370 lines
72 KiB
XML
370 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="9E80BC3B0D80F3C50BC12BAF0AE4099B" ID-CLB-Dataset="3003" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5071.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7fbb065d-e2c2-48d4-bcb2-1e6ac6f1edce" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5723744" ID-ZooBank="1AE32395-5C27-4FC8-9006-E899CF866D24" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1637745872275" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Thuy, Ben, Maxwell, Vivienne & Pruss, Sara B." docDate="2021" docId="3479C667FFEC8F68FF29BFCCFBCBC3D0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5071.3.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5071 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ophiosuperstes praeparvus Thuy & Maxwell & Pruss 2021, gen. et sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="380" masterDocId="C840BE1FFFEB8F63FFBEBA5EFFFFC019" masterDocTitle="A new phosphatized ophiuroid from the lower Triassic of Nevada and its position in the evolutionary history of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)" masterLastPageNumber="383" masterPageNumber="369" pageNumber="376" updateTime="1699469926486" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="DB644929681A91C9057A6DB2E3013920" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="5EA8F8E092D993BB7E43205872C3127E">
|
||
<mods:title id="12CE850010011F942F56F0C1098EBC73">A new phosphatized ophiuroid from the lower Triassic of Nevada and its position in the evolutionary history of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="D9291E66DAFF795D12F36222DBFBB7C1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="36C47D00E0B129792E0A35B1B26325EE">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EBAF6F01E1FB2EF30AFB24B4BD9340DC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1494D44F757EE74243798D3981A89945">Thuy, Ben</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="B4EDF449E581582F5A0F871E133EA961">Natural History Museum Luxembourg, Department of Paleontology, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Department of Geosciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="4E5005387764B3BB0DCA14747765E83F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="77988E104220414044FDC571D30AD19B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3CF0044D19BC5221A64535613AD24542">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="6FFFA9123DB68BD0F9163B6860893848">Maxwell, Vivienne</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="F5AB31DE68B69BF6719486F40FA4F193" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="8D543A73982A5EFB1D82A5296684F29A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="8364D6C5628B9C54C26C19C1FE633C4A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="3F91DD14FB69BF379F7C4B11C031D767">Pruss, Sara B.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A546A98114865DB1AF8E7E36F8BD66FA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="CAFD2DBEA3A4F3333A68059E5AED1284" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="A38018B034BFEF14BE3B116C02E94510">
|
||
<mods:title id="D261C31ED8D81AA57CD3466939789564">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="0B2257CCF1A265C242045D8AAAFDAAE1">
|
||
<mods:date id="08D35E9312935C134B58933201BA19DA">2021</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="62256B51F03FE05C92FB9ABD575C016C" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="3C3432D7DF024E8C22652001BE01AC1E">2021-11-24</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="2490B120B252D0747B519DC4351593D8" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="29425D75E644845297E9755FBAD4F0FB">5071</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="9BC7A24DDD1C0F927D50C10FCF526B9C" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="CA5BF017A2FA5B7EDDDE4F9EAA3B9D38">3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="60F8CB2E19F284B2D2BD957498C9D061" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="11E026A7A923799646C124357591D332">369</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="9BB036C889A05F32469E6776F02CC096">383</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="4136A743943997140CE6FA3666DA5BA8">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4D95CA90037F2C324A61E62268A4F7B7" type="CLB-Dataset">3003</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4D75E905F58C7FE5DDB482D1929FEEBE" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5071.3.4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3C3F4F7B99604B74E76A787D5F4B574C" type="GBIF-Dataset">7fbb065d-e2c2-48d4-bcb2-1e6ac6f1edce</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="02B21EA4DBEF6DD9E9C79EECAB460237" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4A3C2567192B889E6E060E8826ACC798" type="Zenodo-Dep">5723744</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D6F541DECD9A220A7AECBED7A6FAD1DB" type="ZooBank">1AE32395-5C27-4FC8-9006-E899CF866D24</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="3479C667FFEC8F68FF29BFCCFBCBC3D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5776284" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191502343" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5776284" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3479C667FFEC8F68FF29BFCCFBCBC3D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3479C667FFEC8F68FF29BFCCFBCBC3D0" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="380" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4CA24FAFFEC8F64FF29BFCCFD67C5B4" box="[151,664,1426,1453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFEC8F64FF29BFCCFD67C5B4" blockId="7.[151,664,1426,1489]" box="[151,664,1426,1453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFEC8F64FF29BFCCFE24C5B5" ID-CoL="8TFTZ" authority="Thuy & Maxwell & Pruss, 2021" authorityName="Thuy & Maxwell & Pruss" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,475,1426,1452]" class="Ophiuroidea" genus="Ophiosuperstes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="praeparvus" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FF29BFCCFE24C5B5" box="[151,475,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Ophiosuperstes praeparvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FE5CBFCDFD67C5B4" bold="true" box="[482,664,1427,1453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95971618FFEC8F64FE5CBFCDFD67C5B4" box="[482,664,1427,1453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4CA24FAFFEC8F64FF29BFE8FF00C5C8" box="[151,255,1462,1489]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFEC8F64FF29BFE8FF00C5C8" blockId="7.[151,664,1426,1489]" box="[151,255,1462,1489]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFEC8F64FF29BFE8FF00C5C8" box="[151,255,1462,1489]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,649,673]" captionTargetBox-0="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetBox-1="[160,1427,189,618]" captionTargetId-0="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@9.[151,1436,181,624]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5: Dissociated disc plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A: paratype (OPH188), oral plate in abradial view. B: paratype (OPH189), radial shield in external view, with outline of missing proximal tip reconstructed using a dashed grey line. C: paratype (OPH190) adradial genital plate in dorsal view. Abbreviations: AMF: abradial muscle fossa; do: dorsal; LG: longitudinal groove; pr: proximal.All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723756" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5723756/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Figs. 4–5</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4CA24FAFFEC8F64FF29BFA0FE5DC625" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFEC8F64FF29BFA0FE5DC625" blockId="7.[151,1437,1534,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FF29BFA0FEF0C601" box="[151,271,1534,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFEC8F64FEA0BFA1FE61C601" authorityName="Thuy & Maxwell & Pruss" authorityYear="2021" box="[286,414,1535,1560]" class="Ophiuroidea" genus="Ophiosuperstes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="praeparvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FEA0BFA1FE61C601" box="[286,414,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">praeparvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is Latin for very small or minute, as these microfossils were extracted from a small shelly fossil-style assemblage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4CA24FAFFEC8F64FF79BC18FDB6C69C" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFEC8F64FF79BC18FE07C678" blockId="7.[151,1437,1534,2029]" box="[199,504,1606,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="0CB87D2CFFEC8F64FF79BC18FE07C678" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417672301" box="[199,504,1606,1633]" collectionCode="OPH" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" specimenCode="OPH177" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FF79BC18FED1C679" box="[199,302,1606,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFEC8F64FF79BC18FED1C679" box="[199,302,1606,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. MnhnL
|
||
<specimenCode id="EC76DF0AFFEC8F64FE28BC19FE07C678" box="[406,504,1607,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">OPH177</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFEC8F64FF79BC35FDB6C69C" blockId="7.[151,1437,1534,2029]" box="[199,585,1642,1669]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="0CB87D2CFFEC8F64FF79BC35FDB6C69C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417672302" box="[199,585,1642,1669]" collectionCode="OPH" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" specimenCode="OPH178" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FF79BC35FEC6C69D" box="[199,313,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFEC8F64FF79BC35FEC6C69D" box="[199,313,1643,1668]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. MnhnL
|
||
<specimenCode id="EC76DF0AFFEC8F64FE1FBC35FDFCC69C" box="[417,515,1643,1669]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">OPH178</specimenCode>
|
||
– 190
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4CA24FAFFEC8F64FF79BCD1FB9BC6B0" box="[199,1124,1678,1705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFEC8F64FF79BCD1FB9BC6B0" blockId="7.[151,1437,1534,2029]" box="[199,1124,1678,1705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FF79BCD1FEA8C6B1" box="[199,343,1678,1704]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFEC8F64FF79BCD1FF04C6B1" box="[199,251,1679,1704]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7E14B993FFEC8F64FCB5BCD0FC9EC6B1" box="[779,865,1678,1704]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFEC8F64FCD1BCD0FBA7C6B0" author="Maxwell, V. & Thuy, B. & Pruss, S. B." box="[879,1112,1678,1705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" pagination="368 - 377" refId="ref8038" refString="Maxwell, V., Thuy, B. & Pruss, S. B. (2020) An Early Triassic small shelly fossil-style assemblage from the Virgin Limestone Member, Moenkopi Formation, western United States. Lethaia, 54, 368 - 377. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / let. 12409" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Maxwell
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FC62BCD1FBEBC6B1" box="[988,1044,1678,1704]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4CA24FAFFEC8F64FF79BCEDFEC2C6E9" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFEC8F64FF79BCEDFEC2C6E9" blockId="7.[151,1437,1534,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FF79BCEDFEA3C6D5" box="[199,348,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFEC8F64FF79BCEDFF04C6D5" box="[199,251,1715,1740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
stratum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Bed LC–18–34 within the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4CA24FAFFEC8F64FF79BCA5FBABC7F5" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFEC8F64FF79BCA5FBABC7F5" blockId="7.[151,1437,1534,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFEC8F64FF79BCA5FEC6C70D" box="[199,313,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. Ophintegrid ophiuroid with stout lateral arm plates of rounded outline, very weak oblique elongated spur on ventro-proximal tip of outer surface, otherwise devoid of spurs or conspicuous outer surface ornamentation; with up to six small, vertical spine articulations slightly sunken into distal edge of lateral arm plate, composed of arched, shifted dorsal and ventral lobes merged at their proximal tips and encompassing the muscle and nerve openings; no sigmoidal fold; tentacle openings developed as small notches lined by a shallow groove in proximal to median lateral arm plates, and reduced to a within-plate perforation in distal lateral arm plates; ventral arm plates trapezoid; radial shields rounded isosceles triangular, without extensions or incisions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="E8AF27F9FFE38F6BFF29BC35FB19C7F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" startId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" targetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE38F6BFF29BC35FB19C7F2" blockId="8.[151,1437,1643,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE38F6BFF29BC35FEE8C69A" bold="true" box="[151,279,1643,1667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">FIGURE 4:</emphasis>
|
||
Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE38F6BFD00BC35FC29C69A" authority="Thuy & Maxwell & Pruss, 2021" authorityName="Thuy & Maxwell & Pruss" authorityYear="2021" box="[702,982,1643,1667]" class="Ophiuroidea" genus="Ophiosuperstes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="praeparvus" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE38F6BFD00BC35FC29C69A" box="[702,982,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Ophiosuperstes praeparvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95971618FFE38F6BFC61BC32FB81C69A" box="[991,1150,1644,1668]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view. Abbreviations: AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E8AF27F9FFE28F6AFF29B8D7FB5FC329" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723756" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5723756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723756/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" startId="9.[151,250,649,673]" targetBox="[160,1427,189,618]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE28F6AFF29B8D7FB5FC329" blockId="9.[151,1437,649,817]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE28F6AFF29B8D7FEE8C2B8" bold="true" box="[151,279,649,673]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">FIGURE 5:</emphasis>
|
||
Dissociated disc plates of the ophiuroid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE28F6AFD00B8D7FC28C2B8" authority="Thuy & Maxwell & Pruss, 2021" authorityName="Thuy & Maxwell & Pruss" authorityYear="2021" box="[702,983,649,673]" class="Ophiuroidea" genus="Ophiosuperstes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="praeparvus" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE28F6AFD00B8D7FC28C2B8" box="[702,983,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Ophiosuperstes praeparvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95971618FFE28F6AFC61B8D7FB80C2B9" box="[991,1151,649,673]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A: paratype (OPH188), oral plate in abradial view. B: paratype (OPH189), radial shield in external view, with outline of missing proximal tip reconstructed using a dashed grey line. C: paratype (OPH190) adradial genital plate in dorsal view. Abbreviations: AMF: abradial muscle fossa; do: dorsal; LG: longitudinal groove; pr: proximal. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4CA24FAFFE28F69FF79B93EFF37C104" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="379" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE28F6AFF79B93EFCDBC530" blockId="9.[151,1437,863,1322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE28F6AFF79B93EFE2FC360" box="[199,464,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFE28F6AFECEB901FE2FC360" box="[368,464,863,889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. MnhnL OPH177 is a dissociated proximal lateral arm plate of stout, rounded outline, approximately two times higher than long, with rounded dorsal and distal edges and protruding ventro-proximal portion; outer proximal edge evenly concave, lined by a relatively broad but poorly defined band of slightly more coarsely meshed stereom with a faint horizontal striation but without spurs other than a very weak oblique elongated spur on the ventro-proximal tip of the outer surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFD4DB9B1FCAFC410" box="[755,848,1007,1033]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
); outer surface devoid of constriction, covered by a relatively finely meshed stereom with trabecular intersections transformed into very small tubercles; five relatively small, equal-sized spine articulations along the distal edge, with a slight dorsalward increase in the size of the gaps between the spine articulations, at the same level as the outer surface stereom; spine articulations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFB55BE05FABDC46C" box="[1259,1346,1115,1141]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
) almost vertical, composed of arched and slightly shifted dorsal and ventral lobes encompassing a small muscle opening and a slightly smaller nerve opening; ventral edge with a small but well developed tentacle notch, lined by a shallow, poorly defined groove; inner side of lateral arm plate (not figured) with a large, well-defined, single vertebral articular ridge composed of the same stereom as the remaining inner side; inner distal edge without spurs; small but clearly defined tentacle notch; no perforations discernible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE28F6AFF29BF22FDB7C58C" blockId="9.[151,584,1403,1429]" box="[151,584,1403,1429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE28F6AFF29BF22FDBDC58C" box="[151,578,1403,1429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFE28F6AFF29BF22FEFCC58C" box="[151,259,1404,1429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
supplements and variation
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE28F6AFF29BF9DFAD7C688" blockId="9.[151,1437,1475,2041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
|
||
Lateral arm plates: median lateral arm plates (MnhnL OPH178 – OPH180) similar to
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFE28F6AFB3ABF9DFB19C5C4" box="[1156,1254,1475,1501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
with respect to general outline, outer surface stereom (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFDE3BFB9FD47C618" box="[605,696,1511,1537]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
), outer proximal edge, shape and position of spine articulations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFF1EBC55FF06C63C" box="[160,249,1547,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and morphology of inner side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFDD2BC55FD19C63C" box="[620,742,1547,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4E, G</figureCitation>
|
||
) but with lower height/length ratio, fewer spine articulations (three to four) and smaller tentacle notch. Distal lateral arm plate (MnhnL OPH181) longer than high, of rounded rectangular outline with straight dorsal and ventral edges, with three closely-spaced spine articulations and with tentacle openings developed as within-plate perforation close to ventralmost spine articulation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFB7BBC29FAE4C688" box="[1221,1307,1655,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE28F6AFF79BCC5FAA1C75C" blockId="9.[151,1437,1475,2041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
|
||
Vertebrae (MnhnL OPH184 – 187) roughly disc-shaped (proximal vertebrae,
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFB99BCC5FB68C6AF" box="[1063,1175,1691,1718]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4J, K</figureCitation>
|
||
) to cylindrical (median and distal vertebrae,
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFEC3BCE1FE08C6C3" box="[381,503,1727,1754]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4L, M</figureCitation>
|
||
), with concave lateral saddle showing a single, tongue-shaped articular surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFAD1BCE1FF48C6E4" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4L</figureCitation>
|
||
) with the lateral arm plate; large, straight dorsal muscle fossae and much smaller, straight ventral ones; distal face with dorsalwards converging zygocondyles and with a small zygosphene protruding only very little beyond the ventral edge of the zygocondyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFDA7BD75FD96C75C" box="[537,617,1835,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4J</figureCitation>
|
||
); deep and broad ventral furrow with small podial basins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFB49BD75FAAEC75C" box="[1271,1361,1835,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4K</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE28F6AFF79BD11FA98C794" blockId="9.[151,1437,1475,2041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
|
||
Ventral arm plates (MnhnL OPH182 – 183) trapezoid, with weakly convex distal edge, concave lateral edges and narrower, rectangular proximal portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFD34BD2DFD06C797" box="[650,761,1907,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,193,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4: Dissociated arm plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A–B: holotype (OPH177), proximal lateral arm plate in external view (A) and with detail of spine articulations (B). C–D: paratype (OPH178), median lateral arm plate in external view (C) and with detail of spine articulations (D). E: paratype (OPH179), median lateral arm plate in internal view. F: paratype (OPH181), distal lateral arm plate in external view. G: paratype (OPH180), median lateral arm plate in internal view. H: paratype (OPH182), proximal ventral arm plate in external view. I: paratype (OPH183), median to distal ventral arm plate in external view. J: paratype (OPH184), proximal vertebra in distal view. K: paratype (OPH185), proximal vertebra in ventral view. L: paratype (OPH186), median vertebra in lateral view. M: paratype (OPH187), median vertebra in dorso-distal view.Abbreviations:AS: articular structure; di: distal; DL: dorsal lobe; do: dorsal; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; pr: proximal; PB: podial basin; SA: spine articulations; TO: tentacle opening; VAR: vertebral articular ridge; VF: ventral furrow; VL: ventral lobe; ZC: zygocondyle; ZS: zygosphene. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723752/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 4H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
); no spurs or conspicuous outer surface ornamentation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE28F6AFF79BDC9FF0FC7E0" blockId="9.[151,1437,1475,2041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
|
||
Oral plate (MnhnL OPH188) longer than high, slender, fragile, with abradial muscle fossa developed as central depression (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE28F6AFE9DBDE5FE80C7CF" box="[291,383,1979,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,649,673]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,189,618]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[151,1436,181,624]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5: Dissociated disc plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A: paratype (OPH188), oral plate in abradial view. B: paratype (OPH189), radial shield in external view, with outline of missing proximal tip reconstructed using a dashed grey line. C: paratype (OPH190) adradial genital plate in dorsal view. Abbreviations: AMF: abradial muscle fossa; do: dorsal; LG: longitudinal groove; pr: proximal.All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723756/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and small adradial muscle attachment area lining ventral edge of adradio-distal articular surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE18F69FF79BAC9FD16C0CC" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">
|
||
Radial shield (MnhnL OPH189) with proximal portion broken, rounded isosceles triangular in extrapolated outline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE18F69FF4ABAE5FEB3C0CC" box="[244,332,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,649,673]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,189,618]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[151,1436,181,624]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5: Dissociated disc plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A: paratype (OPH188), oral plate in abradial view. B: paratype (OPH189), radial shield in external view, with outline of missing proximal tip reconstructed using a dashed grey line. C: paratype (OPH190) adradial genital plate in dorsal view. Abbreviations: AMF: abradial muscle fossa; do: dorsal; LG: longitudinal groove; pr: proximal.All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723756/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
), no signs of extensions or incisions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE18F69FF79BA81FF37C104" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">
|
||
Adradial genital plate (MnhnL OPH190) bar-like, with a longitudinal groove and a swollen distal end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE18F69FAD1BA81FF43C104" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,649,673]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,189,618]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[151,1436,181,624]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5: Dissociated disc plates of the ophiuroid Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation, Spathian, lower Triassic, Lost Cabin Springs locality, southern Nevada. A: paratype (OPH188), oral plate in abradial view. B: paratype (OPH189), radial shield in external view, with outline of missing proximal tip reconstructed using a dashed grey line. C: paratype (OPH190) adradial genital plate in dorsal view. Abbreviations: AMF: abradial muscle fossa; do: dorsal; LG: longitudinal groove; pr: proximal.All scale bars equal 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723756/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F4CA24FAFFE18F68FF79BB79FBCBC3D0" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="380" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE18F69FF79BB79FCE5C278" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FF79BB79FED6C158" box="[199,297,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The ophiuroid remains described in the present paper include various
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFE18F69FBF0BB79FB76C158" box="[1102,1161,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of skeletal components, i.e. lateral and ventral arm plates, vertebrae, oral plates, genital plates and fragmentary radial shields. The ossicles of every component
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFE18F69FE38BB31FE49C190" box="[390,438,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">type</typeStatus>
|
||
show very little variation other than the changes depending on the position within the arm (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE18F69FEBBBBCDFE17C1B4" author="Thuy, B. & Stohr, S." box="[261,488,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref9525" refString="Thuy, B. & Stohr, S. (2011) Lateral arm plate morphology in brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): new perspectives for ophiuroid micropalaeontology and classification. Zootaxa, 3013, 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3013.1.1" type="journal article" year="2011">Thuy & Stöhr 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In particular, the lateral arm plates all belong to the same species, as indicated by the similarities in plate proportions, outer surface ornamentation, spine articulation morphology and position, and vertebral articular structure morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE18F69FDCFBB85FCA6C1EC" author="Thuy, B. & Stohr, S." box="[625,857,475,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref9525" refString="Thuy, B. & Stohr, S. (2011) Lateral arm plate morphology in brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): new perspectives for ophiuroid micropalaeontology and classification. Zootaxa, 3013, 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3013.1.1" type="journal article" year="2011">Thuy & Stöhr 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the various
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFE18F69FB2DBB85FB31C1EC" box="[1171,1230,475,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of ossicles are of compatible size and, in some cases, show corresponding articulation surfaces, e.g. the vertebral articular ridge on the inner side of the lateral arm plates matching the lateral articular ridge of the vertebrae. We therefore conclude that all the ophiuroid remains belong to the same species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE18F69FF79B835FBA2C344" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">
|
||
The spine articulations of the lateral arm plates described in the present paper are composed of small muscle and nerve openings encompassed by a ventral and dorsal lobe. This configuration precludes assignment to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE18F69FF29B8EDFEC3C2D4" authorityName="O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stohr & Martynov" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,316,691,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Euryophiurida">Euryophiurida</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose spine articulations lack dorsal and ventral lobes and have the muscle and nerve openings separated by a vertical ridge (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE18F69FE51B889FD30C2E8" author="O'Hara, T. D. & Stohr, S. & Hugall, A. F. & Thuy, B. & Martynov, A." box="[495,719,727,753]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref8286" refString="O'Hara, T. D., Stohr, S., Hugall, A. F., Thuy, B. & Martynov, A. (2018) Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification. European Journal of Taxonomy, 416, 1 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.416" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
O’Hara
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FDF0B889FD7DC2E8" box="[590,642,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">et al</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and instead suggests assignment to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE18F69FB12B889FABBC2E8" authorityName="O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stohr & Martynov" authorityYear="2017" box="[1196,1348,727,753]" class="Ophiuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="372" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Ophintegrida">Ophintegrida</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Within that superorder, affinities are not clear-cut because the lateral arm plates and the other skeletal parts lack characters that are uniquely found in one of the orders. This observation is in line with our phylogenetic estimate in which the ophiuroid described herein holds a basalmost position at the stem of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE18F69FC7CB91DFBA5C344" authorityName="O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stohr & Martynov" authorityYear="2017" box="[962,1114,835,861]" class="Ophiuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="372" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Ophintegrida">Ophintegrida</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE18F69FF79B939FD50C4F0" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">
|
||
Comparison with other fossil ophiuroids is hampered by the lack of detailed morphological analyses. Most descriptions of Triassic ophiuroids published to date are superficial and poorly illustrated, omitting important characters such as lateral arm plate microstructures that have been identified as systematically relevant (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE18F69FADFB9F1FEC7C3F4" author="Thuy, B. & Stohr, S." pageId="10" pageNumber="379" pagination="0156140" refId="ref9578" refString="Thuy, B. & Stohr, S. (2016) A new morphological phylogeny of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) accords with molecular evidence and renders microfossils accessible for cladistics. PLOS ONE, 11 (5), e 0156140. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0156140" type="journal article" year="2016">Thuy & Stöhr 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE18F69FEF8B98DFDDBC3F4" author="O'Hara, T. D. & Stohr, S. & Hugall, A. F. & Thuy, B. & Martynov, A." box="[326,548,979,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref8286" refString="O'Hara, T. D., Stohr, S., Hugall, A. F., Thuy, B. & Martynov, A. (2018) Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification. European Journal of Taxonomy, 416, 1 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.416" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
O’Hara
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FE1DB98DFE21C3F4" box="[419,478,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE18F69FD86B98DFB17C3F4" authority="Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi, 1972" authorityName="Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi" authorityYear="1972" box="[568,1256,979,1005]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Praeaplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FD86B98DFCE0C3F4" box="[568,799,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">Praeaplocoma hessi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE18F69FC96B98DFB17C3F4" author="Broglio Loriga, C. & Berti Cavicchi, A." box="[808,1256,979,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" pagination="185 - 197" refId="ref7075" refString="Broglio Loriga, C. & Berti Cavicchi, A. (1972) Praeaplocoma hessi n. gen., n. sp., un Ofiura del Werfeniano (Trias Inferiore) del Gruppo della Costabella, Dolomiti. Memorie Geopaleontologiche dell' Universita di Ferrara, 2 (1), 185 - 197." type="journal article" year="1972">Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the lower Triassic of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C4C737E1FFE18F69FEAAB9A9FEB8C408" box="[276,327,1015,1041]" name="Italy" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
shares some superficial similarities with the ophiuroid described herein, in particular regarding the outline of the radial shields and the shape of the ventral arm plates. The lateral arm plates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE18F69FB14BE45FB01C42C" authorityName="Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi" authorityYear="1972" box="[1194,1278,1051,1077]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Praeaplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FB14BE45FB01C42C" box="[1194,1278,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">P. hessi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, are bulging. The most important difference, however, was revealed by scanning electron microscopy of newly collected specimens from the Dolomites, close to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFE18F69FD38BE3DFD49C464" box="[646,694,1123,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">type</typeStatus>
|
||
area of the species (Twitchett
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FBB1BE3DFBB7C464" box="[1039,1096,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005), showing that the spine articulations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE18F69FEF8BED9FE67C4B8" authorityName="Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi" authorityYear="1972" box="[326,408,1159,1185]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Praeaplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FEF8BED9FE67C4B8" box="[326,408,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">P. hessi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack dorsal and ventral lobes and instead have their muscle and nerve openings separated by a vertical ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="24EB6BF4FFE18F69FEF1BEF5FE6CC4DF" box="[335,403,1195,1222]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[197,1390,1288,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-507@10.[189,1398,1281,1848]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6: Arm fragment of Praeaplocoma hessi Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi, 1972, (MHI 1307/nnn) from the Werfen Formation, Lower Triassic, of Weisshorn, Italy. A: arm fragments in ventral view. B: detail of part marked by white rectangle in A. Abbreviations: AS: arm spine; di: distal; LAP: lateral arm plate; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; SA: spine articulation; TO: tentacle opening; TS: tentacle scale; VAP: ventral arm plate. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm.Arrow in A indicates direction of view shown in B; refer to tentacle scales (TS) for better correspondence between A and B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723758" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723758/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). This observation places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE18F69FD06BEF5FCA2C4DC" authorityName="Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi" authorityYear="1972" box="[696,861,1195,1221]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Praeaplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FD06BEF5FCA2C4DC" box="[696,861,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">Praeaplocoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the superorder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE18F69FB97BEF5FB34C4DC" authorityName="O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stohr & Martynov" authorityYear="2017" box="[1065,1227,1195,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Euryophiurida">Euryophiurida</taxonomicName>
|
||
and allows a clear distinction from the ophiuroid described herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E8AF27F9FFE18F69FF29BD11FB5BC7EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723758" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5723758" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723758/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" startId="10.[151,250,1871,1895]" targetBox="[197,1390,1288,1842]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE18F69FF29BD11FB5BC7EE" blockId="10.[151,1436,1871,2040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FF29BD11FEE9C77E" bold="true" box="[151,278,1871,1895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">FIGURE 6:</emphasis>
|
||
Arm fragment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE18F69FE6FBD11FBC7C771" authority="Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi, 1972" authorityName="Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi" authorityYear="1972" box="[465,1080,1871,1896]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiuridae" genus="Praeaplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE18F69FE6FBD11FD5FC77E" box="[465,672,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="379">Praeaplocoma hessi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE18F69FD19BD11FBC7C771" author="Broglio Loriga, C. & Berti Cavicchi, A." box="[679,1080,1871,1896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="379" pagination="185 - 197" refId="ref7075" refString="Broglio Loriga, C. & Berti Cavicchi, A. (1972) Praeaplocoma hessi n. gen., n. sp., un Ofiura del Werfeniano (Trias Inferiore) del Gruppo della Costabella, Dolomiti. Memorie Geopaleontologiche dell' Universita di Ferrara, 2 (1), 185 - 197." type="journal article" year="1972">Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (MHI 1307/nnn) from the Werfen Formation, Lower Triassic, of Weisshorn, Italy. A: arm fragments in ventral view. B: detail of part marked by white rectangle in A. Abbreviations: AS: arm spine; di: distal; LAP: lateral arm plate; MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening; SA: spine articulation; TO: tentacle opening; TS: tentacle scale; VAP: ventral arm plate. All scale bars equal 0.2 mm. Arrow in A indicates direction of view shown in B; refer to tentacle scales (TS) for better correspondence between A and B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE08F68FF79BAC9FDB6C17C" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE08F68FF79BAC9FE49C0A8" box="[199,438,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Shoshonura brayardi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE08F68FE00BAC9FDC0C0A8" author="Thuy, B. & Escarguel, G. & The Paris Biota Team" box="[446,575,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" pagination="55 - 61" refId="ref9279" refString="Thuy, B., Escarguel, G. & The Paris Biota Team. (2019) A new brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatina) from the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA). Geobios, 54, 55 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2019.04.004" type="journal article" year="2019">Thuy, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the lower Triassic of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7E14B993FFE08F68FCC7BAC9FC46C0A8" box="[889,953,151,177]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
is another confirmed basal member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FF29BAE5FED0C0CC" authorityName="O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stohr & Martynov" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,303,187,213]" class="Ophiuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="372" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Ophintegrida">Ophintegrida</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It differs from the ophiuroid described herein in the more bulging lateral arm plates and the deeper tentacle notches of the ventral arm plates. Furthermore, the spine articulations are typical of the ophintegrid order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FF29BB5DFEC1C104" authorityName="O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stohr & Martynov" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,318,259,285]" class="Ophiuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Ophiacanthida</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FEF9BB5DFD26C104" authority="(Picard, 1858)" baseAuthorityName="Picard" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[327,729,258,285]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiolepididae" genus="Arenorbis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="squamosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE08F68FEF9BB5DFDC9C105" box="[327,566,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Arenorbis squamosus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE08F68FDFCBB5DFD2EC104" author="Picard, E." box="[578,721,258,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" pagination="425 - 436" refId="ref8357" refString="Picard, E. (1858) Uber den Keuper bei Schlotheim in Thuringen und seine Versteinerungen. Zeitschrift fur die Gesamten Naturwissenschaften, 11, 425 - 436." type="journal article" year="1858">Picard, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the middle Triassic of central Europe has lateral arm plates with several spurs along the outer proximal edge, and a slightly raised distal portion with larger, unambiguously ophiodermatid-like spine articulations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE08F68FF79BB31FCAAC2B0" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
Closest similarities are shared with the middle to upper Triassic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FC69BB31FAF5C190" authority="d'Orbigny, 1852" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1852" box="[983,1290,366,393]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiolepididae" genus="Aplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE08F68FC69BB31FBB6C190" box="[983,1097,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Aplocoma</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE08F68FBF1BB31FAF5C190" author="d'Orbigny, A. D." box="[1103,1290,366,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" pagination="381 - 849" refId="ref7442" refString="d'Orbigny, A. D. (1852) s. n. In: Cours elementaire de paleontologie et de geologie stratigraphiques. 2 (2). Masson, Paris, pp. 381 - 849." type="book chapter" year="1852">d’Orbigny, 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in particular with respect to the shape of the lateral arm plates. In contrast to the ophiuroid described herein, however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FA95BBCDFA62C1B4" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1852" box="[1323,1437,403,429]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiolepididae" genus="Aplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE08F68FA95BBCDFA62C1B4" box="[1323,1437,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Aplocoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has parallel rather than dorsalward converging zygocondyles on the distal vertebral articulations, ventral arm plates with a pointed rather than straight proximal edge, lateral arm plates with a ventralwards protruding ventro-distal tip and an outer proximal edge with spurs but lacking a fine horizontal striation, and spine articulations that are oblique rather than vertical and that have a weakly developed sigmoidal fold. These characters not only differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FF29B819FEF6C278" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1852" box="[151,265,583,609]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiolepididae" genus="Aplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE08F68FF29B819FEF6C278" box="[151,265,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Aplocoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the ophiuroid described herein but also suggest a more derived position of that genus within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FF29B835FED0C29C" authorityName="O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stohr & Martynov" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,303,619,645]" class="Ophiuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="372" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Ophintegrida">Ophintegrida</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our phylogeny corroborates this assumption and places the
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFE08F68FC6BB835FBFAC29C" box="[981,1029,619,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FB3CB835FB0BC29C" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1852" box="[1154,1268,619,645]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiolepididae" genus="Aplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE08F68FB3CB835FB0BC29C" box="[1154,1268,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Aplocoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FABFB835FA85C29D" baseAuthorityName="von Munster" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[1281,1402,619,645]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiolepididae" genus="Aplocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="agassizi">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE08F68FABFB835FA85C29D" box="[1281,1402,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">A. agassizi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at the stem of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FE38B8D1FDC0C2B0" box="[390,575,655,681]" order="Ophiodermatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" rank="order">Ophiodermatida</taxonomicName>
|
||
, albeit with low support.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6F7771FFE08F68FF79B8EDFBCBC3D0" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
Because the ophiuroid described herein differs from all other unambiguously diagnosed fossil ophiuroids, we assign it to the new genus and species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD00CF2FFE08F68FDE2B889FC6BC2E9" authorityName="Thuy & Maxwell & Pruss" authorityYear="2021" box="[604,916,727,753]" class="Ophiuroidea" genus="Ophiosuperstes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="praeparvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE08F68FDE2B889FC6BC2E9" box="[604,916,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Ophiosuperstes praeparvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For the time being, we prefer to eclipse the numerous poorly diagnosed lower Triassic ophiuroid taxa (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE08F68FCD5B8A5FB99C30C" author="Detre, C. & Mihaly, S." box="[875,1126,763,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" pagination="449 - 452" refId="ref7302" refString="Detre, C. & Mihaly, S. (1987) Ket Ujabb Ophiuroida Lelet A Balaton-Felvidek Triaszabol. A Magyar Allami Foldtani Intezet Evi Jelentese Az, 1985, 449 - 452." type="journal article" year="1987">Detre & Mihály 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE08F68FBCDB8A5FAC9C30C" author="Chen, Z. Q. & Shi, G. R. & Kaiho, K." box="[1139,1334,763,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" pagination="1301 - 1312" refId="ref7244" refString="Chen, Z. Q., Shi, G. R. & Kaiho, K. (2004) New ophiuroids from the Permian / Triassic boundary beds of South China. Palaeontology, 47, 1301 - 1312. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0031 - 0239.2004.00406. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="8EA4AB63FFE08F68FB09B8A5FB0EC30C" box="[1207,1265,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D8410A80FFE08F68FAFCB8A5FEA8C323" author="Chen, Z. Q. & Mcnamara, K. J." pageId="11" pageNumber="380" pagination="321 - 344" refId="ref7190" refString="Chen, Z. Q. & Mcnamara, K. J. (2006) End-Permian extinction and subsequent recovery of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 236, 321 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2005.11.014" type="journal article" year="2006">Chen & McNamara 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because the morphological information available for these taxa is too superficial for a meaningful comparison. A detailed re-evaluation taking into account recent progress in ophiuroid systematics is necessary in order to determine whether the respective
|
||
<typeStatus id="636BC9D3FFE08F68FD16B939FD27C398" box="[680,728,871,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens yield sufficient morphological information for an unambiguous diagnosis. Therefore, rather than extrapolating or perpetuating these questionable taxa, we prefer to introduce a new, unambiguously diagnosed taxon as a basis for future comparison.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |