573 lines
77 KiB
XML
573 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document id="7F4FE90C3073AC57069752EEE36EEA86" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3986.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5dbecdc2-6989-4729-8f12-b616294c2cfa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="244267" ID-ZooBank="82BDF224-FE83-4792-9AD1-D954B96B1136" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461261566786" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Heinicke, Matthew P., Barrio-Amorós, César L. & Hedges, S. Blair" docDate="2015" docId="03E5878D1C66FFE7FF78FCD2FBCEB725" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03986p172.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3986 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tachiramantis Heinicke, Barrio-Amorós & Hedges, 2015, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="92DBD1CB-4812-4BA9-B695-9C37A239325F" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="166" masterDocId="FFDCFFF51C6FFFE8FFEFFF93FF93B335" masterDocTitle="Molecular and morphological data support recognition of a new genus of New World direct-developing frog (Anura: Terrarana) from an under-sampled region of South America" masterLastPageNumber="172" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="160" updateTime="1698609643147" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7206B5B87A4DAEE8CB4FFB85392FF5ED">
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<mods:title id="EFD9980D7F3DD5C33A3A18020CBA1967">Molecular and morphological data support recognition of a new genus of New World direct-developing frog (Anura: Terrarana) from an under-sampled region of South America</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="5C0EE3A08A6D6A9D325CD0CEB38BB8AA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="436C2F51BC70164A339289A7D51A42ED">Heinicke, Matthew P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="CA155BF47FD1FBEAAF2A2ABC5DB6FB6D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D44B24B24B8C1564B02AEC2ECF88A436">Barrio-Amorós, César L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6D217EE3E93D427C37CE43F5A5E3ED35">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="06EE21ED8339B0FA80F0764A7438A6D9">Hedges, S. Blair</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6FE8B1F2D515222E029662C8859D6AC1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4B9CFD9A58FD4172BFAD0B1C2AB86209">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7249F74F5851B9C7B453DB5CFD91BCEA">
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<mods:date id="5AFCA3A24D1418D18B4564EA5543A31E">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="10F50845387501030A003A2995BBF78D" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="365C25D05437AA243B8F6CFC3284002D">3986</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="9BD158B0C4038C32635FE7A8626B8F57">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="764D014EB64040E222E2D3EDE155F818" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3986.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E5878D1C66FFE7FF78FCD2FBCEB725" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5629051" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119637218" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5629051" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:92DBD1CB-4812-4BA9-B695-9C37A239325F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5878D1C66FFE7FF78FCD2FBCEB725" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
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<subSubSection id="C35665101C66FFE1FF78FCD2FE82B049" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C66FFE1FF78FCD2FE28B06E" blockId="9.[151,443,833,893]" box="[151,443,833,859]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
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<heading id="D0BB81F71C66FFE1FF78FCD2FE28B06E" bold="true" box="[151,443,833,859]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FF78FCD2FE28B06E" bold="true" box="[151,443,833,859]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C66FFE1FF78FCD2FED5B06E" box="[151,326,833,859]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FF78FCD2FED5B06E" bold="true" box="[151,326,833,859]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B57F21C66FFE1FEA2FCD2FE28B06E" box="[333,443,833,859]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C66FFE1FF78FCF7FE82B049" blockId="9.[151,443,833,893]" box="[151,273,868,893]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
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(
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||
<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C66FFE1FF70FCF7FE9AB049" box="[159,265,868,893]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStart-4="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,781,803]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1319,1341]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionStartId-3="12.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,250,1110,1132]" captionTargetBox-0="[233,1353,337,759]" captionTargetBox-1="[490,1096,884,1297]" captionTargetBox-2="[301,1280,193,1895]" captionTargetBox-3="[426,1150,193,1911]" captionTargetBox-4="[217,1369,193,1088]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[233,1353,337,760]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[490,1096,884,1297]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[301,1280,193,1896]" captionTargetId-3="figure@12.[426,1150,193,1912]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[217,1369,193,1089]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionTargetPageId-3="12" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Tachiramantis species in life. (A) Tachiramantis prolixodiscus specimen CBA 7510, adult female from Calderas, Barinas, Venezuela. (B) Tachiramantis lentiginosus specimen CVULA 9100, adult male from Guaraque, Mérida, Venezuela." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Tachiramantis prolixodiscus specimen KU 132729, adult male paratype of the type species of Tachiramantis." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); dorsal view." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of skull of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) side view." captionText-4="FIGURE 7. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of digits of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); (A) manus, (B) pes." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/244270/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/244271/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/244272/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/244273/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/244274/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Figs. 3–7</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35665101C66FFE1FF78FC3EFC7BB0F7" box="[151,1000,940,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C66FFE1FF78FC3EFC7BB0F7" blockId="9.[151,1000,940,962]" box="[151,1000,940,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
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<typeStatus id="54F788391C66FFE1FF78FC3EFF5AB0F7" box="[151,201,941,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C66FFE1FECAFC3FFD7CB0F7" authority="Lynch, 1978" authorityName="Lynch" authorityYear="1978" box="[293,751,940,962]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FECAFC3FFDF8B0F7" box="[293,619,940,962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Eleutherodactylus prolixodiscus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C66FFE1FD9FFC3FFD7CB0F7" author="Lynch" box="[624,751,940,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1978) A new eleutherodactyline frog from the Andes of northern Colombia (Leptodactylidae). Copeia, 1978, 17 - 21. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1443815" type="journal article" year="1978">Lynch, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<typeStatus id="54F788391C66FFE1FD13FC3FFCCCB0F7" box="[764,863,940,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: KU 132726)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35665101C66FFE1FF78FC7DFB62B55E" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C66FFE1FF78FC7DFF75B572" blockId="9.[151,1437,1006,2003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FF78FC7DFE82B732" bold="true" box="[151,273,1006,1031]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C66FFE1FE7CFC7DFDA7B732" box="[403,564,1006,1031]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FE7CFC7DFDA7B732" box="[403,564,1006,1031]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are moderately small craugastorid frogs (SVL
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<quantity id="4CB49B7E1C66FFE1FBABFC7CFB52B732" box="[1092,1217,1007,1031]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 mm</quantity>
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). The head is wider than long, with a moderately pointed snout; cranial crests absent; canthus rostralis well-defined; tympanum welldefined and large, approximately 2/5 to 3/4 diameter of eye; dentigerous processes of vomers well-developed, arranged obliquely, with few teeth. Overall body form is moderately robust, with limbs of moderate length; skin on the dorsum varies from smooth to finely granular, that on the venter is smooth to areolate or granular; dorsolateral folds are poorly-developed or absent; discoidal folds are present or absent; anal sheath or cloacal folds are absent. Males have vocal slits but only some species have an external vocal sac; nuptial pads are present in at least some species. Digits bear pads which are moderately dilated; digital fringes narrow or absent; circumferential grooves present; webbing is absent. Finger I is shorter than Finger II, Finger IV is much shorter than Finger III, and Toe III is shorter than Toe V. Tarsal folds present or absent; the inner metatarsal tubercle is larger than the outer, metacarpal tubercles are small. The color pattern is variable but usually includes white spots on the posterior surfaces of the thighs. In skull, the frontoparietals are fused to the prootics; a large fontanelle exists between posterior (not anterior) portions of frontoparietals in at least one species; vomers are strongly-developed and nearly surround choanae; the parasphenoid is broad, does not narrow anteriorly, reaches palatines, and has alary processes angled slightly backward obliquely. There are eight presacral vertebrae; no vertebrae are fused and neural spines are absent. Terminal phalanges are conical with minute, delicate T-shaped tips; intercalary elements on digits are absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C66FFE1FF28F9C1FB62B55E" blockId="9.[151,1437,1006,2003]" box="[199,1265,1618,1643]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FF28F9C1FEBDB55E" bold="true" box="[199,302,1618,1643]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Content.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C66FFE1FEDAF9C1FDE0B55E" box="[309,627,1618,1643]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FEDAF9C1FDE0B55E" box="[309,627,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Tachiramantis prolixodiscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C66FFE1FD6DF9C1FD7DB55E" box="[642,750,1618,1643]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStart-4="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,781,803]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1319,1341]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionStartId-3="12.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,250,1110,1132]" captionTargetBox-0="[233,1353,337,759]" captionTargetBox-1="[490,1096,884,1297]" captionTargetBox-2="[301,1280,193,1895]" captionTargetBox-3="[426,1150,193,1911]" captionTargetBox-4="[217,1369,193,1088]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[233,1353,337,760]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[490,1096,884,1297]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[301,1280,193,1896]" captionTargetId-3="figure@12.[426,1150,193,1912]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[217,1369,193,1089]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionTargetPageId-3="12" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Tachiramantis species in life. (A) Tachiramantis prolixodiscus specimen CBA 7510, adult female from Calderas, Barinas, Venezuela. (B) Tachiramantis lentiginosus specimen CVULA 9100, adult male from Guaraque, Mérida, Venezuela." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Tachiramantis prolixodiscus specimen KU 132729, adult male paratype of the type species of Tachiramantis." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); dorsal view." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of skull of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) side view." captionText-4="FIGURE 7. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of digits of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); (A) manus, (B) pes." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/244270/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/244271/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/244272/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/244273/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/244274/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Figs. 3–7</figureCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C66FFE1FCECF9C7FC72B55E" authority="Lynch" authorityName="Lynch" box="[771,993,1618,1643]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasi">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FCECF9C7FCEDB55E" box="[771,894,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">T. douglasi</emphasis>
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(Lynch)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C66FFE1FC03F9C7FB1CB55E" box="[1004,1167,1618,1643]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentiginosus">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FC03F9C7FB1CB55E" box="[1004,1167,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">T. lentiginosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C66FFE1FB71F9C1FB71B55E" box="[1182,1250,1618,1643]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,781,803]" captionTargetBox="[233,1353,337,759]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[233,1353,337,760]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Tachiramantis species in life. (A) Tachiramantis prolixodiscus specimen CBA 7510, adult female from Calderas, Barinas, Venezuela. (B) Tachiramantis lentiginosus specimen CVULA 9100, adult male from Guaraque, Mérida, Venezuela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244270/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35665101C66FFE1FF28F9E5FA83B5E2" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C66FFE1FF28F9E5FA83B5E2" blockId="9.[151,1437,1006,2003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
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<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FF28F9E5FEF3B5BA" bold="true" box="[199,352,1654,1679]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Known from both sides of the Táchira depression in the Cordillera de Mérida of
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<collectingCountry id="F35B760B1C66FFE1FB16F9E5FAFFB5BA" box="[1273,1388,1654,1679]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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and adjacent portions of the Cordillera Oriental in
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<collectingCountry id="F35B760B1C66FFE1FD2BF909FCA1B586" box="[708,818,1690,1715]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C66FFE1FCA8F909FC03B586" box="[839,912,1690,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,751,773]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,193,729]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[340,1247,193,730]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Distribution of Tachiramantis in the Cordillera de Mérida of Venezuela and the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia. The range gap corresponds to the relatively low-elevation Táchira Depression. Known point localities of each species are indicated, based on specimens listed in the Appendix, as well as those listed in Rivero (1984), and those with data on GBIF (www. gbif. org)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244275/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C66FFE1FC43F909FB7DB586" box="[940,1262,1690,1715]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FC43F909FB7DB586" box="[940,1262,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Tachiramantis prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been reported from the Sierra de Perijá along the Venezuela-Colombia border (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C66FFE1FC22F92DFA97B5E2" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[973,1284,1726,1751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L., Rojas-Runjaic, F. & Barros, T. R. (2010) Two new Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Strabomantidae) from the Sierra de Perija, Venezuela. Zootaxa, 2329, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Barrio-Amorós
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FB6EF92CFB2AB5E2" box="[1153,1209,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35665101C66FFE1FF28F971FE83B452" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C66FFE1FF28F971FE83B452" blockId="9.[151,1437,1006,2003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FF28F971FEDDB5CE" bold="true" box="[199,334,1762,1787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FEB6F971FE3EB5CE" box="[345,429,1762,1787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Tachira</emphasis>
|
||
refers to the Táchira depression, which lies between the Andean ranges in which all referred species occur. The word Táchira is ultimately derived from the Timoto-Cuica word
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FB43F895FA93B42A" box="[1196,1280,1798,1823]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">tachure</emphasis>
|
||
, which refers to a medicinal plant that grows in this region. The word
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FCA3F8BFFC04B476" box="[844,919,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">mantis</emphasis>
|
||
, from Greek, means treefrog. The name is masculine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35665101C66FFE7FF28F8E1FBCEB725" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C66FFE2FF28F8E1FD24B229" blockId="9.[151,1437,1006,2003]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FF28F8E1FEA8B4BE" bold="true" box="[199,315,1906,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
In external morphology
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C66FFE1FDBAF8E1FD65B4BE" box="[597,758,1906,1931]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FDBAF8E1FD65B4BE" box="[597,758,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be readily distinguished from most craugastorid genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C66FFE1FF71F805FEE5B49A" author="Hedges" box="[158,374,1942,1967]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Hedges
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C66FFE1FF13F804FEA7B49A" box="[252,308,1942,1967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) by the combination of having a broad head, well-developed tympanum, and expanded digital tips with pads separated by circumferential grooves. Among craugastorid genera sharing these characteristics,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FF78FF04FF6BB385" box="[151,248,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Noblella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FF78FF04FF6BB385" box="[151,248,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Noblella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FE64FF04FDBFB385" box="[395,556,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FE64FF04FDBFB385" box="[395,556,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking dentigerous processes of the vomers and having terminal phalanges minimally expanded, and the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FDD2FF2EFD5BB3E1" box="[573,712,189,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Yunganastes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FDD2FF2EFD5BB3E1" box="[573,712,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Yunganastes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FCEDFF2FFC05B3E0" box="[770,918,188,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Strabomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FCEDFF2FFC05B3E0" box="[770,918,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Strabomantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FBCBFF2FFB56B3E0" box="[1060,1221,188,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FBCBFF2FFB56B3E0" box="[1060,1221,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having Finger I longer than Finger II and Toe III longer than Toe V. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FC87FF4CFC6EB3CD" box="[872,1021,223,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Strabomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FC87FF4CFC6EB3CD" box="[872,1021,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Strabomantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are typically large (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CB49B7E1C65FFE2FA9DFF73FF6BB229" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="68.0" valueMax="106.0" valueMin="30.0">30– 106 mm</quantity>
|
||
), heavy-bodied, and have cranial crests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3366131C65FFE2FF78FC9EFA16B077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244270/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" targetBox="[233,1353,337,759]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C65FFE2FF78FC9EFA16B077" blockId="10.[151,1436,781,834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FF78FC9EFE80B016" bold="true" box="[151,275,781,803]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FEF5FC9EFE38B016" box="[282,427,781,803]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FEF5FC9EFE38B016" box="[282,427,781,803]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in life. (A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FD98FC9EFC04B016" box="[631,919,781,803]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FD98FC9EFC04B016" box="[631,919,781,803]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen CBA 7510, adult female from Calderas, Barinas, Venezuela. (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FE62FCBFFD33B077" box="[397,672,812,834]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentiginosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FE62FCBFFD33B077" box="[397,672,812,834]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis lentiginosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen CVULA 9100, adult male from Guaraque, Mérida, Venezuela.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3366131C65FFE2FF78FAB4FAF9B608" box="[151,1386,1319,1341]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244271/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" targetBox="[490,1096,884,1297]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C65FFE2FF78FAB4FAF9B608" blockId="10.[151,1386,1319,1341]" box="[151,1386,1319,1341]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FF78FAB4FE81B608" bold="true" box="[151,274,1319,1341]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FEF6FAB4FDABB608" box="[281,568,1319,1341]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FEF6FAB4FDABB608" box="[281,568,1319,1341]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen KU 132729, adult male paratype of the type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FB3CFAB4FAF7B608" box="[1235,1380,1319,1341]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FB3CFAB4FAF7B608" box="[1235,1380,1319,1341]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C65FFE2FF28FAF9FA94B56C" blockId="10.[151,1437,1385,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B760B1C65FFE2FF28FAF9FF75B6B7" box="[199,230,1386,1410]" name="American Samoa" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
might be expected given the constituent species were previously placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FB9EFAF8FB69B6B7" box="[1137,1274,1387,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FB9EFAF8FB69B6B7" box="[1137,1274,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are no obvious external characteristics that universally distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FCD5FA1EFC48B693" box="[826,987,1421,1446]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FCD5FA1EFC48B693" box="[826,987,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FBCEFA1CFB39B693" box="[1057,1194,1423,1446]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FBCEFA1CFB39B693" box="[1057,1194,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, compared to the ~25 recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FE7AFA20FD8DB6FF" box="[405,542,1459,1482]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FE7AFA20FD8DB6FF" box="[405,542,1459,1482]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring in adjacent regions of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B760B1C65FFE2FC78FA22FB99B6FF" box="[919,1034,1457,1482]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B760B1C65FFE2FBADFA22FB20B6FF" box="[1090,1203,1457,1482]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FB2FFA22FAF2B6FF" box="[1216,1377,1457,1482]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FB2FFA22FAF2B6FF" box="[1216,1377,1457,1482]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does differ from most in having finger IV much shorter than (about 2/3 the length of) finger III. The lack of welldeveloped dorsolateral or pre-cloacal folds, lack of cranial crests, presence of vocal slits, and lack of extremely expanded digital discs distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FDA3F98EFD7EB503" box="[588,749,1565,1590]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FDA3F98EFD7EB503" box="[588,749,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from most other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FC23F98CFBC6B503" box="[972,1109,1567,1590]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FC23F98CFBC6B503" box="[972,1109,1567,1590]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in adjacent
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B760B1C65FFE2FB1DF98EFAF6B503" box="[1266,1381,1565,1590]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B760B1C65FFE2FF78F9D2FE96B56F" box="[151,261,1601,1626]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FE6BF9D0FD3EB56F" authority="Rivero" authorityName="Rivero" box="[388,685,1601,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FE6BF9D0FDD6B56F" box="[388,581,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">P. melanoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
(Rivero)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FD56F9D0FC3DB56F" authority="Rivero" authorityName="Rivero" box="[697,942,1601,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monodolfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FD56F9D0FCD6B56F" box="[697,837,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">P. monodolfi</emphasis>
|
||
(Rivero)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FC55F9D0FBBBB56F" box="[954,1064,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">P. ni c ef o r i</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FB85F9D0FA93B56F" box="[1130,1280,1601,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tubernasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FB85F9D0FA93B56F" box="[1130,1280,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">P. tubernasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C65FFE5FF28F9F6FE3CB626" blockId="10.[151,1437,1385,2022]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,1202,2019]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Osteological characters more readily distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FD1CF9F6FC07B54B" box="[755,916,1637,1662]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FD1CF9F6FC07B54B" box="[755,916,1637,1662]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FC34F9F4FBCEB54B" box="[987,1117,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Pristmantis</emphasis>
|
||
and other terraranan genera (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C65FFE2FF70F91AFE86B597" box="[159,277,1673,1698]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,250,1110,1132]" captionTargetBox-0="[301,1280,193,1895]" captionTargetBox-1="[426,1150,193,1911]" captionTargetBox-2="[217,1369,193,1088]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[301,1280,193,1896]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[426,1150,193,1912]" captionTargetId-2="figure@13.[217,1369,193,1089]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); dorsal view." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of skull of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) side view." captionText-2="FIGURE 7. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of digits of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); (A) manus, (B) pes." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/244272/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/244273/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/244274/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Figs. 5–7</figureCitation>
|
||
; see morphobank project for data matrix). Most notably, investigation of the osteology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FA68F918FEBEB5F3" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FA68F918FEBEB5F3" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">T. prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed a suite of characters that are rare or absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FC05F93CFBE0B5F3" box="[1002,1139,1711,1734]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FC05F93CFBE0B5F3" box="[1002,1139,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: presence of a posterior frontoparietal fontanelle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C65FFE2FE53F942FD92B5DF" box="[444,513,1745,1770]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[301,1280,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[301,1280,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244272/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A), frontoparietal-prootic fusion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C65FFE2FC6CF942FC5AB5DF" box="[899,969,1745,1770]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[301,1280,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[301,1280,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244272/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A), parasphenoid shape (broad, does not narrow anteriorly, and reaches forward to level of palatines;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C65FFE2FCD4F966FCEFB43B" box="[827,892,1781,1806]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[301,1280,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[301,1280,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244272/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B), and vomers that nearly surround the choanae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C65FFE2FF70F88AFF70B407" box="[159,227,1817,1842]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[301,1280,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[301,1280,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244272/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The large fontanelle between the posterior portions of the frontoparietals was not otherwise observed in a sampling of 45
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FEB3F8ACFE76B463" box="[348,485,1855,1878]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FEB3F8ACFE76B463" box="[348,485,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and only occurred in one of 53 other sampled terraranans (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FB32F8AEFE88B44F" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Elutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FB32F8AEFE88B44F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Elutherodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In other terraranans characterized by the presence of a frontoparietal fontanelle, such as species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FF78F814FEF9B4AB" box="[151,362,1927,1950]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orcesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FF78F814FEF9B4AB" box="[151,362,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Pristimantis orcesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C65FFE2FE2EF816FD32B4AB" author="Guayasamin" box="[449,673,1925,1950]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Guayasamin, J. M. (2004 b) The Eleutherodactylus orcesi species group (Anura: Leptodactylidae): comparative osteology and comments on its monophyly. Herpetological Monographs, 18, 142 - 174. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 0733 - 1347 (2004) 018 [0142: TEOSGA] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">Guayasamin 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the opening is between the anterior portions of the frontoparietals. A brief description of the cranial osteology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FD4DF83AFC64B4F7" box="[674,1015,1961,1986]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chlorosoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FD4DF83AFC64B4F7" box="[674,1015,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Eleutherodactylus chlorosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C65FFE2FBF7F838FB59B4F7" box="[1048,1226,1961,1986]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C65FFE2FBF7F838FB59B4F7" box="[1048,1226,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">T. prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C65FFE2FB12F83AFA0FB4F7" author="Rivero" box="[1277,1436,1961,1986]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1984 " 1982 ") Los Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) de los Andes Venezolanos II. Especies subparameras. Memoria Sociedad Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 42, 57 - 132." type="journal article" year="1984">Rivero (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that there is no frontoparietal fontanelle. However, this statement apparently only refers to a typical anterior opening: the same description states that the rear of the skull is shrunken (“apergaminado”), exposing parts of the telencephalon and optic lobes of the brain, the same region of the brain left uncovered by the fontanelle we observe in specimen KU 132729.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3366131C64FFE3FF78F80DFF5DB4E7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244272/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" targetBox="[301,1280,193,1895]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C64FFE3FF78F80DFF5DB4E7" blockId="11.[151,1436,1950,2002]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C64FFE3FF78F80DFE9CB481" bold="true" box="[151,271,1950,1972]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||
. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C64FFE3FCF3F80DFBADB481" box="[796,1086,1950,1972]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C64FFE3FCF3F80DFBADB481" box="[796,1086,1950,1972]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Tachiramantis prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(KU 132729, adult male); dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3366131C63FFE4FF78F830FD13B4ED" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244273/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" targetBox="[426,1150,193,1911]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C63FFE4FF78F830FD13B4ED" blockId="12.[151,1436,1955,2008]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C63FFE4FF78F830FE9DB48C" bold="true" box="[151,270,1955,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
|
||
. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C63FFE4FC86F830FB1AB48C" box="[873,1161,1955,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C63FFE4FC86F830FB1AB48C" box="[873,1161,1955,1977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Tachiramantis prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(KU 132729, adult male); (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) side view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3366131C62FFE5FF78FBC5FEF3B7BE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244274/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" targetBox="[217,1369,193,1088]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C62FFE5FF78FBC5FEF3B7BE" blockId="13.[151,1436,1110,1163]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FF78FBC5FE87B759" bold="true" box="[151,276,1110,1132]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
High resolution X-ray computed tomography of digits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FC84FBC5FB18B759" box="[875,1163,1110,1132]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FC84FBC5FB18B759" box="[875,1163,1110,1132]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Tachiramantis prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(KU 132729, adult male); (A) manus, (B) pes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C62FFE5FF28FA8DFDF1B4D6" blockId="13.[151,1437,1202,2019]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||
The other three skull characters listed in the preceding paragraph are all shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FB63FA8DFA07B602" box="[1164,1428,1310,1335]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FB63FA8DFA07B602" box="[1164,1428,1310,1335]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Tachiramantis douglasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which occurs sympatrically with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FDE1FAD7FD53B66E" box="[526,704,1346,1371]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FDE1FAD7FD53B66E" box="[526,704,1346,1371]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">T. prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B760B1C62FFE5FD09FAD1FCCBB66E" box="[742,856,1346,1371]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Vomers that nearly surround the choanae were not otherwise documented in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FE3BFAF4FDCEB64B" box="[468,605,1383,1406]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FE3BFAF4FDCEB64B" box="[468,605,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and among all Terrarana were observed in only three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FF78FA19FEF1B696" box="[151,354,1418,1443]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FF78FA19FEF1B696" box="[151,354,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subgenus
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FE0EFA19FDD1B696" box="[481,578,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Euhayas</emphasis>
|
||
). The paraspenoid shape shared by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FC3AFA1FFB15B696" box="[981,1158,1418,1443]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FC3AFA1FFB15B696" box="[981,1158,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">T. prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FB52FA1FFAAAB696" box="[1213,1337,1418,1443]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FB52FA1FFAAAB696" box="[1213,1337,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">T. douglasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in only one sampled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FE64FA3CFD87B6F3" box="[395,532,1455,1478]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FE64FA3CFD87B6F3" box="[395,532,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FDCAFA3CFD0AB6F3" box="[549,665,1455,1478]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tayrona">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FDCAFA3CFD0AB6F3" box="[549,665,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">P. tayrona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species from the Sierra Nevada de Santa
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B760B1C62FFE5FB2CFA3CFA95B6F3" box="[1219,1286,1455,1478]" name="Malta" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Marta</collectingCountry>
|
||
is externally similar to and was confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FDE3FA47FD2EB6DE" box="[524,701,1490,1515]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FDE3FA47FD2EB6DE" box="[524,701,1490,1515]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">T. prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
until being named by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C62FFE5FC59FA41FABBB6DE" author="Lynch" box="[950,1320,1490,1515]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. (1985) A synopsis of the frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 711, 1 - 59." type="journal article" year="1985">Lynch and Ruiz-Carranza (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but given differences in vomer shape and lack of frontoparietal/prootic fusion, we refrain from referring
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FAEDFA64FAE9B53B" box="[1282,1402,1527,1550]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tayrona">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FAEDFA64FAE9B53B" box="[1282,1402,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">P. tayrona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FF78F989FEABB506" box="[151,312,1562,1587]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FF78F989FEABB506" box="[151,312,1562,1587]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at this time. Fusion of the frontoparietal and prootics occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FBECF98FFB1FB506" box="[1027,1164,1564,1587]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FBECF98FFB1FB506" box="[1027,1164,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but more rarely than in other terraranan genera, as only seven of 45
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FD71F9ACFCB4B563" box="[670,807,1599,1622]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FD71F9ACFCB4B563" box="[670,807,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show this condition. In combination, these three skull characters distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FE45F9F1FDD8B54E" box="[426,587,1634,1659]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FE45F9F1FDD8B54E" box="[426,587,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all other sampled terraranans. The terminal phalanges of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FA68F9F7FEBEB5AA" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FA68F9F7FEBEB5AA" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">T. prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differ from the typical T-shaped condition described for most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FBF6F914FB31B5AB" box="[1049,1186,1671,1694]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FBF6F914FB31B5AB" box="[1049,1186,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other terraranans: rather than narrowing gradually from the proximal to distal end before broadening at the terminal expansions, the phalanges narrow dramatically before broadening at the delicate terminal expansions, such that the overall width of the terminal expansions of each phalanx is less than the width of the base of the phalanx (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C62FFE5FB4DF961FB7BB43E" box="[1186,1256,1778,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1110,1132]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,193,1088]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[217,1369,193,1089]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of digits of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); (A) manus, (B) pes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244274/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Assuming the genus-level phylogeny of Terrarana presented in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C62FFE5FD56F885FD6FB41A" box="[697,764,1814,1839]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[316,1254,195,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[316,1255,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Terrarana, based on analysis of the genes 12 S, tRNA-Val, 16 S, RAG 1, and TYR. Support values (Bayesian posterior probabilities / ML bootstrap support / MP bootstrap support) are indicated for nodes bearing on intergeneric relationships (i. e., at or above the genus level) with ML bootstrap support ≥ 50 %." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244269/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, fusion of the frontoparietals to the prootics and vomers that nearly surround the choanae are unambiguous osteological synapomorphies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FBCCF8A9FB57B466" box="[1059,1220,1850,1875]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FBCCF8A9FB57B466" box="[1059,1220,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The parasphenoid shape characters are not synapomorphic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FD64F8CDFCBFB442" box="[651,812,1886,1911]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FD64F8CDFCBFB442" box="[651,812,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although they do serve to distinguish the genus from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C62FFE5FF78F817FEB3B4AE" box="[151,288,1924,1947]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C62FFE5FF78F817FEB3B4AE" box="[151,288,1924,1947]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The shape of the terminal phalanges may represent an additional osteological synapomorphy, but requires additional investigation for confirmation. None of the examined external morphological characters represent unambiguous synapomorphies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3366131C61FFE6FF78FD7CFEA8B054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244275/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" targetBox="[340,1246,193,729]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C61FFE6FF78FD7CFEA8B054" blockId="14.[151,1437,751,865]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FF78FD7CFE9EB030" bold="true" box="[151,269,751,773]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
|
||
. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FE56FD7CFDD9B030" box="[441,586,751,773]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FE56FD7CFDD9B030" box="[441,586,751,773]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Cordillera de Mérida of Venezuela and the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia. The range gap corresponds to the relatively low-elevation Táchira Depression. Known point localities of each species are indicated, based on specimens listed in the Appendix, as well as those listed in Rivero (1984), and those with data on GBIF (www.gbif.org).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C61FFE6FF28FC1DFCE8B662" blockId="14.[151,1437,910,2015]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||
Several other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FE8BFC1CFE7EB093" box="[356,493,911,934]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FE8BFC1CFE7EB093" box="[356,493,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, in addition to
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FD1CFC1CFCFFB093" box="[755,876,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FD1CFC1CFCFBB093" box="[755,872,911,934]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tayrona">P. tayrona</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
have at one time or another also been considered closely related to species we refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FDB9FC21FD64B0FE" box="[598,759,946,971]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FDB9FC21FD64B0FE" box="[598,759,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C61FFE6FCE6FC21FC38B0FE" author="Rivero" box="[777,939,946,971]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1984 " 1982 ") Los Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) de los Andes Venezolanos II. Especies subparameras. Memoria Sociedad Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 42, 57 - 132." type="journal article" year="1984">Rivero (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FA68FC20FEBEB0DA" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FA68FC20FEBEB0DA" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">T. prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(includes synonym
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FDCEFC45FC44B0DA" authority="Rivero" authorityName="Rivero" box="[545,983,982,1007]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chlorosoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FDCEFC45FCEFB0DA" box="[545,892,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Eleutherodactylus chlorosoma</emphasis>
|
||
Rivero
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the externally similar, sympatric species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FF01FC68FE78B726" authority="Rivero" authorityName="Rivero" box="[238,491,1018,1043]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tubernasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FF01FC68FE16B726" box="[238,389,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">P. tubernasus</emphasis>
|
||
(Rivero)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(includes synonym
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FD23FC69FBD6B726" authority="Rivero" authorityName="Rivero" box="[716,1093,1018,1043]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulidoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FD23FC69FC7EB726" box="[716,1005,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Eleutherodactylus pulidoi</emphasis>
|
||
Rivero
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A close relationship between these two species was argued against by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C61FFE6FD78FB8DFCAAB702" author="Lynch" box="[663,825,1054,1079]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2003) New species of frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae) from the Cordillera Oriental of Norte de Santander and Santander, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 27, 449 - 460." type="journal article" year="2003">Lynch (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who considered their similar morphologies to be adaptations for living in bromeliads, and justified treating them as not closely related based on the two species having differently-shaped tympani.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C61FFE6FDC7FBF5FD55B74A" author="Rivero" box="[552,710,1126,1151]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1984 " 1982 ") Los Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) de los Andes Venezolanos II. Especies subparameras. Memoria Sociedad Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 42, 57 - 132." type="journal article" year="1984">Rivero (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also recognized a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FC77FBF5FB8CB74A" box="[920,1055,1126,1151]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentiginosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FC77FBF5FB8CB74A" box="[920,1055,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">lentiginosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, including the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FA68FBF4FE37B796" authority="Rivero" authorityName="Rivero" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FA68FBF4FEAEB796" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">P. melanoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
(Rivero)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FE40FB18FD0EB796" authority="Rivero" authorityName="Rivero" box="[431,669,1162,1187]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mondolfii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FE40FB18FDA6B796" box="[431,565,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">P. mondolfii</emphasis>
|
||
(Rivero)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FD39FB18FC4FB796" authority="La Marca" authorityName="La Marca" box="[726,988,1162,1187]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanadise">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FD39FB18FCC6B796" box="[726,853,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">P. vanadise</emphasis>
|
||
(La Marca)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on all four species having a color pattern that includes white spots on the rear of the thighs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FCC6FB3CFC36B7F2" box="[809,933,1198,1223]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FCC6FB3CFC36B7F2" box="[809,933,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">T. douglasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also shares this pattern); subsequent genetic and morphological data show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FDCFFB40FD32B7DE" box="[544,673,1234,1259]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanadise">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FDCFFB40FD32B7DE" box="[544,673,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">P. vanadise</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at least, is not closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FBCDFB41FE93B63A" authority="Barrio-Amoros et al. 2013" authorityName="Barrio-Amoros et al." authorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FBCDFB41FB50B7DE" box="[1058,1219,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B6A1C61FFE6FB3DFB41FF6AB63A" author="Barrio-Amoros" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L., Heinicke, M. P. & Hedges, S. B. (2013) A new tuberculated Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from the Venezuelan Andes, redescription of Pristimantis pleurostriatus, and variation within Pristimantis vanadisae. Zootaxa, 3647 (1), 43 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.1.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Barrio-Amorós
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FA67FB40FF27B63A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While we have no genetic or skeletal data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FCF7FB65FC2DB63A" box="[792,958,1270,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FCF7FB65FC2DB63A" box="[792,958,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">melanoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FC0BFB65FBDCB63A" box="[996,1103,1270,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mondolfii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FC0BFB65FBDCB63A" box="[996,1103,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">mondolfii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they bear a striking external resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FEA4FA88FE63B606" box="[331,496,1306,1331]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentiginosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FEA4FA88FECBB607" box="[331,344,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FE86FA89FE63B606" box="[361,496,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">lentiginosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We suspect both species are referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FC39FA89FBE4B606" box="[982,1143,1306,1331]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FC39FA89FBE4B606" box="[982,1143,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Tachiramantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but refrain from making this change until molecular or osteological data become available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C61FFE6FF28FAF1FBF4B6D3" blockId="14.[151,1437,910,2015]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FF28FAF1FD26B64E" bold="true" box="[199,693,1378,1403]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||
Osteology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FE8AFAF1FD3DB64E" box="[357,686,1378,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FE8AFAF1FD3DB64E" bold="true" box="[357,686,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Tachiramantis prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D181C61FFE6FCA0FAF0FB91B64E" box="[847,1026,1378,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Tachiramantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prolixodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EA891C61FFE6FCA0FAF0FB91B64E" box="[847,1026,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">T. prolixodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A1E1C61FFE6FBFCFAF1FBC4B64E" box="[1043,1111,1378,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[426,1150,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[426,1150,193,1912]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. High resolution X-ray computed tomography of skull of Tachiramantis prolixodiscus (KU 132729, adult male); (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) side view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244273/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) is broad, with the length of the skull only 86% the greatest width of the skull. The skull narrows quite gradually anteriorly, with the head width at the level of the palatines being 91% the width at the level of jaw articulation. The rostrum is short (27% of skull lenth), which, in combination with the skull’s width, gives an overall blunt appearance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C61FFE6FF28FA61FC73B41E" blockId="14.[151,1437,910,2015]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">The braincase combines well- and poorly ossified elements. The anterior portion of the braincase is fully enclosed by the sphenethmoid, which broadly overlaps the frontoparietals and nasals dorsally and the parasphenoid ventrally, but only extends posteriorly to approximately the level of the midpoint of the orbit, resulting in enlarged optic fenestrae. The posterior portion of the braincase is also fully enclosed, by the fused prootics and exoccipitals. These, in turn, are fused to the frontoparietals. The frontoparietals are relatively large, and narrowly separated anteriorly; there is a broad, non-ossified fontanelle between the posterior third of the frontoparietals, leaving the optic tectum of the brain exposed. At the floor of the braincase, the parasphenoid is large and quite broad. Anteriorly, it does not narrow appreciably and reaches to the level of the palatines. Posteriorly, the alary processes are well-developed, and directed somewhat posteriorly at an oblique angle.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C61FFE7FF28F8A5FD83B2C0" blockId="14.[151,1437,910,2015]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,151,1040]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">The nasals are large, nearly triangular in shape, and narrowly separated from one another and from the robust pars facialis of the maxillae. The maxillae broadly articulate with the quadratojugal, and bear large, peglike teeth. The premaxillae bear a small number (7) of similarly-shaped teeth; vomerine teeth are also few in number. The vomers themselves are large with broad pre- and post-choanal processes that combine to almost fully enclose the choanae. In contrast, the dentigerous processes of the vomers are relatively narrow, though elongate. The palatines are long, narrow, and pointed, and angled posteriorly, terminating adjacent to the dentigerous processes of the vomers. The pterygoids are triradiate, each with a long, thin anterior ramus articulating with the maxilla just anterior to the level of the midpoint of the orbit, a short, stout medial ramus broadly articulating with the prootic, and a more gracile, short posterior ramus articulating with the squamosal. Each squamosal is itself robust, with a long, narrow, pointed zygomatic ramus, and a similarly-shaped otic ramus that deflects medially but remains quite distant of the prootic. In the mandible, the angulosplenials are very well-developed and sigmoidal in shape, articulating broadly with the relatively small dentaries anterior of the level of the orbits and are only narrowly separated from the mentomeckelian bones. The only ossified portions of the hyoid apparatus are the two posteromedial processes, which are slightly expanded anteriorly and posteriorly and are moderately separated from one another at their anterior ends.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF3369B1C60FFE7FF28FE6CFBCEB725" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">There are eight presacral vertebrae, none of which are fused. All presacral vertebrae save the atlas have welldeveloped transverse processes; those on vertebrae 4–6 are deflected posteriorly. Transverse processes on vertebrae 4–8 are similar in size, with those on vertebra 3 being larger and those on vertebra 2 being smaller. Neural spines are absent. The sacral diapophyses are relatively narrow and are uniform in width. The sacrum has a bicondylar articulation with the urostyle, which is 89% of the length of the presacral vertebral column and extends posteriorly to the ischium. In the pectoral girdle, the clavicles are long and curved, moderately separated from one another medially. Coracoids are stout and hourglass-shaped, with the sternal ends more broadly expanded than the scapular end. The scapulae are narrow, while each cleithrum is long and very slender, broadly articulating with a partially mineralized suprascapula. Ossification of the suprascapula is concentrated in the areas of articulation with the scapula and cleithrum, resulting in an “L” shaped appearance of the suprascapula + cleithrum. There is no mineralized sternum or omosternum. The remainder of the appendicular skeleton is well-ossified, with the exception of some phalanges, which apparently have remained partially cartilaginous. The phalangeal formulae are 2/2/3/3 (manus) and 2/2/3/4/3 (pes); relative digital lengths are IV>V>III>II (manus; frogs do not have digit I) and IV>V>III>II>I (pes). Terminal phalanges are conical in shape, each narrowing to a minute terminus with delicate T-shaped expansions that do not reach the width of the base of the terminal phalanges.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |