516 lines
60 KiB
XML
516 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document id="031618D0F63C61B62B2BD7941C01070C" ID-CLB-Dataset="8935" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4868.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="89de8b03-b1c0-4580-b988-561f7e381264" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4418112" ID-ZooBank="435A24DF-6999-48AF-A307-DAFCC5169D37" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1609811554634" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Opresko, Dennis M. & Wagner, Daniel" docDate="2020" docId="6B2A8782FFC0EC38BAE8FB44FE6D1D50" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4868.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4868 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Alternatipathes venusta Opresko & Wagner 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="553" masterDocId="9713FFFAFFC7EC32BA7FFF8AFFCF1B59" masterDocTitle="New species of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from deep- sea seamounts and ridges in the North Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="559" masterPageNumber="543" pageNumber="550" updateTime="1698852483883" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="6095EC0701C8890EB3C127407C7C4EA5">New species of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from deep- sea seamounts and ridges in the North Pacific</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="55D336C0EFA9D02063AF094C8F2FB46A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F62CD039A51412C43627C8E792DC7FAE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1646482921F65C679658E37B0645D731">Opresko, Dennis M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C8FF9B1C748A322D378BD251717BEBF7">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, U. S. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560. Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Arlington, VA. & dmopresko @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9946 - 1533</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0F80DEC95EEBEC48651FBAD7E54E8795" type="email">dmopresko@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="9AEDE3B08D821F51FB757B7DB4BDD8D8">Wagner, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="225EB359555BB09875A57CA50157A825">dwagner @ conservation. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 4343</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1D5E97BDC2C9A768DD8B5300BDCFCC3D" type="email">dwagner@conservation.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="4DFFF106BADB5B0D5DDA2C6730B8AEBE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9640C20C8B627481808AF370B1EC435A">
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<mods:date id="F7F63E29F11D5FC0E4A1EAFA6C5F6014">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A12ECCDE613173E74E8D915B261D39BB">2020-10-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="220109F0D8FFB53178A1991C099D689F">4868</mods:number>
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<treatment id="6B2A8782FFC0EC38BAE8FB44FE6D1D50" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418004" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176578844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4418004" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6B2A8782FFC0EC38BAE8FB44FE6D1D50" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B2A8782FFC0EC38BAE8FB44FE6D1D50" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
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<subSubSection id="AB99651FFFC0EC35BAE8FB44FDD51FB0" box="[151,538,1230,1257]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="nomenclature">
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<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFC0EC35BAE8FB44FDD51FB0" bold="true" box="[151,538,1230,1257]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
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<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFC0EC35BAE8FB44FE7A1FB0" ID-CoL="84HV7" authority="Opresko & Wagner, 2020" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,437,1230,1257]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFC0EC35BAE8FB44FE7A1FB0" bold="true" box="[151,437,1230,1257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Alternatipathes venusta</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAC457FDFFC0EC35BBC2FB45FDD51FB0" box="[445,538,1231,1257]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="7BB82A11FFC0EC35BADFFB79FF301E57" box="[160,255,1267,1294]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1972,1996]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1797,1821]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,250,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1497,1947]" captionTargetBox-1="[177,1411,201,1773]" captionTargetBox-2="[191,1392,927,1747]" captionTargetId-0="figure-441@7.[151,1436,1497,1948]" captionTargetId-1="figure-27@8.[177,1411,181,1773]" captionTargetId-2="figure-448@9.[189,1398,921,1753]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. In situ photographs of Alternatipathes venusta sp. nov. holotype (USNM 1404492) photographed near McCall Seamount at 2,638 m. Photos courtesy of NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Alternatipathes venusta sp. nov. holotype (USNM 1404492). A. colony; B–C. skeletal spines on pinnules; D. spines on stem (B-D from SEM stub 406)." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Map showing the known geographical distribution of Alternatipathes venusta sp. nov. To date, this species is only known from the Hawaiian Islands and Gorde Ridge at depths ranging between 2,638–2,821 m." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418128" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418130" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418132" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4418128/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4418130/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4418132/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Fig. 6–8</figureCitation>
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)
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<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFC0EC35BAE8FAB0FE4E1E0D" bold="true" box="[151,385,1338,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Material examined.</emphasis>
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:
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(
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_L3_D2_
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_
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BIO,
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, Northeast Pacific, Gorda Ridge, Gorda Transform,
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</emphasis>
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, ROV
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, Sta. T-193-A4,
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|
||
<materialsCitation id="53EB3CC9FFC0EC35B9ACFA2DFB161E98" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3015207381" box="[979,1241,1447,1473]" collectingDate="2000-08-12" collectionCode="MBARI" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="8592AE51FFC0EC35B9ACFA2DFBFD1E98" box="[979,1074,1447,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">MBARI</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="973D1054FFC0EC35BE42FA2DFB161E98" box="[1085,1241,1447,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" value="2000-08-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="8779E9BCFFC0EC35BE42FA2DFB161E98" box="[1085,1241,1447,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" value="2000-08-12">12 Aug. 2000</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B7FC661CFFC0EC35BAE8F83EFB8D1CA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418128" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4418128" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418128/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" startId="7.[151,250,1972,1996]" targetBox="[151,1436,1497,1947]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFC0EC35BAE8F83EFB8D1CA9" blockId="7.[151,1436,1972,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFC0EC35BAE8F83EFEDA1C95" bold="true" box="[151,277,1972,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFC0EC35BB61F83FFEAE1C95" box="[286,353,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFC0EC35B873F83EFD311C95" authority="Opresko & Wagner, 2020" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[524,766,1972,1996]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFC0EC35B873F83EFD311C95" box="[524,766,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Alternatipathes venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFC0EC35B978F83EFC951C95" bold="true" box="[775,858,1972,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAC457FDFFC0EC35B978F83EFC951C95" box="[775,858,1972,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (USNM 1404492) photographed near McCall Seamount at 2,638 m. Photos courtesy of NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B7FC661CFFCFEC3ABAE8F88FFD8A1C18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418130" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4418130" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418130/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" startId="8.[151,250,1797,1821]" targetBox="[177,1411,201,1773]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCFEC3ABAE8F88FFD8A1C18" blockId="8.[151,1436,1797,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCFEC3ABAE8F88FFED91C44" bold="true" box="[151,278,1797,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCFEC3ABB60F88FFDDD1C44" authority="Opresko & Wagner, 2020" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[287,530,1797,1821]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCFEC3ABB60F88FFDDD1C44" box="[287,530,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Alternatipathes venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCFEC3AB864F88FFDA11C44" bold="true" box="[539,622,1797,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAC457FDFFCFEC3AB864F88FFDA11C44" box="[539,622,1797,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (USNM 1404492).
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCFEC3AB9DAF88FFC711C44" bold="true" box="[933,958,1797,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">A.</emphasis>
|
||
colony;
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCFEC3ABE63F88FFB9C1C44" bold="true" box="[1052,1107,1797,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">B–C.</emphasis>
|
||
skeletal spines on pinnules;
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCFEC3ABFFBF88FFA531C44" bold="true" box="[1412,1436,1797,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">D.</emphasis>
|
||
spines on stem (B-D from SEM stub 406).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCFEC3ABAB8F8FAFCB71CD3" blockId="8.[151,1436,1903,2038]" box="[199,888,1903,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="53EB3CC9FFCFEC3ABAB8F8FAFCBB1CD3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3015207321" box="[199,884,1903,1930]" elevation="2638" location="Hawaiian Islands" municipality="McCall Seamount" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCFEC3ABAB8F8FAFEAA1CD0" bold="true" box="[199,357,1903,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCFEC3ABAB8F8FAFECD1CD3" box="[199,258,1904,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="E65C604FFFCFEC3ABB13F8E5FDFE1CD0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6B2A8782FFC0EC38BAE8FB44FE6D1D50:E65C604FFFCFEC3ABB13F8E5FDFE1CD0" box="[364,561,1903,1929]" municipality="McCall Seamount" name="Hawaiian Islands" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Hawaiian Islands</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="0358ACEEFFCFEC3AB843F8E5FCC51CD3" box="[572,778,1903,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">McCall Seamount</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCFEC3AB96AF8E5FCBB1CD3" box="[789,884,1903,1930]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.638" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" unit="m" value="2638.0">
|
||
<elevation id="68AED1A7FFCFEC3AB96AF8E5FCBB1CD3" box="[789,884,1903,1930]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.638" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" unit="m" value="2638.0">2,638 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AB99651FFFCFEC3BBAE8F819FE351A18" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="552" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCFEC3BBAE8F819FE351A18" blockId="8.[151,1436,1903,2038]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="552" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCFEC3ABAE8F819FEDD1CF4" bold="true" box="[151,274,1939,1965]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Colony attached, monopodial, unbranched, and pinnulate. Pinnules simple, arranged alternately in two lateral rows along upper part of stem. Lower unpinnulated section of the stem up to two times longer than upper pinnulated section. Pinnules generally decreasing in length proximally (>
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCFEC3AB9BBF856FBC51CAF" box="[964,1034,2012,2038]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
|
||
) to distally (~
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCFEC3ABEDAF856FB131CAF" box="[1189,1244,2012,2038]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
) in a colony with a
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBAD3FF1DFF3D1BE8" box="[172,242,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
|
||
long pinnulated section. Pinnules
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BB805FF1DFD171BE8" box="[634,728,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart on either side of axis; nine to 11 pinnules (total for both rows) per
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBB74FF31FE881B8C" box="[267,327,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Polypar spines on pinnules, conical, smooth, acute, and up to
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBE6DFF31FBB81B8C" box="[1042,1143,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall; a few are bifurcated. Abpolypar spines short, triangular, up to
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BB825FF55FD721BA0" box="[602,701,223,249]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall. Five to six rows of spines visible in lateral view; with 4 spines per mm within each row on polypar side; 3–4 spines per mm on abpolypar side. Polyps about
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBEBBFE88FAC91A44" box="[1220,1286,258,285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in transverse diameter, with 2 polyps per cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AB99651FFFCEEC38BAB8FEC0FD0A1EC4" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCEEC3BBAB8FEC0FA5E1938" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCEEC3BBAB8FEC0FE291A3C" bold="true" box="[199,486,330,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCEEC3BBB07FEC1FE2E1A3C" box="[376,481,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCEEC3BB85FFEC1FD4D1A3C" box="[544,642,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM 1404492) is a relatively large monopodial colony with a long unpinnulated stalk and a shorter upper pinnulated section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BB82A11FFCEEC3BB93FFEE5FC4A1AD0" box="[832,901,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1972,1996]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1497,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-441@7.[151,1436,1497,1948]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. In situ photographs of Alternatipathes venusta sp. nov. holotype (USNM 1404492) photographed near McCall Seamount at 2,638 m. Photos courtesy of NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418128" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418128/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B, 7A). Although the collected specimen is missing the lowermost part of the stem,
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCEEC3BB828FE19FD531AF5" box="[599,668,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
photos indicate that the colony was attached to the hard substrate by a basal plate. The length of the stem of the collected specimen is
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BB9FEFE3DFC041A88" box="[897,971,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="29.0">29 cm</quantity>
|
||
, with the upper
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBEFBFE3DFB041A88" box="[1156,1227,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
|
||
containing simple pinnules arranged alternately in two lateral rows. The total length of the unpinnulated part of the stem was estimated from
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCEEC3BBAA9FE75FED31941" box="[214,284,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
images of the colony to be about
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BB8DDFE75FD231940" box="[674,748,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
|
||
; therefore, the total length of the stem in the intact colony is estimated to have been
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBBDFFDA8FE251964" box="[416,490,546,573]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="57.0">57 cm</quantity>
|
||
. The stem diameter at its broken end is
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BB9D4FDA9FBCB1964" box="[939,1028,547,573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. A striatum was not found on the
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBFFFFDA9FF761938" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
|
||
section of stem still remaining; however, on this section the spines often occur along the crests of axial ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCEEC3BBAB8FDE1FC6018D8" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">
|
||
On the collected specimen the pinnules in the lowest four pairs are broken off, therefore, their length cannot be determined. The next highest ones are
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BB83FFD05FD4B19F0" box="[576,644,655,681]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
|
||
long with a basal diameter of about
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBE6CFD05FBA419F0" box="[1043,1131,655,681]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The pinnules in the twelfth pair from the apex are about
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBBA9FD39FDD41994" box="[470,539,691,717]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
long. The spacing of the pinnules varies slightly along the stem (
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBE92FD39FA901994" box="[1261,1375,691,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4 to 6 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart in each row), such that there are ten to 11 pinnules total per
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BB955FD5DFCAB19A8" box="[810,868,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
. The lowest pinnule is on the left side of the colony (the polyp side being the front side of the corallum) and alternates with the one on the right. Distal angles that the pinnules form with the stem are near 60° on the lower and middle parts of pinnulated section of the stem; decreasing to about 30° near the tip. The interior angle formed by the two rows of pinnules is close to 90°on the lower part of the pinnulated section of the stem; increasing to near 180° near the tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B7FC661CFFCEEC3BBAE8F97AFB971C75" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418132" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4418132" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418132/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" startId="9.[151,250,1776,1800]" targetBox="[191,1392,927,1747]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCEEC3BBAE8F97AFB971C75" blockId="9.[151,1436,1776,1837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCEEC3BBAE8F97AFEDC1C51" bold="true" box="[151,275,1776,1800]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Map showing the known geographical distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCEEC3BB946F97BFBE71C51" authority="Opresko & Wagner, 2020" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[825,1064,1777,1801]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCEEC3BB946F97BFBE71C51" box="[825,1064,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Alternatipathes venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CAC457FDFFCEEC3BBE50F97BFB4E1C51" box="[1071,1153,1777,1801]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCEEC3BBE50F97BFBB51C50" bold="true" box="[1071,1146,1777,1801]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
To date, this species is only known from the Hawaiian Islands and Gorde Ridge at depths ranging between 2,638–2,821 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCEEC38BAB8F8D1FF1A1AAC" blockId="9.[151,1436,1883,2017]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,1545]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">
|
||
The skeletal spines on the pinnules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BB82A11FFCEEC3BB829F8D1FD571C2C" box="[598,664,1883,1909]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1797,1821]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,201,1773]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[177,1411,181,1773]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Alternatipathes venusta sp. nov. holotype (USNM 1404492). A. colony; B–C. skeletal spines on pinnules; D. spines on stem (B-D from SEM stub 406)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418130" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418130/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B–C) are distinctly different on the polypar and abpolypar sides of the axis. On the polypar side they are tall, conical, smooth, with a sharp or slightly rounded apex. The abpolypar spines are short, triangular in lateral view, and rounded at the apex. On a section of pinnule where the axial diameter is
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBF14F829FF0A1CB8" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the polypar spines are
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BBBB4F84DFDE21CB8" box="[459,557,1991,2017]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
and the abpolypar spines are
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCEEC3BB908F84DFC111CB8" box="[887,990,1991,2017]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
. On a section of pinnule where the axial diameter is
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BB65FF1DFEBD1BE8" box="[282,370,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the polypar spines are
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B804FF1DFD101BE8" box="[635,735,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
and the abpolypar spines are
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BE53FF1DFB5C1BE8" box="[1068,1171,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The polypar spines are at right angles to the axis or are angled distally or proximally slightly. The spines are in axial rows, five to six of which can be seen in lateral view. The spacing of the spines within the rows ranges from
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BE17FF55FADD1BA0" box="[1128,1298,223,249]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.33" valueMax="0.46" valueMin="0.2">0.2 to 0.46 mm</quantity>
|
||
; on average, there are about 4 spines per mm on the polypar side and slightly less on the abpolypar side. In some places the rows of spines appear to originate on axial ridges running in a proximal to distal direction. The polypar spines, and some on the sides of the axis, are forked, and appear to eventually lead to the formation of double spines. On the stem the spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BB82A11FFCDEC38BA92FEE5FE8B1AD0" box="[237,324,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1797,1821]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,201,1773]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[177,1411,181,1773]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Alternatipathes venusta sp. nov. holotype (USNM 1404492). A. colony; B–C. skeletal spines on pinnules; D. spines on stem (B-D from SEM stub 406)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418130" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418130/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
) are reduced in size and usually not more than
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B923FEE5FC0F1AD0" box="[860,960,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall. They are often very shallowly sloped at the base in both a basal and distal direction. The number of rows and the density within the rows is similar to that on the pinnules, but the rows are not as uniform as those on the pinnules and scattered spines also occur between the rows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCDEC38BAB8FE75FB461938" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
The polyps near the base of the pinnules are
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B8CAFE74FCE91940" box="[693,806,510,537]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in transverse diameter with 2–2.5 polyps per cm. Polyps along most of the remaining sections of the pinnules are close to
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B90CFDA8FC7B1964" box="[883,948,546,573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in transverse diameter and the interpolypar space is about
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BB44FDCDFEB11938" box="[315,382,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, resulting in a polyp density of 2 polyps per cm or 6 polyps per
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BE35FDCDFB4A1938" box="[1098,1157,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCDEC38BAB8FDE0FBC3184C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BAB8FDE0FDD619DC" bold="true" box="[199,537,618,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCDEC38BBD8FDE1FDDB19DC" box="[423,532,619,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCDEC38B82BFDE1FD7B19DC" box="[596,692,619,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM 1234537) consists only of the upper pinnulated part of a colony, the lower unpinnulated stalk was not collected. The remaining pinnulated section is about
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BEA0FD05FAEB19F0" box="[1247,1316,655,681]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
long. This specimen is similar to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCDEC38BBC6FD39FDD41994" box="[441,539,691,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in the length of the pinnules (up to
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B9DBFD38FBCE1994" box="[932,1025,690,717]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="14.5">14.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
), in the density of the pinnules (9–10 per
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BABDFD5DFF3219A8" box="[194,253,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
), and in the size of the polypar spines (mostly
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B979FD5DFC0F19A8" box="[774,960,726,753]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.13" valueMax="0.15" valueMin="0.11">0.11 to 0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
, but up to
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BE49FD5DFB5519A8" box="[1078,1178,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.19">0.19 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall), but it has smaller polyps (
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BA8EFD71FE80184C" box="[241,335,763,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in transverse diameter with a density of 2.6–3 polyps per cm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCDEC38BAB8FC94FEE21F24" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BAB8FC94FEA91861" bold="true" box="[199,358,798,824]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BB0BFC95FDB11861" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[372,638,799,825]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BB0BFC95FDB11861" box="[372,638,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Alternatipathes venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38B9ADFC95FACD1860" authority="(Brook, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Brook" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[978,1282,799,825]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B9ADFC95FB961860" box="[978,1113,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A. alternata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87124B65FFCDEC38BE17FC95FB351860" author="Brook, G." box="[1128,1274,799,825]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="1 - 222" refId="ref8656" refString="Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia. Reports of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the Challenger, Zoology, 32, 1 - 222." type="journal article" year="1889">Brook, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both species form a monopodial, unbranched corallum. Although the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCDEC38B975FCC9FCF51804" box="[778,826,835,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38B921FCC9FC1C1805" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[862,979,835,861]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B921FCC9FCA01804" box="[862,879,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B902FCC9FC1C1805" box="[893,979,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BEC2FCC9FA8D1804" baseAuthorityName="Brook" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1213,1346,835,861]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BEC2FCC9FB011804" box="[1213,1230,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BEA4FCC9FA8D1804" box="[1243,1346,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">alternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and has longer pinnules, the ratio between pinnule and stem length is similar in both species. Thus, the length of the pinnules on the upper
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BB12FC01FE7D18FC" box="[365,434,907,933]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38B87EFC01FDB818FD" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[513,631,907,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B87EFC01FDB818FD" box="[513,631,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A. venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
corallum are proportionally similar to those on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCDEC38BEC6FC01FB2618FC" box="[1209,1257,907,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BF70FC01FA5918FC" baseAuthorityName="Brook" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1295,1430,907,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BF70FC01FAEF18FC" box="[1295,1312,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BF50FC01FA5918FC" box="[1327,1430,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">alternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose pinnulated section is only
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B870FC25FD9A1890" box="[527,597,943,969]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
long. The basal-most pinnules (twelfth pair from the apex) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BF69FC25FA521890" baseAuthorityName="Brook" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1302,1437,943,969]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BF69FC25FAE81890" box="[1302,1319,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BF49FC25FA521890" box="[1334,1437,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">alternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BABEFC58FED218B4" box="[193,285,978,1005]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="10.5">10.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length, and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BB98FC59FD9218B5" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[487,605,979,1005]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BB98FC59FE3718B4" box="[487,504,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B878FC59FD9218B5" box="[519,605,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the pinnules in the twelfth pair from the apex are also about
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BF6AFC59FA9418B4" box="[1301,1371,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
long. Differences between the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCDEC38BBD2FC7DFE271F48" box="[429,488,1015,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of both species are in the length of the non-pinnulated stalk (about four times longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BACCFB91FEE71F6D" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[179,296,1051,1077]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BACCFB91FF0B1F6C" box="[179,196,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BAADFB91FEE71F6D" box="[210,296,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), in the density of the pinnules (9–11 pinnules total for both sides per
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BE4DFB91FBA61F6C" box="[1074,1129,1051,1077]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
vs. 7–8 pinnules total per
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BFF1FB91FF761F00" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BAA1FBB5FEAB1F00" baseAuthorityName="Brook" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[222,356,1087,1113]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BAA1FBB5FF201F00" box="[222,239,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BA82FBB5FEAB1F00" box="[253,356,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">alternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and in the size of the spines (polypar spines up to
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B9D1FBB5FBDD1F00" box="[942,1042,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BE49FBB5FB631F01" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[1078,1196,1087,1113]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BE49FBB5FB631F01" box="[1078,1196,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A. venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and only
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BF64FBB5FA4F1F00" box="[1307,1408,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BAE8FBE9FED21F24" baseAuthorityName="Brook" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[151,285,1123,1149]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BAE8FBE9FF671F24" box="[151,168,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BAC9FBE9FED21F24" box="[182,285,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">alternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCDEC38BAB8FB0DFB961E68" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="3C388836FFCDEC38BA85FB0DFEE51FF8" box="[250,298,1159,1185]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38B85BFB0DFCA01FF8" authority="(Opresko, 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Opresko" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[548,879,1158,1185]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Umbellapathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bipinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B85BFB0DFD611FF8" box="[548,686,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A. bipinnata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87124B65FFCDEC38B8C1FB0DFCA81FF8" author="Opresko, D. M." box="[702,871,1158,1185]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="129 - 165" refId="ref9187" refString="Opresko, D. M. (2005) New genera and species of antipatharian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the North Pacific. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 79, 129 - 165." type="journal article" year="2005">Opresko, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has spines that are very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BF25FB0DFF1B1F9D" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BF25FB0DFAA41FF8" box="[1370,1387,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BF05FB0DFF1B1F9D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in both shape and size. The polypar spines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38B8A6FB21FCAC1F9C" baseAuthorityName="Opresko" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[729,867,1195,1221]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Umbellapathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bipinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B8A6FB21FD251F9C" box="[729,746,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B887FB21FCAC1F9C" box="[760,867,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">bipinnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are up to
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B9ACFB21FBE61F9C" box="[979,1065,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height, whereas the abpolypar spines are half that size or smaller. The two species can be differentiated however, by the fact that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BF6EFB45FA531FB0" baseAuthorityName="Opresko" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[1297,1436,1231,1257]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Umbellapathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bipinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BF6EFB45FA531FB0" box="[1297,1436,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A. bipinnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the pinnules are much shorter (
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BB86FB78FD871E54" box="[505,584,1266,1293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="4.5">4.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B806FB79FD0F1E54" box="[633,704,1267,1293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
|
||
or more), the lowermost pinnules are developed into pinnulated branches, and the polyps are smaller (
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38B841FA9DFD531E68" box="[574,668,1303,1329]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in transverse diameter vs. up to
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BE78FA9CFB831E68" box="[1031,1100,1302,1329]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCDEC38BAB8FAB1FD0A1EC4" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
The unpinnulated section of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38B87AFAB1FDB51E0D" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[517,634,1339,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B87AFAB1FDB51E0D" box="[517,634,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">A. venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is longer than its pinnulated section, a trait that is also present in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38BABAFAD5FEA01E20" authorityName="Opresko" authorityYear="2005" box="[197,367,1375,1401]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Umbellapathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BABAFAD5FEA01E20" box="[197,367,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Umbellapathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38B817FAD5FCDD1E20" authorityName="Opresko" authorityYear="2005" box="[616,786,1375,1401]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Umbellapathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B817FAD5FCDD1E20" box="[616,786,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Umbellapathes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B95FFAD5FCE11E21" box="[800,814,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">a</emphasis>
|
||
lways have more than one order of pinnulated branches developing from the lowermost primary pinnules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AB99651FFFCDEC38BAB8FA2DFC831E98" box="[199,844,1447,1473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCDEC38BAB8FA2DFC831E98" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1545]" box="[199,844,1447,1473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BAB8FA2DFE811E98" bold="true" box="[199,334,1447,1473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
From the Latin “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24834D17FFCDEC38B86FFA2DFDA91E99" authorityName="Opresko & Wagner" authorityYear="2020" box="[528,614,1447,1472]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38B86FFA2DFDA91E99" box="[528,614,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” meaning beautiful.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AB99651FFFCDEC38BAB8FA40FE6D1D50" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E33C3694FFCDEC38BAB8FA40FE6D1D50" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1F7EA86FFCDEC38BAB8FA40FE961EBD" bold="true" box="[199,345,1482,1508]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Currently only known from the Hawaiian Islands and Gorda Ridge at depths ranging between
|
||
<quantity id="247B9B71FFCDEC38BAE8FA65FE8F1D50" box="[151,320,1519,1545]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7295" metricValueMax="2.821" metricValueMin="2.638" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" unit="m" value="2729.5" valueMax="2821.0" valueMin="2638.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="86B75053FFCDEC38BAE8FA65FF191D50" box="[151,214,1519,1545]" degrees="2,638" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" precision="55" value="2.638">2,638</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="86B75053FFCDEC38BAA8FA65FEEC1D50" box="[215,291,1519,1545]" degrees="2,821" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" precision="55" value="-2.821">–2,821</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BB82A11FFCDEC38BB30FA65FE5B1D50" box="[335,404,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[191,1392,927,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-448@9.[189,1398,921,1753]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Map showing the known geographical distribution of Alternatipathes venusta sp. nov. To date, this species is only known from the Hawaiian Islands and Gorde Ridge at depths ranging between 2,638–2,821 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418132" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418132/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |