676 lines
77 KiB
XML
676 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document id="04C515EFEBBC117AF8CE66BD091736C4" ID-DOI="10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407771" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630347764536" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Voss, Robert S. & Fleck, David W." docDate="2017" docId="03E587ECFFA9FF9076C4FD008331FDDE" docLanguage="en" docName="B417.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2017 (417)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Choloepus hoffmanni Peters 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" masterDocId="FFDCFF94FFB4FFB37439FFE2806FFFDC" masterDocTitle="Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1699239402727" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="76EB23DA68CF3A52AC557DA94E73866F">Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C20E3A60A36568BA538BBC95E85606C6">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5A3ECD3B40BEBD936D79C6295577F5C0">Fleck, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A5887EE7112AB703B72E166C68F3DE11">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DADA2BFBE82E283549940B1560692A13">
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<mods:date id="28B9B3450D90E4C830905F8FA890018B">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F55626EA9E98697CC61D4DE1FBF3AC53">2017-10-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="02B314B36877DA296BC4FCA0EFBE227B">2017</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="297605AC1C68482499398907C8A0540D">417</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="BC26CADF028E25666E09D46122A859B1">http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/00030090-417.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="DE1EB961D3458424FF2D58847720700E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A9660F0CFF86F7F8518E4CB6EFB832D5" type="DOI">10.1206/00030090-417.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="76C6DF965BD0CDB50D1F5806A53599E7" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E587ECFFA9FF9076C4FD008331FDDE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587ECFFA9FF9076C4FD008331FDDE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587ECFFA9FF9076C4FD008331FDDE" lastPageId="35" pageId="29">
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<subSubSection id="C3566571FFA9FFAE76C4FD008404FD26" box="[765,1131,738,762]" pageId="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFA9FFAE76C4FD008404FD26" blockId="29.[765,1131,738,762]" box="[765,1131,738,762]" pageId="29">
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<heading id="D0BB8196FFA9FFAE76C4FD008404FD26" box="[765,1131,738,762]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="29" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFA9FFAE76C4FD008404FD26" ID-CoL="5XYGX" authority="Peters, 1858" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[765,1131,738,762]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFA9FFAE76C4FD00838EFD26" box="[765,993,738,762]" italics="true" pageId="29">Choloepus hoffmanni</emphasis>
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Peters, 1858
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3566571FFA9FFAE76F5FCF683DEFC53" pageId="29" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFA9FFAE76F5FCF683DEFC53" blockId="29.[684,1214,788,1539]" pageId="29">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL (TOTAL = 10): Nuevo
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<collectingRegion id="4988F818FFA9FFAE70ACFCF682B1FC90" country="Argentina" name="San Juan" pageId="29">San Juan</collectingRegion>
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(AMNH 268225, 268226, 273184; MUSM 5072, 11077, 11079, 11080, 15346), Orosa (AMNH 73760, 73761).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3566571FFA9FFAC76F5FC7A81D5FBAF" lastPageId="31" pageId="29" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFA9FFAE76F5FC7A84D2FB89" blockId="29.[684,1214,788,1539]" pageId="29">
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OTHER INTERFLUVIAL RECORDS
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<superScript id="7C399BB2FFA9FFAE7078FC778425FC7A" attach="right" box="[1089,1098,917,934]" fontSize="7" pageId="29">3</superScript>
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: Actiamë (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFA9FFAE768DFC5B8306FC0D" author="Amanzo, J." box="[692,873,953,977]" pageId="29" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref60681" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Choncó (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFA9FFAE77C2FC5B84C0FC0D" author="Amanzo, J." box="[1019,1199,953,977]" pageId="29" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref60681" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFA9FFAE7077FC388341FBCF" author="Heymann, E. W. & C. Flores & N. Shahuano & E. R. Tirado & M. Stojan-Dolar" pageId="29" pagination="84 - 86" refId="ref63946" refString="Heymann, E. W., C. Flores A., N. Shahuano T., E. R. Tirado H., and M. Stojan-Dolar. 2011. Disgusting appetite: two-toed sloths feeding in human latrines. Mammalian Biology 76: 84 - 86." type="journal article" year="2011">Heymann et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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), Itia Tëbu (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFA9FFAE7783FC19840DFBCF" author="Amanzo, J." box="[954,1122,1019,1043]" pageId="29" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref60681" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Jenaro Herrera (Pavlinov, 1994), Río Yavarí-Mirím (Salovaara et al., 2003),
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFA9FFAE7793FBDF8477FB89" box="[938,1048,1085,1109]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="29">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
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(Valqui, 1999).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFA9FFAE76F5FBBD84D3F9DF" blockId="29.[684,1214,788,1539]" pageId="29">
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IDENTIFICATION: The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFA9FFAE7020FBBC84E5FBAA" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[1049,1162,1118,1142]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFA9FFAE7020FBBC84E5FBAA" box="[1049,1162,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="29">Choloepus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has received no modern revisionary attention. The current recognition of two valid species and the application of their names are largely based on diagnoses provided by Wetzel and Avila-Pires (1980) that were subsequently incorporated in dichotomous keys by Wetzel (1985a) and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFA9FFAE7042FAC783ACFA82" author="Gardner, A. L. & V. L. Naples" pageId="29" pagination="165 - 168" refId="ref62952" refString="Gardner, A. L., and V. L. Naples. 2008 (" 2007 "). Family Megalonychidae P. Gervais, 1855. In A. L. Gardner (editor), Mammals of South America, vol. 1. Masupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats: 165 - 168. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner and Naples (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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. According to these sources,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFA9FFAE7733FA8583F9FAA3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[778,918,1383,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Cyclopedidae" genus="Cyclopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFA9FFAE7733FA8583F9FAA3" box="[778,918,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="29">C. didactylus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(with
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<typeStatus id="54F78858FFA9FFAE77E4FA858463FAA3" box="[989,1036,1383,1407]" pageId="29">type</typeStatus>
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locality in
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFA9FFAE70BFFA85828FFA7C" name="Suriname" pageId="29">Surinam</collectingCountry>
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) is a widespread Amazonian species, whereas
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFA9FFAE7730FA4B83FBFA1D" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[777,916,1449,1473]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFA9FFAE7730FA4B83FBFA1D" box="[777,916,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="29">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(with
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<typeStatus id="54F78858FFA9FFAE77E0FA488467FA1E" box="[985,1032,1450,1474]" pageId="29">type</typeStatus>
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locality in
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFA9FFAE7047FA4B82B1FA3E" name="Costa Rica" pageId="29">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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) occurs in Central America, trans-Andean South America, and western Amazonia. Mapped
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</paragraph>
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<footnote id="E8572AF4FFA9FFAE7695F9DF846FF915" pageId="29">
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||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFA9FFAE7695F9DF846FF915" blockId="29.[684,1213,1597,1737]" pageId="29">
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||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFA9FFAE7695F9DF82DCF995" attach="left" box="[684,691,1597,1609]" fontSize="5" pageId="29">3</superScript>
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Unvouchered records of two-toed sloths are sometimes identified as “
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFA9FFAE7738F9B48319F9B5" box="[769,886,1622,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFA9FFAE7738F9B48337F9B5" box="[769,856,1622,1641]" italics="true" pageId="29">Choloepus</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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” (e.g., by Salovaara et al., 2003), but sometimes as
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFA9FFAE771CF98C83FCF95D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[805,915,1646,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Cyclopedidae" genus="Cyclopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFA9FFAE771CF98C83FCF95D" box="[805,915,1646,1665]" italics="true" pageId="29">C. didactylus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(e.g., by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFA9FFAE77D9F98C84F5F95D" author="Heymann, E. W. & C. Flores & N. Shahuano & E. R. Tirado & M. Stojan-Dolar" box="[992,1178,1646,1665]" pageId="29" pagination="84 - 86" refId="ref63946" refString="Heymann, E. W., C. Flores A., N. Shahuano T., E. R. Tirado H., and M. Stojan-Dolar. 2011. Disgusting appetite: two-toed sloths feeding in human latrines. Mammalian Biology 76: 84 - 86." type="journal article" year="2011">Heymann et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). In the absence of evidence for the presence of a second species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFA9FFAE7695F97C836CF96D" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[684,771,1694,1713]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFA9FFAE7695F97C836CF96D" box="[684,771,1694,1713]" italics="true" pageId="29">Choloepus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve, we assume that all of these sightings were of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFA9FFAE77B5F9548394F915" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[908,1019,1718,1737]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFA9FFAE77B5F9548394F915" box="[908,1019,1718,1737]" italics="true" pageId="29">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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<caption id="DF336672FFAAFFAD765BFF008383FEC2" ID-Table-UUID="DF336672FFAAFFAD765BFF008383FEC2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF336672FFAAFFAD765BFF008383FEC2" pageId="30" startId="30.[610,690,226,250]" targetBox="[119,1129,323,453]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD765BFF0082A9FF25" blockId="30.[610,710,225,250]" box="[610,710,225,250]" pageId="30">
|
||
<heading id="D0BB8196FFAAFFAD765BFF0082A9FF25" box="[610,710,225,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="30" reason="4">TABLE 5</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD7502FEF38383FEC2" blockId="30.[315,1004,272,295]" box="[315,1004,272,295]" pageId="30">
|
||
<tableNote id="76AA3774FFAAFFAD7502FEF38383FEC2" box="[315,1004,272,295]" pageId="30" targetBox="[119,1129,323,453]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD7502FEF3838AFEFB" bold="true" box="[315,997,273,295]" pageId="30">
|
||
Diagnostic Cranial Traits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD7664FEF3835EFEFB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[605,817,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD7664FEF3835EFEFB" bold="true" box="[605,817,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="30">Choloepus didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD775AFEF3838AFEFB" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[867,997,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD775AFEF3838AFEFB" bold="true" box="[867,997,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="30">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFAAFFAD77DCFEF28383FEC2" attach="left" box="[997,1004,272,286]" fontSize="6" pageId="30">a</superScript>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD76BEFEA683A5FE19" pageId="30">
|
||
<table id="F94CC45AFFAA004C744EFEA18406FE19" box="[119,1129,323,453]" gridcols="3" gridrows="4" pageId="30">
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFAA004C744EFEA18406FE8B" box="[119,1129,323,343]" gridrow="0" pageId="30" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C76BEFEA1833DFE8B" box="[647,850,323,343]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD76BEFEA6829BFE8A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[647,756,323,343]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD76BEFEA6829BFE8A" box="[647,756,323,343]" italics="true" pageId="30">C. didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C779CFEA18406FE8B" box="[933,1129,323,343]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD779CFEA6847BFE8A" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[933,1044,323,343]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD779CFEA6847BFE8A" box="[933,1044,323,343]" italics="true" pageId="30">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFAA004C744EFE8A8406FEA0" box="[119,1129,360,380]" gridrow="1" pageId="30">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C744EFE8A81CFFEA0" box="[119,416,360,380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="30">Preorbital osteology</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C76BEFE8A833DFEA0" box="[647,850,360,380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="30">maxilla contacts frontal</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C779CFE8A8406FEA0" box="[933,1129,360,380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="30">lacrimal contacts nasal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFAA004C744EFE6E8406FE7C" box="[119,1129,396,416]" gridrow="2" pageId="30">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C744EFE6E81CFFE7C" box="[119,416,396,416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="30">Posterior mesopterygoid foramenb</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C76BEFE6E833DFE7C" box="[647,850,396,416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="30">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C779CFE6E8406FE7C" box="[933,1129,396,416]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="30">present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFAA004C744EFE538406FE19" box="[119,1129,433,453]" gridrow="3" pageId="30">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C744EFE5381CFFE19" box="[119,416,433,453]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="30">Mesopterygoid ratio (AMB/PMB)c</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C76BEFE53833DFE19" box="[647,850,433,453]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="30">>2.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAA004C779CFE538406FE19" box="[933,1129,433,453]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="30"><2.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote id="76AA3774FFAAFFAD7455FE3E83FCFDFA" pageId="30" targetBox="[119,1129,323,453]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD7455FE3E84EDFE2C" blockId="30.[108,1154,476,550]" box="[108,1154,476,497]" pageId="30">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFAAFFAD7455FE3E801DFE34" attach="left" box="[108,114,476,488]" fontSize="5" pageId="30">a</superScript>
|
||
After Wetzel and Avila Pires (1980), Wetzel (1985a), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFAAFFAD765DFE3F833FFE2C" author="Gardner, A. L. & V. L. Naples" box="[612,848,477,496]" pageId="30" pagination="165 - 168" refId="ref62952" refString="Gardner, A. L., and V. L. Naples. 2008 (" 2007 "). Family Megalonychidae P. Gervais, 1855. In A. L. Gardner (editor), Mammals of South America, vol. 1. Masupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats: 165 - 168. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner and Naples (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see illustrations in Wetzel (1985a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD7455FE1581BEFDD7" blockId="30.[108,1154,476,550]" box="[108,465,503,523]" pageId="30">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFAAFFAD7455FE15801CFDDF" attach="left" box="[108,115,503,515]" fontSize="5" pageId="30">b</superScript>
|
||
Opening into pterygoid sinus (see text).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD7455FDF083FCFDFA" blockId="30.[108,1154,476,550]" box="[108,915,530,550]" pageId="30">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFAAFFAD7455FDF0801DFDC2" attach="left" box="[108,114,530,542]" fontSize="5" pageId="30">c</superScript>
|
||
Ratio of anterior mesopterygoid breadth (AMB) to posterior mesopterygoid breadth (PMB).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C32F11FFAAFFAD7455FDA884D3F91A" pageId="30" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD7455FDA8818FFCDB" blockId="30.[107,639,585,1734]" pageId="30">
|
||
geographic ranges (in Wetzel, 1985a;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFAAFFAD7626FDA88153FD5F" author="Gardner, A. L. & V. L. Naples" pageId="30" pagination="165 - 168" refId="ref62952" refString="Gardner, A. L., and V. L. Naples. 2008 (" 2007 "). Family Megalonychidae P. Gervais, 1855. In A. L. Gardner (editor), Mammals of South America, vol. 1. Masupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats: 165 - 168. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner and Naples, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggest that both species occur in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFAAFFAD7558FD6E81F9FD7F" box="[353,406,652,675]" name="Peru" pageId="30">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, so either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD763EFD6E80E5FD19" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD763EFD6E80E5FD19" italics="true" pageId="30">C. didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD748CFD4F8129FD19" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[181,326,685,709]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD748CFD4F8129FD19" box="[181,326,685,709]" italics="true" pageId="30">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might occur in the Yavarí-
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4988F818FFAAFFAD7455FD2C80D2FD3A" box="[108,189,718,742]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="30">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
|
||
interfluve; alternatively, the two species might be sympatric in our region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD74B5FCF281D7FA23" blockId="30.[107,639,585,1734]" pageId="30">
|
||
According to the literature cited above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD760FFCF28160FC95" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD760FFCF28160FC95" italics="true" pageId="30">Choloepus didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD7572FCD381B6FC95" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[331,473,817,841]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD7572FCD381B6FC95" box="[331,473,817,841]" italics="true" pageId="30">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished by several cranial characters (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE0341FFAAFFAD75C7FCB08227FCB6" box="[510,584,850,874]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="30.[610,690,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[119,1129,323,453]" captionText="TABLE 5 Diagnostic Cranial Traits of Choloepus didactylus and C. hoffmannia" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF336672FFAAFFAD765BFF008383FEC2" pageId="30" tableUuid="DF336672FFAAFFAD765BFF008383FEC2">table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
): (1) On the dorsal surface of the rostrum, just anterior to the orbit, either the maxillary bones contact the frontals, or the lacrimals contact the nasals; because most cranial sutures are fused in fully adult sloths, this is a character that can only be scored from immature specimens. (2) In the rear of the mesopterygoid (“interpterygoid”) fossa, a pair of large foramina—one on each side—that communicate with the pterygoid sinuses is either present or absent; unlike the preceding character, this feature can be scored from both immature and adult specimens. (3) The ratio between the anterior (widest) and posterior (narrowest) transverse dimensions of the mesopterygoid fossa is said to be taxonomically diagnostic. Additionally, pelage differences are said to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD7538FA8681E9FAA7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[257,390,1379,1403]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD7538FA8681E9FAA7" box="[257,390,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="30">C. didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD75FFFA868222FAA7" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[454,589,1379,1403]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD75FFFA868222FAA7" box="[454,589,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="30">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we experienced considerable difficulty in evaluating pelage traits, none of which appear to offer an unambiguous basis for character scoring, so we do not consider them further here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD74B4F9EB83F7FB48" blockId="30.[107,639,585,1734]" lastBlockId="30.[684,1213,586,1734]" pageId="30">
|
||
In order to evaluate the allegedly diagnostic cranial traits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD752FF9C88197F99E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[278,504,1578,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD752FF9C88197F99E" box="[278,504,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="30">Choloepus didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD7615F9C880DDF9BE" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD7615F9C880DDF9BE" italics="true" pageId="30">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we examined series of specimens from regions where these species occur allopatrically (table 6). Of the three characters described above, only the presence/absence of posterior mesopterygoid foramina consistently distinguishes eastern Amazonian specimens (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD7062FD89828EFD78" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD7062FD89828EFD78" italics="true" pageId="30">C. didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from Central American material (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD709DFD6E8372FD19" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD709DFD6E8372FD19" italics="true" pageId="30">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Although the mean difference in computed mesopterygoid ratios between these samples is obviously significant, the observed ranges overlap, so specimens cannot be sorted consistently by this criterion. Similarly, although most eastern Amazonian specimens exhibit maxillary-frontal contact, over 20% exhibit lacrimal-nasal contact (which appears to be a fixed trait in Central American material). Nevertheless, these results provide compelling evidence of phenotypic divergence, and they are consistent with the current recognition of two species of two-toed sloths, albeit with somewhat less distinct recognition criteria than suggested by the literature cited above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD76F5FB7F83F8F9FD" blockId="30.[684,1213,586,1734]" pageId="30">
|
||
The ten voucher specimens we examined from the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve are all referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD773CFB3D839FFB2B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[773,1008,1247,1271]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD773CFB3D839FFB2B" box="[773,1008,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="30">Choloepus hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as that species is currently recognized by these criteria. All the immature specimens (juveniles and subadults: AMNH 73761, 268225, 273184; MUSM 11077, 11080) exhibit lacrimal-nasal contact, and all the specimens that preserve an intact mesopterygoid region (
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD773FFA448376FA61" box="[774,793,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="30">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 9) have paired posterior foramina that open into the pterygoid sinuses. All of the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4AFD73FFAAFFAD7695FA058348FA23" box="[684,807,1511,1535]" pageId="30" type="adult">four adults</specimenCount>
|
||
we measured (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE0341FFAAFFAD77E1FA058447F9DC" box="[984,1064,1511,1536]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="32.[609,689,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[119,1172,353,878]" captionText="TABLE 7 Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of Adult Choloepus hoffmanni from the Yavarí-Ucayali Interfluve" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF336672FF94FF937658FF00832FFE98" pageId="30" tableUuid="DF336672FF94FF937658FF00832FFE98">table 7</tableCitation>
|
||
) have mesopterygoid ratios <2.0.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFAAFFAD76F4F9C884D3F91A" blockId="30.[684,1213,586,1734]" pageId="30">
|
||
Interestingly, almost all the two-toed sloths we examined from the north bank of the Amazon (directly opposite the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve) are referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFAAFFAD77ACF96F841AF979" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[917,1141,1677,1701]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFAAFFAD77ACF96F841AF979" box="[917,1141,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="30">Choloepus didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the criteria discussed above, as are all the specimens
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C32F11FFABFFAC765DFF0081D5FBAF" pageId="31" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC765DFF0082A7FF26" blockId="31.[612,712,226,250]" box="[612,712,226,250]" pageId="31">
|
||
<heading id="D0BB8196FFABFFAC765DFF0082A7FF26" box="[612,712,226,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="31" reason="4">TABLE 6</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC74AEFEF384FCFEFB" blockId="31.[151,1171,273,295]" box="[151,1171,273,295]" pageId="31">
|
||
<tableNote id="76AA3774FFABFFAC74AEFEF384FCFEFB" box="[151,1171,273,295]" pageId="31" targetBox="[119,1195,323,480]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
Morphological Trait Frequencies in Allopatric Populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFABFFAC7733FEF383B1FEFB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[778,990,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFABFFAC7733FEF383B1FEFB" bold="true" box="[778,990,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="31">Choloepus didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFABFFAC7029FEF384FCFEFB" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[1040,1171,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">C. hoffmanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC756BFEA184C4FE03" pageId="31">
|
||
<table id="F94CC45AFFAB004C744EFEA184C4FE3C" box="[119,1195,323,480]" gridcols="8" gridrows="4" pageId="31">
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFAB004C744EFEA184C4FE8A" box="[119,1195,323,342]" gridrow="0" pageId="31" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C7534FEA1822DFE8A" box="[269,578,323,342]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="31">Preorbital osteologyc</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C764EFEA183C7FE8A" box="[631,936,323,342]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="31">Posterior mesopterygoid foramenc</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFAB004C744EFE8084C4FE4A" box="[119,1195,354,406]" gridrow="1" pageId="31" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C7534FE80810AFE4A" box="[269,357,354,406]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="31">LN contacte</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C75A8FE8081BAFE4A" box="[401,469,354,406]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="31">MF contact f</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C7631FE80822DFE4A" box="[520,578,354,406]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="31">bothg</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C764EFE8082A0FE4A" box="[631,719,354,406]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="31">present</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C76D7FE808354FE4A" box="[750,827,354,406]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="31">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C7750FE8083C7FE4A" box="[873,936,354,406]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="31">bothg</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C77F5FE8084C4FE4A" box="[972,1195,354,406]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="31">Mesopterygoid ratiod</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFAB004C744EFE4584C4FE67" box="[119,1195,423,443]" gridrow="2" pageId="31" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C744EFE458082FE67" box="[119,237,423,443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFABFFAC744EFE4A808BFE67" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[119,228,424,443]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFABFFAC744EFE4A808BFE67" box="[119,228,424,443]" italics="true" pageId="31">C. didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C7534FE45810AFE67" box="[269,357,423,443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="31">3 (23%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C75A8FE4581BAFE67" box="[401,469,423,443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="31">9 (69%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C7631FE45822DFE67" box="[520,578,423,443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="31">1 (8%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C76D7FE458354FE67" box="[750,827,423,443]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="31">29 (97%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C7750FE4583C7FE67" box="[873,936,423,443]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="31">1 (3%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C77F5FE4584C4FE67" box="[972,1195,423,443]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="31">2.09 ± 0.16 (1.85–2.50) 15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFAB004C744EFE2984C4FE3C" box="[119,1195,459,480]" gridrow="3" pageId="31" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C744EFE298082FE3C" box="[119,237,459,480]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFABFFAC744EFE2F8089FE03" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[119,230,460,480]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFABFFAC744EFE2F8089FE03" box="[119,230,460,480]" italics="true" pageId="31">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
b
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C7534FE29810AFE3C" box="[269,357,459,480]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="31">27 (100%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C764EFE2982A0FE3C" box="[631,719,459,480]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="31">53 (100%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFAB004C77F5FE2984C4FE3C" box="[972,1195,459,480]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="31">1.57 ± 0.19 (1.26–1.96) 25</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote id="76AA3774FFABFFAC7455FE1881EEFC91" pageId="31" targetBox="[119,1195,323,480]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC7455FE1881B3FD9F" blockId="31.[108,1198,506,845]" pageId="31">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFABFFAC7455FE18801DFDDA" attach="left" box="[108,114,506,518]" fontSize="5" pageId="31">a</superScript>
|
||
From the Guianas and southeastern Pará: AMNH 133405, 133410, 133414, 133416, 133417, 133427, 133439, 133444, 133446, 133447, 133449, 133452, 133453, 265952; BMNH 1904.7.4.94–1904.7.4.98, 1910.5.4.42, 1952.1175, 1952.1176; FMNH 21730, 34326, 34711, 41208, 93177, 95447–95450.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC7455FDAB8434FD4F" blockId="31.[108,1198,506,845]" pageId="31">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFABFFAC7455FDAB801CFD89" attach="left" box="[108,115,585,597]" fontSize="5" pageId="31">b</superScript>
|
||
From Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama: AMNH 2857/3780, 10274, 18895, 18896, 18897, 22703, 24441, 26900, 26901, 26905, 26907, 26908, 26912, 26913–26916, 26918–26922, 26925, 26934, 28475, 29440, 29608, 29643–29652, 29829, 30765, 131821–131823, 135331, 135332, 135490, 135524, 135925, 137280, 137281, 139772, 139773, 140333, 141856, 141857.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC7455FD78836EFD71" blockId="31.[108,1198,506,845]" box="[108,769,666,686]" pageId="31">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFABFFAC7455FD78801DFD7A" attach="left" box="[108,114,666,678]" fontSize="5" pageId="31">c</superScript>
|
||
Table entries are numbers of specimens scored (percentage in parentheses).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC7454FD568355FD22" blockId="31.[108,1198,506,845]" pageId="31">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFABFFAC7454FD56801BFD1C" attach="left" box="[109,116,692,704]" fontSize="5" pageId="31">d</superScript>
|
||
Computed from adult measurements; table entries are the sample mean plus or minus one standard deviation, the observed range (in parentheses) and the sample size. Descriptive statistics for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFABFFAC76E0FD328326FD3F" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[729,841,720,739]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFABFFAC76E0FD328326FD3F" box="[729,841,720,739]" italics="true" pageId="31">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sample excludes one outlier (AMNH 26915) with a mesopterygoid ratio of 2.59 (>5 standard deviations from the mean).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC7455FCE681E7FCC5" blockId="31.[108,1198,506,845]" box="[108,392,772,793]" pageId="31">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFABFFAC7455FCE6801DFCCC" attach="left" box="[108,114,772,784]" fontSize="5" pageId="31">e</superScript>
|
||
Bilateral lacrimal-nasal contact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC7455FCFD81CFFCEF" blockId="31.[108,1198,506,845]" box="[108,416,799,819]" pageId="31">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFABFFAC7455FCFD801FFCF7" attach="left" box="[108,112,799,811]" fontSize="5" pageId="31">f</superScript>
|
||
Bilateral maxillary-frontal contact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC7455FCD881EEFC91" blockId="31.[108,1198,506,845]" box="[108,385,826,845]" pageId="31">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFABFFAC7455FCD8801CFC9A" attach="left" box="[108,115,826,838]" fontSize="5" pageId="31">g</superScript>
|
||
Asymmetrical trait expression.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC7455FC9681D5FBAF" blockId="31.[108,638,883,1734]" pageId="31">
|
||
we examined from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFABFFAC75ADFC91819EFC57" box="[404,497,883,907]" name="Ecuador" pageId="31">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. By contrast, both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFABFFAC749CFC77815EFC70" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[165,305,916,940]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFABFFAC749CFC77815EFC70" box="[165,305,916,940]" italics="true" pageId="31">C. didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFABFFAC755EFC77819BFC70" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[359,500,916,940]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFABFFAC755EFC77819BFC70" box="[359,500,916,940]" italics="true" pageId="31">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur south of the Amazon in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFABFFAC750FFC548104FC11" box="[310,363,950,973]" name="Peru" pageId="31">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but they occur at different localities. Therefore, although the ranges of these species overlap, we have yet to find any place where they are actually sympatric. Possibly they occur in different forest
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FFABFFAC7597FBD88186FB8E" box="[430,489,1082,1106]" pageId="31">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, a hypothesis that merits testing in the field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3566571FFABFF9374B5FB9E81B5FB6F" lastPageId="32" pageId="31" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC74B5FB9E847DFA86" blockId="31.[108,638,883,1734]" lastBlockId="31.[684,1212,883,1370]" pageId="31">
|
||
ETHNOBIOLOGY: The principal name for the two-toed sloth is şhuinte, which is not analyzable or found in other Panoan languages. It has three archaic synonyms: nai, posën, and tabidiate. The first two are not analyzable but, unlike the principal term, they do occur as sloth names in other Panoan languages; the third term is a nominalization meaning “one for tying up its feet” (when the Matses bring a sloth back to the village alive, they tie their claws to their hand so that they cannot harm the person carrying it; this was the standard way of bringing back sloths during the komok ceremony, and is still done sometimes today). In the language used in the komok ceremony, the two-toed sloth is called uşhtud kudu; the first word seems to include the verb uşh ‘sleep’ (the Matses associate two-toed sloths with sleepiness and laziness) and the second term is an archaic adjective meaning “grayish” or “light-colored.” Four subtypes of two-toed sloth are recognized by Matses hunters: şhuinte uşhu (“white/light-colored two-toed sloth”), şhuinte piu (“red/reddishbrown two-toed sloth”), şhuinte poçhëşh (“black-/dark-bellied two-toed sloth”), and chompish. The last name is not analyzable, but it is also the name of a small bird that purportedly reveals the presence of two-toed sloths. Chompish and the other three subtypes seem to occupy different levels in the Matses classification, in the sense that chompish is considered more distinct from the other
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4AFD73FFABFFAC7039FAC384EFFAE6" box="[1024,1152,1313,1338]" pageId="31" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
|
||
. This could be represented as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC77D7FA9484DEF99C" blockId="31.[707,1202,1398,1600]" pageId="31">şhuinte şhuinte chompish şh. uşhu şh. piu şh. pokçhëşh</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFABFFAC76F5F98E84D3F91A" blockId="31.[684,1214,1644,1734]" pageId="31">The chompish variety is said to be much rarer than the others and to be the size of a young twotoed sloth, but to have head, claws, and teeth the</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF336672FF94FF937658FF00832FFE98" ID-Table-UUID="DF336672FF94FF937658FF00832FFE98" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF336672FF94FF937658FF00832FFE98" pageId="32" startId="32.[609,689,226,250]" targetBox="[119,1172,353,878]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF94FF937658FF0082AAFF25" blockId="32.[609,709,226,250]" box="[609,709,226,250]" pageId="32">
|
||
<heading id="D0BB8196FF94FF937658FF0082AAFF25" box="[609,709,226,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="32" reason="4">TABLE 7</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote id="76AA3774FF94FF937504FEF3832FFE98" pageId="32" targetBox="[119,1172,353,878]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF94FF937504FEF38384FEFB" blockId="32.[317,1003,273,324]" box="[317,1003,273,295]" pageId="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF94FF937504FEF38384FEFB" bold="true" box="[317,1003,273,295]" pageId="32">
|
||
Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF94FF93772EFEF38384FEFB" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[791,1003,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF94FF93772EFEF38384FEFB" bold="true" box="[791,1003,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="32">Choloepus hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF94FF9375DEFECC832FFE98" blockId="32.[317,1003,273,324]" box="[487,832,302,324]" pageId="32">from the Yavarí-Ucayali Interfluve</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF94FF9375E1FE838411FCB1" pageId="32">
|
||
<table id="F94CC45AFF94004C744EFE8384FBFCB2" box="[119,1172,353,878]" gridcols="6" gridrows="14" pageId="32">
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFE8384FBFE52" box="[119,1172,353,398]" gridrow="0" pageId="32" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FE838275FE52" box="[472,538,353,398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="32">AMNH 73760</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFE8382D9FE52" box="[630,694,353,398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="32">MUSM 11079</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFE83833CFE52" box="[787,851,353,398]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="32">MUSM 15346</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FE83839FFE52" box="[942,1008,353,398]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="32">AMNH 268226</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFE8384FBFE52" box="[1090,1172,353,398]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="32">MUSM 5072</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFE4284FBFE6F" box="[119,1172,416,435]" gridrow="1" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFE428106FE6F" box="[119,361,416,435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="32">Sex</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FE428275FE6F" box="[472,538,416,435]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="32">female</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFE4282D9FE6F" box="[630,694,416,435]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="32">female</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFE42833CFE6F" box="[787,851,416,435]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="32">female</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FE42839FFE6F" box="[942,1008,416,435]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="32">male</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFE4284FBFE6F" box="[1090,1172,416,435]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="32">unknown</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFE2784FBFE04" box="[119,1172,453,472]" gridrow="2" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFE278106FE04" box="[119,361,453,472]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="32">Head-and-body length</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FE278275FE04" box="[472,538,453,472]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFE2782D9FE04" box="[630,694,453,472]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="32">650</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFE27833CFE04" box="[787,851,453,472]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="32">647</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FE27839FFE04" box="[942,1008,453,472]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="32">614</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFE2784FBFE04" box="[1090,1172,453,472]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFE0884FBFE21" box="[119,1172,490,509]" gridrow="3" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFE088106FE21" box="[119,361,490,509]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="32">Length of tail</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FE088275FE21" box="[472,538,490,509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFE0882D9FE21" box="[630,694,490,509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="32">28</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFE08833CFE21" box="[787,851,490,509]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="32">18</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FE08839FFE21" box="[942,1008,490,509]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="32">27</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFE0884FBFE21" box="[1090,1172,490,509]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFDED84FBFDFE" box="[119,1172,527,546]" gridrow="4" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFDED8106FDFE" box="[119,361,527,546]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="32">Hind foot</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FDED8275FDFE" box="[472,538,527,546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFDED82D9FDFE" box="[630,694,527,546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="32">148</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFDED833CFDFE" box="[787,851,527,546]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="32">155</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FDED839FFDFE" box="[942,1008,527,546]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="32">144</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFDED84FBFDFE" box="[1090,1172,527,546]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFDD684FBFD9B" box="[119,1172,564,583]" gridrow="5" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFDD68106FD9B" box="[119,361,564,583]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="32">Ear</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FDD68275FD9B" box="[472,538,564,583]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFDD682D9FD9B" box="[630,694,564,583]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="32">28</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFDD6833CFD9B" box="[787,851,564,583]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="32">22</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FDD6839FFD9B" box="[942,1008,564,583]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="32">27</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFDD684FBFD9B" box="[1090,1172,564,583]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFDBA84FBFDB0" box="[119,1172,600,620]" gridrow="6" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFDBA8106FDB0" box="[119,361,600,620]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="32">Weight</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FDBA8275FDB0" box="[472,538,600,620]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFDBA82D9FDB0" box="[630,694,600,620]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFDBA833CFDB0" box="[787,851,600,620]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="32">7700</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FDBA839FFDB0" box="[942,1008,600,620]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="32">8100</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFDBA84FBFDB0" box="[1090,1172,600,620]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFD9F84FBFD4D" box="[119,1172,637,657]" gridrow="7" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFD9F8106FD4D" box="[119,361,637,657]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="32">Condylobasal length</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FD9F8275FD4D" box="[472,538,637,657]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFD9F82D9FD4D" box="[630,694,637,657]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="32">118.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFD9F833CFD4D" box="[787,851,637,657]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="32">121.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FD9F839FFD4D" box="[942,1008,637,657]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="32">120.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFD9F84FBFD4D" box="[1090,1172,637,657]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="32">126.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFD4084FBFD69" box="[119,1172,674,693]" gridrow="8" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFD408106FD69" box="[119,361,674,693]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="32">Rostral breadth</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FD408275FD69" box="[472,538,674,693]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="32">40.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFD4082D9FD69" box="[630,694,674,693]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="32">39.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFD40833CFD69" box="[787,851,674,693]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="32">37.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FD40839FFD69" box="[942,1008,674,693]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="32">43.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFD4084FBFD69" box="[1090,1172,674,693]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="32">39.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFD2584FBFD06" box="[119,1172,711,730]" gridrow="9" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFD258106FD06" box="[119,361,711,730]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="32">Least interorbital breadth</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FD258275FD06" box="[472,538,711,730]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="32">34.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFD2582D9FD06" box="[630,694,711,730]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="32">37.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFD25833CFD06" box="[787,851,711,730]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="32">35.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FD25839FFD06" box="[942,1008,711,730]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="32">39.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFD2584FBFD06" box="[1090,1172,711,730]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="32">40.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFD0E84FBFD23" box="[119,1172,748,767]" gridrow="10" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFD0E8106FD23" box="[119,361,748,767]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="32">Least postorbital breadth</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FD0E8275FD23" box="[472,538,748,767]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="32">40.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFD0E82D9FD23" box="[630,694,748,767]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="32">41.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFD0E833CFD23" box="[787,851,748,767]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="32">35.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FD0E839FFD23" box="[942,1008,748,767]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="32">41.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFD0E84FBFD23" box="[1090,1172,748,767]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="32">39.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFCF284FBFCF8" box="[119,1172,784,804]" gridrow="11" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFCF28106FCF8" box="[119,361,784,804]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="32">Posterior zygomatic breadth</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FCF28275FCF8" box="[472,538,784,804]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="32">71.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFCF282D9FCF8" box="[630,694,784,804]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="32">71.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFCF2833CFCF8" box="[787,851,784,804]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="32">71.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FCF2839FFCF8" box="[942,1008,784,804]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="32">78.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFCF284FBFCF8" box="[1090,1172,784,804]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="32">75.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFCD784FBFC95" box="[119,1172,821,841]" gridrow="12" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFCD78106FC95" box="[119,361,821,841]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="32">Maxillary toothrow</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FCD78275FC95" box="[472,538,821,841]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="32">42.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFCD782D9FC95" box="[630,694,821,841]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="32">44.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFCD7833CFC95" box="[787,851,821,841]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="32">43.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FCD7839FFC95" box="[942,1008,821,841]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="32">43.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFCD784FBFC95" box="[1090,1172,821,841]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="32">44.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FF94004C744EFCB884FBFCB2" box="[119,1172,858,878]" gridrow="13" pageId="32">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FF94004C744EFCB88106FCB2" box="[119,361,858,878]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="32">Mesopterygoid ratio</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C75E1FCB88275FCB2" box="[472,538,858,878]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="32">1.92</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C764FFCB882D9FCB2" box="[630,694,858,878]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="32">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C772AFCB8833CFCB2" box="[787,851,858,878]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="32">1.63</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C7797FCB8839FFCB2" box="[942,1008,858,878]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="32">1.77</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FF94004C707BFCB884FBFCB2" box="[1090,1172,858,878]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="32">1.76</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C32F11FF94FF937455FC5181B5FB6F" pageId="32" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF94FF937455FC5181B5FB6F" blockId="32.[108,638,947,1633]" pageId="32">size of a full-grown adult. It has a short back, rostrum, and limbs. Its body is reddish, while its head is light colored. Informants never fail to mention that its meat is very hard and takes a long time to cook. The other three varieties are generally associated with different sizes and habitat preferences, but there is much inconsistency and even direct contradictions among informants.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3566571FF94FF9074B5FB5E8331FDDE" lastPageId="35" pageId="32" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF94FF9374B5FB5E8218F9C3" blockId="32.[108,638,947,1633]" pageId="32">This is a primary game species that is much appreciated by the Matses. Informants emphasize that every part of the sloth is eaten, including its vulva, bladder, and viscera. This species, along with the greater long-nosed armadillo and the spectacled caiman, were the most important species to be hunted during the Matses komok ceremony. Two-toed sloths are considered very desirable and hardy pets. When a hunter kills a mother that is carrying its young, the hunter brings it home for his children to raise (fig. 11).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF94FF9374B5F9C58213F9BD" blockId="32.[108,638,947,1633]" pageId="32">
|
||
Two-toed sloths are usually hunted by climbing trees and clubbing or strangling them.
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FF94FF93766FF9A48230F98B" attach="left" box="[598,607,1606,1623]" fontSize="7" pageId="32">4</superScript>
|
||
A
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF94FF927695FC518236F916" blockId="32.[684,1214,947,1738]" lastBlockId="33.[108,637,1442,1738]" lastPageId="33" pageId="32">
|
||
hunter may be tipped off as to the presence of two-toed sloth by hearing its urine drip from the treetops or by hearing the call of a bird called chompish (a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FF94FF9377B6FBFA83D0FBEC" box="[911,959,1048,1072]" pageId="32">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of flycatcher). Otherwise the hunter simply scans the canopy as he walks down a path. The sloth is typically curled up asleep in the crotch of a branch, in the crown of a bottle palm (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF94FF937752FB7F8448FB69" box="[875,1063,1181,1205]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Iriartea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deltoidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF94FF937752FB7F8448FB69" box="[875,1063,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="32">Iriartea deltoidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF94FF93700CFB7F84C1FB69" box="[1077,1198,1181,1205]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) or in a vine tangle. When he spots a sleeping sloth, the hunter makes a climbing ring (a loop of epiphyte stems or a palm frond, to loop between his feet as he shinnies up the trunk) and judges whether he can get within arm’s reach of the sloth. If he can get close to it, he cuts a hard stick to use as a club, climbs up next to the sloth, wakes it, and then clubs it on the head until it dies or falls out of the tree. Twotoed sloths are very resistant, and do not succumb quickly when they are clubbed. While the hunter is clubbing a sloth, it will become fierce and try to bite the hunter. If he cannot get close to it (for example, if it is in the crown of a bottle palm), he prepares a noose from epiphyte stems and attaches it to a stick
|
||
<quantity id="4CB49B1FFF94FF9377ECF9508420F916" box="[981,1103,1714,1738]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="32" unit="m" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5 to 2 m</quantity>
|
||
long. He then climbs an adjacent tree, taps the sloth lightly with the stick (so that it wakes up and sticks out its head), snares it around the neck, and then pulls hard to yank it off its perch. Next, he throws down the sloth with the noose still attached. He may then club it to death on the ground or decide to take it back home alive. The latter option is preferred if the hunter is far from home, to keep the meat from spoiling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="E8572AF4FF94FF937455F9678212F915" pageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF94FF937455F9678212F915" blockId="32.[108,637,1669,1737]" pageId="32">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FF94FF937455F967801CF94D" attach="left" box="[108,115,1669,1681]" fontSize="5" pageId="32">4</superScript>
|
||
Occasionally a hunter may shoot a sloth out of a tree with a shotgun, but this is uncommon since hunters prefer not to waste ammunition on game that can be taken by other means.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<caption id="DF336672FF95FF927455FA8984D2FA5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5407793" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407793" box="[108,1213,1385,1409]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5407793/files/figure.png" pageId="33" startId="33.[108,147,1387,1408]" targetBox="[280,1048,224,1360]" targetPageId="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF95FF927455FA8984D2FA5D" blockId="33.[108,1213,1385,1409]" box="[108,1213,1385,1409]" pageId="33">FIG. 11. Matses girl with pet two-toed sloth on the upper Quebrada Chobayacu, ca. 1975 (photo by Steven Romanoff).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF95FF9176EFFA408159FE81" blockId="33.[684,1214,1442,1738]" lastBlockId="34.[108,638,226,1738]" lastPageId="34" pageId="33">There is a particular way to pack up a sloth for carrying it home. First, the hunter presses on its abdomen to make it defecate and urinate. Then, he breaks all of its limb bones with a club, ties the hind feet together, tucks the tied-up legs together, and lashes all in place to make a roughly spherical bundle. If the sloth is still alive, its front and back claws are tied tightly to its arms and feet, so that it cannot grab the carrier. Then a tumpline (a carrying strap worn across the forehead, made from the bark of certain trees) is attached to the sloth and the hunter carries it home on his back.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9174B5FE848253FD7B" blockId="34.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="34">Hunters typically leave hunting signs where they kill certain game, usually next to the path that is closest to the kill site. Sloth kills are marked with a meter-long stick jammed into the ground; a slot is cut in the top of the stick, and a tuft of the sloth’s fur is wedged in the slot. If the sloth was captured by noosing, the noose stick is jammed in the ground next to the stick with fur; if the sloth was captured by clubbing, the club and the climbing ring are placed next to the trophy stick.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9174B5FD52825FFC90" blockId="34.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="34">The Matses used to hang two-toed sloth mandibles on one the horizontal poles of their longhouses, as hunting trophies and to keep track of how many sloths had been killed at that locality. Today this is still done by a few old men.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9174B5FCB48104FB44" blockId="34.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="34">
|
||
The Matses believe that a certain
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FF96FF917639FCB48240FCB2" box="[512,559,854,878]" pageId="34">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of owl hoots at night near a Matses house to announce human visitors or the presence of game species, including two-toed sloths. After killing a sloth, a hunter may remove the sloth’s anal scent gland and rub it across his eyes. This is believed to improve his ability to find two-toed sloths in the future. A similar effect is thought to be achieved by burning a sloth forearm bone and letting the smoke enter one’s eyes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9174B5FB42813BFA3E" blockId="34.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="34">Children do not eat the jaw meat, lest their jaws swell up. Young men do not eat young sloths, lest they not wake up early. Young men do not eat the ball of fat that is found in the twotoed sloth’s abdominal cavity, lest they become unable to spot sloths. The hunter who killed the sloth does not eat the intestines, lest he not find more sloths. Young men and the hunter who killed the sloth do not eat the liver, lest they do not find more sloths.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9174B5FA098158F95B" blockId="34.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="34">When a sloth is killed, the hunter’s children (or any other child that looks upon the dead sloth) may be made ill by the sloth’s spirit. The symptoms of contagion by sloths include oversleeping and fever.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9174B5F9738377FE3D" blockId="34.[108,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="34.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="34">MATSES NATURAL HISTORY: Two-toed sloths are very hairy. They have no tail. They have sharp black teeth, small ears, and hairless noses. They have two long claws on their front feet and three on their hind feet. Their backs are lighter-colored than their undersides. Their meat is hard and takes a long time to cook. They have the most fat during the rainy season (December to April), especially in February.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9176F5FE0883BCFD7B" blockId="34.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="34">
|
||
Two-toed sloths are found in any
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FF96FF917006FE098401FDDF" box="[1087,1134,491,515]" pageId="34">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of primary forest, including upland forest, and flooded or dry floodplain forest. They are also found in very old (>25 years old) abandoned swiddens. They are relatively common, especially in areas that have not been hunted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9176F5FD52831BFC0D" blockId="34.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="34">
|
||
Two-toed sloths do not make nests. They sleep during the day in vine tangles, under the cover of large-leafed epiphytes, in crotches of trees high in the canopy, or in the crown of bottle palms (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF96FF917730FCD483BFFC91" box="[777,976,821,845]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Iriartea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deltoidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF96FF917730FCD483BFFC91" box="[777,976,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="34">Iriartea deltoidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF96FF9177DFFCD7840BFC91" box="[998,1124,821,845]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]). They sleep curled up, with their head tucked in. They usually perch high up to sleep, but they perch lower when they are at the edge of a river or when it is raining.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9176F5FC3883E7F999" blockId="34.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="34">The two-toed sloth is nocturnal. After sleeping all day, it wakes up at dusk and stays in its perch looking around until it is fully dark. It sets out traveling along the undersides of branches and horizontal lianas looking for leaves and fruits to eat. It avoids dead branches. It drinks water from holes in trees in the canopy, where frogs have laid eggs, or water trapped in palm-tree crowns. It also licks rainwater from leaves. It climbs down to the ground to drink water when there is none in the treetops. It also climbs down to the ground to eat clay that has been dug out by an armadillo, to eat rotten meat, and to defecate. It climbs back up quickly after having defecated, drunk water, or eaten clay or rotten meat. After eating a lot it stops to sleep for a while before setting out to forage again. Unlike three-toed sloths, two-toed sloths do not swim.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF96FF9176F5F9AC8415F915" blockId="34.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="34">Two-toed sloths are usually solitary but are sometimes found in male-female pairs perched near each other. They give birth to a single young, which clings to its mother’s venter.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF97FF9074B5FF00810CFE3D" blockId="35.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="35">
|
||
Two-toed sloths are followed by a small swarm of little black flies and sweat bees (tabanid flies that have black-and-yellow striped abdomens). A bird called chompish (a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FF97FF9075C5FEA78243FE81" box="[508,556,325,349]" pageId="35">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of flycatcher) follows sloths (perhaps to feed on its flies?). Large eagles and hawks kill and eat twotoed sloths, even fully grown adults. Jaguars also occasionally kill them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF97FF9074B5FE088106FDB9" blockId="35.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="35">Two-toed sloths do not make any noise while perched or while feeding. They huff when they are being killed or when they are defending themselves.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF97FF9074B5FD8C8246FB05" blockId="35.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="35">
|
||
Two-toed sloths eat the young leaves of almost any tree. They are particularly fond of the leaves of tote trees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF90753FFD5281D5FD14" box="[262,442,688,712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Eschweilera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF90753FFD5281EDFD14" box="[262,386,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="35">Eschweilera</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF9075F1FD528239FD14" box="[456,598,688,712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Lecythis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF9075F1FD528271FD14" box="[456,542,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="35">Lecythis</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF907455FD308160FD35" box="[108,271,722,745]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Cariniana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF907455FD3080B6FD35" box="[108,217,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="35">Cariniana</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF907526FD3081ABFD36" box="[287,452,722,746]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lecythidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]). Other favored foods are the ripe fruits and leaves of trees in the cacao (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF90748EFCF6812AFCF0" box="[183,325,788,812]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sterculiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sterculiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) family, particularly tonkodo (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF90744CFCD78179FC91" box="[117,278,821,845]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Theobroma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF90744CFCD78082FC91" box="[117,237,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="35">Theobroma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and senad dëbiate (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF90763DFCD78081FCB2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Theobroma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subincanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF90763DFCD78081FCB2" italics="true" pageId="35">Theobroma subincanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). They eat the ripe fruits of a few other
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FF97FF907493FC95808EFC53" box="[170,225,887,911]" pageId="35">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of dicot trees, including mamuin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF907672FC958168FC6C" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1825" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Clusiaceae" genus="Garcinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF907672FC958168FC6C" italics="true" pageId="35">Garcinia longifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Guttiferae]), which they eat after splitting open the rind; piuşh bëchi (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF90763EFC5B80B6FC2E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Helicostylis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF90763EFC5B80B6FC2E" italics="true" pageId="35">Helicostylis tomentosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF9074D0FC388133FC2E" box="[233,348,986,1010]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]); tonnad (a general term for trees in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF907530FC1981F2FBCF" box="[265,413,1019,1043]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myristicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and mannan tsipuis (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF90744CFBFF80BBFBE8" box="[117,212,1053,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Inga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF90744CFBFF80CCFBE8" box="[117,163,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="35">Inga</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Leguminosae]). They also eat the fruits of some epiphytes and the heart and young leaves of okodonte epiphytes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF907556FBBC8193FBAA" box="[367,508,1118,1142]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF907556FBBC8193FBAA" box="[367,508,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="35">Philodendron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF907632FBBD8204FBAB" box="[523,619,1119,1143]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]). They feed much more on leaves than on fruits, and they do not eat old/mature leaves. They descend to the ground to eat rotten meat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF97FF9074B5FB018331FDDE" blockId="35.[108,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="35.[684,1212,226,514]" pageId="35">
|
||
REMARKS: Matses interviews include many original observations about the behavior and diet of two-toed sloths, notably including their use of water sources in the canopy, geophagy, occasional carrion eating, food plants, and a possibly mutualistic interaction with an unidentified species of bird. To the extent that Matses observations overlap with previously published results of scientific research on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF90755CFA0981BAF9DF" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[357,469,1515,1539]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF90755CFA0981BAF9DF" box="[357,469,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="35">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is good agreement (e.g., about nocturnality, reproduction, and predation), but one discrepancy merits comment. Two literature reviews—one about
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF90765FF9AD80B5F95B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF90765FF9AD80B5F95B" italics="true" pageId="35">C. didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other about
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF9075E8F992820DF95B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1858" box="[465,610,1647,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF9075E8F992820DF95B" box="[465,610,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="35">C. hoffmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— both claim that two-toed sloths can swim (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFF97FF90760BF97280CCF916" author="Adam, P. J." pageId="35" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref60618" refString="Adam, P. J. 1999. Choloepus didactylus. Mammalian Species 621: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1999">Adam, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFF97FF90748BF950810AF916" author="Hayssen, V." box="[178,357,1714,1738]" pageId="35" pagination="37 - 55" refId="ref63542" refString="Hayssen, V. 2011 a. Choloepus hoffmanni (Pilosa: Megalonychidae). Mammalian Species 43 (873): 37 - 55." type="journal article" year="2011">Hayssen, 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but none of the refer- ences cited in either review explicitly report swimming behavior in these species.
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FF97FF907052FEE2841BFECD" attach="left" box="[1131,1140,256,273]" fontSize="7" pageId="35">5</superScript>
|
||
Most mammals, of course, can swim when necessary, but the absence of any published observation of swimming by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF97FF907776FE848399FEA1" box="[847,1014,358,382]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF97FF907776FE8483D0FEA2" box="[847,959,358,382]" italics="true" pageId="35">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to support the Matses’ claim that two-toed sloths do not often do so, by contrast with three-toed sloths, which are frequently found swimming across rivers and lakes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |