176 lines
24 KiB
XML
176 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="4DF06151CCA34DF2054D036E56872E71" ID-DOI="10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407771" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630347764536" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Voss, Robert S. & Fleck, David W." docDate="2017" docId="03E587ECFFE6FFE77726FC2883A7FB89" docLanguage="en" docName="B417.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2017 (417)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Tayassu pecari" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" masterDocId="FFDCFF94FFB4FFB37439FFE2806FFFDC" masterDocTitle="Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1699239402727" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="9570EB47BF8E89AF706A68EDA864B2B8">Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FC082E16337571F8C7C457DF5FBDF5E1">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="82B52D6FE6C5DAC2B010F6AEB0853688">Fleck, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE17726FC288425FC3D" blockId="82.[799,1098,969,994]" box="[799,1098,969,994]" pageId="82">
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<heading id="D0BB8196FFE6FFE17726FC288425FC3D" box="[799,1098,969,994]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="82" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE6FFE17726FC288425FC3D" ID-CoL="55297" authority="(Link, 1795)" baseAuthorityName="Link" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[799,1098,969,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Tayassu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pecari">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE6FFE17726FC2883D4FC3D" box="[799,955,970,993]" italics="true" pageId="82">Tayassu pecari</emphasis>
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(Link, 1795)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE176F5FC1983F7FB89" blockId="82.[683,1213,1019,1738]" pageId="82">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL (TOTAL = 5): Boca Río Yaquerana (FMNH 88795–88798), Nuevo
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<collectingRegion id="4988F818FFE6FFE170ADFBFE82B2FB89" country="Argentina" name="San Juan" pageId="82">San Juan</collectingRegion>
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(MUSM 11184).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3566571FFE6FFE776F5FBBD8383FD14" lastPageId="84" pageId="82" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE176F5FBBD8418FB27" blockId="82.[683,1213,1019,1738]" pageId="82">
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OTHER INTERFLUVIAL RECORDS: Choncó (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE1768AFB628320FB4B" author="Amanzo, J." box="[691,847,1151,1176]" pageId="82" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref60681" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Río Yavarí (Salovaara et al., 2003), Río Yavarí-Mirím (Salovaara et al., 2003),
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFE6FFE170ACFB438285FB06" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="82">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
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(Valqui, 1999), Tapiche (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE177CFFB20828DFB27" author="Jorge, M. L. S. P. & P. M. Velazco" pageId="82" pagination="274 - 284" refId="ref64390" refString="Jorge, M. L. S. P., and P. M. Velazco. 2006. Mammals. In C. Vriesendorp, T. S. Schulenberg, W. S. Alverson, D. K. Moskovits, and J. - I. Rojas-Moscoso (editors), Peru: Sierra del Divisor (Rapid Biological Inventories 17): 196 - 204, 274 - 284. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Jorge and Velazco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Wiswincho (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE1774EFB018403FB27" author="Escobedo-Torres, M." box="[887,1132,1251,1275]" pageId="82" pagination="472 - 485" refId="ref62486" refString="Escobedo-Torres, M. 2015. Mamiferos. In N. Pitman et al. (editors), Peru: Tapiche-Blanco (Rapid Biological and Social Inventories 27): 142 - 151, 472 - 485. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2015">Escobedo-Torres, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE176F5FAE683EEF999" blockId="82.[683,1213,1019,1738]" pageId="82">
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IDENTIFICATION: Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE6FFE17018FAE684D2FAC7" baseAuthorityName="Link" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[1057,1213,1284,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Tayassu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pecari">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE6FFE17018FAE684D2FAC7" box="[1057,1213,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="82">Tayassu pecari</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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collected in the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve agree in all qualitative respects with near-topotypical material described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE1779BFA858429FAA3" author="Husson, A. M." box="[930,1094,1383,1407]" pageId="82" pagination="1 - 569" refId="ref64194" refString="Husson, A. M. 1978. The mammals of Suriname. Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 2: i - xxxiv, 1 - 569, 151 pls." type="book chapter" year="1978">Husson (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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, and measurements of our material (
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<tableCitation id="C6CE0341FFE6FFE177CDFA6A843AFA7C" box="[1012,1109,1416,1440]" captionStart="TABLE 18" captionStartId="82.[602,682,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[117,1183,352,914]" captionText="TABLE 18 Measurements (mm) and Weights (kg) of Adult Specimens of Tayassu pecari from the Yavarí-Ucayali Interfluve" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF336672FFE6FFE17663FF008350FE98" pageId="82" tableUuid="DF336672FFE6FFE17663FF008350FE98">table 18</tableCitation>
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) overlap broadly with
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE1777DFA4B8382FA1D" author="Husson, A. M." box="[836,1005,1449,1473]" pageId="82" pagination="1 - 569" refId="ref64194" refString="Husson, A. M. 1978. The mammals of Suriname. Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 2: i - xxxiv, 1 - 569, 151 pls." type="book chapter" year="1978">Husson’s (1978</bibRefCitation>
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: tables 56, 57). As usual, the current subspecific classification (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE1768DFA09832BF9DF" author="Grubb, P." box="[692,836,1515,1539]" pageId="82" pagination="637 - 722" refId="ref63409" refString="Grubb, P. 2005. Order Artiodactyla. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (editors), Mammal species of the world (3 rd ed.): 637 - 722. Batimore: Johns Hopkins University Press." type="book chapter" year="2005">Grubb, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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) is difficult to reconcile with the results of analyzing mtDNA sequence data (Ruiz- García et al., 2015).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE076F5F9AD81A5FE3D" blockId="82.[683,1213,1019,1738]" lastBlockId="83.[108,637,226,1638]" lastPageId="83" pageId="82">ETHNOBIOLOGY: The Matses term for the white-lipped peccary is şhëktenamë, analyzable as meaning “large collared peccary.” As with the term şhëkten, the term şhëktenamë is not found in other languages. The archaic term for the white-lipped peccary, chede, is monomorphemic and found in some other Mayoruna languages. In the language used in the Matses’ komok ceremony, the white-lipped peccary is called pashankid, a term whose meaning seems to contain the nominalizing suffix -kid, but the meaning of pashan is not clear.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE7FFE074B5FE0881D9FCFE" blockId="83.[108,637,226,1638]" pageId="83">
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As with the collared peccary, two varieties are recognized, şhëktenamë çhëşhë (“black” or “dark-colored” white-lipped peccary) and şhëktenamë uşhu (“white” or “light-colored” white-lipped peccary). The dark variety is said to be larger and has a very white jaw, while the lighter variety is said to have a grayish, less contrastingly colored jaw. An additional name is panchu, which uniquely designates the leader of a white-lipped peccary herd.
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<superScript id="7C399BB2FFE7FFE0759CFCF381D9FCFE" attach="left" box="[421,438,785,802]" fontSize="7" pageId="83">15</superScript>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE7FFE074B5FCD7827BFA7C" blockId="83.[108,637,226,1638]" pageId="83">White-lipped peccaries are a primary game species for the Matses. The Matses find them while hunting in the forest by smell, or when dogs pick up their scent, or when they are heard grunting or crunching palm nuts. Hunters also find their tracks, or see muddied water flowing downstream from where a herd has foraged in the streambed. White-lipped peccaries are sometimes encountered by canoe travellers, who find herds crossing rivers, see their tracks on the bank where they have crossed, or smell or hear them eating in the forest near the banks. Unless he encounters white-lipped peccaries far from the village, a hunter is expected to refrain from killing them and to return to the village to recruit other men to come and hunt them collectively. If the herd is found at the end of the day, the hunt will begin at dawn the following day.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE7FFE074B5FA488213F9BA" blockId="83.[108,637,226,1638]" pageId="83">Matses hunters usually kill white-lipped peccaries with shotguns or arrows. Since there are seldom enough shotguns to arm all the men in a village, bows and arrows are still used in these collective hunts. Also, because there is often a shortage of ammunition, spears are</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE7FFE07695FF00846FFC53" blockId="83.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="83">
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often made on the spot from the trunks of sinnad palms (
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE7FFE07700FEE183D0FEC6" box="[825,959,259,282]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Bactris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE7FFE07700FEE183E8FEC6" box="[825,903,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="83">Bactris</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE7FFE077E9FEE18420FEC7" box="[976,1103,259,283]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
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]), oninan siante (
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE7FFE0773FFEC6839EFEE7" box="[774,1009,292,316]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Iriartella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenocarpa">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE7FFE0773FFEC6839EFEE7" box="[774,1009,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="83">Iriartella stenocarpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE7FFE0703DFEC684EBFEE0" box="[1028,1156,292,316]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
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]), or from the petioles of the stemless budëd uşhu (
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE7FFE0768FFE8483E5FEA2" box="[694,906,358,382]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Attalea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microcarpa">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE7FFE0768FFE8483E5FEA2" box="[694,906,358,382]" italics="true" pageId="83">Attalea microcarpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE7FFE077A1FE848479FEA2" box="[920,1046,358,382]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
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]). If it is a very large herd, the peccaries may not run off when hunters start to kill them, defending themselves by trying to bite the hunters. In such cases the Matses can easily kill many individuals, although hunters may have to climb trees if they are attacked. If the peccaries run off, as is most frequently the case, the hunters will chase after them. Because white-lipped peccaries do not run quickly and can be headed off, they are easily killed, and one can even get right next to them while running and kill them with a spear or club. When the leader of the herd is killed, the peccaries run aimlessly, often circling back toward the hunters. When clubbed on the head, right where its ears are, the peccary dies immediately.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE7FFE076F5FC7B8397FB4B" blockId="83.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="83">Dogs are also used to hunt white-lipped peccaries. Dogs can help tire out the peccaries, giving the hunters a chance to catch up, if the herd had a good head start. Additionally, a white-lipped peccary that is chased by a dog may stop, turn to face the dog, and try to bite it. If the hunter can catch up in time, he kills the peccary. However, dogs are often bitten during such hunts.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE7FFE076F5FB4283B9F999" blockId="83.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="83">White-lipped peccaries are considered potentially dangerous, and any children present during a hunt are told to climb trees in case the peccaries become fierce. Baby whitelipped peccaries are often captured during hunts and kept as pets, although captive animals become fierce as adults and must be kept in a pen. White-lipped peccary hides could formerly be sold legally, so the Matses used to prepare them for sale, but only collared peccary hides are purchased now. Some hunters smoke white-lipped peccary meat for sale at nearby non-Indian towns.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE7FFE076F5F9AD842AF954" blockId="83.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="83">
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<collectingRegion id="4988F818FFE7FFE076F5F9AD8291F9BA" box="[716,766,1615,1638]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="83">Men</collectingRegion>
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do not eat the heart, lest they lose their endurance while running after game.
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</paragraph>
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<footnote id="E8572AF4FFE7FFE07455F97F810CF915" pageId="83">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE7FFE07455F97F810CF915" blockId="83.[108,637,1693,1737]" pageId="83">
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<superScript id="7C399BB2FFE7FFE07455F97F8015F975" attach="left" box="[108,122,1693,1705]" fontSize="5" pageId="83">15</superScript>
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Panchu is not used for the leader of the herd, troop, pack, or flock of any other animal.
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</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE7FFE776F5F9738267FEE0" blockId="83.[684,1214,226,1738]" lastBlockId="84.[108,637,226,1738]" lastPageId="84" pageId="83">MATSES NATURAL HISTORY: White-lipped peccaries are larger than collared peccaries. Their lower cheeks and jaws are white. Their feet have two hooves. They emit a strong, foul smell, different from that of collared peccaries.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE0FFE774B5FEA781AEFE42" blockId="84.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="84">
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White-lipped peccaries walk and sleep in all
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<typeStatus id="54F78858FFE0FFE77455FE8480C9FEA2" box="[108,166,358,382]" pageId="84">types</typeStatus>
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of habitats, including upland and floodplain forest, and palm swamps.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE0FFE774B5FE4A8128FBCF" blockId="84.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="84">White-lipped peccaries are diurnal. They sleep at night on the ground and set out at dawn. They travel very far, swimming across rivers, and come back after a long time. When the Matses kill some of them, the rest of the herd travels very far away and comes back only after a very long time. They travel slowly when there are many recently born young. They go around looking for fallen tree fruits and fallen palm nuts that they crunch loudly. They follow streams rooting in the floodplain earth for earthworms and digging into the streambed looking for mollusks and crustaceans. They make the water turbid where they dig into streambeds. They leave a wide path where they travel and leave large cleared areas where they have rooted. They raise the hair on their back and clack their teeth facing upward when they become aggressive.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE0FFE774B5FBFE814EFB4B" blockId="84.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="84">White-lipped peccaries frequent mineral licks, where they drink the muddy water, eat mud, and bathe. They root beside mineral licks for earthworms.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE0FFE774B5FB4280C2FAC0" blockId="84.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="84">White-lipped peccaries live in large herds (of up to 200 individuals) or in smaller herds (of 20 or 30 individuals). A large old male leads them.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE0FFE774B5FAC78276F916" blockId="84.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="84">White-lipped peccaries are fattest at the end of the rainy season (May). The female gives birth to a single young during the rainy season where the herd stops to sleep for the night. The first day the young does not walk, and the mother suckles it while the rest of the herd forages in the vicinity, without leaving the new mother. The next day, while its umbilical cord is still hanging, she takes it traveling around with the rest of the herd, moving slowly. The rest of the herd also travels slowly to let the newborn(s) keep up. The female eats and lies down frequently to suckle her young.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE0FFE776F5FF008346FECD" blockId="84.[683,1212,226,1109]" pageId="84">
|
||
Jaguars and pumas eat white-lipped peccaries.
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFE0FFE77721FEE28346FECD" attach="left" box="[792,809,256,273]" fontSize="7" pageId="84">16</superScript>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE0FFE776F2FEC68301FE43" blockId="84.[683,1212,226,1109]" pageId="84">White-lipped peccaries grunt, snort, scream, and clack their teeth. The young grunt saying “wek wek.” They travel through the forest making a lot of noise.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE0FFE776F2FE4A8383FD14" blockId="84.[683,1212,226,1109]" pageId="84">
|
||
While-lipped peccaries eat aquatic snails, clams, crabs, freshwater shrimp, earthworms, snakes (including pitvipers), and rotten meat. They eat many
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FFE0FFE77764FDEE83F8FDF8" box="[861,919,524,548]" pageId="84">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of dicot tree fruits. They are especially fond of pinchuk (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE0FFE77012FDCF82B7FDB9" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE0FFE77012FDCF84D4FD98" box="[1067,1211,557,580]" italics="true" pageId="84">Astrocaryum</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE0FFE776DEFDAF830EFDB9" box="[743,865,589,613]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) nuts. They eat the mesocarp and endosperm of swamp palm (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE0FFE77019FD8D82B0FD7B" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Mauritia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE0FFE77019FD8D82B0FD7B" italics="true" pageId="84">Mauritia flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE0FFE776CDFD72831DFD74" box="[756,882,656,680]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) fruits. They eat the new leaves of wild banana plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3566571FFE0FFE776F2FD3083A7FB89" pageId="84" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE0FFE776F2FD3083A7FB89" blockId="84.[683,1212,226,1109]" pageId="84">
|
||
REMARKS: Matses interviews about whitelipped peccaries are much less informative than those about collared peccaries, presumably because this species is encountered at infrequent intervals. Although broadly consistent with the scattered literature (e.g., Kiltie and Terborgh, 1983;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE0FFE77779FC7B83B2FC6C" author="Fragoso, J. M. V." box="[832,989,920,945]" pageId="84" pagination="458 - 469" refId="ref62818" refString="Fragoso, J. M. V. 1998. Home range and movement patterns of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) herds in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Biotropica 30: 458 - 469." type="journal article" year="1998">Fragoso, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE0FFE777D3FC7A844EFC6C" author="Fragoso, J. M. V." box="[1002,1057,920,944]" pageId="84" pagination="993 - 1003" refId="ref62854" refString="Fragoso, J. M. V. 1999. Perceptions of scale and resource partitioning by peccaries: behavioral causes and ecological implications. Journal of Mammalogy 80: 993 - 1003." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Tobler et al., 2009) in most respects, Matses observations do not suggest that this species routinely eats any item not also eaten by collared peccaries (contra Kiltie, 1982; see above), with the possible exception of venomous snakes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |