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<document id="5284290B51B0700F5E05ECFB57F9EC20" ID-CLB-Dataset="6402" ID-DOI="10.5252/g2013n4a5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fbfe438c-1eae-40cb-b56f-ff8167b283c2" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538200" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613149818085" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Boessenecker, Robert W." docDate="2013" docId="03E7DD69FFD98656244B7F34FCEB3D9B" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.35.4.815-940.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 35 (4)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2013n4a5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F8AA0CB5AB58FB1C1EB3E4696C1B2D36.3:Geodiversitas.2013-2014.journal_article" docStyleId="F8AA0CB5AB58FB1C1EB3E4696C1B2D36" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2013-2014.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Dusignathus Kellogg 1927" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="826" masterDocId="FFDEA511FFD0865D27477C65FF9B3B38" masterDocTitle="A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans" masterLastPageNumber="940" masterPageNumber="815" pageNumber="824" updateTime="1698929391291" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="FF8E3115589D600BEA0E3EC38F6E8FD7">A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3847A65A161299BC11BBA6F3F4A8D754">Boessenecker, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03E7DD69FFD98656244B7F34FCEB3D9B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4818508" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182400948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4818508" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E7DD69FFD98656244B7F34FCEB3D9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFD98656244B7F34FCEB3D9B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="826" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFD98654244B7F34FBC93853" box="[780,1106,849,876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="824" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFD98654244B7F34FBC93853" blockId="9.[780,1106,849,876]" box="[780,1106,849,876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">
<heading id="D0B9DB13FFD98654244B7F34FBC93853" box="[780,1106,849,876]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="824" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFD98654244B7F34FC0F3854" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1927" box="[780,916,849,876]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="824" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFD98654244B7F34FC0F3854" bold="true" box="[780,916,849,876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">Dusignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., cf.
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFD9865424AE7F37FBC93853" bold="true" box="[1001,1106,849,876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFD9865425E27FEEFBC53F34" pageId="9" pageNumber="824" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFD9865425E27FEEFBC53F34" blockId="9.[675,1211,906,1036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">
REFERRED MATERIAL. — VMS 2, a complete right radius; UCMP 219005, a partial right radius, UCMP 219006, a partial atlas, and UCMP 219001, a partial cervical vertebra, collected by R.W. Boessenecker and C. Dailey from UCMP localities
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFD9865424C27F91FC4E3F34" box="[901,981,1012,1036]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99834" pageId="9" pageNumber="824" type="EnaNcbi">V99834</accessionNumber>
and
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFD9865423417F91FBC23F34" box="[1030,1113,1012,1036]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99848" pageId="9" pageNumber="824" type="EnaNcbi">V99848</accessionNumber>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFD9865625E27840FE903955" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="826" pageId="9" pageNumber="824" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFD9865425E27840FCC73FB3" blockId="9.[675,1209,1060,1163]" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">
STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle and upper parts of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early to Late Pliocene (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFD9865424CF783CFC0C3F48" box="[904,919,1113,1136]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">c.</emphasis>
5-2.5 Ma, Zanclean-Gelasian equivalent;
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFD9865424517816FCCB3FB3" box="[790,848,1139,1163]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionTargetBox="[761,1205,215,1066]" captionTargetId="figure-149@6.[759,1205,592,972]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stratigraphy of the Purisima Formation: A, Stratigraphic column of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation (in meters), showing stratigraphic position of UCMP vertebrate localities, dated ash beds, diatom floras, and species of Carcharodon; thickness measurements start over above missing section in uppermost part due lack of overlapping strata; epoch and stage boundaries marked as &quot;?&quot; are estimated; modified from Boessenecker (2011a); Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary after Hilgen et al. (2012); B, photograph of 3-4 m thick ash within Purisima Formation at mouth of San Gregorio Creek correlated with 2.5 Ma Ishi Tuff (Powell et al.2007); C, trace fossils in pervasively bioturbated sandstone,Purisima Formation,mouth of San Gregorio Creek; D, swaley cross-stratified sandstone, mouth of San Gregorio Creek. Abbreviations: Qt, Pleistocene terrace deposits; Tp, Purisima Formation; C, claystone; St, siltstone; Ss, sandstone. Scale bars: A, 2 m; B, C, 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538204" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538204/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFD9865425E278CBFCAE3FFE" blockId="9.[675,1212,1198,1700]" box="[677,821,1198,1224]" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFD9865725E278ABFE103D9C" blockId="9.[675,1212,1198,1700]" lastBlockId="10.[112,648,1229,1700]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="825" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">
Ŋese specimens are all relatively large in comparison to the otariid specimens described below. Ŋe radii (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFD9865424597968FCFE3E1F" box="[798,869,1293,1319]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[113,124,1125,1143]" captionTargetBox="[169,1202,214,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-263@10.[579,1044,600,984]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Radii of Dusignathus sp., cf. D. seftoni: A, VMS 2, right radius in lateral view; B, VMS 2, medial view;C, UCMP 219005, fragment of right radius, in lateral view; D, UCMP 219005 in medial view; E, UCMP 219005 in distal view. Scale bar: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538211" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538211/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) are at least twice the size of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFD9865425E07948FCBF3E7F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[679,804,1325,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Otariidae" genus="Callorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="824" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFD9865425E07948FCBF3E7F" box="[679,804,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">Callorhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFD9865424387948FC633E7F" authorityName="Berta &amp; Demere" authorityYear="1986" box="[895,1016,1325,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Otariidae" genus="Callorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="824" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFD9865424387948FC633E7F" box="[895,1016,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="824">C. gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Ŋe description is primarily based on VMS 2; however, the distal end of VMS 2 is poorly preserved, and the description of the distal end is based instead upon UCMP 219005. Ŋe radii are relatively straight and transversely flattened. Although damaged, the radial head bears an expanded and concave proximal articular surface. Ŋe shaft is proximally cylindrical, and distally becomes anteroposteriorly expanded near the pronator teres process. Ŋe pronator teres process is positioned just slightly proximal to the midpoint of the radius, and occurs as an angle on the anterior margin of the radius (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFDA8657273E7888FF543E3F" box="[121,207,1261,1287]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[113,124,1125,1143]" captionTargetBox="[169,1202,214,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-263@10.[579,1044,600,984]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Radii of Dusignathus sp., cf. D. seftoni: A, VMS 2, right radius in lateral view; B, VMS 2, medial view;C, UCMP 219005, fragment of right radius, in lateral view; D, UCMP 219005 in medial view; E, UCMP 219005 in distal view. Scale bar: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538211" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538211/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
); the lateral surface of the pronator teres process is slightly rugose. Ŋe distal end is massive, transversely thicker, and anteroposteriorly deeper than the proximal shaft. Although the radial process is damaged in VMS 2, in UCMP 219005 it is transversely robust, distally directed, and extends nearly to the level of the distal scapholunar articulation surface (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFDA8657261079AEFE4D3EDE" box="[343,470,1483,1510]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[113,124,1125,1143]" captionTargetBox="[169,1202,214,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-263@10.[579,1044,600,984]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Radii of Dusignathus sp., cf. D. seftoni: A, VMS 2, right radius in lateral view; B, VMS 2, medial view;C, UCMP 219005, fragment of right radius, in lateral view; D, UCMP 219005 in medial view; E, UCMP 219005 in distal view. Scale bar: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538211" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538211/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
). Ŋe supinator longus insertion is present as a small knob. Ŋe scapholunar articulation of UCMP 219005 is deeply concave and oval in distal aspect, with a prominent styloid process. Ŋe medial surface of the shaft is shallowly concave, while the lateral surface is slightly convex.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF313CF7FFDA865727367800FBDC3FB6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538211" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538211" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538211/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="825" startId="10.[113,124,1125,1143]" targetBox="[169,1202,214,1085]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFDA865727367800FBDC3FB6" blockId="10.[113,1210,1125,1166]" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">
FIG. 4. — Radii of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDA865726447800FEF13F4F" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1927" box="[259,362,1125,1143]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDA865726447800FEF13F4F" box="[259,362,1125,1143]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">Dusignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDA865726EC7800FE623F4F" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[427,505,1125,1143]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDA865726EC7800FE623F4F" box="[427,505,1125,1143]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDA865725447800FD8B3F4F" bold="true" box="[515,528,1125,1143]" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">A</emphasis>
, VMS 2, right radius in lateral view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDA865724737800FCDA3F4F" bold="true" box="[820,833,1125,1143]" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">B</emphasis>
, VMS 2, medial view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDA865724B17800FB9F3F4F" bold="true" box="[1014,1028,1125,1143]" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">C</emphasis>
, UCMP 219005, fragment of right radius, in lateral view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDA865726DD7819FE333FB6" bold="true" box="[410,424,1148,1166]" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">D</emphasis>
, UCMP 219005 in medial view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDA865725F57819FD253FB6" bold="true" box="[690,702,1148,1166]" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">E</emphasis>
, UCMP 219005 in distal view. Scale bar: 3 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFDA865725FC78A8FBEB3D9B" blockId="10.[675,1212,1229,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">
Nearly the complete left side of the atlas (UCMP 219006) is preserved (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFDA865724CC7888FC533E30" box="[907,968,1261,1288]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[113,124,892,910]" captionTargetBox="[148,1179,210,854]" captionTargetId="figure-374@12.[518,899,243,580]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Vertebrae of Dusignathus sp., cf. D. seftoni: A, UCMP 219006, fragment of left side of atlas in posterior view; B, UCMP 219006 in anterior view; C, UCMP 219006 in dorsal view; D, UCMP 219001,partial cervical vertebra in anterior view;E, UCMP 219001 in lateral view. Scale bar: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538213/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="825">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A-C). Anteriorly, there is a large, concave, and crescentic articular surface for the left occipital condyle. Ŋe neural canal would have been large and circular. Ŋe neural arch is anteroposteriorly broad and dorsally bears a small, transversely oriented foramen. Ŋe posterior articular surface is flat, small, oval, and positioned laterally to the neural canal. Ŋe transverse process is large, positioned at the middle of the centrum, and in dorsal aspect, is triangular and dorsally flat and shelf-like. A large, circular, transverse foramen perforates the transverse process. Ŋe ventral root of the transverse process is cylindrical, and the ventral arch of the centrum is curved and bar-like.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFDB865627CF7CBDFDAB3917" blockId="11.[111,649,216,559]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">
UCMP 219001 is a partial cervical vertebra with a rectangular articular surface of body (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFDB865625417C92FDE13A2A" box="[518,634,247,274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[113,124,892,910]" captionTargetBox="[148,1179,210,854]" captionTargetId="figure-374@12.[518,899,243,580]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Vertebrae of Dusignathus sp., cf. D. seftoni: A, UCMP 219006, fragment of left side of atlas in posterior view; B, UCMP 219006 in anterior view; C, UCMP 219006 in dorsal view; D, UCMP 219001,partial cervical vertebra in anterior view;E, UCMP 219001 in lateral view. Scale bar: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538213/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Fig. 5D, E</figureCitation>
). In lateral aspect, the anterior and posterior articular surfaces are vertically oriented and parallel, but the body of the centrum is oriented anterodorsally so that the anterior face is dorsally higher than the posterior face. Ŋe ventral surface of the neural canal is nearly flat, and rectangular in dorsal aspect. Ŋe transverse process is broken, but ventrolaterally projecting, tabular, and massive; a circular transverse foramen perforates the transverse process.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFDB865627367E30FE903955" blockId="11.[111,649,597,1700]" box="[113,267,597,623]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">COMPARISONS</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFDB865627367E11FCEB3D9B" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFDB865627367E11FE873D7D" blockId="11.[111,649,597,1700]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">
Ŋese specimens exhibit one odobenid synapomorphy, an expanded distal end of the radius with an enlarged and distally projected radial process (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB8656273D7EB6FE8139D5" author="DEMERE T. A." box="[122,282,723,749]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="99 - 123" refId="ref67406" refString="DEMERE T. A. 1994 a. - Ne family Odobenidae: a phylogenetic analysis of fossil and living taxa. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 29: 99 - 123." type="journal article" year="1994">Deméré 1994a</bibRefCitation>
); this feature is damaged in VMS 2, but clearly preserved in UCMP 219005. Ŋese new specimens are similar to radii referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB8656254F7F77FE9A3874" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1927" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santacruzensis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB8656254F7F77FE9A3874" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Dusignathus santacruzensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB865626617F57FDF93874" author="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." box="[294,610,818,844]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref74735" refString="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 1977. - Otarioid seals of the Neogene. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 992: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1977">Repenning &amp; Tedford (1977)</bibRefCitation>
, although radii of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865626577F37FE273853" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1927" box="[272,444,850,875]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santacruzensis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865626577F37FE273853" box="[272,444,850,875]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. santacruzensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB865626AB7F34FD183853" author="MITCHELL E. D." box="[492,643,849,875]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref72181" refString="MITCHELL E. D. 1962. - A walrus and a sea lion from the Pliocene Purisima Formation at Santa Cruz, California; with remarks on the type locality and geologic age of the sea lion Dusignathus santacruzensis Kellogg. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 44: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1962">Mitchell 1962</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3; and
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB865627AE7F14FD8738B3" author="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." box="[233,540,881,907]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref74735" refString="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 1977. - Otarioid seals of the Neogene. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 992: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1977">Repenning &amp; Tedford 1977</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 16.5) are typically more robust and transversely wider than the San Gregorio specimens and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865625407FD5FEC038D2" authority="Demere, 1994" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865625407FD5FF2938D2" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Dusignathus seftoni</emphasis>
Deméré, 1994
</taxonomicName>
. Ŋese Purisima Formation specimens share a transversely compressed crosssection with
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865627BF7875FEC13F12" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[248,346,1040,1066]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865627BF7875FEC13F12" box="[248,346,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both radii can be separated from the larger dusignathine
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865626EF784AFDA93F71" authorityName="Barnes &amp; Raschke" authorityYear="1991" box="[424,562,1071,1097]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Gomphotaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865626EF784AFDA93F71" box="[424,562,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Gomphotaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their much smaller size and more prominent pronator teres process (on VMS 2). UCMP 219005 and VMS 2 differ from radii of the “toothless” odobenine
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB8656278478CBFDFC3FF0" authority="Demere, 1994" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[195,615,1198,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Valenictus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chulavistensis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB8656278478CBFE243FF0" box="[195,447,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Valenictus chulavistensis</emphasis>
Deméré,
<quantity id="4CB6C19AFFDB8656256878CBFDFC3FF0" box="[559,615,1198,1224]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.06476" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" unit="in" value="1994.0">1994</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in being transversely flattened and lacking a pachyosteosclerotic bone histology in broken cross-section (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB865627317968FE8C3E10" author="DEMERE T. A." box="[118,279,1293,1320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="77 - 98" refId="ref67443" refString="DEMERE T. A. 1994 b. - Two new species of fossil walruses (Pinnipedia: Odobenidae) from the Upper Pliocene San Diego Formation, California. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 29: 77 - 98." type="journal article" year="1994">Deméré 1994b</bibRefCitation>
). Ŋey further differ from
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865625677968FD1F3E1F" box="[544,644,1293,1319]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Valenictus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865625677968FD1F3E1F" box="[544,644,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Valenictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other odobenine walruses such as
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865625407948FEE53E5E" authority="Repenning &amp; Tedford, 1977" authorityName="Repenning &amp; Tedford" authorityYear="1977" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Aivukus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865625407948FDC03E7F" box="[519,603,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Aivukus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB865625267948FEE53E5E" author="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref74735" refString="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 1977. - Otarioid seals of the Neogene. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 992: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1977">Repenning &amp;Tedford, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865626CF7929FD193E5E" authority="Brisson, 1762" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[392,642,1356,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Odobenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865626CF7929FE773E5E" box="[392,492,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Odobenus</emphasis>
Brisson, 1762
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865627E67909FE393EBE" authority="Kellogg, 1921" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1921" box="[161,418,1388,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Pliopedia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865627E67909FE993EBE" box="[161,258,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Pliopedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB8656264D7909FE393EBE" author="KELLOGG R." box="[266,418,1388,1414]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="212 - 226" refId="ref70349" refString="KELLOGG R. 1921. - A new pinniped from the Upper Pliocene of California. Journal of Mammalogy 2: 212 - 226." type="journal article" year="1921">
Kellogg,
<quantity id="4CB6C19AFFDB8656262D7909FE393EBE" box="[362,418,1388,1414]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.87934" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" unit="in" value="1921.0">1921</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in exhibiting a more prominent pronator teres process (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB865626A879E9FE963EFD" author="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref74735" refString="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 1977. - Otarioid seals of the Neogene. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 992: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1977">Repenning &amp; Tedford 1977</bibRefCitation>
), and having an anteroposteriorly deeper shaft. Furthermore, the similarity of the radii to
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB8656278F798EFEB73D3D" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[200,300,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB8656278F798EFEB73D3D" box="[200,300,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than to
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB86562695798EFD1D3D3C" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1927" box="[466,646,1515,1540]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santacruzensis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB86562695798EFD1D3D3C" box="[466,646,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. santacruzensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or any other dusignathine suggests tentative referral to
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865627F67A4EFE8E3D7C" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[177,277,1578,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865627F67A4EFE8E3D7C" box="[177,277,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFDB865627CF7A2FFCA839F5" blockId="11.[111,649,597,1700]" lastBlockId="11.[675,1211,216,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">
Ŋe cervical vertebra can be referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865625607A2EFF073DBB" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1927" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865625607A2EFF073DBB" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Dusignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to the similarity with those of SDNHM 905000, a partial skeleton of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865626FF7AEFFD853D9B" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[440,542,1673,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865626FF7AEFFD853D9B" box="[440,542,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the San Diego Formation. Ŋe atlas (UCMP 219006) exhibits pointed and triangular transverse processes that are laterally (not dorsolaterally) oriented, unlike the atlas of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB8656241B7D5DFB933A69" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[860,1032,311,337]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Valenictus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chulavistensis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB8656241B7D5DFB933A69" box="[860,1032,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">V. chulavistensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only other odobenid from the San Diego Formation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB865623237D32FD743AA9" author="DEMERE T. A." pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="77 - 98" refId="ref67443" refString="DEMERE T. A. 1994 b. - Two new species of fossil walruses (Pinnipedia: Odobenidae) from the Upper Pliocene San Diego Formation, California. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 29: 77 - 98." type="journal article" year="1994">Deméré 1994b</bibRefCitation>
). Neither vertebra is pachyosteosclerotic as in
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865625987DF3FCD13A88" box="[735,842,406,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Valenictus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865625987DF3FCD13A88" box="[735,842,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Valenictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although these vertebrae cannot be compared to the latest Miocene to Early Pliocene odobenine
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB8656241D7DB0FB213AD7" authority="Kellogg, 1921" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1921" box="[858,1210,469,495]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Pliopedia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB8656241D7DB0FB8E3AD7" box="[858,1045,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Pliopedia pacifica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB8656235A7DB0FB213AD7" author="KELLOGG R." box="[1053,1210,469,495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="212 - 226" refId="ref70349" refString="KELLOGG R. 1921. - A new pinniped from the Upper Pliocene of California. Journal of Mammalogy 2: 212 - 226." type="journal article" year="1921">Kellogg, 1921</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(only known from a weathered braincase and appendicular elements),
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865624FC7E70FBBB3917" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1921" box="[955,1056,533,559]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Pliopedia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865624FC7E70FBBB3917" box="[955,1056,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Pliopedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been found in Piacenzian or Gelasian equivalent strata (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB865625EB7E31FC7F3956" author="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." box="[684,996,596,622]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref74735" refString="REPENNING C. A. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 1977. - Otarioid seals of the Neogene. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 992: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1977">Repenning &amp; Tedford 1977</bibRefCitation>
), and the similarity to
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865625857E11FCB339B6" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[706,808,628,654]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865625857E11FCB339B6" box="[706,808,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and clear separation from
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865623097E11FB2239B6" box="[1102,1209,628,654]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Valenictus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865623097E11FB2239B6" box="[1102,1209,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Valenictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggests tentative referral of these vertebrae to
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865625E07ED6FCA839F5" box="[679,819,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865625E07ED6FCB439F5" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1927" box="[679,815,691,717]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dusignathus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFDB865625E27E96FC923833" blockId="11.[675,1212,755,1699]" box="[677,777,755,781]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFDB865625E27F77FCEB3D9B" blockId="11.[675,1212,755,1699]" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">
Ŋe only postcranial element originally referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB8656258F7F56FCA73874" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[712,828,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB8656258F7F56FCA73874" box="[712,828,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was an isolated humerus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFDB865623CC7F57FCAA3854" author="DEMERE T. A." pageId="11" pageNumber="826" pagination="77 - 98" refId="ref67443" refString="DEMERE T. A. 1994 b. - Two new species of fossil walruses (Pinnipedia: Odobenidae) from the Upper Pliocene San Diego Formation, California. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 29: 77 - 98." type="journal article" year="1994">Demere 1994b</bibRefCitation>
). New cranial and postcranial fossils of this taxon have emerged and are present in SDNHM collections. Ŋe radii described here compare best with SDNHM 92134, an isolated undescribed radius of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865624ED7FB4FB8D38D2" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[938,1046,976,1002]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865624ED7FB4FB8D38D2" box="[938,1046,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the San Diego Formation. Ŋese specimens tentatively extend the geographic range of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB8656235F7875FB193F12" authorityName="Demere" authorityYear="1994" box="[1048,1154,1040,1066]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Dusignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seftoni">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB8656235F7875FB193F12" box="[1048,1154,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">D. seftoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into Northern
<collectingRegion id="498AA29DFFDB86562450784AFC103F71" box="[791,907,1071,1097]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">California</collectingRegion>
, although more diagnostic remains of Pliocene walruses from this region are necessary for further evaluation. Although fossils of odobenine walruses are absent from the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, odobenine specimens are known from the Pliocene part of the Santa Cruz section including partial tusks (Odobeninae indet., UCMP 190024), a partial femur (cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865624197948FC5C3E7F" box="[862,967,1325,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Valenictus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865624197948FC5C3E7F" box="[862,967,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Valenictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., SCMNH 21366), and a complete skull (cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865624867929FBB63E5E" box="[961,1069,1356,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Valenictus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865624867929FBB63E5E" box="[961,1069,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Valenictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., UCMP 219091) Although fragmentary, these specimens (in concert with those of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB865624EA79E9FBBC3E9E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[941,1063,1420,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Otariidae" genus="Callorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB865624EA79E9FBBC3E9E" box="[941,1063,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">Callorhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFDB8656233F79E9FD7B3EFD" authorityName="Berta &amp; Demere" authorityYear="1986" class="Mammalia" family="Otariidae" genus="Callorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFDB8656233F79E9FD7B3EFD" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="826">C. gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) document a change from the Late Miocene pinniped assemblage from slightly older horizons of the Purisima Formation (e.g., UCMP localities
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFDB865625897A6FFCB03D1D" box="[718,811,1546,1573]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99875" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" type="EnaNcbi">V99875</accessionNumber>
,
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFDB865624737A6FFC0A3D1C" box="[820,913,1546,1572]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99876" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" type="EnaNcbi">V99876</accessionNumber>
,
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFDB865624DC7A6EFC6C3D1D" box="[923,1015,1547,1573]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99877" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" type="EnaNcbi">V99877</accessionNumber>
,
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFDB865623467A6EFBC53D1D" box="[1025,1118,1547,1573]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V90042" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" type="EnaNcbi">V90042</accessionNumber>
, V6875, lowermost
<quantity id="4CB6C19AFFDB8656245A7A4FFCC33D7D" box="[797,856,1578,1605]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="826" unit="m" value="75.0">75 m</quantity>
of the Santa Cruz section of the Purisima Formation, Messinian equivalent) to a Pliocene assemblage similar to that of the San Diego Formation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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