551 lines
72 KiB
XML
551 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="F5C1FBF24BD6EE8F85DF9BAF39AF8ECD" ID-CLB-Dataset="290864" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2314965" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6af30ed0-38bb-40fc-9de2-d2a56854e1f1" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10818650" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1710236189583" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lin, Chun-Yu, Maruyama, Munetoshi, Yap, Sheryl A. & Lin, Chung-Ping" docDate="2024" docId="03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.4-8.270-284.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (5 - 8)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2314965" docStyle="DocumentStyle:485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73.9:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pyrgonota bifoliata" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="279" masterDocId="FF8A9517FFB6FFBDC911FFC12951FFA8" masterDocTitle="Host plants and nymph morphology of an endemic treehopper, Pyrgonota bifoliata, in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Luzon, Philippines" masterLastPageNumber="284" masterPageNumber="270" pageNumber="274" updateTime="1710430627780" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="85CAA3FA77552C33E5811DDD993D8A63">Host plants and nymph morphology of an endemic treehopper, Pyrgonota bifoliata, in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Luzon, Philippines</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="D570BF097F850706ECE50D478CA2C077" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="54CD719E46E81EAF6EA83473BCF235E9">Lin, Chun-Yu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B5338A9CDDA38E306194C6B23E572629">Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7C475356B4D7614C986666CCD43B5B72">Maruyama, Munetoshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7D6779F6AECE035C7358AD8D3FA71E50">Department of Zoology, The Kyushu University Museum, Fukuoka, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="6A953C71245AB9869204D0BAF3F6C6B5" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B2B1FB6FC1486924BDACC7DF916BBB89">Yap, Sheryl A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B2079BF4BC85C39905E4817F90B504FC">Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E1E4F1B0427A7F049A99207A958E4668">Lin, Chung-Ping</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F7310ECB01027920DA94A86E127F27CA">Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="A66A4276BA4168C2BAE335DB7B900D25">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3C56CAA4AF7A18658D5220CD90BBC6A8">
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<mods:date id="E971F4C8A665456276F525656F2B836D">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CC7CBBECE89D938D31A24976BEAA8E2A">2024-02-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EF74BD37FD0BC8366541D03362B51DE9">58</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F83A8DC90B17B75AE79ED8ED673C0E00">5 - 8</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818662" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10818662" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="279" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">
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<subSubSection id="C3000FF2FFB3FFB8C9B1FBD429AFFB98" box="[160,254,1045,1072]" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFB3FFB8C9B1FBD429AFFB98" blockId="5.[160,254,1045,1072]" box="[160,254,1045,1072]" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">
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<heading id="D0EDEB15FFB3FFB8C9B1FBD429AFFB98" box="[160,254,1045,1072]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8C9B1FBD429AFFB98" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[160,254,1045,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8C9B1FBD429AFFB98" bold="true" box="[160,254,1045,1072]" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Results</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3000FF2FFB3FFB8C9B1FB8B2D5AFA78" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFB3FFB8C9B1FB8B2AEEFBCC" blockId="5.[160,959,1098,1124]" box="[160,959,1098,1124]" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">
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<heading id="D0EDEB15FFB3FFB8C9B1FB8B2AEEFBCC" bold="true" box="[160,959,1098,1124]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8C9B1FB8B2AEEFBCC" bold="true" box="[160,959,1098,1124]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Identification of nymphs and host plants through DNA barcoding</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFB3FFB8C9B1FBBE2D5AFA78" blockId="5.[160,1157,1151,1488]" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">
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A total of 910 bp and 899 bp of the mitochondrial
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CBF8FBBE2A49FB30" box="[745,792,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">CO1</emphasis>
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sequences were obtained from the nymph specimens collected from
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8CB7AFB632A67FB13" box="[619,822,1186,1211]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CB7AFB632A67FB13" box="[619,822,1186,1211]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Piper umbellatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(L3Cn5, GenBank accession number: ON556421) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8C8C7FB042B90FB76" box="[470,705,1221,1246]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Saurauia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latibractea">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8C8C7FB042B90FB76" box="[470,705,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Saurauia latibractea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(L3Cn6, GenBank accession number: OQ344652), respectively, at the field site. The
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CBA1FB262B8EFAA8" box="[688,735,1255,1280]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">CO1</emphasis>
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sequences of the nymph specimens from the two host plant specimens were identical to those of the
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<specimenCount id="9D1C97F0FFB3FFB8CA98FACB2D56FA8B" box="[905,1031,1290,1315]" count="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" type="adult">three adult</specimenCount>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8CD1CFACB2DD2FA8B" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1037,1155,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CD1CFACB2DD2FA8B" box="[1037,1155,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">P. bifoliata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens (sp. 1) collected from Mount Makiling in an earlier study (GenBank accession numbers: KC848075.1–KC848077.1,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B2188FFB3FFB8CB27FA8E2B9BFAC0" author="Su YC & Wang JF & Villanueva RJT & Nuneza OM & Lin CP" box="[566,714,1359,1384]" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" pagination="1277 - 1290" refId="ref7355" refString="Su YC, Wang JF, Villanueva RJT, Nuneza OM, Lin CP. 2014. Hopping out of Mindanao: miocene-Pliocene geological processes and cross-island dispersal as major drivers of diversity for Philippine treehoppers. J Biogeogr. 41 (7): 1277 - 1290. doi: 10.1111 / jbi. 12296." type="journal article" year="2014">
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||
Su
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CB49FA8E2BD7FAC0" box="[600,646,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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), confirming the species identity of the nymph. The
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8C83EFAB3281EFA23" box="[303,335,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">ITS</emphasis>
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sequence of the major host plant,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8CBCEFAB32A2EFA23" box="[735,895,1394,1419]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CBCEFAB32A2EFA23" box="[735,895,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">P. umbellatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, was 669 bp (GenBank accession number ON556419), which matched the
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CBE7FA542A47FA06" box="[758,790,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">ITS</emphasis>
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sequences of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8CAD0FA542D35FA06" box="[961,1124,1429,1454]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CAD0FA542D35FA06" box="[961,1124,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">P. umbellatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in BLASTn searches (similarity: 100%; GenBank accession number: EF060088.1).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3000FF2FFB3FFB5C9B1F9D12BB1FEA7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="277" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFB3FFB8C9B1F9D1287DF982" blockId="5.[160,300,1552,1578]" box="[160,300,1552,1578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">
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<heading id="D0EDEB15FFB3FFB8C9B1F9D1287DF982" bold="true" box="[160,300,1552,1578]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8C9B1F9D1287DF982" bold="true" box="[160,300,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Host plants</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFB3FFBBC9B1F9842D2EFB1A" blockId="5.[160,1157,1605,1699]" lastBlockId="6.[160,1156,830,1202]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">
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A total of 27 nymphs and
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<specimenCount id="9D1C97F0FFB3FFB8C8DBF9842B62F9F6" box="[458,563,1605,1630]" count="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" type="adult">28 adults</specimenCount>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8CB49F9842B9EF9F6" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[600,719,1605,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CB49F9842B3DF9F6" box="[600,620,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">P.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CB62F9842B9EF9F6" box="[627,719,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">bifoliata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were observed in the
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<location id="8EC50AA2FFB3FFB8CAC1F9842804F928" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E:8EC50AA2FFB3FFB8CAC1F9842804F928" name="Mount Makiling Forest Reserve" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Mount Makiling Forest Reserve</location>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8C874F9A62B64F928" box="[357,565,1639,1664]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8C874F9A62B64F928" box="[357,565,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Piper umbellatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L. (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8CB78F9A62BBFF928" box="[617,750,1639,1664]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8CA2BF9A62DD5F928" authority="Choisy" authorityName="Choisy" box="[826,1156,1639,1664]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Saurauia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latibractea">
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||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB3FFB8CA2BF9A62D79F928" box="[826,1064,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="274">Saurauia latibractea</emphasis>
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Choisy
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB3FFB8C9B7F94B2812F90B" box="[166,323,1674,1699]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="274" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Actinidiaceae</taxonomicName>
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) were used by 17 (63%, seven plants) and 10 (37%, two plants) nymphs, respectively (
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<figureCitation id="132140FCFFB0FFBBC826FCFF28C5FCFF" box="[311,404,830,855]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,661,684]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,142,628]" captionTargetId="figure-353@6.[163,1153,142,629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Host plant records of Pyrgonota bifoliata in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve. The numbers at the top of the bars represent the total numbers of treehoppers on each plant, whereas the numbers in parentheses represent the percentages of total treehoppers on each plant. The black and white bars represent the data for adults and nymphs, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818654/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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). Nymphs of various instars and their exuviae were found on both
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC9B1FCA02816FCD2" box="[160,327,865,890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC9B1FCA02816FCD2" box="[160,327,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">P. umbellatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC89BFCA02B71FCD2" box="[394,544,865,890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Saurauia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latibractea">
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<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC89BFCA02B71FCD2" box="[394,544,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">S. latibractea</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFB0FFBBCB22FCA02BEFFCD2" box="[563,702,865,890]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1495,1518]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1463]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[163,1153,142,1464]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Pyrgonota bifoliata and its associated host plants and ants in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve. The white arrows indicate cryptically coloured nymphs of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Adult pyrgonota bifoliata on Alangium longiflorum (Cornaceae). (b) Adult Pyrgonota bifoliata on Ficus ulmifolia (Moraceae). (c) Adult and a nymph Pyrgonota bifoliata with an attended ant (Pheidole sp.) on Piper umbellatum (Piperaceae). (d) Young adult Pyrgonota bifoliata on Piper umbellatum. (e) Two Pyrgonota bifoliata nymphs and a crab spider (Thomisidae) on Piper umbellatum. (f) Two Pyrgonota bifoliata nymphs and an ant (Technomyrmex sp.) on Piper umbellatum. (g) Nymph and an adult Pyrgonota bifoliata, three ants (one Pheidole sp. and two Crematogaster sp.) on Saurauia latibractea (Actinidiaceae). (h) Three Pyrgonota bifoliata nymphs and two ants (Crematogaster sp.) on Saurauia latibractea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818656/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Figure 3f, h</figureCitation>
|
||
). One nymph successfully eclosed on a netted branch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC89BFC452B4FFC35" box="[394,542,900,925]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Saurauia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latibractea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC89BFC452B4FFC35" box="[394,542,900,925]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">S. latibractea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on day 12 of the study period. Adults were mainly found on three plant species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC8E4FC672A7BFC17" authority="Merr." authorityName="Merr." box="[501,810,934,959]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Alangium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC8E4FC672BB6FC17" box="[501,743,934,959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Alangium longiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
Merr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCA27FC672AE3FC17" box="[822,946,934,959]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cornaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (9/28, 32%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCD5CFC67286EFC4A" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ulmifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBCD5CFC672853FC4A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Ficus ulmifolia</emphasis>
|
||
Lam.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC858FC0828EDFC4A" box="[329,444,969,994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (6/28, 21%) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCB6FFC082A4CFC4A" box="[638,797,969,994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBCB6FFC082A4CFC4A" box="[638,797,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">P. umbellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5/28, 18%) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFB0FFBBCABEFC082D5DFC4A" box="[943,1036,969,994]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,661,684]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,142,628]" captionTargetId="figure-353@6.[163,1153,142,629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Host plant records of Pyrgonota bifoliata in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve. The numbers at the top of the bars represent the total numbers of treehoppers on each plant, whereas the numbers in parentheses represent the percentages of total treehoppers on each plant. The black and white bars represent the data for adults and nymphs, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818654/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; Table S1). Four additional, less common plant species were also recorded as adult hosts:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCD1FFC2D2DD2FBAD" box="[1038,1155,1004,1029]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (3/28, 11%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC845FBCF28B4FB8F" box="[340,485,1038,1063]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Saurauia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latibractea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC845FBCF28B4FB8F" box="[340,485,1038,1063]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">S. latibractea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2/28, 7%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCB7AFBCF2AD8FB8F" authority="Willd." authorityName="Willd." box="[619,905,1038,1063]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pterocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBCB7AFBCF2A10FB8F" box="[619,833,1038,1063]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Pterocarpus indicus</emphasis>
|
||
Willd.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCA84FBCF2D55FB8F" box="[917,1028,1038,1063]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (1/28, 4%) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC9C0FBF0280EFBE2" box="[209,351,1073,1098]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (1/28, 4%) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFB0FFBBCB1BFBF02B20FBE2" box="[522,625,1073,1098]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,661,684]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,142,628]" captionTargetId="figure-353@6.[163,1153,142,629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Host plant records of Pyrgonota bifoliata in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve. The numbers at the top of the bars represent the total numbers of treehoppers on each plant, whereas the numbers in parentheses represent the percentages of total treehoppers on each plant. The black and white bars represent the data for adults and nymphs, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818654/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and S
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFB0FFBBCBADFBF02B94FBE2" box="[700,709,1073,1098]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,225,1062,1085]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,146,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-114@3.[163,1153,142,1030]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. (a) Philippine archipelago and its major islands. The white circle indicates the study site (Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Laguna Province, Luzon). (b) Adult Pyrgonota bifoliata collected in Mount Makiling, Luzon, 26 January 2019. (c) Type specimen of Pyrgonota bifoliata (Westwood 1837). Images obtained from the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH) and used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818652/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">1</figureCitation>
|
||
; Table S1). During the study period, five of the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1C97F0FFB0FFBBC9E2FB952831FBC5" box="[243,352,1108,1133]" count="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" type="adult">28 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
were observed between two and six times. These
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1C97F0FFB0FFBBCAD6FB952D10FBC5" box="[967,1089,1108,1133]" count="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" type="adult">five adults</specimenCount>
|
||
were repeatedly observed on
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC8A9FBB72B8CFB27" box="[440,733,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC8A9FBB72B07FB27" box="[440,598,1142,1167]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Alangium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longiflorum">A. longiflorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCB73FBB72B8CFB27" box="[610,733,1142,1167]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ulmifolia">F. ulmifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCA06FBB72AE9FB27" box="[791,952,1142,1167]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBCA06FBB72AE9FB27" box="[791,952,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">P. umbellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within 20 days of the study period. Field notes are presented in Table S1 (see Supplementary Materials).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF650CF1FFB0FFBBC9B1FD542B97FCAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818654" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10818654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818654/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" startId="6.[160,225,661,684]" targetBox="[163,1152,142,628]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFB0FFBBC9B1FD542B97FCAC" blockId="6.[160,1155,661,772]" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC9B1FD5429A8FD04" bold="true" box="[160,249,661,684]" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Host plant records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC8C1FD542BD6FD04" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[464,647,661,684]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC8C1FD542BD6FD04" box="[464,647,661,684]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve. The numbers at the top of the bars represent the total numbers of treehoppers on each plant, whereas the numbers in parentheses represent the percentages of total treehoppers on each plant. The black and white bars represent the data for adults and nymphs, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFB0FFBBC9B1FB342BBDFAA7" blockId="6.[160,748,1269,1295]" box="[160,748,1269,1295]" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">
|
||
<heading id="D0EDEB15FFB0FFBBC9B1FB342BBDFAA7" bold="true" box="[160,748,1269,1295]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC9B1FB342BBDFAA7" bold="true" box="[160,748,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Observations of behaviours and ant attendance</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFB0FFB5C9B1FAEB2BB1FEA7" blockId="6.[160,1156,1322,1728]" lastBlockId="8.[160,1156,142,271]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="277" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">
|
||
The females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC843FAEB2898FAEB" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[338,457,1322,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC843FAEB2898FAEB" box="[338,457,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">P. bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve were not observed to exhibit maternal care behaviours similar to those of subsocial treehoppers, such as egg or nymph guarding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B2188FFB0FFBBC87BFAAE28BCFA20" author="Wood TK" box="[362,493,1391,1416]" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" pagination="409 - 433" refId="ref7668" refString="Wood TK. 1993. Diversity in the New World Membracidae. Annu Rev Entomol. 38 (1): 409 - 433. doi: 10. 1146 / annurev. en. 38.010193.002205." type="journal article" year="1993">Wood 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B2188FFB0FFBBC8EBFAAE2A0FFA20" author="Stegmann UE & Linsenmair KE" box="[506,862,1391,1416]" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" pagination="29 - 34" refId="ref7308" refString="Stegmann UE, Linsenmair KE. 2002. Subsocial and aggregating behaviour in Southeast Asian treehoppers (Homoptera: Membracidae: Centrotinae). Eur J Entomol. 99 (1): 29 - 34. doi: 10. 14411 / eje. 2002.008." type="journal article" year="2002">Stegmann and Linsenmair 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B2188FFB0FFBBCA7AFAAE2A9AFA20" author="Lin CP" box="[875,971,1391,1416]" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" pagination="1887 - 1907" refId="ref6417" refString="Lin CP. 2006. Social behaviour and life history of membracine treehoppers. J Nat Hist. 40 (32 - 34): 1887 - 1907. doi: 10.1080 / 00222930601046618." type="journal article" year="2006">Lin 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The size of the nymph aggregations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC8A1FA532B75FA03" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[432,548,1426,1451]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC8A1FA532B75FA03" box="[432,548,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">P. bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranged from one to five individuals on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCAF4FA532DD2FA03" box="[997,1155,1426,1451]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBCAF4FA532DD2FA03" box="[997,1155,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">P. umbellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(mean ± standard deviation [SD] = 2.4 ± 1.3, n = 7) and from three to seven individuals (mean ± SD = 5 ± 2, n = 2) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC8FBFA162B26FA58" box="[490,631,1495,1520]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Saurauia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latibractea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC8FBFA162B26FA58" box="[490,631,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">S. latibractea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ants visited more than half (5/9, 56%) of these nymph aggregations. However, no correlation was found between the size of the nymph aggregation and the presence of ants (logistic regression,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBCA53F9DC2A01F99E" box="[834,848,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.525, n = 9). Three ant species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC813F9FE289EF9F0" box="[258,463,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC813F9FE28F3F9F0" box="[258,418,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Crematogaster</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC8CDF9FE2B35F9F0" box="[476,612,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC8CDF9FE2B69F9F0" box="[476,568,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Pheidole</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBCBB2F9FE2A27F9F0" box="[675,886,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBCBB2F9FE2A18F9F0" box="[675,841,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">Technomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, visited the nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB0FFBBC9B1F9A32845F9D3" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[160,276,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB0FFBBC9B1F9A32845F9D3" box="[160,276,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="275">P. bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the study site. A few attending ants touched the bodies of the nymphs with their antennae and legs. No marked behavioural response from the nymphs, such as movement of the tubular segment IX or secretion of honeydew, was observed in the presence of ants (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5C876FF4F28BAFF0F" box="[359,491,142,167]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1495,1518]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1463]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[163,1153,142,1464]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Pyrgonota bifoliata and its associated host plants and ants in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve. The white arrows indicate cryptically coloured nymphs of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Adult pyrgonota bifoliata on Alangium longiflorum (Cornaceae). (b) Adult Pyrgonota bifoliata on Ficus ulmifolia (Moraceae). (c) Adult and a nymph Pyrgonota bifoliata with an attended ant (Pheidole sp.) on Piper umbellatum (Piperaceae). (d) Young adult Pyrgonota bifoliata on Piper umbellatum. (e) Two Pyrgonota bifoliata nymphs and a crab spider (Thomisidae) on Piper umbellatum. (f) Two Pyrgonota bifoliata nymphs and an ant (Technomyrmex sp.) on Piper umbellatum. (g) Nymph and an adult Pyrgonota bifoliata, three ants (one Pheidole sp. and two Crematogaster sp.) on Saurauia latibractea (Actinidiaceae). (h) Three Pyrgonota bifoliata nymphs and two ants (Crematogaster sp.) on Saurauia latibractea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818656/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 3c–h</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ants did not attend any of the observed adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFBEFFB5CD18FF4F2D2FFF0F" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1033,1150,142,167]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5CD18FF4F2D2FFF0F" box="[1033,1150,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">P. bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Two crab spiders (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFBEFFB5C860FF7028A7FF62" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[369,502,177,202]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thomisidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were observed near the nymphs without any predatory attack on the two branches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFBEFFB5C8E7FF152BC5FF45" box="[502,660,212,237]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="8" pageNumber="277" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C8E7FF152BC5FF45" box="[502,660,212,237]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">P. umbellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants for a few days (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5CA9EFF152AA9FF45" box="[911,1016,212,237]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1495,1518]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1463]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[163,1153,142,1464]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Pyrgonota bifoliata and its associated host plants and ants in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve. The white arrows indicate cryptically coloured nymphs of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Adult pyrgonota bifoliata on Alangium longiflorum (Cornaceae). (b) Adult Pyrgonota bifoliata on Ficus ulmifolia (Moraceae). (c) Adult and a nymph Pyrgonota bifoliata with an attended ant (Pheidole sp.) on Piper umbellatum (Piperaceae). (d) Young adult Pyrgonota bifoliata on Piper umbellatum. (e) Two Pyrgonota bifoliata nymphs and a crab spider (Thomisidae) on Piper umbellatum. (f) Two Pyrgonota bifoliata nymphs and an ant (Technomyrmex sp.) on Piper umbellatum. (g) Nymph and an adult Pyrgonota bifoliata, three ants (one Pheidole sp. and two Crematogaster sp.) on Saurauia latibractea (Actinidiaceae). (h) Three Pyrgonota bifoliata nymphs and two ants (Crematogaster sp.) on Saurauia latibractea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818656/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 3e</figureCitation>
|
||
). One of the crab spiders captured a visiting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFBEFFB5CB19FF372BFFFEA7" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1872" box="[520,686,246,271]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5CB19FF372BFFFEA7" box="[520,686,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Technomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF650CF1FFB1FFBAC9B1FA162A87F971" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818656" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10818656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818656/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" startId="7.[160,225,1495,1518]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1463]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFB1FFBAC9B1FA162A87F971" blockId="7.[160,1156,1495,1753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBAC9B1FA1629ACFA46" bold="true" box="[160,253,1495,1518]" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC819FA1628EEFA46" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[264,447,1495,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBAC819FA1628EEFA46" box="[264,447,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its associated host plants and ants in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve. The white arrows indicate cryptically coloured nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACA4DFA342D48F9A4" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[860,1049,1525,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACA4DFA342D48F9A4" box="[860,1049,1525,1548]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (a) Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC9B1F9D32802F981" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[160,339,1554,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="270" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBAC9B1F9D32802F981" box="[160,339,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC868F9D32B17F981" box="[377,582,1554,1577]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Alangium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBAC868F9D32B17F981" box="[377,582,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Alangium longiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACB40F9D32BEDF981" box="[593,700,1554,1577]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cornaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). (b) Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACA35F9D32A86F981" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[804,983,1554,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACA35F9D32A86F981" box="[804,983,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACAECF9D32DD2F981" box="[1021,1155,1554,1577]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ulmifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACAECF9D32DD2F981" box="[1021,1155,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Ficus ulmifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC9B4F9EE2859F9EE" box="[165,264,1583,1606]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). (c) Adult and a nymph
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACB19F9EE2BEEF9EE" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[520,703,1583,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACB19F9EE2BEEF9EE" box="[520,703,1583,1606]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with an attended ant (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACABFF9EE2D75F9EE" box="[942,1060,1583,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACABFF9EE2AACF9EE" box="[942,1021,1583,1606]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pheidole</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACD45F9EE2840F9CC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACD45F9EE2840F9CC" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Piper umbellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC80FF98C28DDF9CC" box="[286,396,1613,1636]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). (d) Young adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACB2FF98C2BA2F9CC" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[574,755,1613,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACB2FF98C2BA2F9CC" box="[574,755,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACA0DF98C2A95F9CC" box="[796,964,1613,1636]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACA0DF98C2A95F9CC" box="[796,964,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Piper umbellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (e) Two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACD32F98C29BCF929" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACD32F98C29BCF929" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs and a crab spider (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC8E1F9AB2B33F929" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[496,610,1642,1665]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thomisidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACB9BF9AB2A7FF929" box="[650,814,1642,1665]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACB9BF9AB2A7FF929" box="[650,814,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Piper umbellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (f) Two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACA6EF9AB2D60F929" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[895,1073,1642,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACA6EF9AB2D60F929" box="[895,1073,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs and an ant (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC807F9462896F936" box="[278,455,1671,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBAC807F94628F5F936" box="[278,420,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Technomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC8E0F9462BC6F936" box="[497,663,1671,1694]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBAC8E0F9462BC6F936" box="[497,663,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Piper umbellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (g) Nymph and an adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACA80F9462D14F936" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[913,1093,1671,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACA80F9462D14F936" box="[913,1093,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, three ants (one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC816F964282DF914" box="[263,380,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBAC816F9642807F914" box="[263,342,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pheidole</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC8F3F9642BC0F914" box="[482,657,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBAC8F3F9642B3AF914" box="[482,619,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Crematogaster</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACBD2F9642AD2F914" box="[707,899,1701,1724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Saurauia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latibractea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACBD2F9642AD2F914" box="[707,899,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Saurauia latibractea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACA80F9642D46F914" box="[913,1047,1701,1724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Actinidiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). (h) Three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBAC9B1F9032802F971" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[160,339,1730,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBAC9B1F9032802F971" box="[160,339,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs and two ants (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACB2AF9032BB9F971" box="[571,744,1730,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFB1FFBACB2AF9032B95F971" box="[571,708,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="276">Crematogaster</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFB1FFBACA02F9032A83F971" box="[787,978,1730,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Saurauia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="276" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latibractea">Saurauia latibractea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3000FF2FFBEFFB7C9B1FE8D2997FE29" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="279" pageId="8" pageNumber="277" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB5C9B1FE8D28B0FECE" blockId="8.[160,481,332,358]" box="[160,481,332,358]" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<heading id="D0EDEB15FFBEFFB5C9B1FE8D28B0FECE" bold="true" box="[160,481,332,358]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="277" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9B1FE8D28B0FECE" bold="true" box="[160,481,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Morphological description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB5C9B1FE402837FE15" blockId="8.[160,1155,385,445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
No morphological variation was observed among nymphs collected from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFBEFFB5CAF5FE402DD2FE32" box="[996,1155,385,410]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="8" pageNumber="277" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5CAF5FE402DD2FE32" box="[996,1155,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">P. umbellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFBEFFB5C9C3FE652830FE15" box="[210,353,420,445]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Saurauia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="277" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latibractea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9C3FE652830FE15" box="[210,353,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">S. latibractea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB5C9B1FE292826FDAA" blockId="8.[160,1155,488,653]" box="[160,375,488,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9B1FE292826FDAA" bold="true" box="[160,375,488,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Last-instar nymph</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB5C9B1FDCA28B0FD25" blockId="8.[160,1155,488,653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9B1FDCA2813FD8D" bold="true" box="[160,322,523,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Overall body.</emphasis>
|
||
Colour green when alive, and yellowish when preserved. Cross section subtriangular, slightly compressed laterally. Chalazae densely covered throughout the entire body. Dorsal contour of abdomen linear in lateral view. Overall body in dorsal view elongate (longer than wide).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB5C9B1FD782AE1FC92" blockId="8.[160,1156,697,826]" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9B1FD7829B7FD7B" bold="true" box="[160,230,697,723]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Head.</emphasis>
|
||
Vertex with a pair of enlarged chalazae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5CA15FD782A29FD7A" box="[772,888,697,722]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Chalazae consist of a tuberculate base with needle- or hair-like seta. A pair of round protuberances present anteriorly, and the chalazal setae on the protuberances longer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5CA4CFD3E2A95FCB0" box="[861,964,767,792]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Compound eye surface setae present. Frons not extended over central margin of eye.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB5C9B1FCA72880FB85" blockId="8.[160,1156,870,1069]" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9B1FCA72871FC28" bold="true" box="[160,288,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Prothorax.</emphasis>
|
||
Premetopidium with a pair of enlarged chalazae directed dorsalanteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5C836FC4828CDFC0A" box="[295,412,905,930]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Postmetopedium elevated and carinate. Metopidial sulcus weakly incised (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5C873FC6D2884FC6D" box="[354,469,940,965]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4d</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior extension of pronotum narrowly convex, not surpassing anterior margin of metanotum. Dorsal pronotal single medial horn bud absent. Pronotal lateral margin emarginate carinate. Suprahumeral horn bud carinate apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5C840FBD52892FB85" box="[337,451,1044,1069]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4b</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB5C9B1FB982A23FB73" blockId="8.[160,1156,1113,1243]" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9B1FB982862FBDB" bold="true" box="[160,307,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Mesothorax.</emphasis>
|
||
Two pairs of large chalazae present near posterior extension of pronotum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5C9B9FBBD2846FB3D" box="[168,279,1148,1173]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4d</figureCitation>
|
||
). Forewing pad densely covered with short chalazae, chalazal setae short. Forewing pad costal chalazae only present on base of costal margin. Ventral margin of forewing pad emarginated anteriorly (where hind leg is placed).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB5C9B1FAC72B91FAEB" blockId="8.[160,1155,1286,1347]" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9B1FAC72860FA88" bold="true" box="[160,305,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Metathorax.</emphasis>
|
||
Scoli absent. A pair of enlarged chalazae present dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5CAD1FAC62D7BFA88" box="[960,1066,1287,1312]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal posterior margin with paired carinae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5CB5AFAEB2BE2FAEB" box="[587,691,1322,1347]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB5C9B1FAAF28DEF9BB" blockId="8.[160,1155,1390,1555]" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9B1FAAF298AFA20" bold="true" box="[160,219,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Legs.</emphasis>
|
||
Chalazae of tibia on lateral margins and many on dorsal surface. Prothoracic tibia dorsally flattened, slightly extended anteriorly. Metathoracic tarsal length subequal to prothoracic and mesothoracic tarsal length. Prothoracic and mesothoracic first tarsomeres distinctly shorter than second tarsomeres. Metathoracic first tarsomere subequal to second tarsomere.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBEFFB4C9B1F9FF2B17F911" blockId="8.[160,1156,1598,1728]" lastBlockId="9.[160,1156,1592,1721]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="278" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBEFFB5C9B1F9FF2BDEF9F0" bold="true" box="[160,655,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Abdomen (labelled abdominal segments).</emphasis>
|
||
Tergum I with a pair of digitate tubercles protruding from metanotum carina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5CB72F9A32B85F9D3" box="[611,724,1634,1659]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4c</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tergum II flat, forming a pair of triangular protuberances with a chalaza at the tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBEFFB5CA30F9442AC3F936" box="[801,914,1669,1694]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="277">Figure 4c</figureCitation>
|
||
). Terga III–VIII with ventrolateral lobe-like lamellae directed obliquely posterior-laterally. Lamellar chalazae dense marginally and dorsally, with only two short chalazae present ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBFFFB4C9B9F99A2843F9DC" box="[168,274,1627,1652]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="278">Figure 4f</figureCitation>
|
||
). Terga III–VIII dorsal scoli short, subequal in size. Tergum IV dorsal scoli directed obliquely dorsal-posteriorly. Terga III–VIII with large chalazae forming one lateral row on each side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132140FCFFBFFFB4C8DAF9612B68F911" box="[459,569,1696,1721]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1420]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. (a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of Pyrgonota bifoliata. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="278">Figure 4d</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF650CF1FFBFFFB4C9B1FA6D2B42FA56" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10818660" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10818660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10818660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="278" startId="9.[160,225,1452,1475]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1420]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBFFFB4C9B1FA6D2B42FA56" blockId="9.[160,1155,1452,1534]" pageId="9" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBFFFB4C9B1FA6D29AAFA6B" bold="true" box="[160,251,1452,1475]" pageId="9" pageNumber="278">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
(a–f) Morphological characteristics of the last-instar nymph and (g–h) exuvia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A27FAFFBFFFB4CD30FA6D29BEFA48" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Pyrgonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="278" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBFFFB4CD30FA6D29BEFA48" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="278">Pyrgonota bifoliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (a) Anterior view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal view; (d) lateral view; (e) dorsal view; (f) ventral view; (g) dorsal view; (h) lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBCFFB7C9B1FF4F2BE9FF45" blockId="10.[160,1156,142,237]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBCFFB7C9B1FF4F28DCFF00" bold="true" box="[160,397,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Tubular segment IX.</emphasis>
|
||
Chalazae densely covered. Shape of distal to pregenitalia in crosssection subcircular. Dorsal length subequal to combined length of segments V–VIII. Ventral extension subequal to dorsal extension.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBCFFB7C9B1FEE02997FE29" blockId="10.[160,1156,289,385]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBCFFB7C9B1FEE02B46FE93" bold="true" box="[160,535,289,315]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Anal apparatus (segment X, XI).</emphasis>
|
||
Segment X white, length subequal to segment XI. Segment XI black-white-black anterior-posteriorly, with hairs present near the white tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3000FF2FFBCFFB7C9B1FE752B46FD9E" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA55C79FFBCFFB7C9B1FE752B46FD9E" blockId="10.[160,1156,436,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E806BFFBCFFB7C9B1FE7528D8FE66" bold="true" box="[160,393,436,462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B725624FFBCFFB7C889FE742D56FE59" country="Philippines" county="Los Banos" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Cn" municipality="Mount Makiling" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Laguna">
|
||
4 nymphs (specimen codes: L3
|
||
<location id="8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7CBEDFE742A4EFE66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E:8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7CBEDFE742A4EFE66" box="[764,799,437,462]" country="Philippines" county="Los Banos" municipality="Mount Makiling" name="Cn" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" stateProvince="Laguna">Cn</location>
|
||
1, L3
|
||
<location id="8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7CA5FFE742A3FFE66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E:8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7CA5FFE742A3FFE66" box="[846,878,437,462]" country="Philippines" county="Los Banos" municipality="Mount Makiling" name="Cn" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" stateProvince="Laguna">Cn</location>
|
||
3, L3
|
||
<location id="8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7CAB2FE742A92FE66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E:8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7CAB2FE742A92FE66" box="[931,963,437,462]" country="Philippines" county="Los Banos" municipality="Mount Makiling" name="Cn" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" stateProvince="Laguna">Cn</location>
|
||
5, L3
|
||
<location id="8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7CAE9FE742D48FE66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E:8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7CAE9FE742D48FE66" box="[1016,1049,437,462]" country="Philippines" county="Los Banos" municipality="Mount Makiling" name="Cn" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" stateProvince="Laguna">Cn</location>
|
||
6),
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC1C603FFBCFFB7CD2BFE742851FE59" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Mount Makiling</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62C424F5FFBCFFB7C81BFE19282AFE59" box="[266,379,472,497]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Los Baños</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DE929BFFBCFFB7C894FE192B6EFE59" box="[389,575,472,497]" country="Philippines" name="Laguna" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Laguna Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D1CE9FFBCFFB7CB58FE192B95FE59" box="[585,708,472,497]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFA47AB9FFBCFFB7CBDFFE192BBAFE59" box="[718,747,472,497]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" value="2019-02-12">12</date>
|
||
. II. 2019, Chun-Yu Lin leg
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B725624FFBCFFB7CD04FE192B46FD9E" collectingDate="2019-01-30" collectorName="Lin" country="Philippines" county="Los Banos" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Cn" municipality="Mount Makiling" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Laguna">
|
||
2 nymphs (specimen codes: L3
|
||
<location id="8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7C86FFE3A28CFFDBC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E:8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7C86FFE3A28CFFDBC" box="[382,414,507,532]" country="Philippines" county="Los Banos" municipality="Mount Makiling" name="Cn" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" stateProvince="Laguna">Cn</location>
|
||
2, L3
|
||
<location id="8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7C8C1FE3A28A1FDBC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3ED6FFFB3FFB7C9B1FBD42B46FD9E:8EC50AA2FFBCFFB7C8C1FE3A28A1FDBC" box="[464,496,507,532]" country="Philippines" county="Los Banos" municipality="Mount Makiling" name="Cn" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" stateProvince="Laguna">Cn</location>
|
||
4),
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC1C603FFBCFFB7CB1FFE3A2BEFFDBC" box="[526,702,507,532]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Mount Makiling</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62C424F5FFBCFFB7CBD9FE3A2A68FDBC" box="[712,825,507,532]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Los Baños</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DE929BFFBCFFB7CA53FE3A2AAAFDBC" box="[834,1019,507,532]" country="Philippines" name="Laguna" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Laguna Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D1CE9FFBCFFB7CD14FE3A2DD1FDBC" box="[1029,1152,507,532]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFA47AB9FFBCFFB7C9B1FDDC2807FD9E" box="[160,342,541,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" value="2019-01-30">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFE08351FFBCFFB7C9B1FDDC2807FD9E" box="[160,342,541,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279" value="2019-01-30">30 January 2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, Chun-Yu
|
||
<collectorName id="26EF39AFFFBCFFB7C8D6FDDC28B9FD9E" box="[455,488,541,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="279">Lin</collectorName>
|
||
leg.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |