190 lines
22 KiB
XML
190 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="BC52859B91AC9ED4CF420E469C1B21FB" ID-DOI="10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407771" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630347764536" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Voss, Robert S. & Fleck, David W." docDate="2017" docId="03E587ECFF85FF807731FA2A8184FBEA" docLanguage="en" docName="B417.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2017 (417)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Leopardus wiedii" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" masterDocId="FFDCFF94FFB4FFB37439FFE2806FFFDC" masterDocTitle="Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1699239402727" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="87E9D4035C52EC44D8A29182E3309A19">Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3F35D5318176CEA64999A029B9C290A">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C5691A9CB99A76BB788D2A42679D6986">Fleck, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E2F38B82EC5D3E2328FECBCFE1841215">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4EF3BA7A7F1CE5CF8149D0F98799D6ED">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6FE296E6FA7F42003AFE8C4520854BA7">2017-10-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DB58490284D0A903B87CFD00BFE67525">2017</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="661B4530A0812C76CB9E179C909FE167" type="DOI">10.1206/00030090-417.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C3566571FF85FF827731FA2A840DFA3C" box="[776,1122,1480,1504]" pageId="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF85FF827731FA2A840DFA3C" blockId="49.[776,1122,1480,1504]" box="[776,1122,1480,1504]" pageId="49">
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<heading id="D0BB8196FF85FF827731FA2A840DFA3C" box="[776,1122,1480,1504]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="49" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF85FF827731FA2A840DFA3C" ID-CoL="3T78F" authority="(Schinz, 1821)" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[776,1122,1480,1504]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wiedii">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF85FF827731FA2A83D0FA3C" box="[776,959,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="49">Leopardus wiedii</emphasis>
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(Schinz, 1821)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3566571FF85FF80774EFA188168FD74" lastPageId="51" pageId="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF85FF82774EFA18839EF9CE" blockId="49.[887,1009,1530,1554]" box="[887,1009,1530,1554]" pageId="49">
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<heading id="D0BB8196FF85FF82774EFA18839EF9CE" box="[887,1009,1530,1554]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="49" reason="2">
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<figureCitation id="13772A7FFF85FF82774EFA18839EF9CE" box="[887,1009,1530,1554]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="48.[109,151,1452,1473]" captionTargetBox="[187,1135,229,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-95@48.[181,1141,224,1423]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIG. 14. Adult skulls of five sympatric felid species, illustrating taxonomic differences in size and shape: Puma concolor (A, AMNH 73221), Pu. yagouaroundi (B, AMNH 215137), Leopardus wiedii (C, AMNH 74428), L. pardalis (D, MUSM 13150), Panthera onca (E, AMNH 98683). All illustrated specimens are from western South America, but only MUSM 13150 is from the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve. Old adult male skulls of Pa. onca and L. pardalis can be substantially larger and proportionately wider than the young adults illustrated here." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5407799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5407799/files/figure.png" pageId="49">Figure 14C</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<footnote id="E8572AF4FF85FF827455F9DF8099F915" pageId="49">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF85FF827455F9DF8099F915" blockId="49.[108,637,1597,1737]" pageId="49">
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<superScript id="7C399BB2FF85FF827455F9DF801CF995" attach="left" box="[108,115,1597,1609]" fontSize="5" pageId="49">8</superScript>
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“Demon’s swiddens” (mayanën sebad;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFF85FF8275FAF9DC824AF98D" author="Fleck, D. W." box="[451,549,1598,1617]" pageId="49" refId="ref62644" refString="Fleck, D. W. 1997. Mammalian diversity in rainforest habitats recognized by the Matses Indians in the Peruvian Amazon. M. S. thesis, Ohio State University." type="book" year="1997">Fleck, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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) are habitats dominated by the myrmecophilous subcanopy tree
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF85FF827678F9B4817CF95D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Duroia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsuta">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF85FF827678F9B480C8F95D" italics="true" pageId="49">Duroia hirsuta</emphasis>
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(Rubiaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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whose roots secrete an apparently allelopathic compound (Page et al., 1994), and whose ant mutualists attack the foliage of other plant species with formic acid (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFF85FF827675F97C8083F915" author="Frederickson, M. E." pageId="49" pagination="387 - 395" refId="ref62888" refString="Frederickson, M. E. 2005. Ant species confer different partner benefits on two Neotropical myrmecophytes. Oecologia 143: 387 - 395." type="journal article" year="2005">Frederickson, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF85FF8276F5F9CE83B7F9BA" blockId="49.[684,1212,1580,1738]" pageId="49">VOUCHER MATERIAL (TOTAL = 1): Boca Río Yaquerana (FMNH 88889).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF85FF8276F5F98D843EF916" blockId="49.[684,1212,1580,1738]" pageId="49">
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OTHER INTERFLUVIAL RECORDS: Nuevo San Juan (this report), Río Yavarí-Mirím (Salovaara et al., 2003),
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFF85FF827700F95083C7F916" box="[825,936,1714,1738]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="49">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
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(Valqui, 1999).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8174B5FF0081D0FCF0" blockId="50.[108,638,226,1638]" pageId="50">
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<materialsCitation id="3B243CA7FF86FF8174B5FF008138FE1C" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="50" specimenCode="FMNH 88889" specimenCount="1">
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IDENTIFICATION: The only available margay specimen from the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve consists of the skin and skull of a young adult male (
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<specimenCode id="DBEA9E81FF86FF81744CFEA78173FE81" box="[117,284,325,349]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" type="Museum">FMNH 88889</specimenCode>
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). Although margays are much smaller than ocelots on average, large specimens of margays are sometimes confused with small specimens of ocelots
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</materialsCitation>
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; fortunately, these species are readily distinguished by tail length and cranial proportions (Pocock, 1941). Based on collectors’ measurements (
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<tableCitation id="C6CE0341FF86FF81754CFDE981BCFDFF" box="[373,467,523,547]" captionStart="TABLE 12" captionStartId="47.[603,683,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[118,1190,353,951]" captionText="TABLE 12 Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of Adult Specimens of Leopardus pardalis and L. wiedii from the Yavarí-Ucayali Interfluve" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF336672FF9BFF9C7662FF0083EAFE98" pageId="50" tableUuid="DF336672FF9BFF9C7662FF0083EAFE98">table 12</tableCitation>
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), the ratio LT/ HBL × 100 equals 65% for our margay voucher versus 44%–48% for
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<specimenCount id="9D4AFD73FF86FF817572FDAF81AFFDB9" box="[331,448,589,613]" pageId="50" type="adult">three adult</specimenCount>
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ocelot vouchers.
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<superScript id="7C399BB2FF86FF81764AFDA98213FD80" attach="left" box="[627,636,587,604]" fontSize="7" pageId="50">9</superScript>
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Additionally, the tanned skin of FMNH 88889 can be folded to show that the tail is substantially longer than the hind leg (a useful field character mentioned by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFF86FF817536FD3081D6FD36" author="Emmons, L. H." box="[271,441,722,746]" pageId="50" refId="ref62396" refString="Emmons, L. H. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide (2 nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book" year="1997">Emmons, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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), whereas the tail is substantially shorter than the hind leg on
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF86FF817663FD1180DFFCF0" genus="The" pageId="50" rank="species" species="ocelot">the ocelot</taxonomicName>
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skins that we examined.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8174B4FCD781DEFAE1" blockId="50.[108,638,226,1638]" pageId="50">
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The postorbital constriction is much wider than the interorbital constriction in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF86FF817635FCB480C2FC53" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wiedii">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF86FF817635FCB480C2FC53" italics="true" pageId="50">Leopardus wiedii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by contrast with
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF86FF81754AFC9A8189FC53" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[371,486,887,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardalis">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF86FF81754AFC9A8189FC53" box="[371,486,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="50">L. pardalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, whose postorbital and interorbital constrictions are more nearly equal (Pocock, 1941). For FMNH 88889, the postorbital constriction is approximately twice as wide as the interorbital constriction (LPB/LIB × 100 = 204%), whereas this ratio ranges from 118% to 137% among our
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<specimenCount id="9D4AFD73FF86FF817628FBDF8213FB89" box="[529,636,1085,1109]" pageId="50" type="adult">four adult</specimenCount>
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ocelots. In dorsal view, margay skulls have larger orbital fossae than temporal fossae, whereas ocelots have larger temporal than orbital fossae. Lastly, margay skulls usually lack a sagittal crest, whereas most fully adult ocelots have well-developed sagittal crests. These cranial differences are visually conspicuous (fig. 14).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8174B5FAA48213F9BA" blockId="50.[108,638,226,1638]" pageId="50">
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The last comprehensive revision of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF86FF817637FAA480C2FAA3" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wiedii">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF86FF817637FAA480C2FAA3" italics="true" pageId="50">Leopardus wiedii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was Pocock’s (1941), which restricted the nominotypical form to southeastern
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFF86FF81760CFA6A8216FA7C" box="[565,633,1416,1440]" name="Brazil" pageId="50">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFF86FF817455FA4B80B1FA1D" box="[108,222,1449,1473]" name="Argentina" pageId="50">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFF86FF81751BFA4881E5FA1E" box="[290,394,1450,1474]" name="Paraguay" pageId="50">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B243CA7FF86FF8175A3FA4B8213F9BA" country="Panama" county="Tabatinga" location="western Amazonian" municipality="Cabrera" pageId="50" specimenCount="1">
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in his classification,
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<location id="8E936021FF86FF817455FA298128FA3E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587ECFF85FF807731FA2A8184FBEA:8E936021FF86FF817455FA298128FA3E" box="[108,327,1482,1506]" country="Panama" county="Tabatinga" municipality="Cabrera" name="western Amazonian" pageId="50">western Amazonian</location>
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margays were referred to
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF86FF817650FA298088F9DF" italics="true" pageId="50">L. w. pirrensis</emphasis>
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(Goldman, 1920), with
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<typeStatus id="54F78858FF86FF8175CCFA0E824BF9D8" box="[501,548,1516,1540]" pageId="50">type</typeStatus>
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locality in eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFF86FF8174C6F9EF8131F9F8" box="[255,350,1549,1572]" name="Panama" pageId="50">Panama</collectingCountry>
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.
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<location id="8E936021FF86FF81754FF9EF81B1F9F8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587ECFF85FF807731FA2A8184FBEA:8E936021FF86FF81754FF9EF81B1F9F8" box="[374,478,1549,1572]" country="Panama" county="Tabatinga" municipality="Cabrera" name="However" pageId="50">However</location>
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,
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF86FF8175CFF9EF8213F9F8" box="[502,636,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="50">amazonicus</emphasis>
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<collectingMunicipality id="6B97AC80FF86FF817455F9CF80AAF999" box="[108,197,1581,1605]" pageId="50">Cabrera</collectingMunicipality>
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, 1917, based on a specimen from
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<collectingCounty id="62924E76FF86FF817607F9CF80CAF9BA" pageId="50">Tabatinga</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFF86FF817489F9AC809DF9BA" box="[176,242,1614,1638]" name="Brazil" pageId="50">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, would appear to be the appropriate
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF817695FF0083A0FEE0" blockId="50.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="50">name if western Amazonian populations were judged to be taxonomically distinct from other margays (Oliveira, 1998b).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8176F4FEA78438FD98" blockId="50.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="50">ETHNOBIOLOGY: The margay is called tëstuk mawekid, which literally means “one that lays under epiphytes” owing to its habit of lying on tree limbs under the cover of large-leaved arboreal plants. The margay is sometimes called bëdimpi (ocelot) by observers unfamiliar with the species, but more knowledgeable Matses hunters say that this usage is incorrect.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8176F4FDAF83C5FD36" blockId="50.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="50">The margay is of no economic importance to the Matses. Only rarely does one approach the outskirts of a Matses village to stalk chickens in the daytime. Unlike ocelots, margays do not raid chicken coops at night.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8176F5FD1184D2FC53" blockId="50.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="50">Matses with young children avoid having any contact with or even looking at margays, lest the margay’s spirit make their children ill (see the ethnobiology entry for the puma for details on symptoms and treatment of contagion by felids).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8176F5FC7A845CFC0D" blockId="50.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="50">MATSES NATURAL HISTORY: The margay is small and spotted. It has a long tail.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8176F5FC3884E8FBAA" blockId="50.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="50">
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The margay is found in any habitat, including floodplain and upland forest. It is more frequently found in primary forest than in secondary forest (e.g., sites of abandoned swiddens). It is more rarely encountered than
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF86FF81702CFBBC84ECFBAA" box="[1045,1155,1118,1142]" genus="The" pageId="50" rank="species" species="ocelot">the ocelot</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8176F5FB9D8473FA1D" blockId="50.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="50">The margay spends much of its time lying up in the trees, on tree branches or on upward-spiraling lianas. It walks up inclined trees and lies on the inclined trunk waiting for prey to pass by underneath. As it lies on a branch, tree, or liana, it hides under epiphytes or thick vegetation. It also lies in the open on branches or inclined tree trunks to rest after eating and to sleep. It also hunts by searching for prey on the ground, but it does not lie down on the ground.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8176F5FA2883DCF9F8" blockId="50.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="50">The margay is solitary. It gives birth to two kittens in a hollow log on the ground or in a burrow, not up in the trees.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF8076F5F9CC811AFE81" blockId="50.[684,1214,226,1738]" lastBlockId="51.[108,638,226,1078]" lastPageId="51" pageId="50">A margay may pounce on a tinamou that passes under the tree where the cat is waiting. Margays walking on the ground also kill tinamous, pouncing on them from far away. At night margays find tinamous sleeping on low perches. Margays pluck the feathers from tinamous before eating them. Margays kill other animals in the same ways (from ambush and by active diurnal and nocturnal hunting).</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="E8572AF4FF86FF817455F97F827CF915" pageId="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF86FF817455F97F827CF915" blockId="50.[108,636,1693,1737]" pageId="50">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FF86FF817455F97F801CF975" attach="left" box="[108,115,1693,1705]" fontSize="5" pageId="50">9</superScript>
|
||
A fourth voucher (MUSM 11170), with an improbably longer tail, may have been mismeasured in the field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF87FF8074B5FE848239FEA3" blockId="51.[108,638,226,1078]" box="[140,598,358,383]" pageId="51">The margay growls when it is taking prey.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF87FF8074B5FE658168FD74" blockId="51.[108,638,226,1078]" pageId="51">
|
||
The margay eats pacas, agoutis, acouchies, spiny rats, other rats and mice, squirrels, common opossums, four-eyed opossums, and mouse opossums. It also eats white-throated tinamous (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF87FF80744FFDEE8158FDF8" authorityName="Pelzeln" authorityYear="1863" box="[118,311,524,548]" class="Aves" family="Tinamidae" genus="Tinamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tinamiformes" pageId="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF87FF80744FFDEE8158FDF8" box="[118,311,524,548]" italics="true" pageId="51">Tinamus guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), great tinamous (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FF87FF807634FDEF8203FDFF" baseAuthorityName="J.F.Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[525,620,524,548]" class="Aves" family="Tinamidae" genus="Tinamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tinamiformes" pageId="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF87FF807634FDEF8203FDFF" box="[525,620,524,548]" italics="true" pageId="51">T. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), smaller tinamous (
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF87FF807579FDCF81ADFD99" box="[320,450,557,581]" italics="true" pageId="51">Crypterellus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.), other terrestrial birds, and small arboreal birds. It also eats lizards, tree frogs, and jungle frogs (
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FF87FF807601FD9280D4FD74" italics="true" pageId="51">Leptodactylu</emphasis>
|
||
s spp.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3566571FF87FF8074B5FD508184FBEA" pageId="51" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFF87FF8074B5FD508184FBEA" blockId="51.[108,638,226,1078]" pageId="51">REMARKS: Matses observations broadly agree with the scattered scientific literature on this small cat (reviewed by Oliveira, 1998b), notably with respect to its arboreal habits, denning behavior, and the wide range of prey taken. Matses accounts of arboreal ambushing versus active terrestrial searching, however, suggest a characteristic foraging strategy that is not described as such in the literature, nor does the literature describe several other details of margay predatory and feeding behaviors (e.g., feather-plucking) mentioned by our informants.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |