457 lines
54 KiB
XML
457 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="65CB3C3688769AC4C83769552FB48D91" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171153" ID-GBIF-Dataset="33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171153" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459718880902" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="O’Hara, James E." docDate="2005" docId="7E6C879C330F9450FE97FC732585FAAC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00938.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 938" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Cyzenis incrassata Smith 1912" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="8255FFE4331B9445FF9FFF972675FFC2" masterDocTitle="A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1698208646016" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B0D310B88217F7C912DAB8B3AC1A12A5">A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C037150CDBD2F7948B2509D8F9F6FEEF">O’Hara, James E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="389C2924B7F57EE43A177DF05F55FD1C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="22BBF80689EA66CB85CB6F07A7DD481D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="14364965090BDF8270CFE3C91E45B018">
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<mods:date id="33874428C743C0FDA47152996454A72C">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5017195D9EA964E9D3E1F915D704CC11" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="8B14F8544A9FD0F95A1A1AAD4B9F8E32">938</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="002510A3A48A2B505D139D12BFC2F9F9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.171153</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="18781E6514584598ED1253D1270F0AEA" type="Zenodo-Dep">171153</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7E6C879C330F9450FE97FC732585FAAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265504" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335192" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265504" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E6C879C330F9450FE97FC732585FAAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C330F9450FE97FC732585FAAC" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection id="BEDF6501330F9451FE97FC73226FFBBC" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330F9451FE97FC73248FFC3C" blockId="20.[264,762,996,1022]" box="[264,762,996,1022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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||
<heading id="AD3281E6330F9451FE97FC73248FFC3C" bold="true" box="[264,762,996,1022]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE97FC73248FFC3C" bold="true" box="[264,762,996,1022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE97FC7324EDFC3C" ID-CoL="33SRQ" authority="Smith, 1912" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1912" box="[264,664,996,1022]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE97FC73279DFC3C" bold="true" box="[264,488,996,1022]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FE68FC7324E5FC3C" author="Smith" box="[503,656,996,1022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45" refString="Smith, H. E. (1912) A contribution on North American dipterology. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 118 - 127." type="journal article" year="1912">Smith, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<figureCitation id="6EFE2A0F330F9451FD3AFC73248FFC3C" box="[677,762,996,1022]" captionStart="FIGURES 37 – 42" captionStartId="15.[264,382,1850,1874]" captionTargetBox="[293,1309,345,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[264,1323,333,1823]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 37 – 42. Habitus images. 37. Actia diffidens. 38. Actia interrupta. 39. Ceromasia auricaudata. 40. Compsilura concinnata. 41. Cyzenis incrassata. 42. Eumea caesar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171160/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F67A368A330F9451FE97FBB0226FFBBC" blockId="20.[264,1323,1063,1566]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE97FBB0257EFBFD" bold="true" box="[264,779,1063,1087]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Host records ex.
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE4BFBB0257EFBFD" authority="Torgersen" authorityName="Torgersen" box="[468,779,1063,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE4BFBB02577FBFD" bold="true" box="[468,770,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
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:
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FC89FBB0227BFBFC" author="Torgersen" box="[790,1038,1063,1086]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="20" pageNumber="45" refString="Torgersen, T. R., Campbell, R. W., Srivastava, N. & Beckwith, R. C. (1984) Role of parasites in the population dynamics of the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Northwest. Environmental Entomology, 13, 568 - 573." type="journal article" year="1984">
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Torgersen,
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FC0EFBB025B9FBFC" box="[913,972,1063,1086]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
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1984
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</bibRefCitation>
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, as
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FBA0FBB0235EFBFC" box="[1087,1323,1063,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FBA0FBB0235EFBFC" box="[1087,1323,1063,1086]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phorocera incrassata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(WA, OR, ID, MT); †
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FDBEFBD024B8FB9C" author="Torgersen" box="[545,717,1095,1118]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45" refString="Torgersen, T. R. (1985) Parasitoids and western budworm dynamics. In Sanders, C. J., Stark, R. W., Mullins, E. J. & Murphy, J. (Eds.), Recent advances in spruce budworms research. Proceedings of the CANUSA spruce budworms research symposium. Bangor, Maine, September 16 - 20, 1984. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, pp. 104 - 105." type="journal article" year="1985">Torgersen 1985</bibRefCitation>
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, as
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FD68FBD025F4FB9C" box="[759,897,1095,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FD68FBD025F4FB9C" box="[759,897,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(WA, OR, ID, MT);
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FBF7FBD02718FBBC" author="O'Hara" pageId="20" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. & Cooper, B. E. (1992) Revision of the Nearctic species of Cyzenis Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 124, 785 - 813." type="journal article" year="1992">O’Hara & Cooper 1992</bibRefCitation>
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(BC, OR, NM); †
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FDB2FBF0249FFBBC" author="Huber" box="[557,746,1127,1150]" pageId="20" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
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Huber
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FDE6FBF024DAFBBC" box="[633,687,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
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1996
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</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330F9451FD67FBF02523FBBC" box="[760,854,1127,1150]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">America</collectingCountry>
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north of
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<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330F9451FC27FBF0227AFBBC" box="[952,1039,1127,1150]" name="Mexico" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BEDF6501330F9451FE97FB102502F9DC" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330F9451FE97FB10224EFA1C" blockId="20.[264,1323,1063,1566]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE97FB10245BFB5D" bold="true" box="[264,558,1159,1183]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Host records probably ex.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FDABFB102583FB5C" authority="Wilkes 1946" authorityName="Wilkes" authorityYear="1946" box="[564,1014,1159,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FDABFB102513FB5D" bold="true" box="[564,870,1159,1183]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FDABFB102528FB5D" bold="true" box="[564,861,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FCF2FB102583FB5C" author="Wilkes" box="[877,1014,1159,1182]" pageId="20" pageNumber="46" refString="Wilkes, A. (1946) The introduction of insect parasites of the spruce budworm, Archips fumiferana Clem., into eastern Canada. Canadian Entomologist, 78, 82 - 86." type="journal article" year="1946">Wilkes 1946</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, as
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FB82FB102371FB5C" box="[1053,1284,1159,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FB82FB102371FB5C" box="[1053,1284,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phorocera incrassata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ex.
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FEA7FB302472FB7C" box="[312,519,1191,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FEA7FB302472FB7C" box="[312,519,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(BC);
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FDCBFB302494FB7C" author="Coppel" box="[596,737,1191,1214]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1947) The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="1947">Coppel 1947</bibRefCitation>
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, as
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FC93FB3025E3FB7C" box="[780,918,1191,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FC93FB3025E3FB7C" box="[780,918,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ex.
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FC59FB30222FFB7C" box="[966,1114,1191,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FC59FB30222FFB7C" box="[966,1114,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. fumiferana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(BC); †
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FB2DFB3027E3FB1C" author="Dowden" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
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Dowden
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FA88FB302721FB1C" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
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1948
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
, as
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE5AFB50243AFB1C" box="[453,591,1223,1246]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. in cra ss at a</emphasis>
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||
ex.
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FD18FB50256BFB1C" box="[647,798,1223,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FD18FB50256BFB1C" box="[647,798,1223,1246]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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(western North
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<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330F9451FC48FB50224DFB1C" box="[983,1080,1223,1246]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
); †Wilkes 1949, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FA88FB5027D2FB3C" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FA88FB5027D2FB3C" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE4BFB702412FB3C" box="[468,615,1255,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE4BFB702412FB3C" box="[468,615,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); Wilkes
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FC9DFB702542FB3C" box="[770,823,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1949, as
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FC02FB702256FB3C" box="[925,1059,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. in cra ss at a</emphasis>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FBCCFB702292FB3C" box="[1107,1255,1255,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FBCCFB702292FB3C" box="[1107,1255,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FEDCFA9027CCFADC" author="Ross" box="[323,441,1287,1310]" pageId="20" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE7DFA902419FADC" box="[482,620,1287,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE7DFA902419FADC" box="[482,620,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330F9451FB8CFA90221CFADC" box="[1043,1129,1287,1310]" name="Canada" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FBE3FA90237CFADC" author="Coppel" box="[1148,1289,1287,1310]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1958) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). VI. Phorocera incrassata Smith (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 36, 453 - 462." type="journal article" year="1958">Coppel 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FEA7FAB027CAFAFC" box="[312,447,1319,1342]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. i n c r a s s a t a</emphasis>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE6EFAB024F0FAFC" box="[497,645,1319,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE6EFAB024F0FAFC" box="[497,645,1319,1342]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FD4EFAB025A1FAFC" author="Carolin" box="[721,980,1319,1342]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin & Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FC63FAB022F3FAFC" box="[1020,1158,1319,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FC63FAB022F3FAFC" box="[1020,1158,1319,1342]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FB2AFAB02715FA9C" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FB2AFAB02715FA9C" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OR); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FE28FAD02430FA9C" author="Coppel" box="[439,581,1351,1374]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FDF2FAD02483FA9C" box="[621,758,1351,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FDF2FAD02483FA9C" box="[621,758,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FCBBFAD025CDFA9C" box="[804,952,1351,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FCBBFAD025CDFA9C" box="[804,952,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FB91FAD022D0FA9C" author="Zwolfer" box="[1038,1189,1351,1374]" pageId="20" pageNumber="46" refString="Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp." type="book" year="1961">Zwolfer 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FB52FAD027D2FABC" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Clemelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FB52FAD027D2FABC" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Clemelis incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE4AFAF0241FFABC" box="[469,618,1383,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE4AFAF0241FFABC" box="[469,618,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FD5FFAF025C3FABC" author="Graham" box="[704,950,1383,1406]" pageId="20" pageNumber="42" refString="Graham, A. R. & Jones, P. A. (1962) Appendix I. Parasites and predators released against forest insects in Canada, 1910 - 58. In: McLeod, J. H., McGugan, B. M. & Coppel, H. C., A review of the biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication, 2, 129 - 175." type="journal article" year="1962">Graham & Jones 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FC41FAF0221DFABC" box="[990,1128,1383,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Clemelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FC41FAF0221DFABC" box="[990,1128,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FB09FAF0235FFABC" box="[1174,1322,1383,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FB09FAF0235FFABC" box="[1174,1322,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FE1AFA1024EAFA5C" author="McGugan" box="[389,671,1415,1438]" pageId="20" pageNumber="43" refString="McGugan, B. M. & Coppel, H. C. (1962) Part II - Biological control of forest insects, 1910 - 1958. In: McLeod, J. H., McGugan, B. M. & Coppel, H. C., A review of the biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication, 2, 35 - 127." type="journal article" year="1962">McGugan & Coppel 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FD5AFA102538FA5C" box="[709,845,1415,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Clemelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FD5AFA102538FA5C" box="[709,845,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FCE6FA102278FA5C" box="[889,1037,1415,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FCE6FA102278FA5C" box="[889,1037,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FBFFFA102284FA5C" author="Arnaud" box="[1120,1265,1415,1438]" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FA88FA1027D2FA7C" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Clemelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FA88FA1027D2FA7C" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE43FA302401FA7C" box="[476,628,1447,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE43FA302401FA7C" box="[476,628,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC, OR); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FC98FA3025D7FA7C" author="Clausen" box="[775,930,1447,1470]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Clausen, C. P. (1978) Tortricidae. In: Clausen, C. P. (Ed.), Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook, 480, 236 - 240." type="journal article" year="1978">Clausen 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FC4EFA30222BFA7C" box="[977,1118,1447,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Clemelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FC4EFA30222BFA7C" box="[977,1118,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FB0CFA30235FFA7C" box="[1171,1322,1447,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FB0CFA30235FFA7C" box="[1171,1322,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FE19FA502433FA1C" author="Huber" box="[390,582,1479,1502]" pageId="20" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE4DFA50247DFA1C" box="[466,520,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FDE8FA50257EFA1C" box="[631,779,1479,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FDE8FA50257EFA1C" box="[631,779,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330F9451FC86FA502502FA1C" box="[793,887,1479,1502]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330F9451FC46FA502245FA1C" box="[985,1072,1479,1502]" name="Mexico" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330F9451FE97FA702502F9DC" blockId="20.[264,1323,1063,1566]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE97FA7025ADFA3D" bold="true" box="[264,984,1511,1535]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE57FA702484FA3D" box="[456,753,1511,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE57FA702484FA3D" bold="true" box="[456,753,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FCD4FA7025ADFA3D" authority="Schaupp et al. 1991" authorityName="Schaupp et al." authorityYear="1991" box="[843,984,1511,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retiniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FCD4FA7025A5FA3D" bold="true" box="[843,976,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. retiniana</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FC40FA7022C2FA3C" author="Schaupp" box="[991,1207,1511,1534]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. & Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Schaupp
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FBDCFA70220CFA3C" box="[1091,1145,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FB7FFA7027A8F9DC" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FB7FFA7027A8F9DC" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phorocera incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OR); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FDABF9902547F9DC" author="O'Hara" box="[564,818,1543,1566]" pageId="20" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. & Cooper, B. E. (1992) Revision of the Nearctic species of Cyzenis Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 124, 785 - 813." type="journal article" year="1992">O’Hara & Cooper 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(OR).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BEDF6501330F9450FE97F9DD256DFBBC" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330F9450FE97F9DD2737FE14" blockId="20.[264,1323,1610,1876]" lastBlockId="21.[264,1324,284,1390]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE97F9DD2792F9A1" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[264,487,1610,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE97F9DD2792F9A1" box="[264,487,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a grayish black tachinid about 5–7.5mm long with a known range comprising British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330F9451FE6FF9E52412F94E" box="[496,615,1650,1676]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330F9451FBDBF9E522EBF94E" box="[1092,1182,1650,1676]" name="Mexico" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FB2FF9E527D1F976" author="O'Hara" pageId="20" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. & Cooper, B. E. (1992) Revision of the Nearctic species of Cyzenis Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 124, 785 - 813." type="journal article" year="1992">O’Hara & Cooper 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FE2EF90D24C8F976" author="O'Hara" box="[433,701,1690,1716]" pageId="20" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. & Wood, D. M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 18, 410 pp." type="book" year="2004">O’Hara & Wood 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Attempts to establish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FC4DF90D221AF971" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[978,1135,1690,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FC4DF90D221AF971" box="[978,1135,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330F9451FB6DF90D2744F91E" name="Canada" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
were unsuccessful (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FD81F9552520F91E" author="McGugan" box="[542,853,1730,1756]" pageId="20" pageNumber="43" refString="McGugan, B. M. & Coppel, H. C. (1962) Part II - Biological control of forest insects, 1910 - 1958. In: McLeod, J. H., McGugan, B. M. & Coppel, H. C., A review of the biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication, 2, 35 - 127." type="journal article" year="1962">McGugan & Coppel 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FCFDF9552208F91E" author="O'Hara" box="[866,1149,1730,1756]" pageId="20" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. & Cooper, B. E. (1992) Revision of the Nearctic species of Cyzenis Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 124, 785 - 813." type="journal article" year="1992">O’Hara & Cooper 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Nearctic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FE14F97D2793F8C1" ID-CoL="3Z7Q" box="[395,486,1770,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FE14F97D2793F8C1" box="[395,486,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Cyzenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were revised, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FD4FF97D2505F8C1" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[720,880,1770,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FD4FF97D2505F8C1" box="[720,880,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
redescribed, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FBA3F97D272FF8EE" pageId="20" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. & Cooper, B. E. (1992) Revision of the Nearctic species of Cyzenis Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 124, 785 - 813." type="journal article">O’Hara and Cooper (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FEFAF8852437F8E9" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[357,578,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FEFAF8852437F8E9" box="[357,578,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FDECF8852504F8E9" ID-CoL="88XPX" box="[627,881,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FDECF8852504F8E9" box="[627,881,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phorocera incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330F9451FDDEF8AD2499F891" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[577,748,1850,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330F9451FDDEF8AD2499F891" box="[577,748,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330F9451FCECF8AD2275F896" author="Ross" box="[883,1024,1850,1876]" pageId="20" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FDDBFE8B2481FEF7" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[580,756,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FDDBFE8B2481FEF7" box="[580,756,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FCBAFE8B25BDFEF7" box="[805,968,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FCBAFE8B25BDFEF7" box="[805,968,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330E9450FBD0FE8B22B7FEF4" box="[1103,1218,284,310]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FB70FE8B27F1FE9C" author="Coppel" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The egg, larval instars, and puparium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FCF8FED32236FE9F" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[871,1091,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FCF8FED32236FE9F" box="[871,1091,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were described and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FE34FEFB242FFE44" author="Coppel" box="[427,602,364,390]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1958) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). VI. Phorocera incrassata Smith (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 36, 453 - 462." type="journal article" year="1958">Coppel (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FD6FFEFB25BBFE47" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[752,974,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FD6FFEFB25BBFE47" box="[752,974,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FBF8FEFB2379FE47" box="[1127,1292,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FBF8FEFB2379FE47" box="[1127,1292,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in western North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330E9450FE2AFE03246FFE6C" box="[437,538,404,430]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
are likely erroneous and based on misidentifications of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FB3BFE03274FFE17" ID-CoL="5YCYL" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FB3BFE03274FFE17" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330E9450FEA7FE732721FC4C" blockId="21.[264,1324,284,1390]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FEA7FE7327E6FE3F" ID-CoL="3Z7Q" box="[312,403,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FEA7FE7327E6FE3F" box="[312,403,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cyzenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FDDCFE73254BFE3C" ID-CoL="9CJ9M" authority="(Exoristinae)" baseAuthorityName="Exoristinae" box="[579,830,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Goniini">Goniini (Exoristinae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a tribe characterized by the production of huge numbers of microtype eggs in the female reproductive system (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FBAAFD9B22A3FDE4" author="Herting" box="[1077,1238,524,550]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Herting, B. (1984) Catalogue of Palearctic Tachinidae (Diptera). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie), 369, 1 - 228." type="journal article" year="1984">Herting 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FB7CFD9B2732FD8C" author="Wood" pageId="21" pageNumber="46" refString="Wood, D. M. (1987) Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph, 28, 1193 - 1269." type="journal article" year="1987">Wood 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These eggs are deposited on foliage, sometimes in response to feeding damage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FE8FFDCB2784FDB4" author="Roland" box="[272,497,604,630]" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="Roland, J., Evans, W. G. & Myers, J. H. (1989) Manipulation of oviposition patterns of the parasitoid Cyzenis albicans (Tachinidae) in the field using plant extracts. Journal of Insect Behavior, 2, 487 - 503." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Roland
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FEF0FDCB27DEFDB7" box="[367,427,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and contain fully developed first instars. The eggs are ingested by a feeding host and pass unharmed into the gut, where they soon hatch under the influence of digestive enzymes and perhaps physical trauma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FCECFD3B226CFD04" author="Mellini" box="[883,1049,684,710]" pageId="21" pageNumber="43" refString="Mellini, E. (1990) Sinossi di biologia dei Ditteri Larvevoridi. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia " Guido Grandi " dell'Universita di Bologna, 45, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1990">Mellini 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). First instars burrow through the gut wall and move to specific locations within the host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FBAEFD4322A4FD2C" author="Mellini" box="[1073,1233,724,750]" pageId="21" pageNumber="43" refString="Mellini, E. (1990) Sinossi di biologia dei Ditteri Larvevoridi. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia " Guido Grandi " dell'Universita di Bologna, 45, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1990">Mellini 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FEF5FD6B243EFCD7" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[362,587,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FEF5FD6B243EFCD7" box="[362,587,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first instar delays development until the host begins to pupate, then rapidly completes larval development and forms a puparium within the host’s pupal case (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FE05FCDB244EFCA4" author="Coppel" box="[410,571,844,870]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1958) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). VI. Phorocera incrassata Smith (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 36, 453 - 462." type="journal article" year="1958">Coppel 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adults emerge from their puparia after 12–14 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FB4BFCDB2732FC4C" author="Coppel" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1958) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). VI. Phorocera incrassata Smith (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 36, 453 - 462." type="journal article" year="1958">Coppel 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330E9450FEA7FC0B256DFBBC" blockId="21.[264,1324,284,1390]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FE30FC0B24F8FC77" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[431,653,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FE30FC0B24F8FC77" box="[431,653,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear in June in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330E9450FC5CFC0B2243FC74" box="[963,1078,924,950]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and attack maturing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FE97FC5327C9FC1F" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[264,444,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FE97FC5327C9FC1F" box="[264,444,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FDBEFC5324B4FC1C" author="Coppel" box="[545,705,964,990]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1958) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). VI. Phorocera incrassata Smith (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 36, 453 - 462." type="journal article" year="1958">Coppel 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adults of the next generation appear in July and early August when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FE6EFC7B24D7FBC7" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[497,674,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FE6EFC7B24D7FBC7" box="[497,674,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae are unavailable.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FC21FC7B22E9FBC7" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[958,1180,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FC21FC7B22E9FBC7" box="[958,1180,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must therefore overwinter in an alternate host, but its identity has not been determined (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FB4AFB832732FB94" author="Coppel" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1958) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). VI. Phorocera incrassata Smith (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 36, 453 - 462." type="journal article" year="1958">Coppel 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FEC3FBAB2472FB97" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[348,519,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FEC3FBAB2472FB97" box="[348,519,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species remain almost exclusively the only known hosts of this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FEDAFBF32791FBBC" author="Arnaud" box="[325,484,1124,1150]" pageId="21" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FE6FFBF3257FFBBC" author="O'Hara" box="[496,778,1124,1150]" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. & Cooper, B. E. (1992) Revision of the Nearctic species of Cyzenis Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 124, 785 - 813." type="journal article" year="1992">O’Hara & Cooper 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BEDF6501330E9450FEA7FB1B2585FAAC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330E9450FEA7FB1B2585FAAC" blockId="21.[264,1324,284,1390]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Wilkes
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FE0FFB1B27BEFB67" box="[400,459,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1949) ranked
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FDE2FB1B252CFB67" box="[637,857,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FDE2FB1B252CFB67" box="[637,857,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FC16FB1B22F2FB67" box="[905,1159,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phorocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FC16FB1B22F2FB67" box="[905,1159,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Phorocera incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as the eighth most important parasitoid, and fifth most important dipterous parasitoid, of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FBE4FB23235EFB0F" box="[1147,1323,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FBE4FB23235EFB0F" box="[1147,1323,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330E9450FEAAFB4B27AFFB37" box="[309,474,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FEAAFB4B27AFFB37" box="[309,474,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330E9450FDF5FB4B2494FB34" box="[618,737,1244,1270]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with an average parasitism rate of 1.1% during
|
||
<date id="827B104A330E9450FE97FA9327E5FADC" box="[264,400,1284,1310]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1943" valueMax="1947">1943–1947</date>
|
||
. Other studies have reported similarly low levels of parasitism, e.g., 0.008– 0.500% in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330E9450FE40FABB2426FA84" box="[479,595,1324,1350]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FDFDFABB2489FA84" author="Coppel" box="[610,764,1324,1350]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1958) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). VI. Phorocera incrassata Smith (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 36, 453 - 462." type="journal article" year="1958">Coppel 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 0.0–2.5% in Oregon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330E9450FBA5FABB2353FA84" author="Schaupp" box="[1082,1318,1324,1350]" pageId="21" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. & Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Schaupp
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330E9450FB38FABB2297FA87" box="[1191,1250,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, with higher rates found in epidemic than endemic populations).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |