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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7392eb62-5d84-4f6a-8c8a-9f4e351a84a7" ID-PMC="PMC5953965" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-755-1" ID-PubMed="29769836" ID-ZBK="AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-755-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 755" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" checkinTime="1525801749154" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Onuferko, Thomas M." docDate="2018" docId="F305446B49057849CE5F7593E5ADBCA6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 755: 1-185" docOrigin="ZooKeys 755" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" docTitle="Epeolus chamaesarachae Onuferko, 2018, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="DE654BDC-F47F-4ECE-82DB-5FE0946A0EE2" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="D91DD51C1718C109FF8EFFA6FFF3FF9F" masterDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" masterLastPageNumber="185" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1668165766199" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Onuferko, Thomas M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>755</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>185</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-755-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="143842349" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DE654BDC-F47F-4ECE-82DB-5FE0946A0EE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F305446B49057849CE5F7593E5ADBCA6" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
16.
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/DE654BDC-F47F-4ECE-82DB-5FE0946A0EE2" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus chamaesarachae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaesarachae">Epeolus chamaesarachae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="53" pageNumber="54">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1, 34, 35, 91C, 92I
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus lobus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobus">Epeolus lobus</taxonomicName>
Brumley, 1965. M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan 51 (♀) [nomen nudum].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus chamaesarachae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaesarachae">Epeolus chamaesarachae</taxonomicName>
does not closely resemble any other species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
except
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. diadematus" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="diadematus">E. diadematus</taxonomicName>
. Unique in the genus to both species are each of the following morphological features: the vertexal area has two pairs of shiny (usually impunctate) protrusions, the mesoscutum is distinctly ornamented with mostly separate patches of (but some intermixed) pale and ferruginous tomentum, and the T2 fascia has two pairs of anterolateral extensions of tomentum. The difference is that in
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. chamaesarachae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="chamaesarachae">E. chamaesarachae</taxonomicName>
the mesopleuron has sparser punctures ventrolaterally (most i&gt;1d) whereas in
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. diadematus" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="diadematus">E. diadematus</taxonomicName>
the mesopleuron has denser (most i≤1d) and more numerous punctures ventrolaterally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">FEMALE: Length 7.0 mm; head length 2.0 mm; head width 2.6 mm; fore wing length 5.7 mm.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Integument coloration. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: partially to entirely ferruginous on mandible, antenna, pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, tegula, axilla, mesoscutellum, and legs. Mandible with apex darker than all but extreme base; preapical tooth lighter than mandibular apex (difficult to see in holotype; described from paratypes). Antenna dark brown except scape, pedicel, and F1 brownish orange in part. Pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane subhyaline, apically dusky. Legs more extensively reddish orange than brown or black.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Pubescence. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Vertexal area with tomentum mostly ferruginous. Dorsum of mesosoma with bands of off-white and ferruginous short appressed setae. Dorsum of metasoma with bands of off-white to pale yellow short appressed setae. Pronotal lobe entirely obscured by pale tomentum. Pronotal collar with tomentum black medially, pale and ferruginous laterally. Mesoscutum with paramedian band of pale tomentum; ferruginous and pale tomentum encircling black spots medially and laterally, respectively, on anterior margin; and ferruginous tomentum along medial mesoscutal line and parapsidal line. Mesopleuron with upper half densely hairy, although scrobe visible; ventrolateral half nearly bare. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, off white laterally and black medially. T1 with median diamond-shaped black discal patch enclosed by pale tomentum, except for medial separation at apex. T1 with apical fascia with black spot posterolaterally. T2-T4 with fasciae interrupted medially, T2 with fascia with paired anterolateral extensions of tomentum. T3 and T4 with fasciae interrupted laterally, with medial portion on apical margin and lateral portion encircling black tomentum on apical margin. T5 with two large patches of pale tomentum lateral to and separate from pseudopygidial area. T5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~1/3 MOD.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Surface sculpture. Punctures dense, but those of head and mesosoma sparser in some areas, larger, deep, and distinct. Labrum with larger and sparser punctures (i=1-2d) than clypeus (i≤1d). Upper paraocular area and vertexal area with few punctures, the interspaces shining. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and axilla coarsely and densely to sparsely punctate; the interspaces shining. Tegula densely punctate mesally (i≤1d), less so laterally (i=1-2d). Mesopleuron with denser (i≤1d) punctures in upper half than ventrolateral half, and ventrolateral half with most interspaces large (i&gt;1d); the interspaces shining. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i≈1d), evenly distributed on disc.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<pageBreakToken pageId="54" pageNumber="55" start="start">Structure</pageBreakToken>
. Labral apex with pair of small denticles (preceded by submedial pair of small denticles) separated by shallow concavity and between second pair of apical lobes. Frontal keel strongly raised. Vertexal area with two pairs of impunctate shiny protrusions. Scape with greatest length 1.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
greatest width. F2 as long as wide (L/W ratio = 1.0). Preoccipital ridge not joining hypostomal carina, from which it is separated by about 1.5 MOD at its terminal. Mesoscutellum strongly bigibbous. Axilla intermediate in size, its lateral margin (L) nearly half as long as mesoscutellar width (W) (L/W ratio = 0.4-0.5) and tip not extending beyond midlength of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip conspicuously diverging from side of mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked, but unattached to mesoscutellum for less than 1/3 the medial length of axilla; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and without carina. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">MALE: Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F2 shorter, nearly as long as wide (L/W ratio = 0.8); S4 and S5 with much longer coppery to silvery subapical hairs; pygidial plate apically rounded, with large deep punctures closely clustered apically and sparser basally, with the interspaces shining.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
Figure 34.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus chamaesarachae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaesarachae">Epeolus chamaesarachae</taxonomicName>
A female paratype, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm) B female holotype, dorsal habitus (scale bar 3 mm) C male paratype, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm), and D female paratype axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm; blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the mesoscutellum; red lines indicate the extent of the free portion of the axilla relative to its entire medial length).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
The name is in reference to the genus of flowers (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Chamaesaracha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamaesaracha" order="Solanales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chamaesaracha</taxonomicName>
) on which the holotype was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Northwestern Mexico and southwestern United States (Fig. 35).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
Figure 35. Approximate geographic range of
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. chamaesarachae" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="chamaesarachae">E. chamaesarachae</taxonomicName>
(orange) based on occurrence records known to the author (yellow circles).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
HOST RECORDS: The female PCYU paratype collected by H.T. Ngo (see Material studied) is labelled with the same collection information as three
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colletes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Colletes</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken pageId="55" pageNumber="56" start="start">specimens</pageBreakToken>
(2♀, 1♂) of the presumed host species, which were barcoded and all share the same BIN (BOLD:AAJ7578). Using
<bibRefCitation author="Stephen, WP" journalOrPublisher="The University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="168" pageNumber="169" pagination="149 - 527" title="A revision of the bee genus Colletes in America North of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Colletidae)." volume="36" year="1954">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Stephens">Stephen's</normalizedToken>
(1954)
</bibRefCitation>
key, the two females were identified as
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. scopiventer" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="scopiventer">C. scopiventer</taxonomicName>
(a species known only from females) whereas the male was identified (based in part on examination of the terminalia, which were excised) as
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. wickhami" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="wickhami">C. wickhami</taxonomicName>
(a species known only from males).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
FLORAL RECORDS: Labels of examined voucher specimens indicate floral associations with
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Baccharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Baccharis" order="Asterales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Baccharis</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName family="Compositae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="family">Compositae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Chamaesaracha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamaesaracha" order="Solanales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chamaesaracha</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Kallstroemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kallstroemia grandiflora" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandiflora">Kallstroemia grandiflora</taxonomicName>
Torr. ex A. Gray (
<taxonomicName family="Zygophyllaceae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="family">Zygophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Margaranthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Margaranthus solanaceous" order="Solanales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="solanaceous">Margaranthus solanaceous</taxonomicName>
Schltdl. (
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sphaeralcea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sphaeralcea angustifolia" order="Malvales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">Sphaeralcea angustifolia</taxonomicName>
(Cav.) G. Don, and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Tidestromia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tidestromia lanuginosa" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanuginosa">Tidestromia lanuginosa</taxonomicName>
(Nutt.) Standl. (
<taxonomicName family="Amaranthaceae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
This species and the very similar
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. diadematus" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="diadematus">E. diadematus</taxonomicName>
are unusual among
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
in that the vertexal area has two pairs of shiny (usually impunctate) protrusions, and dorsally the mesosoma and metasoma have unique patterns of ferruginous (mesosoma only) and off-white to pale yellow short appressed setae.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus chamaesarachae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaesarachae">Epeolus chamaesarachae</taxonomicName>
occurs in the Southwestern United States, and its flight season, based on material examined, is late summer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Material studied.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
Type material. Primary: USA: Arizona: Douglas Model Plane Airport (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.3433">31.3433°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.498">109.4980°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Cochise County), 24.viii.2010, T.L. Griswold (holotype ♀ [CCDB-28239 F07], BBSL).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
Secondary: Mexico: Durango: Durango, 14.viii.1947, D. Rockefeller Exp. Michener (paratype ♂, AMNH); San Juan del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
, 30.vii.1947, D. Rockefeller Exp. Michener (paratype ♀, AMNH).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
USA: Arizona: 1 mi E Douglas (Cochise County), 16.viii.1962, M. Statham (paratype ♂, AMNH), 27.viii.2007, H.T. Ngo (paratype ♀ [CCDB-22013 G05], PCYU); 1 mi E Douglas (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.3356">31.3356°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.495">109.4950°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Cochise County), 23.viii.2003, J.G. Rozen (paratype ♀, AMNH); 12 mi NW Douglas (Cochise County), 30.viii.1989, J.G. and B.L. Rozen and R. Foster (paratype ♀, AMNH); 14 mi SW Apache (Cochise County), 04.viii.1961, J.G. Rozen (paratype ♀, AMNH), 21.viii.2008, J.S. Ascher, J.G. Rozen, and M.A. Rozen (paratype ♂ [CCDB-22791 A09], AMNH); 25 mi SE Sanders (Apache County), 14.viii.1972, J.G. Rozen and R. McGinley (paratype ♂, AMNH); 8 mi NE Portal (Cochise County), 14.viii.1990, J.G. Rozen and J. Krieger (paratype ♀, AMNH); Douglas Model Plane Airport (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.3433">31.3433°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.498">109.4980°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Cochise County), 24.viii.2010, T.L. Griswold (allotype ♂ [CCDB-28239 F09], BBSL), 24.viii.2010, T.L. Griswold (paratype ♂, BBSL); Geronimo Trail at Sycamore Creek (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.4432">31.4432°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.139">109.1390°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Cochise County), 28.viii.2016, L. Packer (paratype ♀, PCYU); Tombstone (Cochise County), 17.viii.1975, J.G. Rozen (paratype ♀, AMNH); New Mexico: 16 mi S Animas (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.7211">31.7211°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-108.8224">108.8224°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Hidalgo County), 03.ix.2011, J.G. Rozen and E.S. Wyman (paratype ♀ [CCDB-22791 A07], AMNH); 2.6 mi E Animas (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.9542">31.9542°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-108.763">108.7630°W</geoCoordinate>
) (NM Hwy 9, 2.6 mi E NM Hwy 338), 11.viii.1972, T.J. Zavortink (paratypes 1♀, 2♂, UCBME); 5.5 mi E Animas (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.9558">31.9558°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-108.7142">108.7142°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Hidalgo County), 18-25.viii.2002, E. Elle (paratype ♂, AMNH).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<pageBreakToken pageId="56" pageNumber="57" start="start">DNA</pageBreakToken>
barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Available. BOLD:ACP9403. See Type material for specimens examined and sequenced (indicated by unique CCDB-plate and well number).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>