treatments-xml/data/F4/6C/ED/F46CEDA4F4125DFB9AD04CAD6E0AF58D.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1037.63017" ID-GBIF-Dataset="840508c3-11dc-4fcc-9d1e-6dbe02aab909" ID-PMC="PMC8137637" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1037-23" ID-Pensoft-UUID="5EA04FA7F44F5D2E9DF4F11233DF44D9" ID-PubMed="34045916" ID-ZooBank="4BB4E90C0EB847D6B5AFC6F5E954140F" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1037-23" checkinTime="1620977036809" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wetzer, Regina, Wall, Adam &amp; Bruce, Niel L." docDate="2021" docId="F46CEDA4F4125DFB9AD04CAD6E0AF58D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1037: 23-56" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1037" docPubDate="2021-05-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1037.63017" docTitle="Gnorimosphaeroma Menzies 1954" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="5EA04FA7F44F5D2E9DF4F11233DF44D9" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="5EA04FA7F44F5D2E9DF4F11233DF44D9" masterDocTitle="Redescription of Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense (Dana, 1853) (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae), designation of neotype, and 16 S-rDNA molecular phylogeny of the north-eastern Pacific species" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1668150262628" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Redescription of Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense (Dana, 1853) (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae), designation of neotype, and 16 S-rDNA molecular phylogeny of the north-eastern Pacific species</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wetzer, Regina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2674-5150</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Research and Collections Branch, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rwetzer@nhm.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wall, Adam</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Research and Collections Branch, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bruce, Niel L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia &amp; North-West University, Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Private Bag C 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-05-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1037</mods:number>
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<mods:start>23</mods:start>
<mods:end>56</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1037.63017</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182069443" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F46CEDA4F4125DFB9AD04CAD6E0AF58D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F46CEDA4F4125DFB9AD04CAD6E0AF58D" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName LSID="F46CEDA4-F412-5DFB-9AD0-4CAD6E0AF58D" authority="Menzies, 1954" authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gnorimosphaeroma Menzies, 1954</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="order">Isopoda</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sphaeromatidea">Sphaeromatidea</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" family="Sphaeromatoidea" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="family">Sphaeromatoidea</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" family="Sphaeromatidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="family">Sphaeromatidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gnorimosphaeroma</taxonomicName>
Menzies, 1954: 5; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kussakin, OG" journalOrPublisher="National Academy of Sciences, USSR, Zoology [Opredeliteli po Faune SSR, Akademiya Nauk, SSSR]" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 470" refId="B30" refString="Kussakin, OG, 1979. Marine and brackish-water Isopoda of cold and temperate (boreal) waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Part 1. Flabellifera, Valvifera, and Tyloidea). National Academy of Sciences, USSR, Zoology [Opredeliteli po Faune SSR, Akademiya Nauk, SSSR] 122: 1 - 470" title="Marine and brackish-water Isopoda of cold and temperate (boreal) waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Part 1. Flabellifera, Valvifera, and Tyloidea)." volume="122" year="1979">Kussakin 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 406; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9910915" author="Harrison, K" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="915 - 952" refId="B20" refString="Harrison, K, Ellis, JP, 1991. The genera of the Sphaeromatidae (Crustacea: Isopoda): a key and distribution list. Invertebrate Taxonomy 5: 915 - 952, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9910915" title="The genera of the Sphaeromatidae (Crustacea: Isopoda): a key and distribution list." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9910915" volume="5" year="1991">Harrison and Ellis 1991</bibRefCitation>
: 939.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nunomura" authorityYear="1988" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Nishimuraia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nishimuraia" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nishimuraia</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1988: 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dana" authorityYear="1853" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Spheroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spheroma oregonensis" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oregonensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Spheroma oregonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dana, 1853; now 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dana" baseAuthorityYear="1853" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oregonense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dana, 1853); by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Body</emphasis>
vaulted, dorsal surfaces smooth or polished in appearance, without setae. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Eyes</emphasis>
lateral, simple, without posterior lobe. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pleon</emphasis>
consisting of 4 visible segments (as determined by lateral sutures), sutures (except first) long extending from lateral margin, separated medially by 24-28% pleon width; pleonite 1 entire, posterior margin even, narrower than remainder of pleon, not extending to pleon lateral margins. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pleotelson</emphasis>
vaulted, anteriorly as wide as pleon, without dorsal process; posterior margin entire, simple, arcuate. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Maxilliped</emphasis>
palp articles 2-4 medial margins lobate, article 2 not expanded. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Penial processes</emphasis>
entirely separate, basally close set, short (not extending beyond pleopod peduncles). 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Uropod</emphasis>
rami lamellar, similar in size, exopod shorter than endopod, inserted near anterolateral angle of peduncle; endopod lateral margin simple, finely serrate or smooth, distally broadly rounded; both rami distally broadly rounded or narrowly rounded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Body</emphasis>
vaulted, dorsal surfaces smooth or polished in appearance, without setae; coxal and other margins smooth, with ability to conglobate; not or weakly sexually dimorphic. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Head</emphasis>
with rostral point present, dorsally visible, simple, not separating antennular bases; without paired incisions in front of eyes, lateral margins not laterally extended to body outline (antennules more or less ventral). 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Eyes</emphasis>
lateral, simple. Pereonite 1 lateral margins not anteriorly produced, not laterally enclosing head, pereonites 2-7 with posterior margin not raised, pereonite 1 anteriorly with keys. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Sternite 1</emphasis>
without cuticular mesial extensions. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pereonite 6</emphasis>
simple, without bosses, processes or marginal extensions. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pereonite 7</emphasis>
as wide as pereonite 6, forming part of body outline, dorsally without bosses, processes, or marginal extensions. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Coxae</emphasis>
distally narrow, those of pereonites 2-7 overlapping the one behind, rounded, with ventral 'lock and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="key’">key'</normalizedToken>
processes, with grooved articulation; those of pereonite 6 not large, not overlapping those of pereonite 7. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pleon</emphasis>
consisting of 4 visible segments (as determined by lateral sutures); pleonite 1 entire, posterior margin even, narrower than remainder of pleon, not extending to pleon lateral margins; sutures (except first) running to lateral margin, all separate, sutures long (separated medially by 24-28% pleon width); pleonal sternite absent; dorsal surface without process; posterior margin even, with 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘keys’">'keys'</normalizedToken>
. Pleonite 5 posterior margin entire (not fused with pleotelson). 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pleotelson</emphasis>
vaulted, anteriorly as wide as pleon, without dorsal process; posterior margin entire, simple, arcuate; ventrolateral margins forming ridge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Marsupium</emphasis>
formed from four pairs of oostegites, arising from pereonites 1-4; anterior pocket absent, posterior pocket absent, oostegites overlapping at mid-line (except 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Antennule</emphasis>
peduncle with basal articles medially not in contact, 1 and 2 robust, article 3 slender; article 1 not produced, without anterior lobe; article 2 approximately 0.5 as long as article 1; with articles 2 and 3 colinear, article 3 longer than article 2; article(s) not flattened; flagellum shorter than peduncle, longer than peduncular article 3. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Antenna</emphasis>
peduncle articles all colinear (or curving regularly), less robust than antennule, peduncular articles all of similar thickness.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Epistome</emphasis>
anteriorly narrow, with median weak constriction, anteriorly flush with head, not projecting; elongate. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Mandible</emphasis>
incisor wide, 4-cuspid; lacinia mobilis present; spine row normal; present, molar process gnathal surface with transverse ridges, rounded. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Maxillula</emphasis>
lateral lobe robust setae with some or all serrate, mesial lobe with major robust setae, these setae being heavily serrate. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Maxilla</emphasis>
with setae on middle and lateral lobes serrate. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Maxilliped</emphasis>
palp articles 2-4 medial margins lobate, article 2 not expanded; endite distal margin rounded, anteromesial (upper) marginal ridge without long curved serrate robust setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Mouthparts of female</emphasis>
not metamorphosed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pereopod 1</emphasis>
ambulatory; dactylus secondary unguis short, robust, simple; setae on superodistal corner of merus only very long. Pereopod 2 similar in proportion to pereopod 3; dactylus with secondary unguis simple, short and stout. Pereopods 3-7 dactylus with secondary unguis simple. Pereopods with inferior margins of ischium to carpus without dense setulose fringe, ischium superior margin without sinuate acute robust seta, pereopods 1-3 or 4 ischium superior margin with few long stiff slender setae. Pereopods 1 (or 1-3), inferior margins of merus, carpus and propodus palm pereopod 1 only with robust setae on propodus inferior margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Penial processes</emphasis>
entirely separate, basally close set, short (not extending beyond pleopod peduncles), widest near base, apex bluntly rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pleopod 1</emphasis>
rami not operculate; exopod lamellar; rami exopod with longitudinal axis weakly oblique; endopod of similar proportions to exopod, mesial margin lamellar, distally triangular, endopod proximomedial heel absent; exopod distally rounded or distally subtruncate or truncate, exopod distal margins not serrate. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pleopod 2</emphasis>
endopod ca. as long as exopod; exopod distal margins not deeply serrate; appendix masculina inserted basally, with straight margins, distally abruptly narrowed, longer than and extending beyond endopod (1.14 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as endopod), distally narrowly rounded. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pleopod 3</emphasis>
exopod transverse suture present, endopod of similar proportions to exopod. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pleopod 4</emphasis>
rami with PMS; exopod transverse suture present, incomplete, thickened transverse ridges absent, lateral margin not thickened, with short simple marginal setae; endopod thickened transverse ridges absent; mesial margin without deep distal notch; endopod without proximomedial lobe. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pleopod 5</emphasis>
exopod transverse suture present, entire, thickened transverse ridges absent, lateral margin with short simple setae, lateral margin not thickened, with 3 discrete scale patches; scale patches flush or weakly domed; endopod with thickened transverse ridges absent, endopod without proximomedial lobe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Uropod</emphasis>
rami not strongly flattened, not forming part of continuous body outline; exopod shorter in length than endopod, exopod lamellar, inserted near anterolateral angle of peduncle-endopod, lateral margin simple, finely serrate or smooth, distally broadly rounded; endopod lamellar, distally broadly rounded or narrowly rounded. Uropod endopods not in contact posteriorly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in a general sense quite unremarkable in appearance, with no species showing any sort of dorsal ornamentation of tubercles, processes, or pereonal and pleonal ridges that characterize so many genera of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" family="Sphaeromatidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="family">Sphaeromatidae</taxonomicName>
. As such, there is a lack of readily obvious characters by which to identify the genus. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on morphological criteria, is most similar to the genera 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sket &amp; Bruce" authorityYear="2004" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Bilistra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bilistra" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Bilistra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sket &amp; Bruce, 2004, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stebbing" authorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Exosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Stebbing, 1900, 
<taxonomicName class="Crustacea" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Lekanesphaera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lekanesphaera" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Lekanesphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Verhoeff, 1943, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1926" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Neosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Neosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Baker, 1926 and 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Sphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Sphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bosc, 1802. The latter three genera can be differentiated from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the first instance by having the uropodal exopod lateral margin with one or more serrations or notches (among other characters).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stebbing" authorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Exosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a large genus with 40 species at the last count (
<bibRefCitation author="Boyko, CB" journalOrPublisher="Deterville, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" publicationUrl="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1264222" refId="B7" refString="Boyko, CB, Bruce, NL, Hadfield, KA, Merrin, KL, Ota, Y, Poore, GCB, Taiti, S, Schotte, M, Wilson, GDF, 2008. World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database. Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense (Dana, 1853). http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1264222" title="World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database. Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense (Dana, 1853)." url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1264222" year="2008">Boyko et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
) that, as presently constituted, contains both smooth bodied species as well as some with coarsely pitted or ridged dorsal surfaces (e.g., see 
<bibRefCitation author="Kensley, B" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the South African Museum, Cape Town" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="B27" refString="Kensley, B, 1978. Guide to the Marine Isopods of Southern Africa. Trustees of the South African Museum, Cape Town" title="Guide to the Marine Isopods of Southern Africa." year="1978">Kensley 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Espinosa-Perez, MC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="640 - 648" refId="B16" refString="Espinosa-Perez, MC, Hendrickx, ME, 2001. A new species of Exosphaeroma Stebbing (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 (3): 640 - 648" title="A new species of Exosphaeroma Stebbing (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico." volume="114" year="2001">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espinosa-Pérez">Espinosa-Perez</normalizedToken>
and Hendrickx 2001
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.28" author="Bruce, NL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of Museum Victoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="309 - 369" refId="B9" refString="Bruce, NL, 2003. New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60 (2): 309 - 369, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.28" title="New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters." url="https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.28" volume="60" year="2003">Bruce 2003</bibRefCitation>
), and also species with greatly enlarged uropodal rami (e.g., see 
<bibRefCitation author="Kensley, B" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the South African Museum, Cape Town" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="B27" refString="Kensley, B, 1978. Guide to the Marine Isopods of Southern Africa. Trustees of the South African Museum, Cape Town" title="Guide to the Marine Isopods of Southern Africa." year="1978">Kensley 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.28" author="Bruce, NL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of Museum Victoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="309 - 369" refId="B9" refString="Bruce, NL, 2003. New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60 (2): 309 - 369, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.28" title="New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters." url="https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.28" volume="60" year="2003">Bruce 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.504.8049" author="Wall, AR" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="11 - 58" refId="B52" refString="Wall, AR, Bruce, NL, Wetzer, R, 2015. Status of Exosphaeroma amplicauda (Stimpson, 1857), E. aphrodita (Boone, 1923) and description of three new species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from the north-eastern Pacific. ZooKeys 504: 11 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.504.8049" title="Status of Exosphaeroma amplicauda (Stimpson, 1857), E. aphrodita (Boone, 1923) and description of three new species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from the north-eastern Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.504.8049" volume="504" year="2015">Wall et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Some of the smooth-bodied species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stebbing" authorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Exosphaeroma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Exosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are superficially similar to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but can be distinguished by the pleonal sutures running to the posterior margin (to the free lateral margin in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), as well as pleonite 1 having two flat sub-median lobes on the posterior margin (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.28" author="Bruce, NL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of Museum Victoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="309 - 369" refId="B9" refString="Bruce, NL, 2003. New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60 (2): 309 - 369, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.28" title="New genera and species of sphaeromatid isopod crustaceans from Australian marine coastal waters." url="https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.28" volume="60" year="2003">Bruce 2003</bibRefCitation>
: figs 14E, 18F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sket &amp; Bruce" authorityYear="2004" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Bilistra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bilistra" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Bilistra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar in gross morphology and also occupies coastal freshwater habitats. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sket &amp; Bruce" authorityYear="2004" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Bilistra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bilistra" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Bilistra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a far shorter uropodal exopod (ca. half as long as endopod), shorter pleonal sutures that run to the pleon posterior margin (not lateral margin); the inferior margins of pereopods ischium or merus to propodus have a dense setulose (fur-like) fringe while the superior margins lack long setae altogether. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sket &amp; Bruce" authorityYear="2004" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Bilistra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bilistra" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Bilistra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is presently restricted to New Zealand, but there is also one species in South Africa, from supralittoral brackish pools and tidal streams that is currently classified as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Monod" authorityYear="1931" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Pseudosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudosphaeroma barnardi" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barnardi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Pseudosphaeroma barnardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Monod, 1931 that is in need of redescription and formal reassignment to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sket &amp; Bruce" authorityYear="2004" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Bilistra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bilistra" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Bilistra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NLB, pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pereopod setation is inconsistently illustrated, even within species, despite being a potentially significant character. The redescription given here, and figures of 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5134/175891" author="Hoestlandt, H" journalOrPublisher="Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences, serie D" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="B22" refString="Hoestlandt, H, 1975. Occurrences of the IsopodaFlabelliferaGnorimosphaeroma rayi Hoestlandt on the coast of Japan, eastern Siberia and Hawaii, with a brief note on its genetic polychromatism. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 22(1/4): 31-46. https://doi.org/10.5134/175891" title="Occurrences of the IsopodaFlabelliferaGnorimosphaeroma rayi Hoestlandt on the coast of Japan, eastern Siberia and Hawaii, with a brief note on its genetic polychromatism. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 22 (1 / 4): 31 - 46." url="https://doi.org/10.5134/175891" year="1975">Hoestlandt (1975)</bibRefCitation>
show long setae on the superior or superodistal margin of the merus and long setae on the inferior margin of the ischium and merus. Such setae were not mentioned or figured in 
<bibRefCitation author="Menzies, RJ" journalOrPublisher="American Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B33" refString="Menzies, RJ, 1954. A review of the systematics and ecology of the genus &quot; Exosphaeroma,&quot; with the description of a new genus, a new species, and new subspecies (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae). American Novitates 1683: 1 - 24" title="A review of the systematics and ecology of the genus &quot; Exosphaeroma, &quot; with the description of a new genus, a new species, and new subspecies (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae)." volume="1683" year="1954">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Menzies’">Menzies'</normalizedToken>
(1954)
</bibRefCitation>
genus diagnosis or species descriptions. Such setae are also apparently absent from all northwestern species (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5134/175891" author="Hoestlandt, H" journalOrPublisher="Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences, serie D" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" refId="B22" refString="Hoestlandt, H, 1975. Occurrences of the IsopodaFlabelliferaGnorimosphaeroma rayi Hoestlandt on the coast of Japan, eastern Siberia and Hawaii, with a brief note on its genetic polychromatism. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 22(1/4): 31-46. https://doi.org/10.5134/175891" title="Occurrences of the IsopodaFlabelliferaGnorimosphaeroma rayi Hoestlandt on the coast of Japan, eastern Siberia and Hawaii, with a brief note on its genetic polychromatism. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 22 (1 / 4): 31 - 46." url="https://doi.org/10.5134/175891" year="1975">Hoestlandt 1975</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/156854077X00863" author="Hoestlandt, H" journalOrPublisher="Crustaceana" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="45 - 54" refId="B23" refString="Hoestlandt, H, 1977. Description complementaire de l'isopode flabellifere Gnorimosphaeroma insulare Van Name et synonymie de G. luteum avec cette espece. Crustaceana 32 (1): 45 - 54, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156854077X00863" title="Description complementaire de l'isopode flabellifere Gnorimosphaeroma insulare Van Name et synonymie de G. luteum avec cette espece." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/156854077X00863" volume="32" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kwon, DH" journalOrPublisher="Inje Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="143 - 165" refId="B31" refString="Kwon, DH, Kim, HS, 1985. The systematic study of the family Sphaeromatidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Flabellifera) from Korea. Inje Journal 1 (2): 143 - 165" title="The systematic study of the family Sphaeromatidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Flabellifera) from Korea." volume="1" year="1985">Kwon and Kim 1985</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Nunomura, N" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Toyama Science Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="23 - 54" refId="B38" refString="Nunomura, N, 1998. On the genus Gnorimosphaeroma (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) in Japan with descriptions of six new species. Bulletin of the Toyama Science Museum 21: 23 - 54" title="On the genus Gnorimosphaeroma (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) in Japan with descriptions of six new species." volume="21" year="1998">Nunomura 1998</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Nunomura, N" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Toyama Science Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 5" refId="B39" refString="Nunomura, N, 1999a. A new species of the genus Gnorimosphaeroma (Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from the mouth of Tonda River, Kii Peninsula, southern Japan. Bulletin of the Toyama Science Museum 22: 1 - 5" title="A new species of the genus Gnorimosphaeroma (Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from the mouth of Tonda River, Kii Peninsula, southern Japan." volume="22" year="1999 a">1999a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Nunomura, N" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Toyama Science Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="37 - 42" refId="B42" refString="Nunomura, N, 2007. A new species of Gnorimosphaeroma (Crustacea: Isopoda) from a freshwater stream of Izu Peninsula, middle Japan. Bulletin of the Toyama Science Museum 30: 37 - 42" title="A new species of Gnorimosphaeroma (Crustacea: Isopoda) from a freshwater stream of Izu Peninsula, middle Japan." volume="30" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="neotype designation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Neotype designation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
It has been long established that all of 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61409" author="Dana, JD" journalOrPublisher="Sherman, Philadelphia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 685" refId="B13" refString="Dana, JD, 1852. Crustacea. Part I. United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Sherman, Philadelphia 13: 1 - 685, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61409" title="Crustacea. Part I. United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61409" volume="13" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dana’s">Dana's</normalizedToken>
(1852)
</bibRefCitation>
isopod material, and therefore all the type material for the many species of isopod that he named, was lost with the sinking of the ship USS ' 
<taxonomicName genus="Peacock" lsidName="Peacock" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="genus">Peacock</taxonomicName>
' on the bar of the Columbia River in 1841 (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.6.1986.98" author="Bruce, NL" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 239" refId="B8" refString="Bruce, NL, 1986. Cirolanidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum Supplement 6: 1 - 239, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.6.1986.98" title="Cirolanidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Australia." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.6.1986.98" volume="6" year="1986">Bruce 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 220; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00127.x" author="Bruce, NL" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="135 - 232" refId="B10" refString="Bruce, NL, 2004. Reassessment of the isopod crustacean Aega deshaysiana (Milne Edwards, 1840) (Cymothoida: Aegidae) a world-wide complex of 21 species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 135 - 232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00127.x" title="Reassessment of the isopod crustacean Aega deshaysiana (Milne Edwards, 1840) (Cymothoida: Aegidae) a world-wide complex of 21 species." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00127.x" volume="142" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
: 228; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2009.66.5" author="Bruce, NL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of Museum Victoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="35 - 42" refId="B11" refString="Bruce, NL, 2009. A new genus and new species of Sphaeromatidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 66: 35 - 42, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2009.66.5" title="A new genus and new species of Sphaeromatidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia." url="https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2009.66.5" volume="66" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
: 211; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9930197" author="Poore, GCB" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="197 - 278" refId="B46" refString="Poore, GCB, LewTon, HM, 1993. Idoteidae of Australia and New Zealand (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera). Invertebrate Taxonomy 7: 197 - 278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9930197" title="Idoteidae of Australia and New Zealand (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9930197" volume="7" year="1993">Poore and LewTon 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 234). 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dana" baseAuthorityYear="1853" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oregonense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dana, 1853) is one such species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
Species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are uniform in appearance, and to date no assessment has been made of intrinsic variability within species. Some species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur sympatrically and there are many exceedingly similar species. At present few species have been described in full detail. Furthermore, records of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. oregonense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="oregonense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. oregonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are somewhat inconsistent in the details presented and the material is not always available for re-examination, so that it is not always possible to confirm the correct identity of previous records and indeed also on occasion, new material. We consider that designating a neotype is necessary to clearly characterize the identity of this species, to allow for the genus to be precisely diagnosed based on the type species and to permit unambiguous identification and separation from other sympatric congeneric species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<bibRefCitation author="United States Exploring Expedition" journalOrPublisher="Sherman, Philadelphia" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="689 - 1618" refId="B14" refString="United States Exploring Expedition, 1853. Crustacea. Part II. In: During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes. U.S.N.C. Sherman, Philadelphia 14: 689 - 1618" title="Crustacea. Part II." volume="14" volumeTitle="During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes. U. S. N. C." year="1853">Dana (1853)</bibRefCitation>
did not indicate a specific type locality, but stated that the species had been obtained from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Puget’s">&quot;Puget's</normalizedToken>
Sound, Oregon; also, Bay of San Francisco, California&quot;. One may infer that the first mentioned location is the type locality but that remains an inference, and furthermore one cannot be certain that the material consists of only one species, given that there are four species in the region and also that the morphology of purported species apparently changes from low to high latitudes (present study). The neotype has been chosen from specimens collected as near as practically possible to the original type locality, and is now Stanley Park, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="49.294" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="49.294">49.294°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="123.155" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-123.155">123.155°W</geoCoordinate>
(British Columbia, Canada), ca. 150 km north of Puget Sound.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="included species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Included species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nunomura" authorityYear="2005" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma albicauda" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albicauda">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma albicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 2005, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. akanense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="akanense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. akanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1998, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. anchialos" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="anchialos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. anchialos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jang &amp; Kwon, 1993, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. boninense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="boninense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. boninense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura &amp; Satake, 2006, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. chejuense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="chejuense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. chejuense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kim &amp; Kwon, 1988, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. chinense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="chinense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. chinense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tattersall, 1921), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. hachijoense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="hachijoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. hachijoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1999b, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. hoestlandti" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="hoestlandti">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. hoestlandti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kim &amp; Kwon, 1985, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. hokurikuense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="hokurikuense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. hokurikuense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1998, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. insulare" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="insulare">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. insulare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Van Name, 1940), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. iriei" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="iriei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. iriei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1998, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. kurilense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="kurilense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. kurilense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kussakin, 1974, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. naktongense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="naktongense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. naktongense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kwon &amp; Kim, 1987, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. noblei" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="noblei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. noblei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Menzies, 1954, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. oregonense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="oregonense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. oregonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dana, 1853), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. ovatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gurjanova, 1933), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. paradoxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. paradoxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Nunomura, 1988), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. pulchellum" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="pulchellum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. pulchellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1998, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. rayi" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="rayi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. rayi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hoestlandt, 1969, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. rebunense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="rebunense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. rebunense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1998, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. saijoense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="saijoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. saijoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 2013, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. shikinense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="shikinense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. shikinense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1999b, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. tondaense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="tondaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. tondaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1999b, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. trigonocaudum" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="trigonocaudum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. trigonocaudum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 2011, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. tsutshimaense" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="tsutshimaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">G. tsutshimaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nunomura, 1998.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="23" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="23">
The original diagnosis of the genus was provided by 
<bibRefCitation author="Menzies, RJ" journalOrPublisher="American Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B33" refString="Menzies, RJ, 1954. A review of the systematics and ecology of the genus &quot; Exosphaeroma,&quot; with the description of a new genus, a new species, and new subspecies (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae). American Novitates 1683: 1 - 24" title="A review of the systematics and ecology of the genus &quot; Exosphaeroma, &quot; with the description of a new genus, a new species, and new subspecies (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae)." volume="1683" year="1954">Menzies (1954</bibRefCitation>
: 5). A more complete diagnosis of the genus is provided here (see above). 
<bibRefCitation author="Menzies, RJ" journalOrPublisher="American Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 24" refId="B33" refString="Menzies, RJ, 1954. A review of the systematics and ecology of the genus &quot; Exosphaeroma,&quot; with the description of a new genus, a new species, and new subspecies (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae). American Novitates 1683: 1 - 24" title="A review of the systematics and ecology of the genus &quot; Exosphaeroma, &quot; with the description of a new genus, a new species, and new subspecies (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae)." volume="1683" year="1954">Menzies (1954)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1926" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Neosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neosphaeroma pentaspina" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentaspina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Neosphaeroma pentaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Baker, 1926 could possibly be attributed to 
<taxonomicName genus="Gnorimosphaera" lsidName="Gnorimosphaera" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were it to be redescribed, while Harrison and Holdich (1984) indicated some shared characters, notably the pleon suture, but the species is presently considered as 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">incertae sedis</emphasis>
. Smooth-bodied 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1825" family="Sphaeromatidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" rank="family">Sphaeromatidae</taxonomicName>
similar to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are summarized in the genus remarks above and reoccur in several sphaeromatid clades. In their molecular analysis 
<bibRefCitation author="Wetzer, R" journalOrPublisher="Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 30" publicationUrl="https://figshare.com/authors/Regina_Wetzer/5346782" refId="B56" refString="Wetzer, R, Bruce, NL, Perez-Losada, M, 2018. Relationships of the Sphaeromatidae genera (Peracarida: Isopoda) based on 18SrDNA and 16SrDNA genes. Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 76: 1 - 30, https://figshare.com/authors/Regina_Wetzer/5346782" title="Relationships of the Sphaeromatidae genera (Peracarida: Isopoda) based on 18 SrDNA and 16 SrDNA genes." url="https://figshare.com/authors/Regina_Wetzer/5346782" volume="76" year="2018">Wetzer et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that this a plesiomorphic trait and that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1926" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Neosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Neosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is basal to or nested within the 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Cymodoce" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymodoce" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Cymodoce</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade and is not closely related to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1954" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Gnorimosphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnorimosphaeroma" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="23">Gnorimosphaeroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>