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<document id="283437126A07C7B33285EBB958A4A131" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3757451" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d81354de-a914-4582-98be-811adbff11df" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3757451" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,operationResults" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1587342070353" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Andersen, Knud" docDate="1905" docId="03C487EDFFC2A87BFBB2F70082F1F8E4" docLanguage="en" docName="procZoolSocLondon1905.75-145_OCR.pdf" docOrigin="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus simplex Andersen 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="120" masterDocId="FFFDFF95FFEBA856FFA3FFBD8728FFA8" masterDocTitle="On some Bats of the Genus Rhinolophus, with Remarks on their Mutual Affinities, and Descriptions of Twenty-six new Forms." masterLastPageNumber="145" masterPageNumber="75" pageNumber="116" updateTime="1692989030284" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3E7A276EC7BCB4689804B9B295D2FAD3">On some Bats of the Genus Rhinolophus, with Remarks on their Mutual Affinities, and Descriptions of Twenty-six new Forms.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DF00C8407518F31D0C6D3C87D4888767">Andersen, Knud</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="210FC87B580FD4008B5F716816CD5BCE">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5073E7AA3C8CDFCC31A56B0DCCB8E86D">1905</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C487EDFFC2A87BFBB2F70082F1F8E4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806522" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163650939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3806522" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C487EDFFC2A87BFBB2F70082F1F8E4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EDFFC2A87BFBB2F70082F1F8E4" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<subSubSection id="C3776570FFC2A87FFBB2F7008A69F6B4" box="[1041,3393,2237,2332]" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC2A87FFBB2F7008A69F6B4" blockId="41.[1040,3393,2235,2338]" box="[1041,3393,2237,2332]" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFBB2F7008F0CF6B4" box="[1041,2084,2237,2332]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<heading id="D09A8197FFC2A87FFBB2F7008270F6B4" box="[1041,1368,2237,2332]" fontSize="69" level="9" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" reason="1">General</heading>
<heading id="D09A8197FFC2A87FFADEF70081D0F6B4" box="[1405,1784,2237,2332]" fontSize="70" level="8" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" reason="1">Remarks</heading>
on
<heading id="D09A8197FFC2A87FF808F7008F0CF6B4" box="[1963,2084,2237,2332]" fontSize="70" level="8" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" reason="1">the</heading>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FF7E8F7008CDCF6B4" ID-CoL="4S99X" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[2123,3060,2237,2332]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplex">Rhinolophus simplex</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF394F7008A1EF6B4" box="[3127,3382,2237,2332]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">Group</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3776570FFC2A87BFCFAF6E482F1F8E4" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC2A87FFCFAF6E483CCED50" blockId="41.[739,3708,2394,4737]" lastBlockId="41.[769,3745,4752,6004]" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFCFAF6E48025F610" box="[857,1805,2393,2488]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">The place of origin.—</emphasis>
Of all the existing forms, the Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FFD44F6788296F58C" box="[743,1470,2501,2596]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFD44F6788296F58C" box="[743,1470,2501,2596]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">Rh. megaphyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the most primitive in dentition. But it is very unlikely that the Australian Continent has been the place of origin of the group.
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FF6BEF5248CD7F550" box="[2333,3071,2713,2808]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF6BEF5248CD7F550" box="[2333,3071,2713,2808]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">Rh. megaphyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only Australian species of the whole
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF6FAF4B88D54F4CC" box="[2393,2684,2821,2916]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">genus;</emphasis>
this might suggest the assumption that it is an immigrant into the country, rather than an ancient inhabitant: secondly, Australia is the extreme eastern border for the group (as well as for the genus), no species being known from the islands to the east of the Continent; it would probably not be so, if Australia had been a centre of dispersal for the group: thirdly,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FF484F23A8A11F24E" box="[2855,3385,3463,3558]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF484F23A8A11F24E" box="[2855,3385,3463,3558]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">megaphyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has at least two characters which certainly are not primitive—the large nose-leaves, and (probably as a consequence of that) the rather broad nasal swellings: fourthly,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FF71EF1748DF9F080" box="[2237,2769,3785,3880]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF71EF1748DF9F080" box="[2237,2769,3785,3880]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">megaphyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
looks extremely like an enlarged,
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFACCF0888066F03C" box="[1391,1870,3893,3988]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">continental</emphasis>
representative of the Lombok species,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FFD58F0268223F052" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[763,1291,3995,4090]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFD58F0268223F052" box="[763,1291,3995,4090]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">Rh. simpleX</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(just as
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FF96EF0268FAAF052" authorityName="Temm." box="[1741,2178,3995,4090]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxi">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF96EF0268FAAF052" box="[1741,2178,3995,4090]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">Rh. rouXi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the larger, continental representative of
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFA9CEFB080C0EFC4" box="[1343,2024,4109,4204]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FFA9CEFB08096EFC4" box="[1343,1982,4109,4204]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">Rh. borneensis</taxonomicName>
).
</emphasis>
These arguments seem to support the conjecture that, not the Australian Continent, but the
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF2E2EFCE8A58EF7A" box="[3393,3440,4211,4306]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">“</emphasis>
Indo­ Australian Transitional Tract,
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF7D2EF608FBEEE94" box="[2161,2198,4317,4412]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">”</emphasis>
now broken up into numerous larger and smaller islands, and still inhabited by such
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF320EEF48A6CEE00" box="[3203,3396,4425,4520]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">very</emphasis>
primitive forms as
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFAC6EE0C81EAEDB8" box="[1381,1730,4529,4624]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FFAC6EE0C819BEDB8" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1381,1715,4529,4624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplex">simpleX</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FF948EE0C8FA6EDB8" box="[1771,2190,4529,4624]" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">truncatus</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF766EE0C8C99EDB8" box="[2245,2993,4529,4624]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FF766EE0C8EFCEDB8" box="[2245,2516,4529,4624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">nanus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FF5ACEE0C8C8AEDB8" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[2575,2978,4529,4624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">celebensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF312EE0C8951EDB8" box="[3249,3705,4529,4624]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FF312EE0C8942EDB8" box="[3249,3690,4529,4624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">borneensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
has been the centre from which the group spread eastwards and
<heading id="D09A8197FFC2A87FFCA6ED2483CCED50" box="[773,1252,4761,4856]" fontSize="72" level="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" reason="1">westwards.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC2A87CFCD6ED4E83A9FB4C" blockId="41.[769,3745,4752,6004]" lastBlockId="42.[528,3508,610,5831]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFCD6ED4E82D2ECFA" box="[885,1530,4851,4946]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">Differentiation</emphasis>
t.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF9C6ED4E81E5ECFA" box="[1637,1741,4851,4946]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">—</emphasis>
The ancestral species seems to have divided into two branches, an eastern and a western. In the eastern, more primitive branch the sagittal crest does not reach quite so far forwards as a point corresponding to the middle of the orbit; in the western the temporal fossa is comparatively a little wider, and the sagittal crest produced forwards more or less beyond that point. The geographical line separating the two branches coincides with the line separating the “ Austro-Malayan
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF43EFD728CE8FC86" box="[2973,3008,719,814]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">”</emphasis>
from the
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFDB8FC8A8560FC3E" box="[539,584,823,918]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">“</emphasis>
Indo-Malayan
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFB52FC8A823CFC3E" box="[1265,1300,823,918]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">”</emphasis>
subregion (Celebes being a part of the latter). The eastern branch is, as yet, represented by four known species-
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFDBAFBB281AFFBC6" box="[537,1671,1039,1134]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CFDBAFBB2830FFBC6" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[537,1063,1039,1134]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplex">Rh. simpleX</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CFBF8FBB2815FFBC6" box="[1115,1655,1039,1134]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">megaphyllus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF90EFBB28F66FBC6" box="[1709,2126,1039,1134]" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">truncatus</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF6ECFBB28D46FBC6" box="[2383,2670,1039,1134]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF6ECFBB28D49FBC6" box="[2383,2657,1039,1134]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">nanus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The western by all the others.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E8762AF5FFC2A87FFCC1EA328959E8F4" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC2A87FFCC1EA328959E8F4" blockId="41.[769,3745,4752,6004]" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">
* The type of
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFAD5EA328282EA7A" box="[1398,1450,5519,5586]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">A</emphasis>
7z. /.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF9CCEA328098EA7A" box="[1647,1968,5519,5586]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">obscurus,</emphasis>
in the Madrid Museum, is from Valencia, Spain. As will be seen, I take the name in a wider sense. Valencia specimens were separated by Prof. Cabrera, as a distinct subspecies, mainly on account of
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FF2B2E9908A1DE9D8" box="[3345,3381,5677,5744]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">a</emphasis>
difference in the ratio between the length and breadth of the horse-shoe. In a large series of
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC2A87FFCB7E9768271E8A6" box="[788,1369,5835,5902]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC2A87FFCB7E9768271E8A6" box="[788,1369,5835,5902]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="116">ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Europe and W. Asia there is, however, no small, and quite ndividual, variation in this respect. f Compare the diagram on p. 120.
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC1A87CFD26FB5A8FD5F8F6" blockId="42.[528,3508,610,5831]" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
The further evolution, from
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF832FB5A8E6EFAEE" box="[1937,2374,1255,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF832FB5A8E6EFAEE" box="[1937,2374,1255,1350]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">borneensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF674FB5A8BE6FAEE" box="[2519,3278,1255,1350]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF674FB5A8B96FAEE" box="[2519,3262,1255,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">ferrum-equinum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
has been discussed above, and is summed up, in the briefest possible form, in the subjoined diagram (p. 120). But the sketch of this group would be deprived of some of its most instructive features if the Ethiopian species were left quite out of consideration. They belong to three closely related types:—
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC1A87CFD2CF8D88F75F010" blockId="42.[528,3508,610,5831]" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
(1)
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFC98F8D8808CF86C" box="[827,1956,1893,1988]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">Ethiopian species of the</emphasis>
borneensis-stheno-rouxi
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF3FCF8D88AA3F86C" box="[3167,3467,1893,1988]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">type.—</emphasis>
Far south in Africa, in Bechuanaland and Mashonaland, we find two small species,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CFA7EF78480B2F730" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1501,1946,2105,2200]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="denti">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFA7EF78480B2F730" box="[1501,1946,2105,2200]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">Rh. denti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF76EF7848D56F730" box="[2253,2686,2105,2200]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF76EF7848D46F730" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[2253,2670,2105,2200]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simulator">simulator</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
described quite
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFDB8F7188CD8F6AC" box="[539,3056,2213,2308]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">recently They are the Ethiopian representatives of the</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF3B4F71885AEF6D8" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">borneensis</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFD00F6AC8466F6D8" box="[675,846,2321,2416]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">type</emphasis>
: the same general shape of the skull; essentially the same dentition; the same parallel-margined sella, with a faint or almost imperceptible constriction at the middle; the same style of connecting process; the same proportionate length of the fourth and fifth metacarpals; even the same length of the tail, &amp;c. But there are, in these species, three characters of especial interest, because they enable us to determine still more precisely their phylogenetic place: the nasal swellings (side view) are more projecting than in
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFA1AF3D880ACF36C" box="[1465,1924,3173,3268]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CFA1AF3D8805DF36C" box="[1465,1909,3173,3268]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">borneensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but less than in
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF55EF3D88B2CF36C" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[2813,3076,3173,3268]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stheno">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF55EF3D88B2CF36C" box="[2813,3076,3173,3268]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">stheno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; III.2 is lengthened, and
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFA86F36C829BF298" bold="true" box="[1317,1459,3281,3376]" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">IV</emphasis>
.1 somewhat shortened, as in this species,
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF294F36C8AB5F298" box="[3383,3485,3281,3376]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">—</emphasis>
proving that
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFB22F2868F4CF1AE" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">they have originated from a Bat which had already traversed a part of the distance</emphasis>
separating
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF570F21A8B8BF1AE" box="[2771,3235,3495,3590]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">borneensis</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF358F21A8AB7F1AE" box="[3323,3487,3495,3590]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">and</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CFD80F1AC8463F1D8" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[547,843,3601,3696]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stheno">stheno</taxonomicName>
. The dentition is on a slightly higher level than in
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CFDBCF1C684FEF172" box="[543,982,3707,3802]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFDBCF1C684FEF172" box="[543,982,3707,3802]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">borneensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFB7CF1C682D6F172" box="[1247,1534,3707,3802]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CFB7CF1C682C7F172" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1247,1519,3707,3802]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stheno">stheno</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the only difference being that p2, although still in the tooth-row (as in the Oriental species), shows a distinct tendency
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFC72F0E4820BF010" box="[977,1315,3929,4024]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">torvards</emphasis>
the external side.-
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC1A87CFD2CF0068F9DEA2C" blockId="42.[528,3508,610,5831]" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
In the extreme south of Africa (Cape Colony) we find a species,.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFD86EF9A834EEF2E" box="[549,1126,4135,4230]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CFD86EF9A837FEF2E" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[549,1111,4135,4230]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">Rh. capensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which, quite superficially, looks like an enlarged
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFD88EF2C8B86EF58" box="[555,3246,4241,4336]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CFD88EF2C83A3EF58" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[555,1163,4241,4336]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simulator">Rh. simulator</taxonomicName>
. It is an African representative of
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF4A4EF2C8B86EF58" authorityName="Temm." box="[2823,3246,4241,4336]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxi">Rh. rouXi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
: the skull is to such a degree that of
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF808EF468FB0EEF2" authorityName="Temm." box="[1963,2200,4347,4442]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxi">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF808EF468FB0EEF2" box="[1963,2200,4347,4442]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">rouXi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that it would be hard to find any tangible
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFBD4EED88102EE6C" box="[1143,1578,4453,4548]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">difference</emphasis>
, even the measurements being practically the same (on an average smaller than in
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF63AEE6C8DAFED98" authorityName="Temm." box="[2457,2695,4561,4656]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxi">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF63AEE6C8DAFED98" box="[2457,2695,4561,4656]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">rouXi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the nose-leaves (sella, process, lancet) are the same; proportionate length of fourth and fifth metacarpals, of tail and tibia, the same. But the dentition is somewhat more advanced: p2 is generally external, but still, very often, a quite distinct interspace between the canine and p1 indicates its former place; III.2 is somewhat lengthened. In short:
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF926EBF08FB6EB04" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1669,2206,5197,5292]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF926EBF08FB6EB04" box="[1669,2206,5197,5292]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">Rh. capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF600EBF08CC0EB04" box="[2467,3048,5197,5292]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF648EBF08CBAEB04" authorityName="Temm." box="[2539,2962,5197,5292]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxi">Rh. rouXi</taxonomicName>
&quot;
</emphasis>
which in the wing-structure has taken a course
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF692EB0A8DB0EABE" box="[2353,2712,5303,5398]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">towards,</emphasis>
in the dentition very slightly
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFBDCEA988292EA2C" box="[1151,1466,5413,5508]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">beyond,</emphasis>
the affinis-stage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC1A87DFD36EA368E33FE7E" blockId="42.[528,3508,610,5831]" lastBlockId="43.[1905,2331,401,470]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
(2)
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFC98EA368058EA42" box="[827,1904,5515,5610]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">Ethiopinan species of the</emphasis>
affinis-type.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF63EEA368D2FEA42" box="[2461,2567,5515,5610]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">—</emphasis>
On the coasts of the Red Sea we find a species,
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF8C6EA448EAEE9F0" box="[1893,2438,5625,5720]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC1A87CF8C6EA448E5FE9F0" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[1893,2423,5625,5720]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">Rh. clivosus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
first made known by Cretzschmar from Mollila in Arabia; I have seen examples from
<heading id="D09A8197FFC0A87DF8D1FE2E8E33FE7E" allCaps="true" box="[1906,2331,403,470]" centered="true" fontSize="50" level="18" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" reason="3">ANDERSEN</heading>
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E8762AF5FFC1A87CFDCCE94283BBE808" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC1A87CFDCCE94283BBE808" blockId="42.[547,3491,5884,6059]" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">
* Thomas, Ann. &amp;
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CFAB8E9428294E8EA" box="[1307,1468,5887,5954]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">Mag</emphasis>
. Nat. Hist. (7) xiii. (1904) p. 386; Andersen,
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC1A87CF394E9428A0DE8EA" box="[3127,3365,5887,5954]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="117">op. cit.</emphasis>
(7) xiv. (1904) p. 384.
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC0A87DFD16FDFA8DD7FA54" blockId="43.[678,3638,582,5812]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
the African coast of the Gulf of Aden.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF65EFDFA8E90FCB8" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
It is the closest eXisting relative of the Himalayan
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF80AFD0C8EAEFCB8" box="[1961,2438,689,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Rh. affinis</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
the same shape of the skull; the same shape of the sella, of the connecting process, of the ears; the same structure of the wings (also the same lengthening of III.’); the same proportionate length of the tail. But it is more advanced in dentition: p3 is not only external (as in affinis'
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF1A5FBE28905FB16" box="[3590,3629,1119,1214]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">),</emphasis>
but very often lost; p2, which in
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF706FB748E84FA80" box="[2213,2476,1225,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF706FB748E84FA80" box="[2213,2476,1225,1320]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still in the tooth-row, is in
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFC3EFA8C83CEFA38" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[925,1254,1329,1424]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFC3EFA8C83CEFA38" box="[925,1254,1329,1424]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">clivosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
external and very small. In short:
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF41CFA8C8AEEFA38" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[3007,3526,1329,1424]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF41CFA8C8AEEFA38" box="[3007,3526,1329,1424]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. clivosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFCAEFA208270FA54" box="[781,1368,1437,1532]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
11
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFCF6FA20821BFA54" box="[853,1331,1437,1532]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Rh. affinis</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF9F0FA208E1CFA54" box="[1619,2356,1437,1532]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF9F0FA208E1CFA54" box="[1619,2356,1437,1532]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dentition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC0A87DFC80F9B48D4BF53C" blockId="43.[678,3638,582,5812]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFBA2F9B48260F9C0" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[1025,1352,1545,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFBA2F9B48260F9C0" box="[1025,1352,1545,1640]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">clivosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
type has found its way very far into the Ethiopian Region.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFA04F9CE80CCF97A" box="[1447,2020,1651,1746]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. clarlingi</emphasis>
*, from
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF660F9CE8DFEF97A" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1896" box="[2499,2774,1651,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mazoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF660F9CE8DFEF97A" box="[2499,2774,1651,1746]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Mazoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to Angola, is a modification of this type (as proved by the skull), differing from
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFD10F8F484D6F800" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[691,1022,1865,1960]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFD10F8F484D6F800" box="[691,1022,1865,1960]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">clivosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the more pronouncedly pandurate sella, the much broader horse-shoe, the much smaller ears, and, by far the most interesting,
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFB5CF7A28BCEF7D6" box="[1279,3302,2079,2174]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">in the shortening of the third metacarpal.</emphasis>
This last peculiarity is the same as that pointed out above, under
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFD12F7488164F6FC" box="[689,1612,2293,2388]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. ferrumm equinum</emphasis>
: in the wing-structure
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF578F7488BD0F6FC" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[2779,3320,2293,2388]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="darlingi">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF578F7488BD0F6FC" box="[2779,3320,2293,2388]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. darlingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFC04F6E28284F616" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[935,1452,2399,2494]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFC04F6E28284F616" box="[935,1452,2399,2494]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. clivosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
quite in the same way as
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF534F6E28905F616" box="[2711,3629,2399,2494]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF534F6E28905F616" box="[2711,3629,2399,2494]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFC06F67A8246F58E" box="[933,1390,2503,2598]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFC06F67A824BF58E" box="[933,1379,2503,2598]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Rh. affinis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
It is a suggestive fact to find this peculiarity so exactly copied by the South-African species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC0A87DFCB8F5228ADDF228" blockId="43.[678,3638,582,5812]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFCB8F5228220F556" authorityName="Heuglin" authorityYear="1861" box="[795,1288,2719,2814]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrotis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFCB8F5228220F556" box="[795,1288,2719,2814]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. acrotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f from Egypt and Erythrea, is, externally, very similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFBDCF4B68154F4C2" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[1151,1660,2827,2922]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFBDCF4B68154F4C2" box="[1151,1660,2827,2922]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. clivosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; also the wing-structure is the same. But the tendency, in
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFA0AF4C8802FF47C" box="[1449,1799,2933,3028]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFA0AF4C881DFF47C" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[1449,1783,2933,3028]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">clivosus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
towards an obliteration of p3 and p2 has been further developed by
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF83AF4608F9EF394" authorityName="Heuglin" authorityYear="1861" box="[1945,2230,3037,3132]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrotis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF83AF4608F9EF394" box="[1945,2230,3037,3132]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">acrotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: it has completely lost both of these teeth, thus being, in this particular respect, the highest member of the whole group.
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF78CF3088D20F2BC" authorityName="Heuglin" authorityYear="1861" box="[2095,2568,3253,3348]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrotis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF78CF3088D20F2BC" box="[2095,2568,3253,3348]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. acrotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a “
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF49AF3088A16F2BC" box="[2873,3390,3253,3348]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF49AF3088BD6F2BC" box="[2873,3326,3253,3348]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Rh. affinis</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
with a dentition still more advanced than in
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF608F29C8ADDF228" box="[2475,3573,3361,3456]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF608F29C8BA8F228" box="[2475,3200,3361,3456]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">ferrum-equinum</taxonomicName>
regulus.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC0A87DFCBCF23682A1EFC4" blockId="43.[678,3638,582,5812]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
(3)
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFC1DF2368093F242" box="[958,1979,3467,3562]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Ethiopian species of the</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF843F2368D92F242" box="[2016,2746,3467,3562]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">ferrum-equinum</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF541F2368908F242" box="[2786,3616,3467,3562]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
type.—
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DF3B9F2368AFDF242" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[3098,3541,3467,3562]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="augur">Rh. augur</taxonomicName>
+
</emphasis>
is widely distributed, in several geographical races, over the southern part of the Ethiopian Region: the Orange River tract, Natal, the Lower Zambesi.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF7A6F170811CF03E" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
It is the closest eXisting relative of
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFD10F08A811CF03E" box="[691,1588,3895,3990]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">Rh. ferrum-equinum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; the skull, the nose-leaves, the wing-structure
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFD12F01E8412EFAA" bold="true" box="[689,826,4003,4098]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">are</emphasis>
the same; but the dentition is a trifle less advanced, and the ears are smaller.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC0A87DFCBEEFCA80F0EDBE" blockId="43.[678,3638,582,5812]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
We find the
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFAFAEFCA8F11EF7E" box="[1369,2105,4215,4310]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFAFAEFCA8F11EF7E" box="[1369,2105,4215,4310]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
type also further northwards in Tropical Africa (Mombasa):
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF866EF628E99EE96" box="[1989,2481,4319,4414]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Rh. cleckeni</emphasis>
; the skull and dentition, and all external characters of any importance, are as in augu
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF20DEEF6890FEE02" box="[3502,3623,4427,4522]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">/r;</emphasis>
but the horse-shoe is broader.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC0A87DFCBCED9C8935E90E" blockId="43.[678,3638,582,5812]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
The area occupied by these two Ethiopian representatives of the /errwn-eg'mmww type extends, broadly speaking, from the Orange River to Mombasa. It is completely cut off from any other region inhabited by that type of Bat; it forms a large enclave bordered to the north and w’est by vast tracts where no representative of
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFA50EB888FE6EB3C" box="[1523,2254,5173,5268]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFA50EB888FE6EB3C" box="[1523,2254,5173,5268]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occui’s;
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF502EB888C30EB3C" box="[2721,2840,5173,5268]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">wTe</emphasis>
must go so far away from South and Equatorial Africa as the Euphrates Valley, Syria, and Algeria before meeting with the closest relatives of those Ethiopian species. Thus the question suggests itself, by which way the
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC0A87DFA28EA628F59E996" box="[1419,2161,5599,5694]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFA28EA628F59E996" box="[1419,2161,5599,5694]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
type reached Tropical Africa, and why its range there is now so peculiarly insulate. When
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E8762AF5FFC0A87DFB92E9508ECDE87A" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC0A87DFB92E9508B27E898" blockId="43.[1070,3293,5869,6115]" box="[1073,3087,5869,5936]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
* Andersen, Ann. &amp;
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF8B4E9508092E898" box="[1815,1978,5869,5936]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">Mag</emphasis>
. Nat. Hist. (7) xv. (1905) p. 70.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC0A87DFB92E8808BF5E828" blockId="43.[1070,3293,5869,6115]" box="[1073,3293,5949,6016]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
t Andersen,
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFA56E88081C0E828" box="[1525,1768,5949,6016]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">op. cit.</emphasis>
(7) xiv. (1904) p. 454; (7) xv. (1905) p.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DF3DCE8808BF5E828" bold="true" box="[3199,3293,5949,6016]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">73.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC0A87DFB8CE8328ECDE87A" blockId="43.[1070,3293,5869,6115]" box="[1071,2533,6031,6098]" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">
+ Andersen,
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC0A87DFA50E83281F7E87A" box="[1523,1759,6031,6098]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="118">op. cit.</emphasis>
(7) xiv. (1904) p. 380.
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC7A87AF9B1FEC0819BFE68" blockId="44.[1554,1716,381,448]" box="[1554,1715,381,448]" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">
<heading id="D09A8197FFC7A87AF9B1FEC0819BFE68" allCaps="true" box="[1554,1715,381,448]" fontSize="52" level="16" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" reason="3">THE</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC7A87AFD8AFD868F6BF05C" blockId="44.[543,3500,569,5906]" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">
trying to answer this question, the following facts must be borne in mind:
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFC1CFD1A8305FCAE" box="[959,1069,679,774]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">—</emphasis>
Firstly, that all palaeontological evidence is wanting, which detracts from what we know about the affinities and distribution of the now existing representatives of these Bats. Secondly, that the
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AFA0EFC5A8FBDFBEE" box="[1453,2197,999,1094]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFA0EFC5A8FBDFBEE" box="[1453,2197,999,1094]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
type is unknown in Egypt, as well as in the whole region of the continent north of British East Africa, and that we have no reason, of any kind, to believe that it ever existed there. Thirdly, that we have to account not only for the distribution of 7?
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF822FA2E80E8FA5A" box="[1921,1984,1427,1522]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">A</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AF7A6FA2E8E26FA5A" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[2053,2318,1427,1522]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="augur">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF7A6FA2E8E26FA5A" box="[2053,2318,1427,1522]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">augur</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF5B4FA2E8C78FA5A" box="[2583,2896,1427,1522]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">deckeni</emphasis>
as compared with the other members of the same section of the genus, but also for the presence in Tropical Africa of representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AFD8CF96E84CEF89A" box="[559,998,1747,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFD8CF96E84CEF89A" box="[559,998,1747,1842]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">borneensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AFB5EF96E82C4F89A" authorityName="Temm." box="[1277,1516,1747,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxi">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFB5EF96E82C4F89A" box="[1277,1516,1747,1842]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">rouXi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
types, and, be it noticed, representatives which, without exception, are
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF858F8808B88F834" box="[2043,3232,1853,1948]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">more highly differentiated</emphasis>
than their Oriental allies. These facts, so far as tliey go, seem to allow of no other satisfactory explanation than this: the immigration of these Bats, as of so many other Oriental types in the Ethiopian fauna, has taken place by way of the broad tract of land which, as commonly supposed, in a geologically late period connected Southern Asia with the African continent. In the case of the
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AFBE8F59A8018F52E" box="[1099,1840,2599,2694]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFBE8F59A8018F52E" box="[1099,1840,2599,2694]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
type tins explanation would make it evident, why it, though vastly distributed in South and Equatorial Africa, is absent from the whole north of the continent with the exception of the extreme north-western (Mediterranean) coast-region, which it, no doubt, has reached from South-western Europe, since the Algerian race is subspecifically indistinguishable from the Spanish form (
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF52AF31A8DECF2AE" box="[2697,2756,3239,3334]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">h</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF4C0F31A8A8FF2AE" box="[2915,3495,3239,3334]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">f. obscurus).</emphasis>
In the case of the
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AFA40F2AE80B5F2DA" box="[1507,1949,3347,3442]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFA40F2AE80B5F2DA" box="[1507,1949,3347,3442]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">borneensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AF708F2AE8EBAF2DA" authorityName="Temm." box="[2219,2450,3347,3442]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxi">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF708F2AE8EBAF2DA" box="[2219,2450,3347,3442]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">rouXi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
types it would account for the fact that they are common to the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions, but absent from the whole of the Palaearctic Region. And it would also account for the presence of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AF322F1EE8412F0B6" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF322F1EE8412F0B6" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Ethiopian Region, for, as I shall have to show later on in this paper, all the Ethiopian representatives of the genus are undoubtedly of Oriental origin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC7A87AFD36F04080C8EE9E" blockId="44.[543,3500,569,5906]" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">
Such being the case, I am able to draw up the following rough sketch of the history of
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF7BEEFDA8C8EEF6E" box="[2077,2982,4199,4294]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AF7BEEFDA8D2BEF6E" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[2077,2563,4199,4294]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="augur">Rh. augur</taxonomicName>
, deckeni,
</emphasis>
and their Oriental and Palaearctic relatives
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC7A87BFD36EE8685E5F8E4" blockId="44.[543,3500,569,5906]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AFCE8EE868119EE32" box="[843,1585,4411,4506]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFCE8EE868119EE32" box="[843,1585,4411,4506]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
type has originated somewhere in South Asia; we find there the long series of more primitive forms which lead up to that type, whereas in the whole of the Ethiopian Region there is not any species with which it can be brought in genetic connection. The ancestral
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF724ED5A8C8BECEE" box="[2183,2979,4839,4934]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">
11
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AF718ED5A8C8BECEE" box="[2235,2979,4839,4934]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">ferrum-equinum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
” broke up into three branches: a south-western, a western, and an eastern. The south-western branch, which had spread directly from South Asia into the Ethiopian Region, was cut off from the main stem by the submergence of the connecting tract of land, and is now differentiated into two species—the southern
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AF5F2EB468B3AEAF2" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[2641,3090,5371,5466]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="augur">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF5F2EB468B3AEAF2" box="[2641,3090,5371,5466]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">Rh. augur</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the northern
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFC70EAD48336EA60" box="[979,1054,5481,5576]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">A</emphasis>
/
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFB9DEAD48370EA60" box="[1086,1112,5481,5576]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">i</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFB28EAD482F0EA60" box="[1163,1496,5481,5576]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">deckeni.</emphasis>
Both of them have retained at least two “ ancient ” characters: a slightly more primitive dentition (the upper canine and p4 often more or less separated; p2 sometimes half in row *) and a short tail. To the external difference between these two Ethiopian species, viz. a broad horse-shoe in
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC6A87BFD2AFD7E84E2FC8A" box="[649,970,707,802]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">deckeni</emphasis>
and a narrow one in
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC6A87BF80AFD7E8FEDFC8A" box="[1961,2245,707,802]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC6A87BF80AFD7E8F9DFC8A" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[1961,2229,707,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="augur">augur</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
we have a parallel
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC6A87BF33CFD7E8302FC38" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">ferrum- equinum:</emphasis>
a broad horse-shoe in
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC6A87BF788FC8C8E76FC38" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[2091,2398,817,912]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC6A87BF788FC8C8E76FC38" box="[2091,2398,817,912]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">nippon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC6A87BF59CFC8C8C94FC38" box="[2623,3004,817,912]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC6A87BF59CFC8C8C84FC38" authorityName="Hodgson" box="[2623,2988,817,912]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tragatus">tragatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a narrow one in the other races. The western branch spread over South and Central Europe: the dentition slightly more advanced, the tail lengthened. The third branch is now represented by what I have called the Eastern races of
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC6A87BF728FB648C5CFA90" box="[2187,2932,1241,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrum-equinum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC6A87BF728FB648C5CFA90" box="[2187,2932,1241,1336]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">ferrum-equinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; all of them have retained the short tail;
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC6A87BF7DEFAF88E84FA0C" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[2173,2476,1349,1444]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC6A87BF7DEFAF88E84FA0C" box="[2173,2476,1349,1444]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">nippon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which, so far as the dentition is concerned, has remained on a relatively less advanced stage) leads through
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC6A87BF9D2F9A680F0F9D2" authorityName="Hodgson" box="[1649,2008,1563,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tragatus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC6A87BF9D2F9A680F0F9D2" box="[1649,2008,1563,1658]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">tragatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC6A87BF73AF9A68EC4F9D2" box="[2201,2540,1563,1658]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">regulus,</emphasis>
in which the dentition has reached the highest stage of development found in any race of
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E8762AF5FFC7A87AFDD2E8808ABDE866" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC7A87AFDD2E8808ABDE866" blockId="44.[543,3480,5947,6113]" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">
* 35 skulls of
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AFBCAE88082E6E828" box="[1129,1486,5949,6016]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">
Uh.
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D78FFC7A87AFB40E88082E6E828" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[1251,1486,5949,6016]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="augur">augur</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(all races) have been examined:—In
<emphasis id="B919EAE9FFC7A87AF54EE8808C3AE828" bold="true" box="[2797,2834,5949,6016]" pageId="44" pageNumber="119">7</emphasis>
the upper canine and p4 are more or less separated, in 7 in contact, in 1 more or less overlapping
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="8BD236FBFFC6A87BFD7EF94D82F1F8E4" blockId="45.[733,1497,1776,1868]" box="[733,1497,1776,1868]" pageId="45" pageNumber="120">ferrum-equinum.u.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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