301 lines
48 KiB
XML
301 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document id="9A0BBCF4C1D785D7138350FB78AFB13A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.193731" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4bf51a1d-077f-46dc-bd30-e582ffbf11ce" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="193731" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460169130497" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lohrmann, Volker & Ohl, Michael" docDate="2010" docId="03B3C46B390C1C0AFF67213BD80B0CC1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02384p043.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2384" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Liosphex Townes 1977" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FF8ABC13390F1C0FFFF02244D9340A13" masterDocTitle="World revision of the wasp genus Liosphex Townes, 1977 (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae)" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698235918724" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="87896BE3A627BAEEC6605A61E6241E46">World revision of the wasp genus Liosphex Townes, 1977 (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="884A58AE8F173C813D294E22EBBEDC3A">Lohrmann, Volker</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AD8FBF42F7D961BF6E2D01CBB693A875">Ohl, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="24A7C5AA2B208B3FDC43CEF6646C3DD4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="746BA830B631ECF4EF3C704F0FAF1868">
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<mods:date id="0457E89B8D7AC5D3485E05984453940B">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="DAAEA470D87A1C159233645FFF7264C8" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D47E435F2D689C44B90CCC6E20EF57DC">2384</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="24C57E8048DA999BF329E80C6D487204" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.193731</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="77A08C7558C331CA49C97BC425E56F23" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B3C46B390C1C0AFF67213BD80B0CC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6209697" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124956309" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6209697" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3C46B390C1C0AFF67213BD80B0CC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B3C46B390C1C0AFF67213BD80B0CC1" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C30026F6390C1C0CFF67213BDB3E098A" box="[151,522,895,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA5757D390C1C0CFF67213BDB3E098A" blockId="3.[151,522,895,921]" box="[151,522,895,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D0EDC211390C1C0CFF67213BDB3E098A" bold="true" box="[151,522,895,921]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFF67213BDB3E098A" bold="true" box="[151,522,895,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390C1C0CFF1E213BDB3E098A" ID-CoL="5F6R" ID-ENA="509837" authority="Townes, 1977" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1977" box="[238,522,895,921]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFF1E213BD869098A" bold="true" box="[238,349,895,921]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Liosphex</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390C1C0CFE94213BDB3E098A" author="Townes" box="[356,522,895,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Townes, H. (1977) A revision of the Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 15 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1977">Townes, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30026F6390C1C0CFF67218CDD8409CC" box="[151,1200,968,991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA5757D390C1C0CFF67218CDD8409CC" blockId="3.[151,1200,968,991]" box="[151,1200,968,991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0A5253390C1C0CFF67218CDD8409CC" box="[151,1200,968,991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390C1C0CFF67218CD88A09CC" ID-CoL="5F6R" authority="Townes, 1977: 10" authorityName="Townes" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,446,968,991]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFF67218CD9C309CC" box="[151,247,968,991]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Liosphex</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB536C390C1C0CFF0E218CD88A09CC" author="Townes" box="[254,446,968,991]" page="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1977">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390C1C0CFF0E218CD8A209CC" author="Townes" box="[254,406,968,991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Townes, H. (1977) A revision of the Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 15 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1977">Townes, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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: 10
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54A1CBDF390C1C0CFE39218CD8CA09CC" box="[457,510,968,991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390C1C0CFDAF218CDA9C09CC" ID-CoL="3V83H" authority="Townes, 1977" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1977" box="[607,936,968,991]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varius">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFDAF218CDA3D09CC" box="[607,777,968,991]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Liosphex varius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390C1C0CFCE0218CDA9C09CC" author="Townes" box="[784,936,968,991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Townes, H. (1977) A revision of the Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 15 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1977">Townes, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30026F6390C1C0CFF672649DAF70F14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA5757D390C1C0CFF672649DAF70F14" blockId="3.[151,1437,1037,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFF672649D82C0E34" bold="true" box="[151,280,1037,1063]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390C1C0CFE552649DB250E35" box="[421,529,1037,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFE552649DB250E35" box="[421,529,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Liosphex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is unique among all genera of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390C1C0CFC772649DD510E34" box="[903,1125,1037,1063]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhopalosomatidae</taxonomicName>
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in the combination of the following characters: occipital carina absent (present in all other extant genera); ocelli of moderate size, OOD 1.8–2.6× LOD (
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<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFEAD261CD8F90E61" box="[349,461,1112,1138]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
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; the ocelli of the brachypterous genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390C1C0CFC48261CDD380E62" box="[952,1036,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Olixon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFC48261CDD380E62" box="[952,1036,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Olixon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are markedly reduced in size or lacking, in the other two fully winged genera the ocelli are large, except in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390C1C0CFBCF2639DC760E85" box="[1087,1346,1149,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Paniscomima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seyrigi">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFBCF2639DC760E85" box="[1087,1346,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paniscomima seyrigi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); inner margin of compound eye with a deep notch above the antennal socket, the dorsal margin of the notch is extremely shorter than the ventral margin (
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<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFD62268CDBED0EF1" box="[658,729,1224,1250]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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; the inner eye margin of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390C1C0CFBF5268CDD610EF2" box="[1029,1109,1224,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Olixon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFBF5268CDD610EF2" box="[1029,1109,1224,1249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Olixon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is straight, in the other two genera the margins of the eye notch are more or less of equal length).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30026F6390C1C0AFF342756DDC50E1F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA5757D390C1C0CFF342756D81F0C6F" blockId="3.[151,1437,1037,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B96EA96F390C1C0CFF342756DB270F3F" bold="true" box="[196,531,1298,1324]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description of the female.</emphasis>
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Head (
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<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFD9D2756DBE90F3F" box="[621,733,1298,1324]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
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): Maximum width in frontal view
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<quantity id="4CE2D898390C1C0CFB762756DC290F3F" box="[1158,1309,1298,1324]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1.7" valueMax="1.9" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.9 mm</quantity>
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. Inner eye margin with deep scalene notch above torulus (
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<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFD3B277CDA210F41" box="[715,789,1336,1362]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Ventral margin of eye almost reaching clypeus. UID 1.05–1.8× as long as LID. MOD almost of same size as LOD. OOD 1.8–2.6× LOD. Vertex with impression laterally of hind ocellus. Frons with slight median longitudinal impression (
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<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFBFE27C6DD670F8F" box="[1038,1107,1410,1436]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Ventral margin of clypeus slightly concave (
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<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFE9627ECD89A0FD1" box="[358,430,1448,1474]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Mandible with four teeth, most inner tooth very small but clearly present. Occipital carina absent. Outer region of occiput convex, inner area concave. Apex of flagellomeres I–V with two bristles each (in some specimens also on further flagellomeres), outer bristle longer than inner bristle. Head covered with dense, short setae, which are longer on clypeus and lacking on occiput. Apical section of mandible with long setae. Article II of labial palpus with one thick long bristle, article and bristle almost of same length.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA5757D390C1C0CFF3424CCDC6A0D24" blockId="3.[151,1437,1037,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Mesosoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFEA724CCD8D00CB1" box="[343,484,1672,1698]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="8.[151,276,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,381,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[206,1381,381,1820]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 8: forewing cell 1 Rs; 13: mesosoma in lateral view (showing the distribution of setae). Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ. 9: forewing cell 1 Rs; 11 & 12: mesosoma in lateral view; general morphology (11) and showing the distribution of setae (12). Liosphex varius Ƥ. 10: forewing cell 1 Rs. Abbreviations: al: anal lobe, bh: basal hamuli, ep: endophragmal pit, es: epistrnal scrobe, hpl: humural plate, jl: jugal lobe, msc: mesoscutum, mn: metanotum, msl: mesosternal lobe, msm: mesepimeron, mss: mesepisternum, mtm: metepimeron, mts: metepisternum, pn: pronotum, prl: pronotal lobe, ps: parapsidal sulcus, sp: spiracle, st: streptaulus, tg: tegula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 11–13</figureCitation>
|
||
): Maximum length
|
||
<quantity id="4CE2D898390C1C0CFD2324CCDA5D0CB1" box="[723,873,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8499999999999996" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="2.8499999999999996" valueMax="3.3" valueMin="2.4">2.4–3.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Pronotum with collar and streptaulus. Ventral margin of pronotum with acute angle. Posterior margin of pronotum strongly concave and weakly sclerotized. Parapsidialsulcus present. Transition between mesoscutum and scutellum regular without any cavity. Scutellum in dorsal view trapezoidal, its posterior margin weakly rounded. Metanotum wider than long, with posterior transverse, membraneous section. Metepimeron triangular, its posterior angle slightly rounded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390C1C0BFF342506DB910AC4" blockId="3.[151,1437,1037,2034]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,215]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Forewing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFEB62506D8D60D4F" box="[326,482,1858,1884]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStart-1="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId-0="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,276,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox-0="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetBox-1="[206,1380,381,1820]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[206,1381,381,1820]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." captionText-1="FIGURES 8 – 13. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 8: forewing cell 1 Rs; 13: mesosoma in lateral view (showing the distribution of setae). Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ. 9: forewing cell 1 Rs; 11 & 12: mesosoma in lateral view; general morphology (11) and showing the distribution of setae (12). Liosphex varius Ƥ. 10: forewing cell 1 Rs. Abbreviations: al: anal lobe, bh: basal hamuli, ep: endophragmal pit, es: epistrnal scrobe, hpl: humural plate, jl: jugal lobe, msc: mesoscutum, mn: metanotum, msl: mesosternal lobe, msm: mesepimeron, mss: mesepisternum, mtm: metepimeron, mts: metepisternum, pn: pronotum, prl: pronotal lobe, ps: parapsidal sulcus, sp: spiracle, st: streptaulus, tg: tegula." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/193733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 3, 5–10</figureCitation>
|
||
): Maximum length 5.5–9.0 mm. Forewing with eight (in some specimens nine) enclosed cells (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFEB9252CD8A40D91" box="[329,400,1896,1922]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
): costal (C) narrow at base and slightly wider at distal section but over complete distance narrower than bordering veins, radial (R), first cubital (1 Cu), second cubital (2 Cu) apically not completely enclosed by a tubular vein, first median (1M), first radial 1 (1R1), first radial 2 (2 R1), and first radial sector (1Rs). Some specimens with additional cell present at distal apex of 1M (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132169F8390C1C0CFBED259CDD5C0DE1" box="[1053,1128,2008,2034]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; named 1M-a within this work). At least anterodistal part of forewing slightly infuscate. Wing membrane covered and ventral margin rendered with short, evenly distributed setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6525F5390B1C0BFF672482D8470D98" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390B1C0BFF672482D8470D98" blockId="4.[151,1436,1734,1931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390B1C0BFF672482D8730CCD" bold="true" box="[151,327,1734,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURES 1–7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390B1C0BFEBF2483DB3C0CCD" box="[335,520,1735,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390B1C0BFEBF2483DB3C0CCD" box="[335,520,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Liosphex atratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390B1C0BFDFF2482DB5C0CCD" bold="true" box="[527,616,1734,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25D1414390B1C0BFDFF2482DB5C0CCD" box="[527,616,1734,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390B1C0BFED324AED8E60D12" box="[291,466,1770,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boreus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390B1C0BFED324AED8E60D12" box="[291,466,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Liosphex boreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390B1C0BFE2724AFDB100D13" bold="true" box="[471,548,1771,1792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25D1414390B1C0BFE2724AFDB100D13" box="[471,548,1771,1792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390B1C0BFACC24AED8000D30" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trichopleurum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390B1C0BFACC24AED8000D30" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Liosphex trichopleurum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1Rs: height of 1Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1Rs: length of 1Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF3422DCD86A0BCF" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Hindwing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132169F8390A1C0AFEBF22DCD8A90AA1" box="[335,413,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1734,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1380,271,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[206,1381,271,1710]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Liosphex atratus sp. nov. Ƥ (indicating points of measurements). 1: head in dorsal view; 2: head in frontal view. Liosphex boreus sp. nov. Ƥ. 3: forewing; 4: hindwing; 5 details of forewing; 6: details of forewing. Liosphex trichopleurum Ƥ. 7: shape of m-cu. Abbreviations. cl: clypeus, e: eye, H 1 Rs: height of 1 Rs, IOD: distance between lateral ocelli, lb: labrum, LID: lower interorbital distance, LOD: diameter of lateral ocellus, L 1 Rs: length of 1 Rs, mb: mandible, MOD: diameter of median ocellus, OOD: ocular-ocellar distance, sp: subantennal plate, t: torulus, UID: upper interorbital distance." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193732/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
): With two complete cells: R and Cu, Costal cell only present as membranous area anterior to Sc+R but not enclosed by C. Jugal and anal lobe present. Anal lobe more than twice as long as jugal lobe. Sc+R tubular and pigmented, at its basal two thirds fused with C. R tubular on its basal section as long as with distal hamuli. Rs tubular, straight and reclivous at basal section, distal section not tubular but markedly pigmented. M+Cu tubular and pigmented from base to intersection of M, distally not tubular but markedly pigmented. Distal section of M only present as slightly pigmented remnant. Cu-a tubular but not pigmented. Basal hamuli straight, their length continuously increasing distad. Distal hamuli curved, hookshaped; similar in size and form. Wing membrane covered and ventral margin rendered with short regularly distributed setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF3423ACDB650861" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Legs: Posterolateral margin of coxae with a few long bristles. Forefemur swollen and slightly concave on anterior side. Dorsal side of femura, anterior side of tibiae and hindbasitarsus with thick bristles. Tarsomeres II–V flattened, with dense erect setae on ventral side. Tarsomeres II–IV slightly narrowed, tarsomere V parallel sided and with large aroleum.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF342039DB7508AF" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Metasoma: Tergite I 1.2–2.3× as long as wide, with posterior median impression. Posterior margin of sternum V concave. Sting upcurved.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF34208CDA1B0914" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Color: Variable, ranging from stramineous or pale brown species with black markings to almost black species with whitish, orange or reddish brown markings.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF342156DAF4093F" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" box="[196,960,786,812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFF342156D8D9093F" bold="true" box="[196,493,786,812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description of the male.</emphasis>
|
||
As in females except for the following:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF34217CDD510964" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Head: Maximum width in frontal view 1.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CE2D898390A1C0AFD14217CDA730941" box="[740,839,824,850]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Apical bristles on flagellomeres shorter than in females, longer bristle on flagellomere I not longer than 0.65× flagellomere length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF3421C6DDFB09D1" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Mesosoma: Maximum length
|
||
<quantity id="4CE2D898390A1C0AFDC021C6DBF2098F" box="[560,710,898,924]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Forefemur not swollen. Tarsomeres rounded, not flattened. Plantulae at least present on tarsomeres II–IV. Tarsal claws bifurcated, aroleum rather small.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF342189DA2209F4" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" box="[196,790,973,999]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Wings: Maximum length of forewing 4.0–7.0 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF3421B6DDC50E1F" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" box="[196,1265,1010,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Metasoma: Posterior margin of sternite VII with row of thick bristles. Parameres upcurved.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30026F6390A1C0AFF342653D80B0CC1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF342653DBD90F01" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFF342653D8560E22" bold="true" box="[196,354,1047,1073]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132169F8390A1C0AFE83265CDB350E21" box="[371,513,1048,1074]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 69" captionStart-1="FIGURE 70" captionStart-2="FIGURE 71" captionStart-3="FIGURE 72" captionStartId-0="37.[151,255,1877,1901]" captionStartId-1="38.[151,258,1972,1996]" captionStartId-2="39.[151,255,895,919]" captionStartId-3="39.[151,262,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox-0="[259,1346,562,1837]" captionTargetBox-1="[255,1344,959,1941]" captionTargetBox-2="[243,1353,199,864]" captionTargetBox-3="[219,1368,1037,1957]" captionTargetId-0="figure@37.[240,1347,559,1884]" captionTargetId-1="figure@38.[240,1346,957,1949]" captionTargetId-2="figure@39.[234,1354,197,872]" captionTargetId-3="figure@39.[212,1369,1034,1965]" captionTargetPageId-0="37" captionTargetPageId-1="38" captionTargetPageId-2="39" captionTargetPageId-3="39" captionText-0="FIGURE 69. Partial map of North and Mesoamerica showing the collecting localities of L. atratus, L. boreus, L. darien, L. maleku and L. varius." captionText-1="FIGURE 70. Map of Meso- and northern parts of South America showing the collecting localities of L. achuar, L. bribri, L. longicornis and L. quechua." captionText-2="FIGURE 71. Partial map of South America showing the collecting localities of L. guanabara, L. guarani, L. micropterus and L. tupi." captionText-3="FIGURE 72. Map of Borneo and parts of southern Philippines showing the collecting localities of Liosphex trichopleurum." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/193749/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/193750/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/193751/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/193752/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 69–72</figureCitation>
|
||
). The genus is only known from two islands in Southeast Asia (Borneo and Mindanao) and the New World, where the distribution ranges from southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFB862679DD860E44" box="[1142,1202,1085,1111]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFAA22679DCA90E44" box="[1362,1437,1085,1111]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFF6F2626D9DF0E6F" box="[159,235,1122,1148]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFF082626D8440E6F" box="[248,368,1122,1148]" name="Colombia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFE8C2626DB340E6F" box="[380,512,1122,1148]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFDFD2626DB450E6F" box="[525,625,1122,1148]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, El Slavador,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFCE72626DA400E6F" box="[791,884,1122,1148]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFC712626DAD50E6F" box="[897,993,1122,1148]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFC1E2626DD690E6F" box="[1006,1117,1122,1148]" name="Paraguay" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFB992626DDAB0E6F" box="[1129,1183,1122,1148]" name="Peru" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFB2A2626DC210E6F" box="[1242,1301,1122,1148]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFDB326CCDBD00EB1" author="Townes" box="[579,740,1160,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refString="Townes, H. (1977) A revision of the Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 15 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1977">Townes 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFD0026CCDA4F0EB1" author="Gauld" box="[752,891,1160,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="Gauld, I. D. (1995) Rhopalosomatidae (Chapter 14.6). In: Hanson, P. E. & Gauld I. D. (eds.): The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995." type="book chapter" year="1995">Gauld 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFC7726CCDD730EB1" author="MacGown" box="[903,1095,1160,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="MacGown, M. (1998) Mississippi Hymenopterist 1: Rhopalosomatidae of Mississippi. (accessed: September 10 th, 2009). http: // www. entomology. msstate. edu / resources / other-links / matt / mshyms / rhopalo-ms. html" type="journal article" year="1998">MacGown 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFBA326CCDDCC0EB1" author="Guidotti" box="[1107,1272,1160,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="Guidotti, A. E. (1999) Systematics of little known parasitic wasps of the family Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea). M. Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto, Canada. x + 124 pp." type="book" year="1999">Guidotti 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFAF426CCD8B40ED4" author="Fernandez" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="Fernandez, F. & Sarmiento-M., C. E. (2002) A new species of Olixon Cameron and two new records of Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera) from Colombia. Journal of the New York Entomological Soc iety, 110 (3 - 4), 365 - 369." type="journal article" year="2002">Fernández & Sarmiento-M. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFE7C26E9DB1A0ED4" author="Cambra" box="[396,558,1197,1223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" refString="Cambra, T. (2005) Nuevos registros de avispas Apoidea y Vespoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) para Panama. Tecnociencia, 7 (2), 95 - 108." type="journal article" year="2005">Cambra 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFDCA26E9DA220ED4" author="Pilgrim" box="[570,790,1197,1223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="Pilgrim, E. M., von Dohlen, C. D. & Pitts, J. P. (2008) Molecular phylogenetics of Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies. Zoologica Scripta, 37 (5), 539 - 560." type="journal article" year="2008">Pilgrim et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFCA026E9DD570ED4" author="Lohrmann" box="[848,1123,1197,1223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="Lohrmann, V. & Ohl, M. (2009) Taxonomie und Biogeographie der Wespen-Gattung Liosphex (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae) - Wie variabel ist Liosphex varius? Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie, 17, 277 - 280." type="journal article" year="2009">Lohrmann & Ohl 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this study,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFAE726E9DCB50ED5" box="[1303,1409,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFAE726E9DCB50ED5" box="[1303,1409,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Liosphex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recorded from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFEB52696D88E0EFF" box="[325,442,1234,1260]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
for the first time. Kentucky, a new state record of the genus in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFB3C2696DC3E0EFF" box="[1228,1290,1234,1260]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is shown to be the most northern distribution limit of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFD8C26BCDBD20F02" box="[636,742,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFD8C26BCDBD20F02" box="[636,742,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Liosphex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA5757D390A1C0AFF342759D80B0CC1" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFF342759D8580F24" bold="true" box="[196,364,1309,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Life History.</emphasis>
|
||
Almost nothing is known about the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFC302759DD040F25" box="[960,1072,1309,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFC302759DD040F25" box="[960,1072,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Liosphex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Since species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFAE32759DC530F25" box="[1299,1383,1309,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Olixon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFAE32759DC530F25" box="[1299,1383,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Olixon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFF672707D80C0F4F" box="[151,312,1347,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Rhopalosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFF672707D80C0F4F" box="[151,312,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rhopalosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are evidently ectoparasitoids of crickets (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFCEF2706DA890F4F" author="Perkins" box="[799,957,1346,1372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="Perkins, R. C. L. (1908) Some remarkable Australian Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2 (1), 27 - 35." type="journal article" year="1908">Perkins 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFC392706DD7B0F4F" author="Hood" box="[969,1103,1346,1372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="Hood, J. D. (1913) Notes on the life history of Rhopalosoma poeyi Cresson. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 15, 145 - 148." type="journal article" year="1913">Hood 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFBAB2706DDC30F4F" author="Gurney" box="[1115,1271,1346,1372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="Gurney, A. B. (1953) Notes on the biology and Immature stages of a cricket parasite of the genus Rhopalosoma. Proceedings of the United National Museum, 103, 19 - 34." type="journal article" year="1953">Gurney 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFAF32706D8210F91" author="Alexander" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" refString="Alexander, R. D. & Otte, D. (1967) Cannibalism during copulation in the brown bush cricket Hapithus agitator (Gryllidae). The Florida Entomologist, 50 (2), 79 - 87." type="journal article" year="1967">Alexander & Otte 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B088C390A1C0AFED2272CD8FF0F91" author="Freytag" box="[290,459,1384,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" refString="Freytag, P. (1984) Rhopalosoma nearctium Brues in Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 45 (1 - 2), 74 - 75." type="journal article" year="1984">Freytag 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this life mode is also suspected to be present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFBC6272CDD910F92" box="[1078,1189,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFBC6272CDD910F92" box="[1078,1189,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Liosphex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is only little information given on the data label on the habitat of the investigated specimens. Most of the more than
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CBEF4390A1C0AFA9F27C9D8210FDF" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">150 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFECF27F7D89F0FDF" box="[319,427,1459,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFECF27F7D89F0FDF" box="[319,427,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. varius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been collected in ravine hard- or mixed woods whereas some have also been caught in a regrown oak forest (eight specimens), in rosemary/turkey oak stands (one specimen) or spine/oak scrubs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFF0327B9D88D0C05" box="[243,441,1533,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boreus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFF0327B9D88D0C05" box="[243,441,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Liosphex boreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been collected in an oak-hickory forest whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFBCC27B9DD960C05" box="[1084,1186,1533,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bribri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFBCC27B9DD960C05" box="[1084,1186,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. bribri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported with one specimen from rainforest. Most specimens have been collected in Malaise traps, only a few with black- and sunlight lamps. This fact and the nocturnal life style of their suspected hosts may indicate that at least some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFEE22429D8480C95" box="[274,380,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFEE22429D8480C95" box="[274,380,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Liosphex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are nocturnal, as suspected for other rhopalosomatid genera. Some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A0EFE390A1C0AFAC22429DCA80C95" box="[1330,1436,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EA96F390A1C0AFAC22429DCA80C95" box="[1330,1436,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Liosphex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are recorded from up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE2D898390A1C0AFE4624D6DB330CBF" box="[438,519,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="3350.0">3350m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CE2D898390A1C0AFDE724D6DB480CBF" box="[535,636,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3528" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="ft" value="11.0">11.000ft</quantity>
|
||
) in the highlands of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D35ED390A1C0AFC4D24D6DD230CBF" box="[957,1047,1682,1708]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
but most of the records are from below
|
||
<quantity id="4CE2D898390A1C0AFF1624FCD80F0CC1" box="[230,315,1720,1746]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |