660]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="7 - 19" refId="ref114290" refString="Korn D. 1992 b. Ammonoideen aus dem Devon / Karbon-Grenzprofil an der Grunen Schneid (Karnische Alpen, Osterreich). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 135: 7 - 19." type="journal article" year="1992">Korn 1992b</bibRefCitation>
), Montagne Noire (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FB60F9F2FF4F82CD" author="Becker R. T. &amp; Weyer D." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="11 - 36" refId="ref111430" refString="Becker R. T. &amp; Weyer D. 2004. Bartzschiceras n. gen. (Ammonoidea) from the Lower Tournaisian of Southern France. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Palaontologischen Institut der Universitat Hamburg 88: 11 - 36." type="journal article" year="2004">Becker &amp; Weyer 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FEC7F916FE5B82CD" author="Korn D. &amp; Feist R." box="[265,489,1670,1696]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="99 - 124" refId="ref114786" refString="Korn D. &amp; Feist R. 2007. Early Carboniferous ammonoid faunas and stratigraphy of the Montagne Noire (France). Fossil Record 10: 99 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.5194 / fr- 10 - 99 - 2007" type="journal article" year="2007">Korn &amp; Feist 2007</bibRefCitation>
), Anti-Atlas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FD4AF916FCB582CD" author="Korn D." box="[644,775,1670,1696]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="147 - 179" refId="ref114545" refString="Korn D. 1999. Famennian Ammonoid Stratigraphy of the Ma'der and Tafilalt (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 54: 147 - 179." type="journal article" year="1999">Korn 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Korn
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FC99F917FC2382CD" box="[855,913,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2004;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FC2CF916FAC082CD" author="Bockwinkel J. &amp; Ebbighausen V." box="[994,1394,1670,1696]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="87 - 129" refId="ref112039" refString="Bockwinkel J. &amp; Ebbighausen V. 2006. A new ammonoid fauna from the Gattendorfia - Eocanites Genozone of the Anti-Atlas (Early Carboniferous; Morocco). Fossil Record 9: 87 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.5194 / fr- 9 - 87 - 2006" type="journal article" year="2006">Bockwinkel &amp; Ebbighausen 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FF73F93AFDB382A9" author="Ebbighausen V. &amp; Korn D." box="[189,513,1706,1732]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="9 - 41" refId="ref112714" refString="Ebbighausen V. &amp; Korn D. 2007. Conch geometry and ontogenetic trajectories in the triangularly coiled Late Devonian ammonoid Wocklumeria and related genera. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 244: 9 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0077 - 7749 / 2007 / 0244 - 0009" type="journal article" year="2007">Ebbighausen &amp; Korn 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FDC1F93AFD5E82A9" author="Becker R. T. &amp; Hartenfels S. &amp; Aboussalam Z. S." box="[527,748,1706,1732]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="109 - 120" refId="ref111670" refString="Becker R. T., Hartenfels S. &amp; Aboussalam Z. S. 2013. The Devonian - Carboniferous boundary at Lalla Mimouna (northern Maider) - a progress report. In: Becker R. T., El Hassani A. &amp; Tahiri A. (eds) International Field Symposium &quot; The Devonian and Lower Carboniferous of northern Gondwana &quot; Field-Guidebook: 109 - 120. Document de l'Institut scientifique, Rabat N ° 27, Rabat." type="journal article" year="2013">
Becker
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FDA5F93AFD1582A9" box="[619,679,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
), Gourara in
<collectingCountry id="F354AD92CA258563FC42F93AFC5682A9" box="[908,996,1706,1732]" name="Algeria" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Algeria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FC39F93AFAAE82A9" author="Ebbighausen V. &amp; Bockwinkel J. &amp; Korn D. &amp; Weyer D." box="[1015,1308,1706,1732]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="133 - 152" refId="ref112772" refString="Ebbighausen V., Bockwinkel J., Korn D. &amp; Weyer D. 2004. Early Tournaisian ammonoids from Timimoun (Gourara, Algeria). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe 7: 133 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmng. 4860070107" type="journal article" year="2004">
Ebbighausen
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FB56F93AFB6682A9" box="[1176,1236,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
), South Urals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FEC1F95DFE618285" author="Balashova E. A." box="[271,467,1741,1768]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="189 - 202" refId="ref110814" refString="Balashova E. A. 1953. Goniatity karbona Ber-Chogura. Ezhegodnik Vsesoyuznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva 14: 189 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.1097 / 00000542 - 195303000 - 00011" type="journal article" year="1953">Balashova 1953</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FE2CF95DFD678285" author="Barskov I. S. &amp; Simakov K. V. &amp; Alekseev A. S." box="[482,725,1741,1768]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="207 - 230" refId="ref110849" refString="Barskov I. S., Simakov K. V. &amp; Alekseev A. S. 1984. Devonian - Carboniferous transitional deposits of the Berchogur section, Mugozhary, USSR (Preliminary report). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 67: 207 - 230." type="journal article" year="1984">
Barskov
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FD81F95EFD3E828A" box="[591,652,1741,1767]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
1984
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FD2AF95DFCCD8285" author="Kusina L. F." box="[740,895,1741,1768]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref115924" refString="Kusina L. F. 1985. K revizii roda Imitoceras (Ammonoidea). Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal 1985: 35 - 48." type="journal article" year="1985">Kusina 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FC40F95DFBE28285" author="Nikolaeva S. V." box="[910,1104,1741,1768]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="464 - 476" refId="ref116567" refString="Nikolaeva S. V. 2020. New Ammonoids from the Devonian - Carboniferous Boundary Beds in Berchogur (Western Kazakhstan). Paleontological Journal 54: 464 - 476. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 003103012005010 X" type="journal article" year="2020">Nikolaeva 2020</bibRefCitation>
), Karaganda (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FB37F95DFF4B8361" author="Librovitch L. S." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 395" refId="ref116035" refString="Librovitch L. S. 1940. Ammonoidea iz kamennougolnykh otlozheniy Severnogo Kazakhstana. Paleontologiya SSSR 4: 1 - 395." type="journal article" year="1940">Librovitch 1940</bibRefCitation>
), Guizhou (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FE46F962FDD08361" author="Sun Y. &amp; Shen Y." box="[392,610,1777,1804]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="33 - 100" refId="ref117793" refString="Sun Y. &amp; Shen Y. 1965. On the late Upper Devonian ammonite fauna of the Wocklumeria beds of south Kweichow and its stratigraphical significance. Professional Papers of the Academy of Geological Science, Ministry of Geology, section B 1: 33 - 100." type="journal article" year="1965">Sun &amp; Shen 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FDBEF962FD478361" author="Ruan Y." box="[624,757,1778,1804]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 152" refId="ref116988" refString="Ruan Y. 1981. Devonian and earliest Carboniferous Ammonoids from Guangxi and Guizhou. Memoires of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica 15: 1 - 152." type="journal article" year="1981">Ruan 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FCCDF961FC238361" author="Sheng H." box="[771,913,1777,1804]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="108 - 119" refId="ref117653" refString="Sheng H. 1989. Ammonoids. In: Ji Q. (ed.) The Dapoushang Section: 108 - 119. Science Press, Beijing." type="book chapter" year="1989">Sheng 1989</bibRefCitation>
), questionably also Missouri (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FB35F961FEEF8342" author="Furnish W. M. &amp; Manger W. L." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="15 - 24" refId="ref112851" refString="Furnish W. M. &amp; Manger W. L. 1973. Type Kinderhook Ammonoids. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 80: 15 - 24." type="journal article" year="1973">Furnish &amp; Manger 1973</bibRefCitation>
) and Illinois (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FDCFF885FD3C8342" author="Smith J. P." box="[513,654,1813,1839]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 211" refId="ref117682" refString="Smith J. P. 1903. The Carboniferous Ammonoids of America. Monographs of the U. S. Geological Survey 42: 1 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13899" type="journal article" year="1903">Smith 1903</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FD55F885FC70835D" author="Miller A. K. &amp; Collinson C." box="[667,962,1813,1840]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="454 - 487" refId="ref116164" refString="Miller A. K. &amp; Collinson C. 1951. Lower Mississippian ammonoids of Missouri. Journal of Paleontology 25: 454 - 487." type="journal article" year="1951">Miller &amp; Collinson 1951</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359BE89CA258562FF73F8C7FC388612" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258563FF73F8C7FE9D831C" blockId="44.[189,303,1879,1905]" box="[189,303,1879,1905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<heading id="D0B45A6ECA258563FF73F8C7FE9D831C" bold="true" box="[189,303,1879,1905]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA258563FF73F8C7FE9D831C" bold="true" box="[189,303,1879,1905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFCED02CA258562FF73F817FC388612" blockId="44.[189,1399,1926,2025]" lastBlockId="45.[187,1400,265,639]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
In the revision of the Treatise,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA258563FDFAF816FCB383CC" author="Kullmann J." box="[564,769,1926,1953]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="2 - 10" refId="ref115865" refString="Kullmann J. 2009. Prionoceratoidea, In: Seldon P. A. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part L. Mollusca 4 Revised. Volume 2: Carboniferous and Permian Ammonoidea (Goniatitida and Prolecanitida): 2 - 10. The University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book chapter" year="2009">Kullmann (2009)</bibRefCitation>
applied a very conservative concept with respect to the subdivision of the Early Carboniferous prionoceratid ammonoids; he did not accept the subfamilies
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FF73F85EFE138385" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[189,417,1998,2024]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="44" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FE77F85EFDD08385" authorityName="Ruzhencev" authorityYear="1950" box="[441,610,1998,2024]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="44" pageNumber="107" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Imitoceratinae">Imitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA258563FD78F85EFC948385" box="[694,806,1998,2024]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Balviinae">Balviinae</taxonomicName>
as valid. Instead, he merged the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FF73FE99FE2C854E" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[189,414,265,291]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
with the family
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FD91FE99FCA7854E" authorityName="Bartzsch &amp; Weyer" authorityYear="1987" box="[607,789,265,291]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Gattendorfiidae</taxonomicName>
without accepting subfamilies. This means that two rather well-separable ammonoid groups were lumped: on one side the conservative clade with forms that close the umbilicus in the adult stage (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FCC4FEDFFC0E8504" authorityName="Librovitch" authorityYear="1957" box="[778,956,335,361]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Acutimitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FCC4FEDFFC0E8504" box="[778,956,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Acutimitoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FC03FEDFFBEB8504" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1996" box="[973,1113,335,361]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" genus="Stockumites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FC03FEDFFBEB8504" box="[973,1113,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stockumites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FBA5FEC0FAA28504" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1993" box="[1131,1296,336,361]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Nicimitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FBA5FEC0FAA28504" box="[1131,1296,336,361]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Nicimitoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and on the other side those forms in which the umbilicus stays open in the adult stage (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FB17FEE1FADD85E6" box="[1241,1391,369,395]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Gattendorfia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FB17FEE1FADD85E6" box="[1241,1391,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Gattendorfia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FF73FE04FE8285C3" authorityName="Bockwinkel &amp; Ebbighausen" authorityYear="2006" box="[189,304,404,430]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Weyerella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FF73FE04FE8285C3" box="[189,304,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Weyerella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The concept of
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA248562FDC9FE04FD6185C3" author="Kullmann J." box="[519,723,404,430]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="2 - 10" refId="ref115865" refString="Kullmann J. 2009. Prionoceratoidea, In: Seldon P. A. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part L. Mollusca 4 Revised. Volume 2: Carboniferous and Permian Ammonoidea (Goniatitida and Prolecanitida): 2 - 10. The University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book chapter" year="2009">Kullmann (2009)</bibRefCitation>
is also remarkable because he put the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FB35FE05FACA85C3" box="[1275,1400,405,430]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" genus="Imitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FB35FE05FACA85C3" box="[1275,1400,405,430]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Imitoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FF3EFE28FED885BC" authorityName="Ruzhencev" authorityYear="1947" box="[240,362,440,465]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" genus="Irinoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FF3EFE28FED885BC" box="[240,362,440,465]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Irinoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FE0EFE27FDC985BC" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1884" box="[448,635,439,465]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Prionoceratidae</taxonomicName>
, despite of their close morphological similarity, in conch shape, ontogenetic development and suture line, with
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FD19FE4AFCCE859E" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1993" box="[727,892,474,499]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Nicimitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FD19FE4AFCCE859E" box="[727,892,474,499]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Nicimitoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which rather speaks for close phylogenetic relationships with that genus. As
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA248562FD97FE6CFBB5867B" author="Bockwinkel J. &amp; Ebbighausen V." box="[601,1031,508,534]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="87 - 129" refId="ref112039" refString="Bockwinkel J. &amp; Ebbighausen V. 2006. A new ammonoid fauna from the Gattendorfia - Eocanites Genozone of the Anti-Atlas (Early Carboniferous; Morocco). Fossil Record 9: 87 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.5194 / fr- 9 - 87 - 2006" type="journal article" year="2006">Bockwinkel &amp; Ebbighausen (2006)</bibRefCitation>
have shown in their study of Early Tournaisian assemblages from
<collectingCountry id="F354AD92CA248562FDBEFD8FFD6F8654" box="[624,733,543,569]" name="Morocco" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, early representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FBCCFDB0FBCD8654" box="[1026,1151,544,569]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" genus="Imitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FBCCFDB0FBCD8654" box="[1026,1151,544,569]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Imitoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can easily be related to genera of the
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FE46FDD1FDDB8636" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1994" box="[392,617,577,603]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitina" pageId="45" pageNumber="116" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acutimitoceratinae">Acutimitoceratinae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FD77FDD2FCEC8636" authorityName="Korn" authorityYear="1993" box="[697,862,578,603]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gattendorfiidae" genus="Nicimitoceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9373110CA248562FD77FDD2FCEC8636" box="[697,862,578,603]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Nicimitoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The family
<taxonomicName id="4C439681CA248562FBC6FDD1FB728636" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1884" box="[1032,1216,577,603]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Prionoceratidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Goniatitida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Prionoceratidae</taxonomicName>
as outlined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD290F3CA248562FF73FDF4FE3A8613" author="Kullmann J." box="[189,392,612,638]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="2 - 10" refId="ref115865" refString="Kullmann J. 2009. Prionoceratoidea, In: Seldon P. A. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part L. Mollusca 4 Revised. Volume 2: Carboniferous and Permian Ammonoidea (Goniatitida and Prolecanitida): 2 - 10. The University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book chapter" year="2009">Kullmann (2009)</bibRefCitation>
is thus most probably a polyphyletic taxon.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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