1932 lines
278 KiB
XML
1932 lines
278 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5675CEBD2E4F401CFAE6A09073C15BB9">A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A7B2FC0BB80111BEB6A6E224A9DEA084">Boessenecker, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E27F6683E55AAA435E481CA7B1049790">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="39C4FAB19E86B5F65C0127EE33A3B3F2">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E7DD69FFC5867B2466798FFE2E3F51" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4818610" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182400955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4818610" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E7DD69FFC5867B2466798FFE2E3F51" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FFC5867B2466798FFE2E3F51" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="852" pageId="21" pageNumber="836">
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<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFC586482466798FFBA63D3D" box="[801,1085,1514,1541]" pageId="21" pageNumber="836" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC586482466798FFBA63D3D" blockId="21.[801,1085,1514,1573]" box="[801,1085,1514,1541]" pageId="21" pageNumber="836">
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<heading id="D0B9DB13FFC586482466798FFBA63D3D" box="[801,1085,1514,1541]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="836" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC586482466798FFB8C3D3D" ID-CoL="37H3" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[801,1047,1514,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC586482466798FFC613D3D" bold="true" box="[801,1018,1514,1541]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="836">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFC586482345798EFB8C3D3D" box="[1026,1047,1515,1541]" pageId="21" pageNumber="836" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFC58648242B7A6FFC693D1D" box="[876,1010,1546,1573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="836" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC58648242B7A6FFC693D1D" blockId="21.[801,1085,1514,1573]" box="[876,1010,1546,1573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="836">
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFC5864824347A6FFC723D1D" box="[883,1001,1546,1573]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStartId-0="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-1="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-2="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionStartId-3="28.[113,124,679,697]" captionStartId-4="30.[113,124,1203,1221]" captionTargetBox-0="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetBox-2="[127,1200,234,1184]" captionTargetBox-3="[133,1190,215,644]" captionTargetBox-4="[118,1205,210,1163]" captionTargetId-0="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetId-3="figure-438@28.[602,697,213,604]" captionTargetId-4="figure-200@30.[239,687,573,955]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="26" captionTargetPageId-3="28" captionTargetPageId-4="30" captionText-0="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-3="FIG. 14. — Vertex of holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, dorsal view of vertex; B, interpretive line drawing. Gray color denotes matrix, and cross-hatching represents damaged or missing bone. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-4="FIG. 15. — Holotype skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, skull in posterodorsal view; B, right auditory region in ventral view; C, left auditory region in ventral view. Left paroccipital process is complete, but obscured by plaster display cradle. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538237" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538241" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4538237/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4538241/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="836">Figs 11-15</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFC5864A25E27A32FDC33A85" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="838" pageId="21" pageNumber="836" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC5864825E27A32FB213D9B" blockId="21.[675,1210,1622,1699]" pageId="21" pageNumber="836">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B266622FFC5864825E27A32FB213D9B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3120744305" collectionCode="UCMP" collectorName="R. W. Boessenecker" pageId="21" pageNumber="836" specimenCode="UCMP 219078" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F5D2DDFFC5864825E27A32FC903D55" box="[677,779,1623,1646]" pageId="21" pageNumber="836" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
. —
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||
<specimenCode id="DBE8C404FFC5864824747A33FC573D56" box="[819,972,1622,1646]" collectionCode="UCMP" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="836" type="University or college">UCMP 219078</specimenCode>
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||
, a partial skull lacking the premaxillae, maxillae, nasals, jugals, tympanic bullae, and bodies of the petrosal, excavated by
|
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<collectorName id="26BB09A9FFC5864824B07AE9FB2D3D9B" box="[1015,1206,1675,1699]" pageId="21" pageNumber="836">R. W. Boessenecker</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF313CF7FFC6864B27367A1CFC583D9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="837" startId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" targetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC6864B27367A1CFC583D9A" blockId="22.[113,1211,1657,1698]" pageId="22" pageNumber="837">
|
||
FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC6864B263E7A1CFDAD3DB3" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[377,566,1657,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC6864B263E7A1CFDBA3DB3" box="[377,545,1657,1675]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="837">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFC6864B25617A1CFDAD3DB3" box="[550,566,1657,1675]" pageId="22" pageNumber="837" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC6864B24137A1CFCFA3DB3" bold="true" box="[852,865,1657,1675]" pageId="22" pageNumber="837">A</emphasis>
|
||
, photograph;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC6864B24907A1CFC7F3DB3" bold="true" box="[983,996,1657,1675]" pageId="22" pageNumber="837">B</emphasis>
|
||
, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A27367CB2FD8C3A31" blockId="23.[113,647,215,266]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
E. Johnson, T. Palladino, and M. Berrini from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5FF4BAFFC7864A257A7CB2FD1C3BD7" box="[573,647,215,239]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
||
locality
|
||
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFC7864A27F97C94FE943A31" box="[190,271,241,265]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99849" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="EnaNcbi">V99849</accessionNumber>
|
||
from
|
||
<date id="FFF04ABFFFC7864A260C7C97FD883A31" box="[331,531,241,266]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" value="2005-08-12" valueMax="2005-08-15" valueMin="2005-08-12">August 12-15, 2005</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A27367D44FDC33A85" blockId="23.[112,647,289,445]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
TENTATIVELY REFERRED SPECIMENS. —
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5FF4BAFFC7864A26A07D44FDAB3A01" box="[487,560,289,313]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
||
131815, a partial juvenile cranium including the vertex, supraorbital processes of the frontals, palatines, and tips of the zygomatic processes collected in 1985 by a
|
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<collectionCode id="ED5FF4BAFFC7864A25407D15FDCB3AB0" box="[519,592,368,392]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
||
party from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5FF4BAFFC7864A27E27DEEFF743A9B" box="[165,239,395,419]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
||
locality
|
||
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFC7864A26077DEEFE0F3A9B" box="[320,404,395,419]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V85027" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="EnaNcbi">V85027</accessionNumber>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5FF4BAFFC7864A26DA7DEEFE7C3A9B" box="[413,487,395,419]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
||
uncataloged, an isolated squamosal from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5FF4BAFFC7864A26247DC0FE363A85" box="[355,429,421,445]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
||
locality
|
||
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFC7864A25477DC0FDC83A85" box="[512,595,421,445]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99868" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="EnaNcbi">V99868</accessionNumber>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFC7864A27367DB0FD8D391A" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A27367DB0FD8D391A" blockId="23.[113,648,469,546]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">ETYMOLOGY. — Honouring Dr Annalisa Berta (San Diego State University), for her many contributions to the study of fossil cetaceans and pinnipeds.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFC7864A27367E5FFEA43FFF" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A27367E5FFD1E38E6" blockId="23.[111,648,569,990]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
DIAGNOSIS. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A264F7E5CFE413969" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[264,474,569,593]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A264F7E5CFE243969" box="[264,447,569,593]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFC7864A26817E5FFE413969" box="[454,474,570,593]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. is a small balaenopterid (estimated bizygomatic width of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB6C19AFFC7864A25617E31FDE03954" box="[550,635,596,620]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.14" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" unit="cm" value="61.4">61.4 cm</quantity>
|
||
), smaller in size than extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A26C17E0BFE973999" authority="Lacepede, 1804" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A26C17E0BFD1339BE" box="[390,648,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
Lacépède, 1804
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, characterized by: broadly triangular occipital shield that laterally overhangs the temporal fossa and exhibits a flattened apex, large occipital condyles, little to no parietal exposed dorsally at the transversely narrow vertex, squamosal with short, anteriorly directed zygomatic process, posteriorly elongate postglenoid process, prominent squamosal crease, frontal with rectangular supraorbital process with transversely oriented anterior margin, frontal that is abruptly depressed below the vertex and obliquely oriented so that this surface and anterior wing of parietal are visible in dorsal aspect, large petrosal fossa (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A27E07FC8FF4F38FC" box="[167,212,941,964]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFC7864A279E7FC9FE3038FC" author="MEAD J. G. & FORDYCE R. E." box="[217,427,940,964]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" pagination="1 - 248" refId="ref71975" refString="MEAD J. G. & FORDYCE R. E. 2009. - Ne therian skull: a lexicon with emphasis on the odontocetes. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 627: 1 - 248." type="journal article" year="2009">Mead & Fordyce 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and a posterior process of the petrotympanic that is relatively short and inflated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A27367F92FEA43FFF" blockId="23.[112,647,1014,1223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Uppermost part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A25127874FD1F3F10" box="[597,644,1041,1064]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A27FD7849FF703F7B" box="[186,235,1067,1091]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007) that is bracketed below by an ash bed correlated with the 3.3-3.4 Ma Putah Tuff (Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A27357805FF383F40" box="[114,163,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007) and above by another ash bed correlated with the 2.5 ± 0.2 Ma Ishi Tuff. Ŋis indicates an age of 3.35-2.5 Ma, or Early to Late Pliocene (Piacenzian- Gelasian equivalent).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFC7864A273678BAFE1A3E5D" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A273678BAFD833E14" blockId="23.[113,646,1247,1324]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
TYPE LOCALITY. —
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5FF4BAFFC7864A267278BAFEE43FCF" box="[309,383,1247,1271]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
||
locality
|
||
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFFC7864A269278BAFDB33FCF" box="[469,552,1247,1271]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99849" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="EnaNcbi">V99849</accessionNumber>
|
||
, Pliocene Purisima Formation. Detailed locality information available on request from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5FF4BAFFC7864A26067971FE103E14" box="[321,395,1300,1324]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="University or college">UCMP</collectionCode>
|
||
or the author.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A27367928FE1A3E5D" blockId="23.[112,647,1357,1700]" box="[113,385,1357,1383]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFC7864727367909FE163E5F" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="841" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A27367909FE803D7C" blockId="23.[112,647,1357,1700]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A27367909FECE3EBF" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[113,341,1388,1415]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A27367909FEA13EBE" box="[113,314,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFC7864A26077908FECE3EBF" box="[320,341,1389,1415]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. is a member of the extant genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A27F179E9FEA73E9E" box="[182,316,1420,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A27F179E9FEA73E9E" box="[182,316,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and shares with all extant species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A27F979CEFEDF3EFD" box="[190,324,1451,1477]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A27F979CEFEDF3EFD" box="[190,324,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a squamosal crease, relatively short and anteriorly oriented zygomatic processes, a bulge at the squamosal-parietal suture in the posterior temporal fossa, and a truncated apex of the occipital shield.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A27CF7A2FFDB83D5C" blockId="23.[112,647,1357,1700]" box="[136,547,1610,1636]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A27CF7A2FFEEB3D5C" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[136,368,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A27CF7A2FFECF3D5C" box="[136,340,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFC7864A261C7A2FFEEB3D5C" box="[347,368,1610,1636]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. differs from:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A27367A0FFCA73AD7" blockId="23.[112,647,1357,1700]" lastBlockId="23.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A27C17A0CFD193DBC" authority="Bisconti, 2007" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[134,642,1641,1668]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castriarquati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A27C17A0CFE413DBB" box="[134,474,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Archaebalaenoptera castriarquati</emphasis>
|
||
Bisconti, 2007
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having a broader occipital shield with a laterally sinuous margin that overhangs the temporal fossa and an anteriorly truncated apex, a transversely thinner vertex measuring only 10% of bizygomatic width (compared to 24% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A25E17D32FCDA3A48" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[678,833,343,369]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castriarquati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A25E17D32FCDA3A48" box="[678,833,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">A.castriarquati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), short and blunt anteriorly directed zygomatic process that lack supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, and having an anteroposteriorly shorter supraorbital process of the frontal;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A25E27D90FB033834" blockId="23.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
– “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A25807D90FCD53937" box="[711,846,501,527]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A25807D90FCD53937" box="[711,846,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A24257D93FC393937" box="[866,930,502,527]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">cortesi</emphasis>
|
||
“var.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A24AA7D93FBB53937" box="[1005,1070,502,527]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">portisi</emphasis>
|
||
, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lacks a supramastoid crest that extends to the anteroventrally oriented zygomatic apex, transversely wide postglenoid process, an anteroposteriorly short supraorbital process with a transversely oriented anterior margin and laterally prominent antorbital process, a shallow sternomastoid fossa, and a large petrosal fossa;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A25E27F76FC2038B3" blockId="23.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
– “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A25857F77FCD83814" box="[706,835,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A25857F77FCD83814" box="[706,835,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A24147F76FC133814" box="[851,904,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">ryani</emphasis>
|
||
Hanna & McLellan, 1924, in having a posteriorly broad occipital shield, little to no parietal exposed at the vertex, and an anteriorly truncated occipital shield;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A25E27FF4FCD13E1F" blockId="23.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A25FB7FF4FC463893" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[700,989,913,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A25FB7FF4FC463893" box="[700,989,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in its smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (25% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A25E27F94FCA73F32" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[677,828,1009,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A25E27F94FCA73F32" box="[677,828,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">B.acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lacking a lateral triangular extension of the parietal between the squamosal and nuchal crest, exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal in dorsal aspect (as opposed to being posterolaterally oriented), and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC7864A25E27948FC693D9B" blockId="23.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A25FB7949FB0D3E7E" authority="Burmeister, 1867" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1867" box="[700,1174,1324,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonaerensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A25FB7949FC5C3E7E" box="[700,967,1324,1350]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">Balaenoptera bonaerensis</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister, 1867
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in its smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (22% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC7864A24DE79E9FBAB3E9D" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1867" box="[921,1072,1419,1445]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="838" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonaerensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC7864A24DE79E9FBAB3E9D" box="[921,1072,1419,1445]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="838">B. bonaerensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, and transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal in dorsal aspect (as opposed to being posterolaterally oriented), and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF313CF7FFC8864527367A1CFC583D9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="839" startId="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" targetBox="[132,1173,216,1628]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC8864527367A1CFC583D9A" blockId="24.[113,1211,1657,1698]" pageId="24" pageNumber="839">
|
||
FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC8864526307A1CFDAE3DB3" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[375,565,1657,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC8864526307A1CFD843DB3" box="[375,543,1657,1675]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="839">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFC8864525637A1CFDAE3DB3" box="[548,565,1657,1675]" pageId="24" pageNumber="839" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC8864524127A1CFCF93DB3" bold="true" box="[853,866,1657,1675]" pageId="24" pageNumber="839">A</emphasis>
|
||
, photograph;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC8864524907A1CFC7F3DB3" bold="true" box="[983,996,1657,1675]" pageId="24" pageNumber="839">B</emphasis>
|
||
, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC9864427367CBDFD833995" blockId="25.[111,649,216,1700]" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864427C07CBDFE653BCA" authority="Lesson, 1824" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1824" box="[135,510,216,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864427C07CBDFEF83BCA" box="[135,355,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">Balaenoptera borealis</emphasis>
|
||
Lesson, 1824
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in its much smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (26% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864427907D5DFEDC3A69" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1824" box="[215,327,311,337]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864427907D5DFEDC3A69" box="[215,327,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">B. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, shorter and blunt zygomatic process of the squamosal, shallower squamosal crease, a more posteriorly projecting postglenoid process, a supraorbital process of the frontal that lacks a dorsal ridge, with a more concave lateral margin and transversely oriented anterior margin, larger occipital condyles, a much larger petrosal fossa, and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC9864427367ED1FEC53F11" blockId="25.[111,649,216,1700]" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864427C17ED6FD9A39F5" authority="Anderson, 1879" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1879" box="[134,513,691,717]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864427C17ED6FED239F5" box="[134,329,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">Balaenoptera edeni</emphasis>
|
||
Anderson, 1879
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in its much smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (18% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC98644278A7F76FEBA3814" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1879" box="[205,289,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC98644278A7F76FEBA3814" box="[205,289,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">B. edeni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), larger occipital condyles, shorter zygomatic process of the squamosals, a more laterally prominent preorbital process, exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, supraorbital process of the frontal that lacks a dorsal ridge, and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC9864427367855FC793995" blockId="25.[111,649,216,1700]" lastBlockId="25.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864427CE784AFDA53F72" authority="Linneaus, 1758" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[137,574,1071,1098]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864427CE784AFE1B3F71" box="[137,384,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">Balaenoptera musculus</emphasis>
|
||
Linneaus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in its much smaller size, in having a supraoccipital that is more broadly triangular with horizontal (rather than dorsolaterally) nuchal crests that dorsally overhang the temporal fossa, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (22% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864426E6788BFD873E3F" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[417,540,1261,1287]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864426E6788BFD873E3F" box="[417,540,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">B. musculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, shorter zygomatic process of the squamosal that is anteriorly directed (rather than anterolaterally directed), larger petrosal fossa and occipital condyles, posteriorly directed postglenoid process (not posterolaterally directed as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864427F7798EFEB43D3D" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[176,303,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864427F7798EFEB43D3D" box="[176,303,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">B. musculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a supraorbital process of the frontal with transversely oriented anterior margin and posterolaterally oriented posterior margin (as opposed to posterolaterally and posteromedially, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864427CC7A0FFE9A3DBB" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[139,257,1641,1667]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864427CC7A0FFE9A3DBB" box="[139,257,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">B. musculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic; –
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864425FB7CBDFD7A3A2A" authority="Wada, Oishi & Yamada, 2003" authorityName="Wada, Oishi & Yamada" authorityYear="2003" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omurai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864425FB7CBDFC063BCA" box="[700,925,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">Balaenoptera omurai</emphasis>
|
||
Wada, Oishi & Yamada, 2003
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in its smaller size, in having a shorter and blunt zygomatic process of the squamosal, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (24% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864425E07D12FC893AA8" authorityName="Wada, Oishi & Yamada" authorityYear="2003" box="[679,786,375,400]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omurai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864425E07D12FC893AA8" box="[679,786,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">B. omurai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a more transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal (as opposed to posterolaterally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864423797DD3FB323AF7" authorityName="Wada, Oishi & Yamada" authorityYear="2003" box="[1086,1193,438,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omurai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864423797DD3FB323AF7" box="[1086,1193,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">B. omurai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, in lacking a sheet of the parietal that medially overlaps the supraorbital process of the frontal, and possessing a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC9864425E27ED1FCE33F51" blockId="25.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864425F07ED6FBA039F6" authority="Linneaus, 1758" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[695,1083,691,718]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="physalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864425F07ED6FC0A39F5" box="[695,913,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">Balaenoptera physalus</emphasis>
|
||
Linneaus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in its much smaller size, apex of the occipital shield narrow and only 10% of bizygomatic width (25% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864424437F77FC7E3814" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[772,997,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="physalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864424437F77FC7E3814" box="[772,997,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">Balaenoptera physalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), exhibiting a ventrolaterally sloping (rather than vertical) surface of the parietal and frontal lateral to the supraorbital process of the frontal, zygomatic process of the squamosal that is shorter and blunt, transversely narrower postglenoid process, a transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal (as opposed to posterolaterally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864425E27875FC8E3F11" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[677,789,1039,1065]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="physalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864425E27875FC8E3F11" box="[677,789,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">B. physalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), larger petrosal fossa, and a blunt distal apex of the inflated compound posterior process of the petrotympanic;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC9864425E2780AFBD03EDD" blockId="25.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864425FD780BFBFE3FB1" authority="Pilleri & Pilleri, 1989" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[698,1125,1134,1161]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864425FD780BFCEC3FB0" box="[698,887,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">Balaenoptera siberi</emphasis>
|
||
Pilleri & Pilleri, 1989
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in possessing an anteriorly truncated and narrow apex of the occipital shield, only 10% of bizygomatic width (18% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC98644249778ABFBB83FDF" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[976,1059,1229,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC98644249778ABFBB83FDF" box="[976,1059,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a squamosal crease, an anteriorly directed zygomatic process with a supramastoid crest that does not extend to the zygomatic apex, a zygomatic process that is dorsoventrally thicker, a paroccipital process that is less posterolater - ally directed and not as prominent posteriorly, well defined crease between the squamosal and paroccipital process, and a transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFC9864425E2798EFB223D9B" blockId="25.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864425F0798EFBF33D3D" authority="(Brandt, 1873)" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[695,1128,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Cetotheriophanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capellinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864425F0798EFC5F3D3D" box="[695,964,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">Cetotheriophanes capellinii</emphasis>
|
||
(Brandt, 1873)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having a broader apex of the occipital shield that measures 10% of bizygomatic width (4% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFC9864423707A4FFB2B3D7C" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1079,1200,1578,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Cetotheriophanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="840" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capellinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFC9864423707A4FFB2B3D7C" box="[1079,1200,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="840">C. capellinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that is anteriorly truncated, a shorter intertemporal region, a more anteriorly thrusted occipital shield, a shorter zygomatic process of the squamosal, and
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCA864727387CB2FF0B3BC8" blockId="26.[127,144,215,240]" box="[127,144,215,240]" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">A</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF313CF7FFCA8647273678A0FC583FD6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="841" startId="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" targetBox="[127,1200,234,1184]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCA8647273678A0FC583FD6" blockId="26.[113,1211,1221,1262]" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">
|
||
FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCA8647263178A0FDA83FEF" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[374,563,1221,1239]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCA8647263178A0FD853FEF" box="[374,542,1221,1239]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCA8647256578A0FDA83FEF" box="[546,563,1221,1239]" pageId="26" pageNumber="841" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCA8647241078A0FCFF3FEF" bold="true" box="[855,868,1221,1239]" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">A</emphasis>
|
||
, photograph;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCA8647249F78A0FC7E3FEF" bold="true" box="[984,997,1221,1239]" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">B</emphasis>
|
||
, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCA864727367948FE163E5F" blockId="26.[111,649,1325,1699]" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">longer postglenoid processes of the squamosal that are visible in dorsal aspect;</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFCA864727367908FB213D9B" pageId="26" pageNumber="841" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCA864727367908FED53D9B" blockId="26.[111,649,1325,1699]" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCA864727C37908FD193EBE" authority="Bosselaers & Post, 2010" authorityName="Bosselaers & Post" authorityYear="2010" box="[132,642,1388,1415]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Diunatans" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="841" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luctoretmurgo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCA864727C37908FE1A3EBE" box="[132,385,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">Diunatans luctoretmurgo</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFCA864726C17909FD193EBE" author="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K." box="[390,642,1388,1415]" pageId="26" pageNumber="841" pagination="331 - 363" refId="ref66734" refString="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K. 2010. - A new fossil rorqual (Mammalia, Cetacea, Balaenopteridae) from the Early Pliocene of the North Sea, with a review of the rorqual species described by Owen and Van Beneden. Geodiversitas 32: 331 - 363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2010 n 2 a 6" type="journal article" year="2010">Bosselaers & Post, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having a narrow apex of the occipital shield measuring only 10% of bizygomatic width (24% bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCA8647261279A9FD9A3EDD" authorityName="Bosselaers & Post" authorityYear="2010" box="[341,513,1483,1509]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Diunatans" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="841" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luctoretmurgo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCA8647261279A9FD9A3EDD" box="[341,513,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">D. luctoretmurgo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), more sinuous lateral margin of the occipital shield, a slightly narrower zygomatic process that is less laterally offset from the braincase, pterygoid that is ventrally flat and not ventrally rounded in lateral aspect, and a posterior process of the petrotympanic that is anteromedially curved;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCA864725E27948FB213D9B" blockId="26.[675,1211,1324,1699]" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCA864725F07948FBA73E7E" ID-CoL="3YWY2" authority="Brisson, 1762" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[695,1084,1324,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="841" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeangliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCA864725F07948FC3D3E7F" box="[695,934,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="841">Megaptera novaeangliae</emphasis>
|
||
Brisson, 1762
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in its much smaller size, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lack a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, transversely narrow and posteriorly projecting postglenoid process of the squamosal, a less transversely and anteroposteriorly broad supraorbital process of the frontal, a transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process (as opposed to posterolaterally oriented), anteriorly truncated and narrow apex of the occipital shield measuring only 10% of bizygomatic width (14%
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF313CF7FFCB864627357CBEFEBF3A09" ID-Table-UUID="DF313CF7FFCB864627357CBEFEBF3A09" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF313CF7FFCB864627357CBEFEBF3A09" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" startId="27.[114,125,219,237]" targetBox="[115,635,362,767]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCB864627357CBEFEBF3A09" blockId="27.[113,647,219,305]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
TABLE 6. — Measurements (in cm) of the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB864625517CBEFF273A3C" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864625517CBEFF3D3A3C" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCB864627EC7C97FF273A3C" box="[171,188,242,260]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (UCMP 219078).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB8646262A7C97FEEE3A3C" bold="true" box="[365,373,242,260]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">*</emphasis>
|
||
, denotes partial measurement to midline and multiplied by two. Measurements given to nearest tenth of a centimeter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCB864627347D0FFDF439C7" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<table id="F94E9EDFFFCB79A227347D0FFDE039C7" box="[115,635,362,767]" gridcols="2" gridrows="17" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347D0FFDE03A46" box="[115,635,362,382]" gridrow="0" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<th id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347D0FFD8D3A46" box="[115,534,362,382]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Total length as preserved</th>
|
||
<th id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027D0FFDE03A46" box="[581,635,362,382]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">64.5</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347DE7FDE03AAE" box="[115,635,386,406]" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347DE7FD8D3AAE" box="[115,534,386,406]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Transverse width across condyles</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027DE7FDE03AAE" box="[581,635,386,406]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">16.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347DFFFDE03A96" box="[115,635,410,430]" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347DFFFD8D3A96" box="[115,534,410,430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Transverse width of foramen magnum</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027DFFFDE03A96" box="[581,635,410,430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">7.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347DD7FDE03AFE" box="[115,635,434,454]" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347DD7FD8D3AFE" box="[115,534,434,454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Dorsoventral depth of foramen magnum</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027DD7FDE03AFE" box="[581,635,434,454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">7.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347DAFFDE03AE6" box="[115,635,458,478]" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347DAFFD8D3AE6" box="[115,534,458,478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Breadth across exoccipitals</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027DAFFDE03AE6" box="[581,635,458,478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">42.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347D87FDE03ACE" box="[115,635,482,502]" gridrow="5" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347D87FD8D3ACE" box="[115,534,482,502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Breadth across postglenoid processes</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027D87FDE03ACE" box="[581,635,482,502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">55.6*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347D9EFDE03937" box="[115,635,507,527]" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347D9EFD8D3937" box="[115,534,507,527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Zygomatic width</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027D9EFDE03937" box="[581,635,507,527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">61.4*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347E76FDE0391F" box="[115,635,531,551]" gridrow="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347E76FD8D391F" box="[115,534,531,551]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Interorbital width</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027E76FDE0391F" box="[581,635,531,551]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">55.6*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347E4EFDE03907" box="[115,635,555,575]" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347E4EFD8D3907" box="[115,534,555,575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Breadth across antorbital processes</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027E4EFDE03907" box="[581,635,555,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">63.0*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347E26FDE0396F" box="[115,635,579,599]" gridrow="9" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347E26FD8D396F" box="[115,534,579,599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Length of temporal fossa</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027E26FDE0396F" box="[581,635,579,599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">8.75</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347E3EFDE03957" box="[115,635,603,623]" gridrow="10" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347E3EFD8D3957" box="[115,534,603,623]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Transverse width of temporal fossa</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027E3EFDE03957" box="[581,635,603,623]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">19.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347E16FDE039BF" box="[115,635,627,647]" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347E16FD8D39BF" box="[115,534,627,647]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Intertemporal width</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027E16FDE039BF" box="[581,635,627,647]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">16.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347EEEFDE039A7" box="[115,635,651,671]" gridrow="12" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347EEEFD8D39A7" box="[115,534,651,671]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Posterior cranium to zygomatic process</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027EEEFDE039A7" box="[581,635,651,671]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">20.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347EC6FDE0398F" box="[115,635,675,695]" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347EC6FD8D398F" box="[115,534,675,695]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Posterior cranium to antorbital process</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027EC6FDE0398F" box="[581,635,675,695]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">35.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347EDEFDE039F7" box="[115,635,699,719]" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347EDEFD8D39F7" box="[115,534,699,719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Transverse width across basioccipital crests</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027EDEFDE039F7" box="[581,635,699,719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">13.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347EB6FDE039DF" box="[115,635,723,743]" gridrow="15" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347EB6FD8D39DF" box="[115,534,723,743]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Width of supraoccipital at vertex</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027EB6FDE039DF" box="[581,635,723,743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">4.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357E6E3DFFCB79A227347E8EFDE039C7" box="[115,635,747,767]" gridrow="16" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A227347E8EFD8D39C7" box="[115,534,747,767]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Length of supraoccipital</td>
|
||
<td id="76AF0741FFCB79A225027E8EFDE039C7" box="[581,635,747,767]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">29.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFCB864627367F34FCA739B6" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCB864627367F34FEC73893" blockId="27.[112,648,849,1700]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
bizygomatic width in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB864626197F37FD913853" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[350,522,849,875]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeangliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864626197F37FD913853" box="[350,522,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">M. novaeangliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), large petrosal fossae, and occipital condyles that are not set out on a distinct neck
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCB864627367FD4FE703D3D" blockId="27.[112,648,849,1700]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
– “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB864627D27FD4FE9E38F2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[149,261,945,970]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864627D27FD4FE9E38F2" box="[149,261,945,970]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB8646265C7FD5FEEA38F2" box="[283,369,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">hubachi</emphasis>
|
||
Dathe, 1983, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lacks a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, a more anteriorly thrust occipital shield with a slightly transversely narrower apex measuring 10% of bizygomatic width (compared to 14% in “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB8646273A78EAFF053F90" box="[125,158,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864627F578EBFE933F90" box="[178,264,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">hubachi</emphasis>
|
||
), an occipital shield that laterally overhangs the temporal fossa to a greater degree, a well defined crease between the paraoccipital process of the exoccipital and the squamosal, transversely narrow and posteriorly elongate postglenoid process of the squamosal, a laterally prominent antorbital process of the frontal, transversely oriented anterior margin of the supraorbital process, an inflated posterior process of the petrotympanic, and by lacking paired tuberosities on the supraoccipital and an anterior indentation in the apex of the occipital shield;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCB864627367A6EFCA739B6" blockId="27.[112,648,849,1700]" lastBlockId="27.[675,1212,216,1699]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
– “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB864627D17A6EFE913D1C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[150,266,1547,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864627D17A6EFE913D1C" box="[150,266,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864626677A6EFE133D1C" box="[288,392,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">miocaena</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFCB864626D47A6FFDA03D1D" author="KELLOGG R." box="[403,571,1546,1573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref70374" refString="KELLOGG R. 1922. - Description of the skull of Megaptera miocaena, a fossil humpback whale from the Miocene diatomaceous earth of Lompoc, California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 61: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1922">Kellogg, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in its smaller size, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lacks a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, less anteriorly thrust oc- cipital shield that is roughly triangular and with more widely diverging lateral margins, vertex that is more anteriorly constricted and transversely narrower and measuring 10% of bizygomatic width (compared to 21% in “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864624A87D32FB943A48" box="[1007,1039,343,368]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864623657D32FB1C3A48" box="[1058,1159,343,368]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">miocaena</emphasis>
|
||
), an anteroposteriorly broader supraorbital process of the frontal lacking a posterolaterally oriented ridge on its dorsal surface and with a laterally prominent antorbital process, a planar and transversely oriented posterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal, a well defined crease between the paroccipital process and squamosal, and an occipital shield that is dorsally convex in lateral aspect;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFCB864625E27EF1FCC93E7F" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCB864625E27EF1FBD13FF0" blockId="27.[675,1212,216,1699]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB864625FB7EF6FCDE39F5" authority="Zeigler, Chan & Barnes, 1997" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baulinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864625FB7EF6FC6D3995" box="[700,1014,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Parabalaenoptera baulinensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFCB864624B97EF6FCDE39F5" author="ZEIGLER C. V. & CHAN G. L. & BARNES L. G." pageId="27" pageNumber="842" refId="ref76661" refString="ZEIGLER C. V., CHAN G. L. & BARNES L. G. 1997. -" type="book" year="1997">Zeigler, Chan & Barnes, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic processes that lack a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, a clearly defined crease between the paroccipital process of the exoccipital and the squamosal, transversely broader apex of the occipital shield that measures 10% of bizygomatic width (8.7% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB8646235C7FF7FB2B3893" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[1051,1200,913,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baulinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB8646235C7FF7FB2B3893" box="[1051,1200,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">P. baulinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) large occipital condyles, transversely oriented anterior and posterolaterally oriented posterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal (posterolaterally and posteromedially oriented in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB864625E4784AFB2F3F71" authority="Zeigler, Chan, & Barnes, 1997" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan, & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[675,1204,1071,1098]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864625E4784AFCC03F71" box="[675,859,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Parabalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
Zeigler, Chan, & Barnes, 1997
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively), anterolaterally oriented nuchal crests (oriented dorsolaterally in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB86462484780BFBE23FB0" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan, & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[963,1145,1134,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB86462484780BFBE23FB0" box="[963,1145,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Parabalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and a transversely narrow and posteriorly elongate postglenoid process of the squamosal;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCB864625E278ABFCC93E7F" blockId="27.[675,1212,216,1699]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB864625FD78A8FB2E3FD0" authority="Bisconti, 2010" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2010" box="[698,1205,1229,1256]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Plesiobalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quarantellii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864625FD78A8FB9D3FDF" box="[698,1030,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Plesiobalaenoptera quarantellii</emphasis>
|
||
Bisconti, 2010
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having a less elongate and more inflated and anteromedially curved posterior process of the petrotympanic;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFCB867925E27928FE8E3A50" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="851" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCB864625E27928FCF33D9B" blockId="27.[675,1212,216,1699]" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB864625FF7929FBD13E5E" authority="(Fischer, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[696,1098,1356,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Protororqualus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864625FF7929FC043E5E" box="[696,927,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">Protororqualus cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
(Fischer, 1829)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having a squamosal crease, shorter and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic process that lack a supramastoid crest that extends to the zygomatic apex, a supraoccipital apex that is anteriorly squared-off at the vertex and transversely wider, measuring 10% of bizygomatic width (compared to 5% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCB864625E27A4EFC903D7C" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[677,779,1579,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Protororqualus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCB864625E27A4EFC903D7C" box="[677,779,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="842">P. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), little to no parietal exposure at the vertex, laterally prominent antorbital process, and a posteriorly elongate postglenoid process of the squamosal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF313CF7FFCC864127367EC2FC6839E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538237" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538237/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843" startId="28.[113,124,679,697]" targetBox="[133,1190,215,644]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCC864127367EC2FC6839E8" blockId="28.[113,1210,679,720]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">
|
||
FIG. 14. — Vertex of holotype cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCC864126F87EC2FDE73981" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[447,636,679,697]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCC864126F87EC2FDFC3981" box="[447,615,679,697]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCC8641252C7EC2FDE73981" box="[619,636,679,697]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., UCMP 219078:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCC864124617EC2FCA83981" bold="true" box="[806,819,679,697]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">A</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view of vertex;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCC864124B77EC2FC663981" bold="true" box="[1008,1021,679,697]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">B</emphasis>
|
||
, interpretive line drawing. Gray color denotes matrix, and cross-hatching represents damaged or missing bone. Scale bar: 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCC864127367F76FE993813" blockId="28.[111,648,787,1414]" box="[113,258,787,813]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCC864127367F57FE233EBE" blockId="28.[111,648,787,1414]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">
|
||
Ŋe
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F5D2DDFFCC864127E47F57FE993874" box="[163,258,818,844]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is a partial skull including a nearly complete braincase, complete left squamosal and frontal, and vomer;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B266622FFCC864126007F14FE2F3EBE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3120744301" collectionCode="UCMP" pageId="28" pageNumber="843" specimenCode="UCMP 219078" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
the maxillae, premaxillae, and nasals are missing as well as both right and left tympanic bullae and petrosals (with the exception of the posterior processes;
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC8641262E7FB5FE4138D3" box="[361,474,976,1003]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStartId-0="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-1="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-2="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionStartId-3="28.[113,124,679,697]" captionStartId-4="30.[113,124,1203,1221]" captionTargetBox-0="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetBox-2="[127,1200,234,1184]" captionTargetBox-3="[133,1190,215,644]" captionTargetBox-4="[118,1205,210,1163]" captionTargetId-0="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetId-3="figure-438@28.[602,697,213,604]" captionTargetId-4="figure-200@30.[239,687,573,955]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="26" captionTargetPageId-3="28" captionTargetPageId-4="30" captionText-0="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-3="FIG. 14. — Vertex of holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, dorsal view of vertex; B, interpretive line drawing. Gray color denotes matrix, and cross-hatching represents damaged or missing bone. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-4="FIG. 15. — Holotype skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, skull in posterodorsal view; B, right auditory region in ventral view; C, left auditory region in ventral view. Left paroccipital process is complete, but obscured by plaster display cradle. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538237" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538241" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4538237/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4538241/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Figs 11-15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Measurements of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F5D2DDFFCC864127FF7F95FE8C3F32" box="[184,279,1008,1034]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are presented in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CC59C4FFCC864126947F95FDBC3F32" box="[467,551,1008,1034]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="27.[114,125,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="TABLE 6. — Measurements (in cm) of the skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. (UCMP 219078). *, denotes partial measurement to midline and multiplied by two. Measurements given to nearest tenth of a centimeter." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF313CF7FFCB864627357CBEFEBF3A09" pageId="28" pageNumber="843" tableUuid="DF313CF7FFCB864627357CBEFEBF3A09">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE8C404FFCC864125747F95FF5E3F12" collectionCode="UCMP" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="28" pageNumber="843" type="University or college">UCMP 219078</specimenCode>
|
||
was found upside-down, and many bones of the ventral portion of the skull (as well as the left supraorbital process of the frontal) are fractured and displaced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC864127A4780BFEAD3FB1" box="[227,310,1134,1161]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe vomer is broken posteriorly, and is rotated anterodorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC8641269F78EBFDBF3F90" box="[472,548,1166,1192]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionTargetBox="[127,1200,234,1184]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe left supraorbital process exhibits a long, anterolaterally oriented fracture, and the portion of the bone lateral to this fracture has rotated so that the supraorbital process is oriented dorsolaterally, and the postorbital process is no longer in contact with the zygomatic process. A reconstruction of the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCC8641256E7928FD1C3E5E" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[553,647,1356,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="843" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCC8641256E7928FD1C3E5E" box="[553,647,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCC864127367909FF373EBE" box="[113,172,1388,1414]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is depicted in
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC8641260D7909FE2F3EBE" box="[330,436,1388,1414]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="34.[113,124,1487,1505]" captionTargetBox="[121,1203,219,1445]" captionTargetId="graphics-81@34.[121,1202,219,1445]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIG. 17. — Reconstruction of the skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.; A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 20 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538245/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Figure 17</figureCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCC8641273679CEFE8A3EFD" blockId="28.[112,648,1451,1700]" box="[113,273,1451,1477]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCC8641273679CEFE8A3EFD" box="[113,273,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Occipital shield</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCC8641273679A9FB233893" blockId="28.[112,648,1451,1700]" lastBlockId="28.[675,1209,786,939]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">
|
||
In dorsal view the occipital shield is broad and triangular with a transversely narrow apex that is rectilinear and transversely oriented in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC8641273F7A4FFF473D7C" box="[120,220,1578,1604]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Figs 11A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC864127AF7A4FFE813D7D" box="[232,282,1578,1605]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[113,124,1203,1221]" captionTargetBox="[118,1205,210,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-200@30.[239,687,573,955]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 15. — Holotype skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, skull in posterodorsal view; B, right auditory region in ventral view; C, left auditory region in ventral view. Left paroccipital process is complete, but obscured by plaster display cradle. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538241/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">15A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe anteriormost portion of the shield is longitudinally concave, and posterior to this, it is dorsally strongly convex along the sagittal plane. A pair of faint tubercles occur in the mid- dle of the supraoccipital, anterior to each occipital condyle. Ŋe nuchal crests are formed dorsally by the supraoccipital, are oriented anterolaterally, and overhang the temporal fossa so that the medial wall of the temporal fossa is not visible in dorsal aspect.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCC864125E27FB5FC8D38D2" blockId="28.[677,1210,976,1224]" box="[677,790,976,1002]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCC864125E27FB5FC8D38D2" box="[677,790,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Exoccipital</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCC864125E27F95FC6E3FF0" blockId="28.[677,1210,976,1224]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">
|
||
Ŋe posterior margin of the exoccipital is posterolaterally oriented (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC8641242F786AFC573F12" box="[872,972,1039,1066]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Figs 11A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC8641249F7875FB913F12" box="[984,1034,1040,1066]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">12A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the lateral margin of the occipital shield is slightly sinuous. Ŋe occipital condyles are relatively large. Ŋere are no clear dorsal condyloid fossae. Ventral to the foramen magnum, a shallow furrow extends between the occipital condyles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCC864125E27888FC8F3E3F" blockId="28.[674,1210,1261,1700]" box="[677,788,1261,1287]" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCC864125E27888FC8F3E3F" box="[677,788,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Squamosal</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCC864025E27968FD1239F6" blockId="28.[674,1210,1261,1700]" lastBlockId="29.[112,649,216,718]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="844" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">
|
||
Ŋe squamosal has a posteriorly elongate postglenoid process that is paddle-shaped (in dorsal and ventral view), dorsoventrally compressed, and posteroventrally directed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC864124047909FC3F3EBE" box="[835,932,1388,1414]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Figs 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC864124E97909FC453EBE" box="[942,990,1388,1414]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionTargetBox="[127,1200,234,1184]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">13A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC864124AF7909FB813EBF" box="[1000,1050,1388,1415]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[113,124,1203,1221]" captionTargetBox="[118,1205,210,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-200@30.[239,687,573,955]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 15. — Holotype skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, skull in posterodorsal view; B, right auditory region in ventral view; C, left auditory region in ventral view. Left paroccipital process is complete, but obscured by plaster display cradle. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538241/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">15C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe posterior margin of the postglenoid process is semi-circular in dorsal aspect. In lateral aspect, the ventral border of the mandibular fossa is strongly concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC8641231B79AEFB313EDD" box="[1116,1194,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionTargetBox="[127,1200,234,1184]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
), and both the zygomatic and postglenoid processes are somewhat ventrally directed, and in dorsal and ventral aspect, the zygomatic process is nearly anteriorly directed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC864124027A2FFC083D5C" box="[837,915,1610,1636]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCC864124D97A2FFC263D5C" box="[926,957,1610,1636]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="843">12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe zygomatic process is relatively short, blunt, and triangular in crosssection. Ŋe supramastoid crest runs along the dorsal margin of the squamosal from the lateral margin of the occipital shield, but does not extend far onto the zygomatic process. A distinct dorsoventrally oriented and anteriorly facing squamosal crease occurs on the anterior surface of the squamosal, at the base of the zygomatic process. Along the posteromedial wall of the temporal fossa near the parietal-squamosal suture, a faint squamosal cleft occurs and runs parallel to the parietal-squamosal suture. In dorsal aspect, postglenoid process terminates well anterior to the exoccipital. A vertical crease occurs at the squamosal-exoccipital suture at the posterolateral edge of the cranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD864025517E31FDE33956" box="[534,632,596,622]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe posterolateral surface of the squamosal is relatively planar. Ventrally, the mandibular fossa is transversely broad, and anteroposteriorly concave.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCD864027367E96FF683834" blockId="29.[111,649,755,1700]" box="[113,243,755,780]" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCD864027367E96FF683834" box="[113,243,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Basicranium</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCD864027367F77FE333D7D" blockId="29.[111,649,755,1700]" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">
|
||
Portions of the basicranium are badly shattered (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD8640273D7F57FF403874" box="[122,219,818,844]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Figs 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD864027A17F57FE8C3874" box="[230,279,818,844]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">12B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe posterior sheet and wings of the vomer and palatines are broken. Ŋe basioccipital is broad and shallowly concave between the relatively small and knoblike basioccipital crests. Ŋe basioccipital crest is elongate and transversely convex. Ŋe petrosal fossa is large, subrectangular, anteriorly bordered by the pterygoid, medially by the medial lamina of the pterygoid, laterally by the squamosal, and posteriorly by the exoccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD8640273E782AFF4F3F51" box="[121,212,1103,1129]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Figs 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD8640279B782AFE913F51" box="[220,266,1103,1129]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">12B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD86402655782AFED93F52" box="[274,322,1103,1130]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[113,124,1203,1221]" captionTargetBox="[118,1205,210,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-200@30.[239,687,573,955]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 15. — Holotype skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, skull in posterodorsal view; B, right auditory region in ventral view; C, left auditory region in ventral view. Left paroccipital process is complete, but obscured by plaster display cradle. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538241/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">15C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventrally, the exoccipital forms a transversely oriented ridge that is posterolaterally directed. Posterolaterally, the exoccipital contacts the posterior surface of the posterior process of the petrotympanic. Ŋe posterior process of the petrotympanic curves anteromedially, is distally swollen, and bears a sharp ventral crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD864025647968FF1C3E7F" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[113,124,1203,1221]" captionTargetBox="[118,1205,210,1163]" captionTargetId="figure-200@30.[239,687,573,955]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 15. — Holotype skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, skull in posterodorsal view; B, right auditory region in ventral view; C, left auditory region in ventral view. Left paroccipital process is complete, but obscured by plaster display cradle. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538241/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Fig. 15B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe posterior meatal crest anteriorly overlaps the posterior process of the petrotympanic, and anterior to this thin plate, the squamosal exhibits a posterolaterally directed, trough-like external acoustic meatus positioned posterodorsally to the postglenoid process. Ŋe anterior meatal crest continues medially on the squamosal from the postglenoid process and forms the anterior margin of the external acoustic meatus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCD864027CF7A2FFCFF3F11" blockId="29.[111,649,755,1700]" lastBlockId="29.[674,1211,216,1065]" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">
|
||
Ŋe vomer is nearly complete, and anteriorly protrudes beyond the anterior margin of the frontals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD864027E67AECFE8D3D9B" box="[161,278,1673,1699]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-1="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-2="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionTargetBox-0="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetBox-2="[127,1200,234,1184]" captionTargetId-0="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="26" captionText-0="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Figs 11-13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsally, the transversely concave mesorostral canal is filled with matrix. Anteriorly,the vomer becomes transversely narrower. Ŋe vomer is V-shaped in cross-section and bears a sharp ventral crest. Posteriorly, the ventral ridge of the vomer becomes lower to merge with the flat wings of the vomer.Ŋe latter becomes relatively wider posteriorly, ventrally flooring the basicranium, contacting the medial lamina of the pterygoid, and underlapping the anterior portion of the basioccipital. Posteriorly, the vomer is broad and flat. Ŋe basisphenoid is not exposed. Ŋe now-fractured palatine appears to have been slightly convex transversely, medially contacting the vomer, and posteriorly contacting the pterygoid. Ŋe palatal surface of the pterygoid is triangular in shape and positioned along the anterior margin of the petrosal fossa, with a blunt, tongue-shaped hamulus. Ŋe pterygoid hamulus does not appear to be broken or to possess fingerlike posteromedial projection as in species of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCD864025E47F57FCB23874" box="[675,809,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="29" pageNumber="844" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCD864025E47F57FCB23874" box="[675,809,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and this may tentatively considered to be natural. Medially, the blunt pterygoid hamulus overhangs the medial lamina of the pterygoid. Ŋe medial lamina is anteroposteriorly elongate, ventrally flat, and laterally forms the ventrally directed pharyngeal crest that is confluent with the basioccipital crest and forms the medial margin of the petrosal fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCD864025E27835FD7E3F51" blockId="29.[675,1213,1104,1700]" box="[677,741,1104,1129]" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCD864025E27835FD7E3F51" box="[677,741,1104,1129]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Vertex</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCD864025E2780AFB8C3D9B" blockId="29.[675,1213,1104,1700]" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">
|
||
Ŋe vertex of UCMP 219078 is transversely narrow, reflecting the narrow apex of the supraoccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD864025ED78CBFC953FF0" box="[682,782,1198,1224]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Figs 11A</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD8640245E78CBFCD23FF0" box="[793,841,1198,1224]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">12A</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD8640241378CBFCE83FF0" box="[852,883,1198,1224]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[113,124,679,697]" captionTargetBox="[133,1190,215,644]" captionTargetId="figure-438@28.[602,697,213,604]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 14. — Vertex of holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, dorsal view of vertex; B, interpretive line drawing. Gray color denotes matrix, and cross-hatching represents damaged or missing bone. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538237/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">14</figureCitation>
|
||
). A thin band of the parietal is exposed between the sutures for the rostral elements and the supraoccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCD864024DB7888FC753E3F" box="[924,1006,1261,1287]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[113,124,679,697]" captionTargetBox="[133,1190,215,644]" captionTargetId="figure-438@28.[602,697,213,604]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 14. — Vertex of holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, dorsal view of vertex; B, interpretive line drawing. Gray color denotes matrix, and cross-hatching represents damaged or missing bone. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538237/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="844">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). As the rostral elements are missing, it is not possible to ascertain the length of the nasals and morphology of the ascending processes of the maxillae and premaxillae. Ŋe articular surface on the frontals for the rostral elements is corrugated and exhibits a series of anteroposteriorly oriented grooves and ridges; seven ridges are present on the left side; the right side is not as well-preserved. Ŋe region of the vertex as preserved on the frontal appears asymmetrical with the left side having extending further anterolaterally and with a larger angle to the midline; this is due to the slight counterclockwise rotation of the left supraorbital process of the frontal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF313CF7FFCE8643273678D6FF403FCA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538241/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="845" startId="30.[113,124,1203,1221]" targetBox="[118,1205,210,1163]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCE8643273678D6FF403FCA" blockId="30.[113,1209,1202,1266]" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">
|
||
FIG. 15. — Holotype skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCE8643261D78D6FD8C3FFD" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[346,535,1203,1221]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="30" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCE8643261D78D6FD993FFD" box="[346,514,1203,1221]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCE8643254078D6FD8C3FFD" box="[519,535,1203,1221]" pageId="30" pageNumber="845" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., UCMP 219078:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCE8643258478D6FD4B3FFD" bold="true" box="[707,720,1203,1221]" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">A</emphasis>
|
||
, skull in posterodorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCE864324F878D6FC573FFD" bold="true" box="[959,972,1203,1221]" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">B</emphasis>
|
||
, right auditory region in ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCE8643278578ACFF4B3FE3" bold="true" box="[194,208,1225,1243]" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">C</emphasis>
|
||
, left auditory region in ventral view. Left paroccipital process is complete, but obscured by plaster display cradle. Scale bars: 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCE864327367948FF263E7F" blockId="30.[113,648,1325,1700]" box="[113,189,1325,1351]" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCE864327367948FF263E7F" box="[113,189,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">Frontal</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCE864227367928FD1C3A48" blockId="30.[113,648,1325,1700]" lastBlockId="31.[111,647,216,369]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="846" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">
|
||
Ŋe well-preserved left frontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCE8643268F7929FDA53E5E" box="[456,574,1356,1382]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-1="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-2="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionTargetBox-0="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetBox-2="[127,1200,234,1184]" captionTargetId-0="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="26" captionText-0="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">Figs 11-13</figureCitation>
|
||
) has a sharp, triangular prong anteriorly. Lateral to this prong, the anterior margin of the supraorbital process is straight and transversely oriented in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCE864327BD79AEFED33EDD" box="[250,328,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="34.[113,124,1487,1505]" captionTargetBox="[121,1203,219,1445]" captionTargetId="graphics-81@34.[121,1202,219,1445]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIG. 17. — Reconstruction of the skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.; A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 20 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538245/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe base of the supraorbital process is broken and displaced dorsally along the medial crack; the postorbital process is broken off, and when the original orientation of the supraorbital process is taken into account, it would have probably dorsally overlapped or contacted the zygomatic process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCE864326057AECFE143D9B" box="[322,399,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="34.[113,124,1487,1505]" captionTargetBox="[121,1203,219,1445]" captionTargetId="graphics-81@34.[121,1202,219,1445]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIG. 17. — Reconstruction of the skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.; A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 20 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538245/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="845">Fig.17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe orbital margin of the supraorbital process is concave in dorsal view, and the dorsal surface of the supraorbital process is slightly anteroposteriorly arched. Ŋe posterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal is oriented transversely. Medially, the frontal drops sub-vertically from the vertex to the near-horizontal supraorbital process, which is horizontally oriented. Ŋe frontal drops near vertically from the vertex, so that it faces dorsolaterally, and the overlapping sheet of the parietal can be seen in dorsal aspect. Ŋe optic canal opens anterolaterally and is positioned posteriorly on the ventral surface of the supraorbital process of the frontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCF864226167CBDFE003BCA" box="[337,411,216,242]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), defined by two ridges – the posteriorly placed infratemporal crest, and an anterolaterally directed ridge anterior to the canal. Ŋis anterior ridge is laterally confluent with the preorbital process, which projects slightly laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCF864227367DF3FF593A88" blockId="31.[111,648,406,813]" box="[113,194,406,432]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864227367DF3FF593A88" box="[113,194,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Parietal</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCF864227367DD3FDAF3815" blockId="31.[111,648,406,813]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">
|
||
Ŋe parietal forms most of the medial wall of the temporal fossa, is exposed along the anterior portion of the vertex, and forms the ventral contribution to the nuchal crests on either side of the occipital shield (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCF864227307E51FF423976" box="[119,217,564,590]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionTargetBox="[127,1200,234,1184]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe lateral surface of the parietal in the temporal fossa is concave. Slightly anteromedial to the junction of the nuchal crest and the supramastoid crest of the squamosal, the parietal-squamosal suture descends ventrally along a bulge in the wall of the temporal fossa; it is oriented ventromedially, and does not turn posteriorly to form a long lateral finger of the parietal as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864226CD7F76FDB63814" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[394,557,787,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864226CD7F76FDB63814" box="[394,557,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCF864227367F36FF743852" blockId="31.[111,649,851,1700]" box="[113,239,851,877]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">ONTOGENY</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCF864227367F14FC0D3F91" blockId="31.[111,649,851,1700]" lastBlockId="31.[674,1212,216,1193]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">
|
||
Several features of the skull suggest that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F5D2DDFFCF8642256D7F14FD1D38B3" box="[554,646,881,907]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864227AD7FF7FEDD3893" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[234,326,913,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864227AD7FF7FEDD3893" box="[234,326,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCF8642260B7FF4FE1C3893" box="[332,391,913,939]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
represents an immature individual. Ŋese include relatively large occipital condyles, large petrosal fossae, and a relatively short compound posterior process of the petrotympanic. Additionally, several cranial sutures remain unfused, including the squamosal-parietal suture and the frontal-parietal suture; young ontogenetic age may explain the ease at which basicranial elements were lost or fractured (see Taphonomy). Ŋese features suggest that UCMP 219078 was not finished growing, and highlights the possibility that the morphology may not be representative of the adult form. In concert with the size of UCMP 219078 and development of these features in comparison with juveniles of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864226047929FE503E5E" box="[323,459,1356,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864226047929FE503E5E" box="[323,459,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F5D2DDFFCF864225407929FDFC3E5E" box="[519,615,1356,1382]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864227347908FF4A3EBE" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[115,209,1388,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864227347908FF4A3EBE" box="[115,209,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCF864227917908FE8A3EBF" box="[214,273,1389,1415]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is interpreted as an old juvenile or subadult. Ŋe primary features used for diagnosing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF8642273779C9FF573EFD" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[112,204,1451,1477]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF8642273779C9FF573EFD" box="[112,204,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCF8642279679C9FE913EFE" box="[209,266,1452,1478]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
include the narrow transverse width of the vertex and the dorsolaterally facing surface lateral to the vertex, permitting the anterior wing of the parietal (and proximal portion of frontal) to be visible in dorsal aspect. Examination of juvenile and neonatal specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864226157A2EFE763D5C" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[338,493,1611,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864226157A2EFE763D5C" box="[338,493,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF8642255B7A2EFD1C3D5C" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[540,647,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="physalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF8642255B7A2EFD1C3D5C" box="[540,647,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. physalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CAS, USNM collections) indicates these features do not change during postnatal development. For example, small juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864224937CBCFBE03BCA" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[980,1147,217,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864224937CBCFBE03BCA" box="[980,1147,217,242]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., CAS 22180) exhibit a relatively wide apex of the occipital shield, and a vertical slope adjacent to the vertex.Ŋese diagnostic features can thus reasonably be interpreted as present in fully grown adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864225E27D12FC9A3AA8" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[677,769,374,400]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864225E27D12FC9A3AA8" box="[677,769,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCF864224407D12FCD93AA9" box="[775,834,375,401]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Although the compound posterior process of the petrotympanic is relatively short, it is inflated with a blunt distal apex; in extant adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864225E37DB0FCB73AD7" box="[676,812,469,495]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864225E37DB0FCB73AD7" box="[676,812,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., the distal apex is tapered. Examination of juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864224DB7D90FBBE3937" box="[924,1061,501,527]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864224DB7D90FBBE3937" box="[924,1061,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates the distal apex is also tapered, unlike the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864225E37E51FC123977" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[676,905,564,591]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864225E37E51FCF43976" box="[676,879,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCF864224337E50FC123977" box="[884,905,565,591]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., suggesting an additional derived feature that does not appear to be affected by ontogenetic patterns observed in extant relatives. Furthermore, the posterior process extends laterally to the level of the lateral extremity of the paroccipital process, unlike immature specimens of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864224497E97FC0F3834" box="[782,916,754,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864224497E97FC0F3834" box="[782,916,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; during ontogeny, the posterior process increases in length and lags behind the exoccipital during early development (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFCF864223267F57FD443854" author="BISCONTI M." pageId="31" pageNumber="846" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref65913" refString="BISCONTI M. 2001. - Morphology and postnatal growth trajectory of rorqual petrosal. Italian Journal of Zoology 68: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="2001">Bisconti 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Examination of the petrosal fossae of juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF864225967F17FCEB38B3" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[721,880,882,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF864225967F17FCEB38B3" box="[721,880,882,907]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates that even in neonates, the fossae are smaller relative to skull size than in UCMP 219078, suggesting that the large size is autapomorphic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF8642243F7FB4FC4E38D2" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[888,981,976,1002]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF8642243F7FB4FC4E38D2" box="[888,981,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCF8642249D7FB4FB8C38D3" box="[986,1047,977,1003]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and possibly a paedomorphic trait. In summary, although several features suggest immaturity, other features suggest that growth was nearly completed; additionally, most of the diagnostic features for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF8642235A7835FBE13F51" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[1053,1146,1103,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF8642235A7835FBE13F51" box="[1053,1146,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCF864223C6782AFB273F51" box="[1153,1212,1103,1129]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
do not appear to be affected by ontogenetic changes in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF8642244E78EBFC143F90" box="[777,911,1166,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF8642244E78EBFC143F90" box="[777,911,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCF864225E278ABFCAA3FDE" blockId="31.[675,1212,1230,1700]" box="[677,817,1230,1256]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">TAPHONOMY</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFCF867C25E2788BFE403995" blockId="31.[675,1212,1230,1700]" lastBlockId="33.[111,649,216,1700]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="848" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">
|
||
Ŋe skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFCF86422469788BFC173E3F" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[814,908,1261,1287]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFCF86422469788BFC173E3F" box="[814,908,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFCF864224D4788BFC543E30" box="[915,975,1262,1288]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
exhibits several noteworthy preservational features (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFCF864224B87968FBC93E10" box="[1023,1106,1293,1320]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="846">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). UCMP 219078 was preserved in a monotonous succession of massively bedded, pervasively bioturbated finegrained sandstone. Ŋis facies, typically lacking any primary sedimentary structures due to thorough homogenization of the sediment by bioturbators, was interpreted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFCF8642242279AEFC6E3EDE" author="NORRIS R. D." box="[869,1013,1483,1510]" pageId="31" pageNumber="846" pagination="256 - 270" refId="ref73207" refString="NORRIS R. D. 1986. - Taphonomic gradients in shelf fossil assemblages: Pliocene Purisima Formation, California. Palaios 1: 256 - 270." type="journal article" year="1986">Norris (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as reflecting a middle shelf (or transition zone) depositional setting. Other evidence for a lag deposit such as abundant, large terrigenous or phosphatic clasts or abundant mollusks is absent from this stratum. Ŋe rostral bones (premaxillae, maxillae, and nasals), tympanic bullae, middle ear ossicles, and bodies of the pet- rosals are missing, and no postcrania were found during excavation. Ŋe vomer and other basicranial elements are shattered, and the left supraorbital process of the frontal and vomer are broken and rotated dorsally. UCMP 219078 was found ventralup in massively bedded, bioturbated sandstone with dispersed mollusks and pebbles. Ŋe cranium was likely too large to be overturned by currents and probably represents the original orientation of the skull upon arrival at the sea floor. Ŋe lack of postcrania suggests that the skull arrived on the sea floor as an isolated element. Ŋe lack of evidence for a lag deposit or erosional surface at this horizon suggests that postcrania were not dissociated by transport and submarine erosion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF313CF7FFF0867D27367A50FC123D99" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="847" startId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" targetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF0867D27367A50FC123D99" blockId="32.[113,1210,1589,1697]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">
|
||
FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF0867D25F57A50FCF43D7F" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[690,879,1589,1607]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="32" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D25F57A50FCC13D7F" box="[690,858,1589,1607]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF0867D24187A50FCF43D7F" box="[863,879,1589,1607]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D24D17A50FC383D7F" bold="true" box="[918,931,1589,1607]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">A</emphasis>
|
||
, death;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D24A17A50FC683D7F" bold="true" box="[998,1011,1589,1607]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">B</emphasis>
|
||
, initial decay,bloat, and floating;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D27FE7A2EFF5C3D65" bold="true" box="[185,199,1611,1629]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">C</emphasis>
|
||
, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D24767A2EFCA43D65" bold="true" box="[817,831,1611,1629]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">D</emphasis>
|
||
, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D25457A07FD953D4C" bold="true" box="[514,526,1634,1652]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">E</emphasis>
|
||
, loss of the cranium from the carcass;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D24107A07FCF93D4C" bold="true" box="[855,866,1634,1652]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">F</emphasis>
|
||
, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D26507A1DFEBE3DB2" bold="true" box="[279,293,1656,1674]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">G</emphasis>
|
||
, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D24F47A1CFC5A3DB3" bold="true" box="[947,961,1657,1675]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">H</emphasis>
|
||
, burial;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D23447A1CFB923DB3" bold="true" box="[1027,1033,1657,1675]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">I</emphasis>
|
||
, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF0867D269E7AEAFE783D99" bold="true" box="[473,483,1679,1697]" pageId="32" pageNumber="847">J</emphasis>
|
||
, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF1867C27CF7ED1FBD93A0A" blockId="33.[111,649,216,1700]" lastBlockId="33.[678,1211,216,306]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">
|
||
Many cetacean carcasses float ventral up (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF1867C25717ED6FF3239D5" author="SCHAFER W." pageId="33" pageNumber="848" refId="ref75176" refString="SCHAFER W. 1972. - Ecology and Paleoecology of Marine Environments. University of Chicago press, Chicago, Illinois, 568 p." type="book" year="1972">Schäfer 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it is possible that the orientation of the skull reflects this; it also may reflect the hydrodynamically stable orientation of the skull as it sank. Ŋe rostral elements could have been lost during the bloat and float stage (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C26087F34FE013854" box="[335,410,849,876]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C). Due to exaggerated movement of craniovertebral joint in modern floating cetacean carcasses, the skull is lost not long after the mandibles (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C26387FD5FE4538F2" box="[383,478,944,970]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16E</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF1867C26AE7FD5FDE238F3" author="SCHAFER W." box="[489,633,944,971]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" refId="ref75176" refString="SCHAFER W. 1972. - Ecology and Paleoecology of Marine Environments. University of Chicago press, Chicago, Illinois, 568 p." type="book" year="1972">Schäfer 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is reflected in some cetacean assemblages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF1867C273D7F95FED23F32" author="BIANUCCI G. & LAMBERT O. & POST K." box="[122,329,1008,1034]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" pagination="1077 - 1098" refId="ref65844" refString="BIANUCCI G., LAMBERT O. & POST K. 2010. - High concentration of long-snouted beaked whales (genus Messapicetus) from the Miocene of Peru. Palaeontology 53: 1077 - 1098." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Bianucci
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C279D7F94FE913F32" box="[218,266,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). How the basicranial elements shattered is less clear, but some features of the fossil help to constrain the timing of deformation. Parts of the skull inside the concretion are shattered, indicating that this happened prior to formation of the concretion. Rotation and displacement of the vomer and supraorbital process of the frontal would not have been possible once entombed in sediment, and must have occurred prior to burial. Ŋe sequence of events for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F5D2DDFFF1867C26F27968FD8F3E1F" box="[437,532,1293,1319]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C27CB7948FF7E3E7F" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[140,229,1325,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C27CB7948FF7E3E7F" box="[140,229,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF1867C27AD7948FEB93E7F" box="[234,290,1325,1351]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is inferred as follows: bloating and floating of the whale after death (whether immediate or after refloating;
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C26757909FE093EBF" box="[306,402,1388,1415]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
); initial decomposition and loss of the jaws and rostral elements (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C256679E9FF1D3EFD" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); advanced decay and skeletonization of the head results in the loss of the earbones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C26A579AEFDD23EDE" box="[482,585,1483,1510]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
|
||
), and eventual loss of the skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C26C0798EFE733D3E" box="[391,488,1515,1542]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16E</figureCitation>
|
||
). At that time, the skull sinks to the sea floor ventral-up (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C25597A6FFDE23D1D" box="[542,633,1546,1573]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16F</figureCitation>
|
||
), and at some point between its arrival on the seafloor and burial, the vomer and supraorbital process rotate and come into contact with the seafloor (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C25517A0CFDE13DBC" box="[534,634,1641,1668]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eventually the skull is buried (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C268C7AECFDAD3D9C" box="[459,566,1673,1700]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Long after burial, diagenetic compaction fractures the basicranial elements (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C24D67C92FC713A2A" box="[913,1002,247,274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16I</figureCitation>
|
||
), and a concretion forms around the braincase (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C249C7D72FBAE3A0A" box="[987,1077,279,306]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="32.[113,124,1589,1607]" captionTargetBox="[119,1204,214,1548]" captionTargetId="graphics-17@32.[134,1203,233,1548]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 16. — Possible taphonomic pathway of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.: A, death; B, initial decay,bloat, and floating; C, advanced skeletonization of the facial region and loss of rostral elements; D, continued skeletonization of the facial region and the loss of petrotympanics and mandibles; E, loss of the cranium from the carcass; F, arrival of the skull on the seafloor in the ventral-up position; G, collapse and rotation of the vomer and frontals and contact with the seafloor; H, burial; I, diagenetic compaction and fracturing of basicranial elements; J, formation of a concretion during later diagenesis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538243/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 16J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF1867C25E27D32FC373A57" blockId="33.[677,1209,343,432]" box="[677,940,343,369]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF1867C25E27D13FBAD3A88" blockId="33.[677,1209,343,432]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C25E27D13FC093AA9" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[677,914,374,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C25E27D13FCEF3AA8" box="[677,884,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF1867C243A7D12FC093AA9" box="[893,914,375,401]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. was coded for the 150 characters of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF1867C24727DF3FC5B3A88" author="MARX F. G." box="[821,960,406,432]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" pagination="77 - 100" refId="ref71857" refString="MARX F. G. 2011. - Ne more the merrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18 (2): 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="2011">Marx (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF1867C25E27DBCFB213975" blockId="33.[677,1210,473,589]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">??????????????1???????????00012?210?1? ??11???01????????1012011130210210011?0 101?111?????????21??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF1867C25FC7E11FBFC3D1D" blockId="33.[675,1212,628,1573]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">
|
||
Incorporation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C24337E11FC4A39B6" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[884,977,628,654]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C24337E11FC4A39B6" box="[884,977,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF1867C24907E11FB8939B6" box="[983,1042,628,654]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
into the matrix of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF1867C25847EF1FCC93995" author="MARX F. G." box="[707,850,659,686]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" pagination="77 - 100" refId="ref71857" refString="MARX F. G. 2011. - Ne more the merrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18 (2): 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="2011">Marx (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and cladistic analysis supported inclusion (with low branch support) of this new taxon within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C247C7EB6FC5939D5" box="[827,962,723,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C247C7EB6FC5939D5" box="[827,962,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C24977EB6FBB939D5" box="[976,1058,723,749]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[113,124,1042,1060]" captionTargetBox="[234,1088,217,1006]" captionTargetId="graphics-463@36.[247,506,227,996]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 18. — Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic analysis executed, including Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. within the data matrix of Marx (2011). Basal parts of the tree outside the Caperea + Balaenopteroidea clade are not shown; support values are Bremer support and GC frequency values. †, denotes extinct taxa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538247/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the strict consensus tree,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C24137E96FC283834" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[852,947,754,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C24137E96FC283834" box="[852,947,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF1867C24FB7E96FC613835" box="[956,1018,755,781]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
appears within a basal polytomy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C243A7F77FBC33814" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[893,1112,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="physalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C243A7F77FBC33814" box="[893,1112,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Balaenoptera physalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C23257F76FB293814" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1879" box="[1122,1202,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C23257F76FB293814" box="[1122,1202,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. edeni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C25E27F56FCDC3874" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[677,839,819,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C25E27F56FCDC3874" box="[677,839,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C24C47F56FB8E3874" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1867" box="[899,1045,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonaerensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C24C47F56FB8E3874" box="[899,1045,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. bonaerensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C23307F57FD693853" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C23307F57FD693853" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the Peruvian fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C24927F37FBB63853" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[981,1069,849,875]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C24927F37FBB63853" box="[981,1069,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C25E17F17FC8B38B3" authorityName="Wada, Oishi & Yamada" authorityYear="2003" box="[678,784,882,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omurai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C25E17F17FC8B38B3" box="[678,784,882,907]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. omurai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C24777F17FC3538B3" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[816,942,881,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C24777F17FC3538B3" box="[816,942,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. musculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, forming the only resolved clade within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C24D17FF4FB863893" box="[918,1053,913,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C24D17FF4FB863893" box="[918,1053,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, this relationship is weakly supported (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C23577FD5FBC538F3" box="[1040,1118,944,971]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[113,124,1042,1060]" captionTargetBox="[234,1088,217,1006]" captionTargetId="graphics-463@36.[247,506,227,996]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 18. — Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic analysis executed, including Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. within the data matrix of Marx (2011). Basal parts of the tree outside the Caperea + Balaenopteroidea clade are not shown; support values are Bremer support and GC frequency values. †, denotes extinct taxa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538247/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Topology among other mysticete taxa did not change relative to the phylogenetic results of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF1867C23747F95FB233F32" author="MARX F. G." box="[1075,1208,1008,1034]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" pagination="77 - 100" refId="ref71857" refString="MARX F. G. 2011. - Ne more the merrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18 (2): 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="2011">Marx (2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3), although branch and bremer support values slightly decreased across Balaenopteroidea, and support for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C25BB782AFC0E3F51" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[764,917,1103,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Eschrichtiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Eschrichtiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
slightly increased (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF1867C2319782AFB373F51" box="[1118,1196,1103,1129]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="36.[113,124,1042,1060]" captionTargetBox="[234,1088,217,1006]" captionTargetId="graphics-463@36.[247,506,227,996]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIG. 18. — Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic analysis executed, including Balaenoptera bertae n. sp. within the data matrix of Marx (2011). Basal parts of the tree outside the Caperea + Balaenopteroidea clade are not shown; support values are Bremer support and GC frequency values. †, denotes extinct taxa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538247/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most notably, the moderately supported
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C230D780AFC7D3F90" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C230D780AFB2B3FB0" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1824" box="[1098,1200,1134,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borealis">B. borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C25E278EAFCA23F90" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1867" box="[677,825,1166,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonaerensis">B. bonaerensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C240678EAFC7D3F90" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[833,998,1167,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">B. acutorostrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF1867C237178EBFB2E3F90" author="MARX F. G." box="[1078,1205,1166,1192]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" pagination="77 - 100" refId="ref71857" refString="MARX F. G. 2011. - Ne more the merrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18 (2): 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="2011">Marx 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3) collapsed in this analysis, perhaps owing to the inclusion of the somewhat incomplete
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C233578ABFD5F3E3F" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C233578ABFD5F3E3F" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF1867C258A788BFC973E30" box="[717,780,1262,1288]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Increased resolution of balaenopterid phylogeny would be possible with the inclusion of additional balaenopterid taxa into this matrix (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C25FA7928FCF33E5E" authorityName="Bosselaers & Post" authorityYear="2010" box="[701,872,1356,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Diunatans" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luctoretmurgo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C25FA7928FCF33E5E" box="[701,872,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">D. luctoretmurgo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C24337928FC753E5E" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[884,1006,1356,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Cetotheriophanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capellinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C24337928FC753E5E" box="[884,1006,1356,1383]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">C. capellinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C24BD7928FB1D3E5E" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2010" box="[1018,1158,1356,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Plesiobalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quarantellii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C24BD7928FB1D3E5E" box="[1018,1158,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">P. quarantellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C25E97908FD5D3EBE" box="[686,710,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">B.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C259E7908FC833EBE" box="[729,792,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">cortesi</emphasis>
|
||
“var.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C24197908FC043EBE" box="[862,927,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">portisi</emphasis>
|
||
) and additional balaenopterid-specific characters, including petrotympanic characters recently discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF1867C24AC79CEFB2E3EFD" author="EKDALE E. G. & BERTA A. & DEMERE T. A." box="[1003,1205,1451,1477]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref68110" refString="EKDALE E. G., BERTA A. & DEMERE T. A. 2011. - Ne comparative osteology of the petrotympanic complex (ear region) of extant baleen whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti). Plos One 6 (6): 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Ekdale
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C237079C9FBFC3EFD" box="[1079,1127,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and other skull features such as a squamosal crease, which in the current study was only identified in modern and fossil species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C249E7A6FFBC43D1C" box="[985,1119,1546,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C249E7A6FFBC43D1C" box="[985,1119,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF1867C25E27A2EFB213D9B" blockId="33.[677,1210,1610,1700]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C25E27A2EFC343D5C" authority="BERTAE N." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[677,943,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C25E27A2EFC0A3D5A" box="[677,913,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">BALAENOPTERA BERTAE</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF1867C24DF7A35FC343D5C" box="[920,943,1610,1636]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" rank="species">N.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
SP.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3592CEFFFF1867C249D7A2AFC6A3D5A" box="[986,1009,1615,1634]" name="American Samoa" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">AS</collectingCountry>
|
||
A BALAENOPTERID
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF1867C25E27A0CFC183DBC" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[677,899,1641,1668]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF1867C25E27A0CFCF23DBB" box="[677,873,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="848">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF1867C24297A0FFC183DBC" box="[878,899,1642,1668]" pageId="33" pageNumber="848" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. exhibits several balaenopterid characteristics, including an abruptly depressed
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF313CF7FFF2867F273679AAFB223ED9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538245" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538245" box="[113,1209,1487,1505]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538245/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="849" startId="34.[113,124,1487,1505]" targetBox="[121,1203,219,1445]" targetPageId="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF2867F273679AAFB223ED9" blockId="34.[113,1209,1487,1505]" box="[113,1209,1487,1505]" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">
|
||
FIG. 17. — Reconstruction of the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF2867F268579AAFDE43ED9" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[450,639,1487,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF2867F268579AAFDF13ED9" box="[450,618,1487,1505]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF2867F252879AAFDE43ED9" box="[623,639,1487,1505]" pageId="34" pageNumber="849" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF2867F25E079AAFD2F3ED9" bold="true" box="[679,692,1487,1505]" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF2867F246379AAFCAA3ED9" bold="true" box="[804,817,1487,1505]" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">B</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF2867F24EF79AAFC2D3ED9" bold="true" box="[936,950,1487,1505]" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">C</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view. Scale bar: 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF2867E27367A4FFECD38D3" blockId="34.[113,648,1578,1699]" lastBlockId="35.[111,648,216,1700]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="850" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">
|
||
supraorbital process of the frontal, an anteriorly thrusted occipital shield that laterally overhangs the temporal fossa, and telescoping of the rostral elements and supraoccipital such that the parietal is only exposed as a narrow transverse band at the vertex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF2867F25B67A2FFCFD3D5D" box="[753,870,1610,1637]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStartId-0="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-1="24.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionStartId-2="26.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionStartId-3="28.[113,124,679,697]" captionStartId-4="30.[113,124,1203,1221]" captionTargetBox-0="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1173,216,1628]" captionTargetBox-2="[127,1200,234,1184]" captionTargetBox-3="[133,1190,215,644]" captionTargetBox-4="[118,1205,210,1163]" captionTargetId-0="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@24.[342,815,579,949]" captionTargetId-3="figure-438@28.[602,697,213,604]" captionTargetId-4="figure-200@30.[239,687,573,955]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="26" captionTargetPageId-3="28" captionTargetPageId-4="30" captionText-0="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 12. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in ventral view:A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 13. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078,in lateral view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-3="FIG. 14. — Vertex of holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, dorsal view of vertex; B, interpretive line drawing. Gray color denotes matrix, and cross-hatching represents damaged or missing bone. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-4="FIG. 15. — Holotype skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, skull in posterodorsal view; B, right auditory region in ventral view; C, left auditory region in ventral view. Left paroccipital process is complete, but obscured by plaster display cradle. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538231" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538233" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538237" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538241" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4538231/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4538233/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4538237/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4538241/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">Figs 11-15</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF2867F24377A2FFC153D5C" box="[880,910,1610,1636]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="34.[113,124,1487,1505]" captionTargetBox="[121,1203,219,1445]" captionTargetId="graphics-81@34.[121,1202,219,1445]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIG. 17. — Reconstruction of the skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.; A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 20 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538245/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">17</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF2867F24DF7A2FFBC23D5C" author="ZEIGLER C. V. & CHAN G. L. & BARNES L. G." box="[920,1113,1610,1636]" pageId="34" pageNumber="849" refId="ref76661" refString="ZEIGLER C. V., CHAN G. L. & BARNES L. G. 1997. -" type="book" year="1997">
|
||
Zeigler
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF2867F24AE7A2EFB803D5C" box="[1001,1051,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF2867F25E47A0FFD4D3DBB" box="[675,726,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF2867F24597A0CFC5A3DBC" author="BISCONTI M." box="[798,961,1641,1668]" pageId="34" pageNumber="849" pagination="1103 - 1122" refId="ref66020" refString="BISCONTI M. 2007 a. - A new basal balaenopterid whale from the Pliocene of northern Italy. Palaeontology 50: 1103 - 1122." type="journal article" year="2007">Bisconti 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b, 2010a;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF2867F23747A0CFC8D3D9B" author="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K." pageId="34" pageNumber="849" pagination="331 - 363" refId="ref66734" refString="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K. 2010. - A new fossil rorqual (Mammalia, Cetacea, Balaenopteridae) from the Early Pliocene of the North Sea, with a review of the rorqual species described by Owen and Van Beneden. Geodiversitas 32: 331 - 363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2010 n 2 a 6" type="journal article" year="2010">Bosselaers & Post 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF2867F246E7AECFB883D9C" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[809,1043,1673,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF2867F246E7AECFC6D3D9B" box="[809,1014,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="849">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF2867F24B97AEFFB883D9C" box="[1022,1043,1674,1700]" pageId="34" pageNumber="849" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. shares with all extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E27A77CBDFEF33BCA" box="[224,360,216,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E27A77CBDFEF33BCA" box="[224,360,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E26907CBCFD1D3BCA" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[471,646,216,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeangliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26907CBCFD1D3BCA" box="[471,646,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">M. novaeangliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a broadly triangular occipital shield that laterally overhangs much of the temporal fossa so that it obscures most of the parietal and medial wall of the temporal fossa in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF3867E26EB7D33FE653A49" box="[428,510,342,369]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF3867E254F7D32FDBD3A49" box="[520,550,343,369]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="34.[113,124,1487,1505]" captionTargetBox="[121,1203,219,1445]" captionTargetId="graphics-81@34.[121,1202,219,1445]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIG. 17. — Reconstruction of the skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.; A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 20 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538245/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">17</figureCitation>
|
||
; Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E27377D12FF3A3AA8" box="[112,161,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005).In many fossil balaenopterids, the crania are less extremely telescoped and the supraoccipital is not thrust as far anteriorly and overhangs less of the temporal fossa (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E26227DB0FF373937" authority="Bisconti, 2007" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26227DB0FDBD3AD7" box="[357,550,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Archaebalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
Bisconti, 2007
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E27837D93FF473937" box="[196,220,502,527]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E27A87D93FEB53937" box="[239,302,502,527]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">cortesi</emphasis>
|
||
“var.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E263E7D93FE213937" box="[377,442,502,527]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">portisi</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E268E7D90FDD13937" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[457,586,501,527]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Cetotheriophanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capellinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E268E7D90FDD13937" box="[457,586,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">C. capellinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E251D7D93FE163917" authority="Bisconti, 2007" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Protororqualus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E251D7D93FF7D3917" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Protororqualus</emphasis>
|
||
Bisconti, 2007
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or only overhangs the anterior portion of the temporal fossa so that the posterior half of the medial wall is visible in dorsal aspect (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E27FB7E11FEDB39B6" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[188,320,628,654]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baulinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E27FB7E11FEDB39B6" box="[188,320,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">P. baulinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26117E11FEEE39B5" box="[342,373,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26C27E11FE4E39B6" box="[389,469,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">hubachi</emphasis>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26AC7E11FD9139B5" box="[491,522,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E255E7E11FDEC39B5" box="[537,631,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">miocaena</emphasis>
|
||
). Most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E26657EF6FE333995" box="[290,424,659,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26657EF6FE333995" box="[290,424,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E256F7EF1FD1C3995" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[552,647,659,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E256F7EF1FD1C3995" box="[552,647,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF3867E27367ED1FF3539F6" box="[113,174,692,718]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, exhibit a slight convex bulge along the medial wall of the temporal fossa at the position of the squamosal-parietal suture;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E26D37E96FD1D3834" authority="Gray, 1846" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[404,646,754,781]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26D37E96FD9B3834" box="[404,512,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
Gray, 1846
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks this bulge, and is thus the only balaenopterid where the inner wall of the temporal fossa is completely obscured in dorsal view. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E255A7F37FF1638B3" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E255A7F37FF1638B3" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. musculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the occipital shield is transversely narrow, and the medial wall is so bulged that nearly the entire medial wall is visible in dorsal aspect (interpreted here to be a reversal).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF3867E27CF7F95FC5C3835" blockId="35.[111,648,216,1700]" lastBlockId="35.[675,1212,216,1320]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">
|
||
Ŋe morphology of the squamosal varies widely within balaenopterids. Most fossil balaenopterids (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E27F47855FEC53F71" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[179,350,1072,1098]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castriarquati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E27F47855FEC53F71" box="[179,350,1072,1098]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">A. castriarquati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E263B7855FE0F3F71" box="[380,404,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26EE7855FE703F71" box="[425,491,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">cortesi</emphasis>
|
||
“var.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E257C7855FDE43F71" box="[571,639,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">portisi</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E27367835FF663F51" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[113,253,1103,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baulinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E27367835FF663F51" box="[113,253,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">P. baulinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E267B7835FE003F51" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[316,411,1104,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Protororqualus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E267B7835FE003F51" box="[316,411,1104,1129]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">P. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) appear to exhibit an elongate, laterally divergent zygomatic process with well-defined supramastoid crest that run along most of the length of the zygomatic process, while lacking a squamosal crease (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF3867E267F78A8FE6D3FD0" author="ZEIGLER C. V. & CHAN G. L. & BARNES L. G." box="[312,502,1229,1256]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" refId="ref76661" refString="ZEIGLER C. V., CHAN G. L. & BARNES L. G. 1997. -" type="book" year="1997">
|
||
Zeigler
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26C078ABFE223FDF" box="[391,441,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E251078ABFD1C3FDF" box="[599,647,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF3867E27F27888FECC3E3F" author="BISCONTI M." box="[181,343,1261,1287]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" pagination="1103 - 1122" refId="ref66020" refString="BISCONTI M. 2007 a. - A new basal balaenopterid whale from the Pliocene of northern Italy. Palaeontology 50: 1103 - 1122." type="journal article" year="2007">Bisconti 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b). An elongate and laterally flaring zygomatic process is regarded as the primitive condition amongst balaenopteroids (Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25147948FD1E3E7F" box="[595,645,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005), and among fossil and extant balaenopterids, characterize all taxa (including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E26ED7908FD893EBE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[426,530,1389,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26ED7908FD893EBE" box="[426,530,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E272879E9FE853E9E" authorityName="Bosselaers & Post" authorityYear="2010" box="[111,286,1420,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Diunatans" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luctoretmurgo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E272879E9FE853E9E" box="[111,286,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">D. luctoretmurgo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E261779E9FE4F3E9E" box="[336,468,1420,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E261779E9FE4F3E9E" box="[336,468,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., which have relatively short and anteriorly directed zygomatic process.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E278B79A9FEDD3EDD" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[204,326,1483,1509]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E278B79A9FEDD3EDD" box="[204,326,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. musculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is exceptional amongst extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E2737798EFF6D3D3D" box="[112,246,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E2737798EFF6D3D3D" box="[112,246,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its elongate and laterally flaring zygomatic process.Ŋe most extreme condition within balaenopterids characterizes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E26CB7A4EFDBD3D7C" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[396,550,1579,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E26CB7A4EFDBD3D7C" box="[396,550,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25777A4EFD1D3D7C" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[560,646,1578,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25777A4EFD1D3D7C" box="[560,646,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF3867E27367A2FFF373D5C" box="[113,172,1610,1636]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E27A57A2EFE0B3D5C" authorityName="Bosselaers & Post" authorityYear="2010" box="[226,400,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Diunatans" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luctoretmurgo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E27A57A2EFE0B3D5C" box="[226,400,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">D. luctoretmurgo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of which have short and nearly anteriorly oriented zygomatic process. Postglenoid process morphology also varies within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25897CBDFCE53BCA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1864" box="[718,894,216,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balaenopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is short and indistinct in basal balaenopterids (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E24A07C92FB293A29" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[999,1202,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24A07C92FB293A29" box="[999,1202,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Archaebalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25E27D72FCC23A09" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan, & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[677,857,279,305]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25E27D72FCC23A09" box="[677,857,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Parabalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E242E7D72FB993A09" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[873,1026,279,305]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Protororqualus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E242E7D72FB993A09" box="[873,1026,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Protororqualus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and posteriorly elongate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E24617D52FC373A69" box="[806,940,311,337]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24617D52FC373A69" box="[806,940,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E24FE7D5DFC8A3A49" authority="Bosselaers & Post, 2010" authorityName="Bosselaers & Post" authorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Diunatans" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24FE7D5DFBB33A69" box="[953,1064,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Diunatans</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF3867E23687D52FC8A3A49" author="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K." pageId="35" pageNumber="850" pagination="331 - 363" refId="ref66734" refString="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K. 2010. - A new fossil rorqual (Mammalia, Cetacea, Balaenopteridae) from the Early Pliocene of the North Sea, with a review of the rorqual species described by Owen and Van Beneden. Geodiversitas 32: 331 - 363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2010 n 2 a 6" type="journal article" year="2010">Bosselaers & Post, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E240E7D32FC2A3A48" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[841,945,343,368]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E240E7D32FC2A3A48" box="[841,945,343,368]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ŋese latter taxa (including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25887D12FCB63AA8" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[719,813,374,400]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25887D12FCB63AA8" box="[719,813,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF3867E24737D12FCEB3AA9" box="[820,880,375,401]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) also exhibit a posterolaterally directed postglenoid process. Ŋe early diverging balaenopterid “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E240A7DD3FCFF3AF7" box="[845,868,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24327DD3FC2F3AF7" box="[885,948,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">cortesi</emphasis>
|
||
“var.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24BA7DD3FBA53AF7" box="[1021,1086,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">portisi</emphasis>
|
||
also exhibits posteriorly elongate postglenoid process, but it is posteriorly and not posterolaterally oriented. A squamosal crease is present in taxa with anteriorly oriented zygomatic processes. While a squamosal crease is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E242A7E30FC8139B6" authority="(Bosselaers & Post 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Bosselaers & Post" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Diunatans" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luctoretmurgo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E242A7E30FB843956" box="[877,1055,596,622]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">D. luctoretmurgo</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF3867E236A7E31FC8939B6" author="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K." pageId="35" pageNumber="850" pagination="331 - 363" refId="ref66734" refString="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K. 2010. - A new fossil rorqual (Mammalia, Cetacea, Balaenopteridae) from the Early Pliocene of the North Sea, with a review of the rorqual species described by Owen and Van Beneden. Geodiversitas 32: 331 - 363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2010 n 2 a 6" type="journal article" year="2010">Bosselaers & Post 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E24167E11FC3C39B6" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[849,935,628,654]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24167E11FC3C39B6" box="[849,935,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is present in all extant species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E24507EF6FC043995" box="[791,927,659,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24507EF6FC043995" box="[791,927,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E249D7EF1FBA03995" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[986,1083,659,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E249D7EF1FBA03995" box="[986,1083,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF3867E23047EF1FB183996" box="[1091,1155,660,686]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E24497ED1FC2339F5" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[782,952,691,717]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeangliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24497ED1FC2339F5" box="[782,952,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">M. novaeangliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF3867E24817ED6FBC039F5" author="KELLOGG R." box="[966,1115,691,717]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref70374" refString="KELLOGG R. 1922. - Description of the skull of Megaptera miocaena, a fossil humpback whale from the Miocene diatomaceous earth of Lompoc, California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 61: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1922">Kellogg 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25E27EB6FD4239D5" box="[677,729,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005). Ŋis feature may be a possible synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E247D7E97FC5B3834" box="[826,960,754,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E247D7E97FC5B3834" box="[826,960,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF3867E25FC7F77FBD13E10" blockId="35.[675,1212,216,1320]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25FC7F77FC3E3815" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[699,933,786,813]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25FC7F77FC133814" box="[699,904,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF3867E24D77F76FC3E3815" box="[912,933,787,813]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. may be distinguished from all extant balaenopterids by the lack of a fingerlike posterior projection of the pterygoid hamulus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF3867E24567F14FCF438B3" box="[785,879,881,907]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ŋe condition of this character is unknown in many fossil taxa, either because the ventral side of the skull has not been prepared (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25A57FB5FC3738D2" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[738,940,976,1002]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25A57FB5FC3738D2" box="[738,940,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Archaebalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E24FB7FB4FB8938D2" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[956,1042,976,1002]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24FB7FB4FB8938D2" box="[956,1042,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), is completely missing (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E244A7F95FBFE3F32" authority="Brandt, 1873" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1873" box="[781,1125,1008,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Cetotheriophanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E244A7F95FC583F32" box="[781,963,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Cetotheriophanes</emphasis>
|
||
Brandt, 1873
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E23337F95FC543F12" authority="Bisconti, 2010" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Plesiobalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E23337F95FCB33F11" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Plesiobalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
Bisconti, 2010
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or is too damaged to tell (e.g., “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24527855FCB73F71" box="[789,812,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24797855FCE63F71" box="[830,893,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">cortesi</emphasis>
|
||
“var.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24827855FB9D3F71" box="[965,1030,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">portisi</emphasis>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E23587855FBA43F71" box="[1055,1087,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E23167855FB283F71" box="[1105,1203,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">miocaena</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25E2782AFCC93F51" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan, & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[677,850,1103,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25E2782AFCC93F51" box="[677,850,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Parabalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E24367835FC413F51" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[881,986,1104,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24367835FC413F51" box="[881,986,1104,1129]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24AE782AFBA13F51" box="[1001,1082,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">hubachi</emphasis>
|
||
also appears to lack a posteriorly directed finger of the pterygoid hamulus. Fingerlike pterygoid hamuli are widely distributed among modern and fossil mysticetes such as cetotheriids
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E24C278ABFB9A3FDF" box="[901,1025,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
, cetotheres
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E23C178ABFD573E3F" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E259A788BFC893E3F" box="[733,786,1262,1287]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF3867E245C7888FBAB3E30" author="BOUETEL V. & MUIZON C. DE" box="[795,1072,1261,1288]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" pagination="319 - 395" refId="ref66802" refString="BOUETEL V. & MUIZON C. DE. 2006. - Ne anatomy and relationships of Piscobalaena nana (Cetacea, Mysticeti), a Cetotheriidae s. s. from the Early Pliocene of Peru. Geodiversitas 28: 319 - 395." type="journal article" year="2006">Bouetel & Muizon 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25E17968FBDC3E10" authority="(Lilljeborg, 1861)" baseAuthorityName="Lilljeborg" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[678,1095,1293,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Eschrichtiidae" genus="Eschrichtius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25E17968FCE73E1F" box="[678,892,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Eschrichtius robustus</emphasis>
|
||
(Lilljeborg, 1861)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF3867E25E27928FC483E5F" blockId="35.[674,1211,1357,1700]" box="[677,979,1357,1383]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25E27928FC343E5F" authority="BERTAE N." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[677,943,1357,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25E27928FC0A3E5D" box="[677,913,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">BALAENOPTERA BERTAE</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF3867E24DF7937FC343E5F" box="[920,943,1357,1383]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" rank="species">N.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
SP.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF3867E25E27917FC6C3EBD" blockId="35.[674,1211,1357,1700]" box="[677,1015,1389,1414]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3592CEFFFF3867E25E27917FD273EBD" box="[677,700,1394,1413]" name="American Samoa" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">AS</collectingCountry>
|
||
A MEMBER OF
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E241D7908FC6C3EBD" box="[858,1015,1389,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E241D7908FC6C3EBD" box="[858,1015,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">BALAENOPTERA</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF3867E25E279E9FB213D9C" blockId="35.[674,1211,1357,1700]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">
|
||
In general,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E245379E9FCF03E9E" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[788,875,1420,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E245379E9FCF03E9E" box="[788,875,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF3867E242879E9FC3D3E9E" box="[879,934,1420,1446]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
exhibits characteristics that are relatively derived in comparison to most fossil balaenopterids. In comparison to extant species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E25E1798EFCB13D3D" box="[678,810,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E25E1798EFCB13D3D" box="[678,810,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E247F798EFC0E3D3D" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[824,917,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E247F798EFC0E3D3D" box="[824,917,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF3867E24DA798EFC423D3D" box="[925,985,1515,1541]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is characterized by a mosaic of primarily derived and a few plesiomorphic characters. Aside from the derived features outlined above (also see Differential diagnosis), plesiomorphic characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF3867E240A7A0FFC3D3DBB" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[845,934,1641,1667]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF3867E240A7A0FFC3D3DBB" box="[845,934,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="850">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF3867E24ED7A0FFC7B3DBC" box="[938,992,1642,1668]" pageId="35" pageNumber="850" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
include a transversely narrow vertex and supraoccipital apex, and a supraor -
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447CBCFCB93BD5" box="[515,802,217,237]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447CBCFCB93BD5" authority="Gray, 1846" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[515,802,217,237]" class="Mammalia" family="Neobalaenidae" genus="Caperea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447CBCFD2E3BD5" box="[515,693,217,237]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Caperea marginata</emphasis>
|
||
Gray, 1846
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447D62FCE33A23" box="[515,888,262,283]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925497D62FCE33A23" authority="Strobel, 1881" authorityName="Strobel" authorityYear="1881" box="[526,888,262,283]" class="Mammalia" family="Eschrichtiidae" genus="Eschrichtioides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gastaldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925497D62FD683A23" box="[526,755,263,283]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Eschrichtioides gastaldii</emphasis>
|
||
Strobel, 1881
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447D51FCEB3A70" box="[515,880,308,328]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447D51FCEB3A70" authority="(Lilljeborg, 1861)" baseAuthorityName="Lilljeborg" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[515,880,308,328]" class="Mammalia" family="Eschrichtiidae" genus="Eschrichtius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447D51FD543A70" box="[515,719,308,328]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Eschrichtius robustus</emphasis>
|
||
(Lilljeborg, 1861)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867927AD7D31FE8E3A50" box="[234,277,340,360]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">4/56</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFF4867925447D04FCF53AE8" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447D04FC4E3A9C" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925497D04FBDB3A4D" authority="Zeigler, Chan & Barnes, 1997" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[526,1088,353,373]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baulinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925497D04FCBE3A4D" box="[526,805,353,373]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Parabalaenoptera baulinensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF48679246C7D04FBDB3A4D" author="ZEIGLER C. V. & CHAN G. L. & BARNES L. G." box="[811,1088,353,373]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" refId="ref76661" refString="ZEIGLER C. V., CHAN G. L. & BARNES L. G. 1997. -" type="book" year="1997">Zeigler, Chan & Barnes, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925497DF5FC4E3A9C" authority="Bisconti, 2007" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[526,981,400,420]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castriarquati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925497DF5FCDC3A9C" box="[526,839,400,420]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Archaebalaenoptera castriarquati</emphasis>
|
||
Bisconti, 2007
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447DD9FCF53AE8" box="[515,878,444,464]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925497DD9FCF53AE8" authority="(Fischer, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[526,878,444,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Protororqualus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925497DD9FD453AE8" box="[526,734,444,464]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Protororqualus cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
(Fischer, 1829)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFF4867825447D8DFB2238B3" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="852" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447D8DFCC93AC4" box="[515,850,488,508]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
†“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF48679255F7D8DFDE53AC4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[536,638,488,508]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679255F7D8DFDE53AC4" box="[536,638,488,508]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925CA7D8DFD433AC4" box="[653,728,488,508]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">hubachi</emphasis>
|
||
Dathe, 1983
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447E70FCE93912" box="[515,882,533,554]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
†“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF48679255F7E73FDE53912" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[536,638,534,554]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679255F7E73FDE53912" box="[536,638,534,554]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925CA7E73FD723912" box="[653,745,534,554]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">miocaena</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF4867925A87E73FCE93912" author="KELLOGG R." box="[751,882,534,554]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref70374" refString="KELLOGG R. 1922. - Description of the skull of Megaptera miocaena, a fossil humpback whale from the Miocene diatomaceous earth of Lompoc, California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 61: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1922">Kellogg, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447E26FCEF396F" box="[515,884,579,599]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447E26FCEF396F" authority="Brisson, 1762" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[515,884,579,599]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeangliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447E26FD70396F" box="[515,747,579,599]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Megaptera novaeangliae</emphasis>
|
||
Brisson, 1762
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447E15FC3839BC" box="[515,931,624,644]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447E15FC3839BC" authority="Lacepede, 1804" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[515,931,624,644]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutorostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447E15FC9F39BC" box="[515,772,624,644]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera acutorostrata</emphasis>
|
||
Lacépède, 1804
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447EFBFC8A398A" box="[515,785,670,690]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925497EFBFD74398A" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[526,751,670,690]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925497EFBFD43398A" bold="true" box="[526,728,670,690]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF48679259A7EFBFD74398A" box="[733,751,670,690]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447EAEFC3B39E7" box="[515,928,715,735]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447EAEFC3B39E7" authority="Burmeister, 1867" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1867" box="[515,928,715,735]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonaerensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447EAEFD6139E7" box="[515,762,715,735]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera bonaerensis</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister, 1867
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447E9DFCCD3834" box="[515,854,760,780]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447E9DFCCD3834" authority="Lesson, 1824" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1824" box="[515,854,760,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447E9DFD4A3834" box="[515,721,760,780]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera borealis</emphasis>
|
||
Lesson, 1824
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447F40FCCC3801" box="[515,855,805,825]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447F40FCCC3801" authority="Anderson, 1879" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1879" box="[515,855,805,825]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447F40FD203801" box="[515,699,805,825]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera edeni</emphasis>
|
||
Anderson, 1879
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447F37FCEB385E" box="[515,880,850,870]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447F37FCEB385E" authority="Linneaus, 1758" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[515,880,850,870]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="physalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447F37FD41385E" box="[515,730,850,870]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera physalus</emphasis>
|
||
Linneaus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447F1AFC1D38AB" box="[515,902,895,915]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925497F1AFD6438AB" authority="Pilleri" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[526,767,895,915]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925497F1AFD5E38AB" box="[526,709,895,915]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera siberi</emphasis>
|
||
Pilleri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“& Pilleri, 1989
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447FC8FCE338F9" box="[515,888,941,961]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447FC8FCE338F9" authority="Linneaus, 1758" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[515,888,941,961]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447FC8FD7A38F9" box="[515,737,941,961]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera musculus</emphasis>
|
||
Linneaus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867925447FBFFC7938D6" box="[515,994,986,1006]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925447FBFFC7938D6" authority="Wada, Oishi & Yamada, 2003" authorityName="Wada, Oishi & Yamada" authorityYear="2003" box="[515,994,986,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omurai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925447FBFFD5338D6" box="[515,712,986,1006]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera omurai</emphasis>
|
||
Wada, Oishi & Yamada, 2003
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF313CF7FFF4867927367877FD883F69" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538247" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538247/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" startId="36.[113,124,1042,1060]" targetBox="[234,1088,217,1006]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF4867927367877FD883F69" blockId="36.[113,1210,1042,1105]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
FIG. 18. — Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic analysis executed, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867924557877FC543F1C" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[786,975,1042,1060]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867924557877FC213F1C" box="[786,954,1042,1060]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF4867924F87877FC543F1C" box="[959,975,1042,1060]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. within the data matrix of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF486792736784DFF4D3F02" author="MARX F. G." box="[113,214,1064,1082]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" pagination="77 - 100" refId="ref71857" refString="MARX F. G. 2011. - Ne more the merrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18 (2): 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="2011">Marx (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Basal parts of the tree outside the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867926BF784DFDA53F02" authority="Balaenopteroidea" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1864" box="[504,574,1064,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Neobalaenidae" genus="Caperea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867926BF784DFDA53F02" box="[504,574,1064,1082]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Caperea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Balaenopteroidea clade are not shown; support values are Bremer support and GC frequency values.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF486792609785AFEC33F69" bold="true" box="[334,344,1087,1105]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">†</emphasis>
|
||
, denotes extinct taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF48678273678EBFD8839B6" blockId="36.[111,649,1166,1700]" lastBlockId="37.[111,649,216,1700]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="852" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
bital process of the frontal which is separated from the vertex by a dorsolaterally oriented and steeply sloping surface (of the frontal and parietal), instead of a vertically oriented (and laterally facing) surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF48679273E7968FF5E3E1F" box="[121,197,1293,1319]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[113,124,1657,1675]" captionTargetBox="[129,1140,217,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-62@22.[297,747,556,930]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 21907, in dorsal view: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Cross hatching denotes broken or missing bone, and gray denotes adhering matrix. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538229/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). While a narrower vertex is plesiomorphic (Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867927907948FE973E7F" box="[215,268,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF48679261D7948FD9A3E70" author="BISCONTI M." box="[346,513,1325,1352]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" pagination="85 - 108" refId="ref66046" refString="BISCONTI M. 2007 b. - Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of the rorqual-like mysticete from the Pliocene of Mount Pulgnasco, northern Italy (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti). Palaeontographica Italica 91: 85 - 108." type="journal article" year="2007">Bisconti 2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), most basal balaenopterids exhibit a vertically oriented anterior lateral wall of the braincase and an abruptly depressed supraorbital process of the frontal, and the condition of the supraorbital process in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867926DF79C9FE693EFD" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[408,498,1451,1477]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867926DF79C9FE693EFD" box="[408,498,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF4867926B179C9FDB63EFE" box="[502,557,1452,1478]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
may not necessarily be archaic. Likewise,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867926FC79A9FD8E3EDD" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[443,533,1483,1509]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867926FC79A9FD8E3EDD" box="[443,533,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF48679255C79A9FDC83EDE" box="[539,595,1484,1510]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
does exhibit an abruptly depressed supraorbital process of the frontal, although offset by an oblique, dorsolaterally oriented surface rather than a vertical surface as in all other balaenopterids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF4867926E27A2FFD9A3D5C" box="[421,513,1610,1636]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[113,124,679,697]" captionTargetBox="[133,1190,215,644]" captionTargetId="figure-438@28.[602,697,213,604]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 14. — Vertex of holotype cranium of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp., UCMP 219078: A, dorsal view of vertex; B, interpretive line drawing. Gray color denotes matrix, and cross-hatching represents damaged or missing bone. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538237/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and may be autapomorphic. An additional feature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF48679256E7A0FFD1D3DBB" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[553,646,1641,1667]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679256E7A0FFD1D3DBB" box="[553,646,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF4867927367AEFFF333D9C" box="[113,168,1674,1700]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is the apparent anteroposterior shortness of the vertex (judging by the anterior tips of the frontals, which approximate the posterior margin of the bony nares). In most extant balaenopterids, the anteriormost point of the supraoccipital is relatively far posteriorly, near the posterior margin of the supraorbital process of the frontal (or posterior to a transverse line dividing the supraorbital process into anterior and posterior halves). Ŋis condition characterizes most fossil balaenopterids as well, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF48679236479E9FD4D3EFD" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679236479E9FD4D3EFD" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Archaebalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925A579C9FCA83EFD" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[738,819,1451,1477]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925A579C9FCA83EFD" box="[738,819,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679240D79C9FCFA3EFD" box="[842,865,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">B.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679243679C9FC353EFD" box="[881,942,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">cortesi</emphasis>
|
||
“var.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867924B779C9FBB53EFD" box="[1008,1070,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">portisi</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF48679237E79C9FB293EFD" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1081,1202,1451,1478]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Cetotheriophanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capellinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679237E79C9FB293EFD" box="[1081,1202,1451,1478]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">C. capellinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925E879A9FD543EDD" box="[687,719,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679259879AEFCB43EDD" box="[735,815,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">hubachi</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF48679247C79AEFC7C3EDD" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan, & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[827,999,1483,1509]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679247C79AEFC7C3EDD" box="[827,999,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Parabalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679236779AEFB203EDD" box="[1056,1211,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF48679236779AEFB2D3EDD" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[1056,1206,1483,1509]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Protororqualus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Protororqualus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF486792587798EFC8C3D3D" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[704,791,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF486792587798EFC8C3D3D" box="[704,791,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF48679245C798EFCCF3D3D" box="[795,852,1515,1541]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF48679241B798EFC7E3D3D" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1867" box="[860,997,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonaerensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679241B798EFC7E3D3D" box="[860,997,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">B.bonaerensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867924BB798EFB803D3C" box="[1020,1051,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679236D798EFB133D3C" box="[1066,1160,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">miocaena</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF4867925E57A6EFCD33D1C" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[674,840,1546,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeangliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867925E57A6EFCD33D1C" box="[674,840,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">M. novaeangliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anterior margin of the occipital shield is positioned within the anterior¼ of the medial part of the supraorbital process of the frontal. Ŋis feature indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF48679243D7A0FFC543DBB" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[890,975,1641,1667]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF48679243D7A0FFC543DBB" box="[890,975,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">B.bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF4867924937A0FFB913DBC" box="[980,1034,1642,1668]" pageId="36" pageNumber="851" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
exhibits the most telescoped occipital shield of any species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF4867823197AECFF393BCA" italics="true" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="852" pageId="36" pageNumber="851">Balaeno- ptera</emphasis>
|
||
. Only one fossil balaenopterid appears to have a more anteriorly thrusted occipital shield, the Early Late Miocene “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678264B7D7DFEB03A09" box="[268,299,280,305]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678267C7D7DFE023A09" box="[315,409,280,305]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">miocaena</emphasis>
|
||
; in this fossil taxon, the supraoccipital is thrust anteriorly to the level of the preorbital process of the frontal. Ŋe apex of the occipital shield is roughly at the postorbital process in basal balaenopterids like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678262C7DF3FDB73A88" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[363,556,406,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678262C7DF3FDB73A88" box="[363,556,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Archaebalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678251C7DF2FF7B3AF7" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Protororqualus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678251C7DF2FF7B3AF7" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Protororqualus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, indicating that the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867825687DD3FD1D3AF7" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[559,646,437,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825687DD3FD1D3AF7" box="[559,646,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF5867827367DB3FF323AC8" box="[113,169,470,496]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is relatively derived even when compared with extant balaenopterids. However, this may be an illusion caused by the apparent anteroposterior shortness of the supraorbital process of the frontal(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137570FAFFF58678254F7E51FDFF3976" box="[520,612,564,590]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="34.[113,124,1487,1505]" captionTargetBox="[121,1203,219,1445]" captionTargetId="graphics-81@34.[121,1202,219,1445]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIG. 17. — Reconstruction of the skull of Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.; A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 20 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538245/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Fig. 17C</figureCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867827287E30FF533956" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[111,200,596,622]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827287E30FF533956" box="[111,200,596,622]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF58678278B7E30FE993957" box="[204,258,597,623]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
relative to other balaenopterids,which appears to be an autapomorphic feature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF5867827CF7EF1FB2238B3" blockId="37.[111,649,216,1700]" lastBlockId="37.[674,1210,216,908]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">
|
||
As demonstrated in the phylogenetic analysis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867827347ED6FECC39F6" authority="bertae n." authorityName="BERTAE N." box="[115,343,691,718]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827347ED6FEA039F5" box="[115,315,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera bertae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF5867826057ED1FECC39F6" box="[322,343,692,718]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" rank="species">n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. represents a fossil species of the extant taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867826017EB6FE5239D5" box="[326,457,723,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867826017EB6FE5239D5" box="[326,457,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Fossil species attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867827B77E97FEED3834" box="[240,374,754,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827B77E97FEED3834" box="[240,374,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867826B87E96FDAE3834" box="[511,565,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005) include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867827807F77FDD83814" authority="Cope, 1872" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[199,579,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827807F77FE203814" box="[199,443,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera davidsonii</emphasis>
|
||
Cope, 1872
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pliocene San Diego Formation of California),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867825757F56FD1C3874" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[562,647,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825757F56FD1C3874" box="[562,647,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(uppermost Miocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3592CEFFFF58678263C7F37FE2B3854" box="[379,432,850,876]" name="Peru" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867826837F34FE1338B3" authority="Van Beneden, 1880" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1880" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borealina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867826837F34FF3C38B3" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera borealina</emphasis>
|
||
Van Beneden, 1880
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pliocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3592CEFFFF58678255B7F14FDE738B4" box="[540,636,881,908]" name="Belgium" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867827347FF4FD843893" authority="Van Beneden, 1880" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1880" box="[115,543,913,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827347FF4FED13893" box="[115,330,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera minutis</emphasis>
|
||
Van Beneden, 1880
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867827367FD4FE5038F3" authority="Van Beneden, 1872" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1872" box="[113,459,944,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Burtinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827367FD4FF7E38F2" box="[113,229,945,970]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Burtinopsis</emphasis>
|
||
Van Beneden, 1872
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Pliocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3592CEFFFF58678251D7FD5FF3738D3" name="Belgium" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867827877FB5FD1D38D2" authority="Van Beneden, 1880" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1880" box="[192,646,976,1003]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827877FB5FE3738D2" box="[192,428,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera rostratella</emphasis>
|
||
Van Beneden, 1880
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pliocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3592CEFFFF5867827B17F95FEC83F33" box="[246,339,1008,1035]" name="Belgium" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867826D47F95FEA43F12" authority="Van Beneden, 1880" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1880" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibbaldina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867826D47F95FD1C3F32" box="[403,647,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera sibbaldina</emphasis>
|
||
Van Beneden, 1880
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pliocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3592CEFFFF586782681786AFDBF3F12" box="[454,548,1039,1066]" name="Belgium" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Because P. J. Van Beneden did not designate any
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F5D2DDFFF586782566784AFD1C3F71" box="[545,647,1071,1097]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
and because all the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F5D2DDFFF586782678782AFE143F51" box="[319,399,1103,1129]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
material of the Belgian Pliocene taxa appear to represent multiple individuals or chimaeras, or are not considered to be diagnostic enough to be designated as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F5D2DDFFF5867826CA78CBFE633FF0" box="[397,504,1198,1224]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" type="lectotype">lectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF58678254678CBFF763FD0" author="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K." pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="331 - 363" refId="ref66734" refString="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K. 2010. - A new fossil rorqual (Mammalia, Cetacea, Balaenopteridae) from the Early Pliocene of the North Sea, with a review of the rorqual species described by Owen and Van Beneden. Geodiversitas 32: 331 - 363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2010 n 2 a 6" type="journal article" year="2010">Bosselaers & Post (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed that all Belgian Pliocene balaenopterid taxa (as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF586782638788BFE963E1F" authority="Van Beneden, 1872" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1872" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megapteropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF586782638788BFDC33E3F" box="[383,600,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Megapteropsis robusta</emphasis>
|
||
Van Beneden, 1872
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678267A7968FF3C3E7F" authority="Van Beneden, 1859" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1859" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Plesiocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garopii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678267A7968FE743E1F" box="[317,495,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Plesiocetus garopii</emphasis>
|
||
Van Beneden, 1859
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) should be considered
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867826D37948FDB83E7F" box="[404,547,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">nomina dubia</emphasis>
|
||
. Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827367928FF383E5E" box="[113,163,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005) referred a skull (San Diego Formation, Pliocene, California) to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678263E7908FD9E3EBE" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[377,517,1388,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678263E7908FD9E3EBE" box="[377,517,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. davidsonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was previously only known by mandibles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867826AB79E9FDE63E9F" author="DEMERE T. A." box="[492,637,1420,1447]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="277 - 298" refId="ref67320" refString="DEMERE T. A. 1986. - Ne fossil whale, Balaenoptera davidsonii (Cope 1872), with a review of other Neogene species of Balaenoptera (Cetacea: Mysticeti). Marine Mammal Science 2: 277 - 298." type="journal article" year="1986">Deméré 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although this specimen now appears to represent a different taxon (T. A. Deméré pers. comm. 2011). While
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867827FB798EFE8A3D3D" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[188,273,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827FB798EFE8A3D3D" box="[188,273,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was placed within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867826A3798EFDF23D3D" box="[484,617,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867826A3798EFDF23D3D" box="[484,617,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the phylogenetic analysis of Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825457A6EFDAE3D1C" box="[514,565,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867827E77A4EFEB23D7C" author="MARX F. G." box="[160,297,1578,1605]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="77 - 100" refId="ref71857" refString="MARX F. G. 2011. - Ne more the merrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18 (2): 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="2011">Marx (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867826757A4FFDAE3D7C" author="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K." box="[306,565,1578,1605]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="331 - 363" refId="ref66734" refString="BOSSELAERS M. & POST K. 2010. - A new fossil rorqual (Mammalia, Cetacea, Balaenopteridae) from the Early Pliocene of the North Sea, with a review of the rorqual species described by Owen and Van Beneden. Geodiversitas 32: 331 - 363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2010 n 2 a 6" type="journal article" year="2010">Bosselaers & Post (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867827977A2EFEBF3D5C" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[208,292,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867827977A2EFEBF3D5C" box="[208,292,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a member of the genus as it exhibited “basal features”. Features that distinguish it from extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678264C7AECFE153D9B" box="[267,398,1673,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678264C7AECFE153D9B" box="[267,398,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867826827AEFFDBB3D9B" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[453,544,1673,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867826827AEFFDBB3D9B" box="[453,544,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF5867825607AEFFDFA3D9C" box="[551,609,1674,1700]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in- clude relatively slender and widely flaring zygomatic process, a supramastoid crest that continues nearly to the zygomatic apex, a broadly rounded supraoccipital apex, lack of a squamosal crease, and lack of a well-defined separation of the paroccipital process and squamosal in dorsal aspect.On one hand, several other basal balaenopterids exhibit a derived and wide vertex like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678245D7DD0FC3B3AF7" box="[794,928,437,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678245D7DD0FC3B3AF7" box="[794,928,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867824AE7DD0FB293AF7" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2007" box="[1001,1202,437,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Archaebalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867824AE7DD0FB293AF7" box="[1001,1202,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Archaebalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867825E27DB0FCCE3AD7" authorityName="Zeigler, Chan, & Barnes" authorityYear="1997" box="[677,853,469,495]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Parabalaenoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825E27DB0FCCE3AD7" box="[677,853,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Parabalaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), while exhibiting plesiomorphic squamosal morphology (slender and widely flaring zygomatic processes and no squamosal crease); perhaps the morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678248F7E50FB803976" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[968,1051,564,590]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678248F7E50FB803976" box="[968,1051,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is exactly what could be expected of an archaic species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867823C97E31FC9E39B5" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867823C97E31FC9E39B5" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, a recent phylogenetic analysis by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867825817EF6FCE03996" author="BISCONTI M." box="[710,891,659,686]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="37 - 58" refId="ref66204" refString="BISCONTI M. 2010 b. - New description of " Megaptera " hubachi Dathe, 1983 based on the holotype skeleton held in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Quaderni del Museuo di Storia Naturale di Livorno 23: 37 - 58." type="journal article" year="2010">Bisconti (2010b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867823577EF1FBFE3995" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[1040,1125,659,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867823577EF1FBFE3995" box="[1040,1125,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may lie outside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867825B07ED6FCE139F5" box="[759,890,691,717]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825B07ED6FCE139F5" box="[759,890,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as a sister taxon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867823017ED1FB2939F5" authorityName="Bosselaers & Post" authorityYear="2010" box="[1094,1202,692,717]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Diunatans" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867823017ED1FB2939F5" box="[1094,1202,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Diunatans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ŋe generic placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867824F77EB6FBAF39D5" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[944,1076,723,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867824F77EB6FBAF39D5" box="[944,1076,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. davidsonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867823207EB6FB2139D5" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[1127,1210,723,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867823207EB6FB2139D5" box="[1127,1210,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
requires additional fossil material and phylogenetic studies. Ŋis study documents a convincing example of an extinct species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867824C67F57FC653874" box="[897,1022,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867824C67F57FC653874" box="[897,1022,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Pliocene, and additional records of extinct(or extant) members of this genus from the Pliocene may await discovery.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FFF5867B25E27FD4FE2E3F51" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="853" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF5867825E27FD4FC9238F1" blockId="37.[674,1212,945,1700]" box="[677,777,945,971]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">REMARKS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFFF5867B25E27FB5FE2E3F51" blockId="37.[674,1212,945,1700]" lastBlockId="38.[112,649,596,1129]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="853" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">
|
||
Previous molecular analyses have utilized fossil calibrations in an attempt to constrain the timing of molecular divergence of various mysticete clades. Recent studies have yielded dates for the balaenopterid-eschrichtiid clade in the Middle to Late Miocene (13.8 Ma;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF58678244D780AFC7B3FB1" author="MCGOWEN M. R. & SPAULDING M. & GATESY J." box="[778,992,1134,1161]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="891 - 906" refId="ref71937" refString="MCGOWEN M. R., SPAULDING M. & GATESY J. 2009. - Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceans. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53: 891 - 906." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
McGowen
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678243E780AFC3D3FB0" box="[889,934,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;13-12Ma,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF586782313780BFC8D3F90" author="DORNBURG A. & BRANDLEY M. C. & MCGOWEN M. R. & NEAR T. J." pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="721 - 736" refId="ref67898" refString="DORNBURG A., BRANDLEY M. C., MCGOWEN M. R. & NEAR T. J. 2012. - Relaxed clocks and inferences of heterogeneous patterns of nucleotide substitution and divergence time estimates across whales and dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea). Molecular Biology and Evolution 29: 721 - 736." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Dornburg
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825E578EAFD4D3F90" box="[674,726,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, molecular divergence dating is problematic for this clade due to the phenomenon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867825F978A8FCA43FDF" box="[702,831,1229,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825F978A8FCA43FDF" box="[702,831,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paraphyly (by inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678231678ABFB213FDF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1105,1210,1230,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678231678ABFB213FDF" box="[1105,1210,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and occasionally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867824157888FBDA3E3F" authority="Gray, 1864" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1864" box="[850,1089,1261,1287]" class="Mammalia" family="Eschrichtiidae" genus="Eschrichtius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867824157888FC533E3F" box="[850,968,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Eschrichtius</emphasis>
|
||
Gray, 1864
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867823C97888FC993E1F" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867823C97888FC993E1F" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which is frequently recovered in molecular analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867824447948FC5E3E7F" author="RYCHEL A. L. & REEDER T. W. & BERTA A." box="[771,965,1325,1351]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="892 - 901" refId="ref75025" refString="RYCHEL A. L., REEDER T. W. & BERTA A. 2004. - Phylogeny of mysticete whales based on mitochondrial and nuclear data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 892 - 901." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Rychel
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867824157948FC1D3E7F" box="[850,902,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867824897948FB2D3E7F" author="MCGOWEN M. R. & SPAULDING M. & GATESY J." box="[974,1206,1325,1351]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="891 - 906" refId="ref71937" refString="MCGOWEN M. R., SPAULDING M. & GATESY J. 2009. - Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceans. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53: 891 - 906." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
McGowen
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867823027948FBED3E7F" box="[1093,1142,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867825E27929FC113E5E" author="DORNBURG A. & BRANDLEY M. C. & MCGOWEN M. R. & NEAR T. J." box="[677,906,1356,1382]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="721 - 736" refId="ref67898" refString="DORNBURG A., BRANDLEY M. C., MCGOWEN M. R. & NEAR T. J. 2012. - Relaxed clocks and inferences of heterogeneous patterns of nucleotide substitution and divergence time estimates across whales and dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea). Molecular Biology and Evolution 29: 721 - 736." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Dornburg
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867824507928FCD23E5E" box="[791,841,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867824A27929FB2D3E5E" author="NIKAIDO M. & HAMILTON H. & MAKINO H. & SASAKI T. & TAKAHASHI K. & GOTO M. & KANDA N. & PASTENE L. A. & OKADA N." box="[997,1206,1356,1382]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="866 - 873" refId="ref73114" refString="NIKAIDO M., HAMILTON H., MAKINO H., SASAKI T., TAKAHASHI K., GOTO M., KANDA N., PASTENE L. A. & OKADA N. 2006. - Baleen whale phylogeny and a past extensive radiation event revealed by SINE insertion analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 866 - 873." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Nikaido
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867823047928FBEE3E5E" box="[1091,1141,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867825947909FC323EBE" author="STEEMAN M. E. & HEBSGAARD M. B. & FORDYCE R. E. & HO S. Y. W. & RABOSKY D. L. & NIELSEN R. & RAHBEK C. & GLENNER H. & SORENSON M. V. & WILLERSLEV E." box="[723,937,1388,1414]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="573 - 585" refId="ref75432" refString="STEEMAN M. E., HEBSGAARD M. B., FORDYCE R. E., HO S. Y. W., RABOSKY D. L., NIELSEN R., RAHBEK C., GLENNER H., SORENSON M. V. & WILLERSLEV E. 2009. - Radiation of extant cetaceans driven by restructuring of oceans. Systematic Biology 58: 573 - 585." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Steeman
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867824727908FCFC3EBE" box="[821,871,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867823667908FB103EBE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1057,1163,1389,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867823667908FB103EBE" box="[1057,1163,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867825E279E9FC853E9E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1864" box="[677,798,1420,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Eschrichtiidae" genus="Eschrichtius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825E279E9FC853E9E" box="[677,798,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Eschrichtius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fall outside the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678235179E9FB003E9E" box="[1046,1179,1420,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678235179E9FB003E9E" box="[1046,1179,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in nearly all morphology-based cladistic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867823C179CEFC8A3EDD" author="STEEMAN M. E." pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="875 - 894" refId="ref75400" refString="STEEMAN M. E. 2007. - Cladistic analysis and a revised classification of fossil and recent mysticetes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 875 - 894." type="journal article" year="2007">Steeman 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF58678245D79A9FC0A3EDD" author="MARX F. G." box="[794,913,1483,1510]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="77 - 100" refId="ref71857" refString="MARX F. G. 2011. - Ne more the merrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18 (2): 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="2011">Marx 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further complications arise when considering the choice of fossil calibrations.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF5867825E17A6FFC0E3D1D" author="DORNBURG A. & BRANDLEY M. C. & MCGOWEN M. R. & NEAR T. J." box="[678,917,1546,1573]" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" pagination="721 - 736" refId="ref67898" refString="DORNBURG A., BRANDLEY M. C., MCGOWEN M. R. & NEAR T. J. 2012. - Relaxed clocks and inferences of heterogeneous patterns of nucleotide substitution and divergence time estimates across whales and dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea). Molecular Biology and Evolution 29: 721 - 736." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Dornburg
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867824517A6EFCDC3D1C" box="[790,839,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678249C7A6EFC613D1C" box="[987,1018,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678234C7A6FFBC63D1C" box="[1035,1117,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">hubachi</emphasis>
|
||
as a calibration for the
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF58678240A7A4EFBEF3D7C" box="[845,1140,1578,1605]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678240A7A4EFC243D7C" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[845,959,1578,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="physalus">B. physalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF58678248F7A4EFBEF3D7C" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[968,1140,1578,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeangliae">M. novaeangliae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
clade; however, some morphology-based analyses have failed to demonstrate a close relationship between “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825F77AEFFD4B3D9B" box="[688,720,1674,1699]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">M.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867825A47AECFCAD3D9B" box="[739,822,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">hubachi</emphasis>
|
||
and extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF5867824FC7AEFFBF23D9B" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[955,1129,1673,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeangliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF5867824FC7AEFFBF23D9B" box="[955,1129,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="852">M. novaeangliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is considered not to belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B26FF7E30FDB93956" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[440,546,597,622]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B26FF7E30FDB93956" box="[440,546,597,622]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Deméré
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B27367E11FF3F39B6" box="[113,164,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF6867B27A87E11FE0E39B7" author="BISCONTI M." box="[239,405,628,655]" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" pagination="37 - 58" refId="ref66204" refString="BISCONTI M. 2010 b. - New description of " Megaptera " hubachi Dathe, 1983 based on the holotype skeleton held in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Quaderni del Museuo di Storia Naturale di Livorno 23: 37 - 58." type="journal article" year="2010">Bisconti 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Problems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B256B7E11FF3F3995" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B256B7E11FF3F3995" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
monophyly notwithstanding, perhaps more appropriate fossil calibrations could be found in fossil species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B26527EB6FE0339D5" box="[277,408,723,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B26527EB6FE0339D5" box="[277,408,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as previously reported fossil records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B26657E96FE153834" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[290,398,755,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B26657E96FE153834" box="[290,398,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have turned out to be archaic balaenopterids with superficial similarities to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B27CB7F56FF6E3874" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[140,245,819,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B27CB7F56FF6E3874" box="[140,245,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">Megaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(“
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B264A7F56FEBE3874" box="[269,293,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">M</emphasis>
|
||
.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B267D7F57FE103874" box="[314,395,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">hubachi</emphasis>
|
||
; “
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B26E67F56FE223874" box="[417,441,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">M</emphasis>
|
||
.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B26897F56FDB63874" box="[462,557,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">miocaena</emphasis>
|
||
) or fragmentary remains from the Pliocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF6867B26B07F34FEB338B3" author="WHITMORE F. C. & KALTENBACH J. A." pageId="38" pageNumber="853" pagination="181 - 269" refId="ref76497" refString="WHITMORE F. C. & KALTENBACH J. A. 2008. - Neogene Cetacea of the Lee Creek Phosphate Mine, North Carolina. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication 14: 181 - 269." type="journal article" year="2008">Whitmore & Kaltenbach 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B26367F17FE5238B3" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[369,457,881,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B26367F17FE5238B3" box="[369,457,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF6867B26897F17FD9E38B4" box="[462,517,882,908]" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B25727F17FD1D38B3" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[565,646,881,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B25727F17FD1D38B3" box="[565,646,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been found to fall within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B26FD7FF4FDA63893" box="[442,573,913,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B26FD7FF4FDA63893" box="[442,573,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF6867B250B7FF4FF3038F3" author="MARX F. G." pageId="38" pageNumber="853" pagination="77 - 100" refId="ref71857" refString="MARX F. G. 2011. - Ne more the merrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18 (2): 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="2011">Marx 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study; but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFFF6867B263F7FD5FD8038F3" author="BISCONTI M." box="[376,539,944,971]" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" pagination="37 - 58" refId="ref66204" refString="BISCONTI M. 2010 b. - New description of " Megaptera " hubachi Dathe, 1983 based on the holotype skeleton held in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Quaderni del Museuo di Storia Naturale di Livorno 23: 37 - 58." type="journal article" year="2010">Bisconti 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) although further testing is necessary for both taxa. Regardless of molecular divergence dating, fossils such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B27367875FF503F11" authority="Boessenecker, 2013" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[113,203,1039,1065]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bertae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B27367875FF503F11" box="[113,203,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">B. bertae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2090D16FFF6867B27977875FE933F12" box="[208,264,1040,1066]" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B267D7875FE173F11" authorityName="Pilleri & Pilleri" authorityYear="1989" box="[314,396,1039,1065]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B267D7875FE173F11" box="[314,396,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">B. siberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
demonstrate that “true”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFFF6867B2736784AFF6F3F71" box="[113,244,1071,1097]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFFF6867B2736784AFF6F3F71" box="[113,244,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="853">Balaenoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had evolved by the Early Pliocene, and possibly by the latest Miocene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |