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28 KiB
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305 lines
28 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804" ID-PMC="PMC8971126" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e80804" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" ID-PubMed="35437395" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e80804" checkinTime="1648143502398" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sennikov, Alexander & Lazkov, Georgy" docDate="2022" docId="8488BF5743385B3484F4202C9744AE36" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e80804" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-03-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804" docTitle="Solanum nigrum L. 1753" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" lastPageNumber="80804" masterDocId="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" masterDocTitle="The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2" masterLastPageNumber="80804" masterPageNumber="80804" pageNumber="80804" updateTime="1668122133334" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sennikov, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-7657</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lazkov, Georgy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>80804</mods:start>
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<mods:end>80804</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e80804</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8488BF5743385B3484F4202C9744AE36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8488BF5743385B3484F4202C9744AE36" lastPageNumber="80804" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName LSID="8488BF57-4338-5B34-84F4-202C9744AE36" authority="L. 1753" authorityName="L." authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum L. 1753</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
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L., Sp. Pl. 1: 186 (1753).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Calyx lobes more or less appressed (
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<bibRefCitation author="Saerkinen, Tiina" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B7552040" refString="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, G. E., van der Weerden, G. M., Baden, Maria, Knapp, Sandra, 2018. A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223" title="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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); fruits green to black (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F7562279" captionText="Figure 24. Solanum nigrum in flower and fruit, Almeria, Spain (photo by Francisco Rodriguez, 16 April 2021). Source: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 74174039 (iNaturalist 2021)." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611294" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">24</figureCitation>
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); foliage dark green, blackish when dried (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kovalevskaya, S. S." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454329" refString="Kovalevskaya, S. S., 1987. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1987">Kovalevskaya 1987</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="native distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Native distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Southern Europe, Mediterranean, Southern Asia from Asia Minor to China. The species is most genetically diverse in Asia and may have an Asian origin (
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<bibRefCitation author="Saerkinen, Tiina" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B7552040" refString="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, G. E., van der Weerden, G. M., Baden, Maria, Knapp, Sandra, 2018. A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223" title="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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). In Central Asia, the species is considered native in Turkmenistan, where it was recorded more commonly from riversides in the mountains (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pojarkova, A. I." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Turkmenia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7552051" refString="Pojarkova, A. I., 1954. . Flora of Turkmenia Vol.6" volume="Vol. 6" year="1954">Pojarkova 1954b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="secondary distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Secondary distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Archaeophyte in Boreal and Central Europe, Northern and Central Asia; neophyte in North America, South Africa, Malesia and Australia. One of the most common and widely distributed weeds in the world (
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<bibRefCitation author="Holm, L. G." journalOrPublisher="John Wiley and Sons, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7562205" refString="Holm, L. G., Pancho, J. V., Herberger, J. P., Plucknett, D. L., 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley and Sons, New York" title="A geographical atlas of world weeds" year="1979">Holm et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution in central asia">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution in Central Asia</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Native in Turkmenistan, alien in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Historically,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was a common weed of irrigated fields (wheat, cotton, maize, maash) in Central Asia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fedtschenko, B. A." journalOrPublisher="Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Imperatorskogo Botanicheskogo Sada Petra Velikogo" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 81" refId="B7639794" refString="Fedtschenko, B. A., 1915. List of weedy plants of Turkestan. Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Imperatorskogo Botanicheskogo Sada Petra Velikogo 1: 1 - 81" title="List of weedy plants of Turkestan" volume="1" year="1915">Fedtschenko 1915</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Most of the major sources (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Kovalevskaya, S. S." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454329" refString="Kovalevskaya, S. S., 1987. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1987">Kovalevskaya 1987</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Saerkinen, Tiina" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B7552040" refString="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, G. E., van der Weerden, G. M., Baden, Maria, Knapp, Sandra, 2018. A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223" title="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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) do not make a distinction between the native and secondary distributions of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nigrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="nigrum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. nigrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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because of the old age of its naturalisation in many areas. In this case, we considered type of habitat as the main distinguishing feature (
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<bibRefCitation author="Webb, D. A." journalOrPublisher="Watsonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="231 - 236" refId="B7552064" refString="Webb, D. A., 1985. What are the criteria for presuming native status? Watsonia 15: 231 - 236" title="What are the criteria for presuming native status?" volume="15" year="1985">Webb 1985</bibRefCitation>
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) and assigned the alien status to the areas with overwhelmingly predominant ruderal occurrences.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution in kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution in Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Western Tian-Shan, Northern Tian-Shan, Alay-Turkestan (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F7634847" captionText="Figure 25. Recorded distribution of Solanum nigrum in Kyrgyzstan." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/632502" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">25</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species was considered occurring in all parts of the country (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spota, E. I." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479455" refString="Spota, E. I., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Spota 1960</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7552133" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
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), although we have seen no collections from the Eastern Tian-Shan. It was collected at altitudes between 600 and 1350 m above sea level.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Ecology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Forest margins and riversides in the native distribution area; disturbed open places, cultivated lands, ruderal places, riversides in the secondary distribution area.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species is capable of occurring successfully at altitudes above 2500 m, thus showing a high invasive potential also in the high mountains (
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<bibRefCitation author="Chandra Sekar, K." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B: Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="375 - 383" refId="B7552115" refString="Chandra Sekar, K., Manikandan, R., Srivastava, S. K., 2012. Invasive alien plants of Uttarakhand Himalaya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Section B: Biological Sciences 82 (3): 375 - 383" title="Invasive alien plants of Uttarakhand Himalaya" volume="82" year="2012">Chandra Sekar et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Biology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Annual or short-lived perennial, with a taproot and numerous lateral roots.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="taxon discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Taxon discussion</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pseudoflavum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoflavum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Solanum pseudoflavum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Pojark., with strongly reflexed calyx lobes and dark red fruits, was correctly synonymised with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. olgae" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="olgae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. olgae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Pojark. (=
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. villosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mill.) by
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<bibRefCitation author="Spota, E. I." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479455" refString="Spota, E. I., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Spota (1960)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Kovalevskaya, S. S." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454329" refString="Kovalevskaya, S. S., 1987. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1987">Kovalevskaya (1987)</bibRefCitation>
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but misplaced to the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nigrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="nigrum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. nigrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Saerkinen, Tiina" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B7552040" refString="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, G. E., van der Weerden, G. M., Baden, Maria, Knapp, Sandra, 2018. A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223" title="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2018)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. The latter synonymisation was adopted by PoWo (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pojarkova, A. I." journalOrPublisher="Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Botanicheskogo Instituta Imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7478418" refString="PoWo Plants of the World online http://powo.science.kew.org/ 2021-09-21T00:00:00+03:00" year="1955">PoWo 2021</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Fruits and leaves of this species are not edible; reports of their use in Africa (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Bvenura, Callistus" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Gallica" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="189 - 199" refId="B7552091" refString="Bvenura, Callistus, Afolayan, Anthony J., 2014. Ethnobotanical survey of wild vegetables in Mbashe and Nkonkobe municipalities, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Acta Botanica Gallica 161 (2): 189 - 199" title="Ethnobotanical survey of wild vegetables in Mbashe and Nkonkobe municipalities, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa" volume="161" year="2014">Bvenura and Afolayan 2014</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Essack, Humaira" journalOrPublisher="Food Science and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="462 - 471" refId="B7552082" refString="Essack, Humaira, Odhav, Bharti, Mellem, J. J., 2017. Screening of traditional South African leafy vegetables for specific anti-nutritional factors before and after processing. Food Science and Technology 37 (3): 462 - 471" title="Screening of traditional South African leafy vegetables for specific anti-nutritional factors before and after processing" volume="37" year="2017">Essack et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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) refer to
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Solanum scabrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mill. and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. villosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mill. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Saerkinen, Tiina" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B7552040" refString="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, G. E., van der Weerden, G. M., Baden, Maria, Knapp, Sandra, 2018. A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223" title="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Sangija, Frank" journalOrPublisher="Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="3284 - 3318" refId="B7552073" refString="Sangija, Frank, Martin, Haikael, Matemu, Athanasia, 2021. African nightshades (Solanum nigrum complex): The potential contribution to human nutrition and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20 (4): 3284 - 3318" title="African nightshades (Solanum nigrum complex): The potential contribution to human nutrition and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa" volume="20" year="2021">Sangija et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is likely an evolutionary derivative of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. villosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mill. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Poczai, Peter" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1171 - 1185" refId="B7562092" refString="Poczai, Peter, Hyvoenen, Jaakko, 2010. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38 (2): 1171 - 1185" title="On the origin of Solanum nigrum: can networks help?" volume="38" year="2010">
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Poczai and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyvönen">Hyvoenen</normalizedToken>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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|
); the distribution areas of both species are largely shared (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Saerkinen, Tiina" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B7552040" refString="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, G. E., van der Weerden, G. M., Baden, Maria, Knapp, Sandra, 2018. A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223" title="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 2018
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Based on the presumably cultigenous origin of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. villosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. villosum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
(as explained under that species), we assume that the dispersal of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nigrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. nigrum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was also partly human-mediated and this species was an unwanted component of the cultivation of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. villosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. villosum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="introduction to kyrgyzstan">
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|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Introduction to Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="period of introduction">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Period of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Archaeophyte.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
|
|
This species was known from the whole of Central Asia from the beginning of its botanical exploration (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Fedtschenko, O. A." journalOrPublisher="Izvestia Turkestanskogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obschestva" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 200" refId="B7552105" refString="Fedtschenko, O. A., Fedtschenko, B. A., 1913. Conspectus florae Turkestanicae. Izvestia Turkestanskogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obschestva 6 (Supplement 5): 1 - 200" title="Conspectus florae Turkestanicae" volume="6" year="1913">Fedtschenko and Fedtschenko 1913</bibRefCitation>
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|
). The time of its introduction is uncertain but is most likely Neolithic, as the species was recorded among the earliest and most common weeds in the early Neolithic of Germany (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Roesch, Manfred" journalOrPublisher="Vegetation History and Archaeobotany" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="109 - 125" refId="B7573529" refString="Roesch, Manfred, 1998. The history of crops and crop weeds in south-western Germany from the Neolithic period to modern times, as shown by archaeobotanical evidence. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 7 (2): 109 - 125" title="The history of crops and crop weeds in south-western Germany from the Neolithic period to modern times, as shown by archaeobotanical evidence" volume="7" year="1998">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rösch">Roesch</normalizedToken>
|
|
1998
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="pathways of introduction">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Pathways of introduction</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Transport - Contaminant: Seed contaminant.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
|
|
The species is a noxious weed of gardens and fields (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7552133" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), also occurring in ruderal places (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Spota, E. I." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479455" refString="Spota, E. I., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Spota 1960</bibRefCitation>
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|
). It is capable of infesting a large variety of crops, including wheat and melons (e.g.
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Cherniakovskaya, E. G." journalOrPublisher="Weedy flora of the USSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479578" refString="Cherniakovskaya, E. G., 1935. . Weedy flora of the USSR 4" volume="4" year="1935">Cherniakovskaya 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ogg, A. G." journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="27 - 32" refId="B7552124" refString="Ogg, A. G., Rogers, B. S., Schilling, E. E., 1981. Characterization of Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and related species in the United States. Weed Science 29 (1): 27 - 32" title="Characterization of Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and related species in the United States" volume="29" year="1981">Ogg et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). We assume that
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
arrived to the territory as a weed of historical crops (possibly of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. villosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">S. villosum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Further dispersal occurs with water, contaminated seed and soil.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="invasion status">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Invasion status</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
|
|
Naturalised, invasive. The species has been a noxious weed of all crops in Kyrgyzstan (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7552133" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and remains common to date.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="evidence of impact">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Evidence of impact</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Agriculture - major impact (noxious weed of all crops, in fields and gardens). Native ecosystems - minor impact (occurring along streams and water bodies near populated places). Urban areas - major impact (ruderal occurrence).</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="trend">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Trend</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Stable (observed).</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
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</document> |