treatments-xml/data/2E/03/87/2E0387F8B8741B2CFF0D70B8FC48928F.xml
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<mods:title id="26EF51E831D5AF1682BE02A9B6EE02DE">The scaffold web spider Nesticus helenensis Hubert, 1977, a junior synonym of Howaia mogera (Yaginuma, 1972) rest. comb., with revalidation of Howaia Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo, 1980 (Araneae: Nesticidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8741B2EFF0D70B8FD9B97F8" authority="Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo, 1980" authorityName="Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,581,1954,1980]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8741B2EFF0D70B8FF2897F8" bold="true" box="[151,246,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">Howaia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8741B2EFF6770B8FD9B97F8" author="Lehtinen, P. T. &amp; Saaristo, M. I." box="[253,581,1954,1980]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" pagination="47 - 66" refId="ref2591" refString="Lehtinen, P. T. &amp; Saaristo, M. I. (1980) Spiders of the Oriental-Australian region. II. Nesticidae. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 17, 47 - 66." type="journal article" year="1980">Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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gen. rest.
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<paragraph id="A61536EEB8741B2EFF0D70D9FDE0979F" blockId="0.[151,700,1882,2041]" box="[151,574,1986,2011]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="86BA11C0B8741B2EFF0D70D9FDE0979F" box="[151,574,1986,2011]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
<treatmentCitation id="270B10FFB8741B2EFF0D70D9FE00979F" author="Yaginuma, T." box="[151,478,1986,2011]" page="390" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" year="1972">
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8741B2EFF0D70D9FE70979F" ID-CoL="63F2H" authority=": Yaginuma (1972)" authorityName=": Yaginuma" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,430,1986,2011]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8741B2EFF0D70D9FF33979E" box="[151,237,1987,2010]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">Nesticus</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8741B2EFF6370D8FE70979F" author="Yaginuma, T." box="[249,430,1986,2011]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" pagination="619 - 622" refId="ref3090" refString="Yaginuma, T. (1972) Revision of the short-legged nesticid spiders of Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science Tokyo, 15, 619 - 622." type="journal article" year="1972">Yaginuma (1972)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 390
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(in part).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A61536EEB8741B2EFF0D70F8FDF997BD" blockId="0.[151,700,1882,2041]" box="[151,551,2017,2041]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="86BA11C0B8741B2EFF0D70F8FDF997BD" box="[151,551,2017,2041]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
<treatmentCitation id="270B10FFB8741B2EFF0D70F8FDFD97BD" author="Lehtinen, P. T. &amp; Saaristo, M. I." box="[151,547,2017,2041]" page="53" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" year="1980">
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8741B2EFF0D70F8FDFD97BD" authority="Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo, 1980: 53" authorityName="Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo" authorityPageNumber="53" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,547,2017,2041]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8741B2EFF0D70F8FF3997BD" box="[151,231,2018,2041]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">Howaia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8741B2EFF7470FBFDFD97BD" author="Lehtinen, P. T. &amp; Saaristo, M. I." box="[238,547,2017,2041]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" pagination="47 - 66" refId="ref2591" refString="Lehtinen, P. T. &amp; Saaristo, M. I. (1980) Spiders of the Oriental-Australian region. II. Nesticidae. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 17, 47 - 66." type="journal article" year="1980">Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo, 1980: 53</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A61536EEB8751B2FFF0D778DFC5690EB" blockId="1.[151,1066,151,236]" box="[151,904,151,175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="86BA11C0B8751B2FFF0D778DFC5690EB" box="[151,904,151,175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<treatmentCitation id="270B10FFB8751B2FFF0D778DFE2D90EB" author="Wunderlich, J." box="[151,499,151,175]" page="93" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" year="1986">
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8751B2FFF0D778DFE1090EB" ID-CoL="63MR" authority=": Wunderlich (1986)" authorityName=": Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,462,151,175]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFF0D778DFF2290EB" box="[151,252,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Nesticella</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8751B2FFE93778DFE1090EB" author="Wunderlich, J." box="[265,462,151,175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refId="ref3025" refString="Wunderlich, J. (1986) Spinnenfauna gestern und heute: Fossile Spinnen in Bernstein und ihre heute lebenden Verwandten. Quelle &amp; Meyer, Wiesbaden, 283 pp." type="book" year="1986">Wunderlich (1986)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 93
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. (synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8751B2FFD0B778DFD3F90EA" authorityName="Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" box="[657,737,151,174]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFD0B778DFD3F90EA" box="[657,737,151,174]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Howaia</emphasis>
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with
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<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFC81778DFC5E90EB" box="[795,896,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Nesticella</emphasis>
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)
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<paragraph id="A61536EEB8751B2FFF0D77ACFDF790A8" blockId="1.[151,1066,151,236]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="86BA11C0B8751B2FFF0D77ACFBF49089" box="[151,1066,181,205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<treatmentCitation id="270B10FFB8751B2FFF0D77ACFDE09089" author="Marusik, Y. M. &amp; Guseinov, E." box="[151,574,181,205]" page="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" year="2003">
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8751B2FFF0D77ACFDC79089" authority=": Marusik &amp; Guseinov (2003)" authorityName=": Marusik &amp; Guseinov" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,537,181,205]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFF0D77ACFF399089" box="[151,231,182,205]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Howaia</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8751B2FFF6F77AFFDC79089" author="Marusik, Y. M. &amp; Guseinov, E." box="[245,537,181,205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" pagination="29 - 46" refId="ref2745" refString="Marusik, Y. M. &amp; Guseinov, E. (2003) Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta, 12 (1), 29 - 46." type="journal article" year="2003">Marusik &amp; Guseinov (2003)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 37
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. (considered valid but not explicitly revalidated)
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For full synonymy list, see
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.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A61536EEB8751B2FFF027075FE1097B7" blockId="1.[151,1437,1903,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFF027075FE9897C3" bold="true" box="[152,326,1903,1927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">FIGURES 16.</emphasis>
Holotype female (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.129084) and paratype male (BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.133336) of
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8751B2FFF0D708EFE3797EF" authority="Hubert, 1977" authorityName="Hubert" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,489,1939,1963]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helenensis">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFF0D708EFE8397EF" box="[151,349,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Nesticus helenensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8751B2FFEF97089FE3797EF" author="Hubert, M." box="[355,489,1939,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" pagination="153 - 156" refId="ref2435" refString="Hubert, M. (1977) Fam. Nesticidae. In: La faune terrestre de l'ile de Sainte-Helene IV. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences zoologiques (Zool. - Ser. 8 °), 220, 153 - 156." type="journal article" year="1977">Hubert, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8751B2FFD96708EFCB097EF" authority="(Yaginuma, 1972)" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[524,878,1939,1963]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mogera" status="n. syn.">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFD96708EFD6E97EF" box="[524,688,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Howaia mogera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8751B2FFD247089FCB997EF" author="Yaginuma, T." box="[702,871,1939,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" pagination="619 - 622" refId="ref3090" refString="Yaginuma, T. (1972) Revision of the short-legged nesticid spiders of Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science Tokyo, 15, 619 - 622." type="journal article" year="1972">Yaginuma, 1972</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFCEE7089FC6497EF" bold="true" box="[884,954,1939,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8FED5787B8751B2FFCEE7089FC6497EF" box="[884,954,1939,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
].
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFC557089FC3C97EF" bold="true" box="[975,994,1939,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">1,</emphasis>
Male habitus, dorsal.
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFB597089FB0897EF" bold="true" box="[1219,1238,1939,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">2,</emphasis>
Male palp, ventral.
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFF0D70ADFF7A978B" bold="true" box="[151,164,1975,1999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">3</emphasis>
, Female habitus, dorsal.
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFE3970ADFE6B978B" bold="true" box="[419,437,1975,1999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">4,</emphasis>
Epigynum, ventral.
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFD1C70ADFD47978B" bold="true" box="[646,665,1975,1999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">5,</emphasis>
Male palp, retrolateral (modified from
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8751B2FFBB170ADFB6B978B" author="Hubert, M." box="[1067,1205,1975,1999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" pagination="153 - 156" refId="ref2435" refString="Hubert, M. (1977) Fam. Nesticidae. In: La faune terrestre de l'ile de Sainte-Helene IV. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences zoologiques (Zool. - Ser. 8 °), 220, 153 - 156." type="journal article" year="1977">Hubert, 1977</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8751B2FFB5C70ADFB07978B" bold="true" box="[1222,1241,1975,1999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">6,</emphasis>
Epigynum, ventral (modified from
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8751B2FFEA370C1FE1D97B7" author="Hubert, M." box="[313,451,2011,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" pagination="153 - 156" refId="ref2435" refString="Hubert, M. (1977) Fam. Nesticidae. In: La faune terrestre de l'ile de Sainte-Helene IV. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences zoologiques (Zool. - Ser. 8 °), 220, 153 - 156." type="journal article" year="1977">Hubert, 1977</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="EEB06565B8761B2CFF0D7782FB1090F4" box="[151,1230,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="A61536EEB8761B2CFF0D7782FB1090F4" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,715]" box="[151,1230,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFF0D7782FEF590EB" bold="true" box="[151,299,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" reason="1">
<typeStatus id="7911884CB8761B2CFF0D7782FF1190F4" box="[151,207,152,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFEAB7782FD4690F4" authority="Yaginuma, 1972" authorityName="Yaginuma" authorityYear="1972" box="[305,664,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mogera">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFEAB7782FE3A90EB" box="[305,484,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Nesticus mogera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFE70778DFD4690F4" author="Yaginuma, T." box="[490,664,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="619 - 622" refId="ref3090" refString="Yaginuma, T. (1972) Revision of the short-legged nesticid spiders of Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science Tokyo, 15, 619 - 622." type="journal article" year="1972">Yaginuma, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by original designation (
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFC39778DFB1D90F4" author="Lehtinen, P. T. &amp; Saaristo, M. I." box="[931,1219,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="47 - 66" refId="ref2591" refString="Lehtinen, P. T. &amp; Saaristo, M. I. (1980) Spiders of the Oriental-Australian region. II. Nesticidae. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 17, 47 - 66." type="journal article" year="1980">Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo, 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EEB06565B8761B2CFF5D77A1FA5B91E8" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A61536EEB8761B2CFF5D77A1FA5B91E8" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFF5D77A1FEE29097" bold="true" box="[199,316,187,211]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
(Adapted from
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFE6877A1FD7D9097" author="Lin, Y. C. &amp; Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q." box="[498,675,187,211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref2627" refString="Lin, Y. C., Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2016) A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys, 627, 1 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 627.8629" type="journal article" year="2016">
Lin
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFDB877A6FD859097" box="[546,603,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFD2F77A6FCD79097" authorityName=": Marusik &amp; Guseinov" authorityYear="2003" box="[693,777,188,211]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFD2F77A6FCD79097" box="[693,777,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Howaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFBA477A1FAE39097" box="[1086,1341,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFBA477A1FB779097" authorityName=": Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[1086,1193,187,211]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Nesticella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8FED5787B8761B2CFB2977A6FAE39097" box="[1203,1341,188,211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(i.e. the
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFF0D77C5FED690B3" box="[151,264,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">nepalensis</emphasis>
-group of
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFEE277C5FDF990B3" author="Lin, Y. C. &amp; Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q." box="[376,551,223,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref2627" refString="Lin, Y. C., Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2016) A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys, 627, 1 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 627.8629" type="journal article" year="2016">
Lin
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFE3D77FAFE3E90B3" box="[423,480,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
) by a combination of the following characters. In males: (1) paracymbium with presence of a single ventral apophysis without lobed processes, and the squared distal process (
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFB13761EFB41915F" box="[1161,1183,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
. ventral apophysis with two lobed processes and distal process not squared in
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFD78763DFC93917B" authorityName=": Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[738,845,295,319]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFD78763DFC93917B" box="[738,845,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Nesticella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); (2) a basally broad and rugulose terminal apophysis, normally flattened (
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFEEA7656FE589127" box="[368,390,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
. terminal apophysis elongate and not basally broad in
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFC7E7651FB919127" authorityName=": Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[996,1103,331,355]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFC7E7651FB919127" box="[996,1103,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Nesticella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and (3) absence of a tegular apophysis (
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFE8A766AFEF891C3" box="[272,294,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
. present in
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFE047675FDD791C3" authorityName=": Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[414,521,367,391]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFE047675FDD791C3" box="[414,521,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Nesticella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) In females: (1) copulatory ducts straight and almost parallel (
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFB0D766AFB7391C3" box="[1175,1197,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
. copulatory ducts bent in
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFF297689FEC091EF" authorityName=": Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[179,286,403,427]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFF297689FEC091EF" box="[179,286,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Nesticella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and (2) scape quadrate and strongly protruding (
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFCAC768EFC9291EF" box="[822,844,404,427]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">vs</emphasis>
. scape narrow, non-quadrate and short in
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFA917689FAA891EF" authorityName=": Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[1291,1398,403,427]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFA917689FAA891EF" box="[1291,1398,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Nesticella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EEB06565B8761B2CFF5D76A2FCB392EC" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A61536EEB8761B2CFF5D76A2FAC19253" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFF5D76A2FEE89194" bold="true" box="[199,310,440,464]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
In addition to the morphological evidence given above, molecular data also support the validity of
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFAD276A2FA42918B" authorityName=": Marusik &amp; Guseinov" authorityYear="2003" box="[1352,1436,440,463]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFAD276A2FA42918B" box="[1352,1436,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Howaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid genus (
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFEC176C1FDE291B0" author="Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q." box="[347,572,475,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="2" refId="ref2255" refString="Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2018) Diversification in tropics and subtropics following the mid-Miocene climate change: A case study of the spider genus Nesticella. Global Change Biology, 24 (2), e 577 - e 591. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / gcb. 13958" type="journal article" year="2018">Ballarin &amp; Li, 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, based on the morphological and molecular evidence, we formally revalidate the genus
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFEE9751AFE199253" authorityName=": Marusik &amp; Guseinov" authorityYear="2003" box="[371,455,512,535]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFEE9751AFE199253" box="[371,455,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Howaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFE54751AFDEB925C" bold="true" box="[462,565,512,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">rest. gen.</emphasis>
here, restricting it solely to the
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFC12751AFC079253" authorityName="Yaginuma" authorityYear="1972" box="[904,985,512,535]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mogera">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFC12751AFC079253" box="[904,985,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">mogera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFBBD751AFBBC9253" box="[1063,1122,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFBF376E5FAC59253" author="Lin, Y. C. &amp; Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q." box="[1129,1307,511,535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref2627" refString="Lin, Y. C., Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2016) A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys, 627, 1 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 627.8629" type="journal article" year="2016">
Lin
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFB0F751AFB149253" box="[1173,1226,511,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A61536EEB8761B2CFF5D7539FCB392EC" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFF5D7539FE57927F" bold="true" box="[199,393,547,571]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" reason="1">Species included.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFE15753EFD2D9278" authority="Liu &amp; Li, 2013" authorityName="Liu &amp; Li" authorityYear="2013" box="[399,755,547,572]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apiculata" status="n. comb.">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFE15753EFD90927F" box="[399,590,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Howaia apiculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFDCE7539FD2D9278" author="Liu, J. &amp; Li, S. Q." box="[596,755,547,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="501 - 547" refId="ref2693" refString="Liu, J. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2013) New cave-dwelling spiders of the family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from China. Zootaxa, 3613 (6), 501 - 547. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3613.6.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Liu &amp; Li, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFD63753EFC849278" bold="true" box="[761,858,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8FED5787B8761B2CFD63753EFC849278" box="[761,858,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFCFC753EFAD1927F" authority="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016" authorityName="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li" authorityYear="2016" box="[870,1295,547,572]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliangensis" status="n. comb.">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFCFC753EFBD9927F" box="[870,1031,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">H. fuliangensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFB977539FAD1927F" author="Lin, Y. C. &amp; Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q." box="[1037,1295,547,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref2627" refString="Lin, Y. C., Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2016) A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys, 627, 1 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 627.8629" type="journal article" year="2016">Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFA8F753EFAA89278" bold="true" box="[1301,1398,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8FED5787B8761B2CFA8F753EFAA89278" box="[1301,1398,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFA18753EFDB9921B" authority="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016" authorityName="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li" authorityYear="2016" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huomachongensis" status="n. comb.">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFA18753EFE88921B" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">H. huomachongensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFEC4755DFDB9921B" author="Lin, Y. C. &amp; Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q." box="[350,615,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref2627" refString="Lin, Y. C., Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2016) A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys, 627, 1 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 627.8629" type="journal article" year="2016">Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFDF57552FD0C9224" bold="true" box="[623,722,584,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8FED5787B8761B2CFDF57552FD0C9224" box="[623,722,584,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFD7A7552FBC39224" authority="(Yaginuma, 1972)" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[736,1053,583,608]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mogera">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFD7A7552FC8D921B" box="[736,851,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">H. mogera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFCF8755DFBC89224" author="Yaginuma, T." box="[866,1046,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="619 - 622" refId="ref3090" refString="Yaginuma, T. (1972) Revision of the short-legged nesticid spiders of Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science Tokyo, 15, 619 - 622." type="journal article" year="1972">Yaginuma, 1972</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFBBF7552FB7D9224" bold="true" box="[1061,1187,584,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">comb. rest.</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFB2B7552FEB992C7" authority="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016" authorityName="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rongtangensis" status="n. comb.">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFB2B7552FAB7921B" box="[1201,1385,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">H. rongtangensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFAEB755DFEB992C7" author="Lin, Y. C. &amp; Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q." pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref2627" refString="Lin, Y. C., Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2016) A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys, 627, 1 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 627.8629" type="journal article" year="2016">Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFEF47576FE1092C0" bold="true" box="[366,462,620,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8FED5787B8761B2CFEF47576FE1092C0" box="[366,462,620,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFE417576FC5A92C7" authority="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016" authorityName="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li" authorityYear="2016" box="[475,900,619,644]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wanzaiensis" status="n. comb.">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFE417576FDA292C7" box="[475,636,620,643]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">H. wanzaiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFD187571FC5A92C7" author="Lin, Y. C. &amp; Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q." box="[642,900,619,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref2627" refString="Lin, Y. C., Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2016) A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys, 627, 1 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 627.8629" type="journal article" year="2016">Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFC107576FC3592C0" bold="true" box="[906,1003,620,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8FED5787B8761B2CFC107576FC3592C0" box="[906,1003,620,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFC6D7576FA4292C7" authority="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016" authorityName="Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li" authorityYear="2016" box="[1015,1436,619,644]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yanbeiensis" status="n. comb.">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFC6D7576FB4D92C7" box="[1015,1171,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">H. yanbeiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFB007571FA4292C7" author="Lin, Y. C. &amp; Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q." box="[1178,1436,619,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref2627" refString="Lin, Y. C., Ballarin, F. &amp; Li, S. Q. (2016) A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys, 627, 1 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 627.8629" type="journal article" year="2016">Lin, Ballarin &amp; Li, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFF0D758AFF2692EC" bold="true" box="[151,248,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8FED5787B8761B2CFF0D758AFF2692EC" box="[151,248,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="61AA4D6DB8761B2CFEA9758AFCDB92EC" authority="Wang, Zheng &amp; Zhang, 2022" authorityName="Wang, Zheng &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2022" box="[307,773,655,680]" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yintiaoling" status="n. comb.">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFEA9758AFE1992E3" box="[307,455,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">H. yintiaoling</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C23B4B1FB8761B2CFE54758AFCDB92EC" author="Wang, L. Y. &amp; Zheng, C. B. &amp; Zhang, Z. S." box="[462,773,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" pagination="11 - 16" refId="ref2953" refString="Wang, L. Y., Zheng, C. B. &amp; Zhang, Z. S. (2022) [Three new species of Nesticella Lehtinen &amp; Saaristo, 1980 from Chongqing (Araneae: Nesticidae)]. Acta Arachnologica Sinica, 31 (1), 11 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.3969 / j. issn. 1005 - 9628.2022.01.002" type="journal article" year="2022">Wang, Zheng &amp; Zhang, 2022</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFC96758AFCB392EC" bold="true" box="[780,877,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8FED5787B8761B2CFC96758AFCB392EC" box="[780,877,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EEB06565B8761B2CFF5D75A9FC48928F" box="[199,918,691,715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A61536EEB8761B2CFF5D75A9FC48928F" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,715]" box="[199,918,691,715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="94DEEAFCB8761B2CFF5D75A9FE84928F" bold="true" box="[199,346,691,715]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
Eurasian, and introduced to Hawaii and
<collectingCountry id="DEBD767EB8761B2CFC9775A9FC48928F" box="[781,918,691,715]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Saint Helena</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>