485 lines
69 KiB
XML
485 lines
69 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7CCBAC5480CFFEBCD5CF6485FA0B4528">On the genus Tylorida Simon, 1894 with the first record of the genus Atelidea Simon, 1895 from India (Araneae: Tetragnathidae, Leucauginae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="227AAEC3007CCF2580FC3AD82B68ED27">Sankaran, Pradeep M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="88901A34D099DBB58CFE20124D71FB8D">Malamel, Jobi J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67B61635AE471FF0670FDFC7D8BE3764">Joseph, Mathew M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6A0522AA5487C4E9D64B08C271EA18F0">Sebastian, Pothalil A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="D10BC0E28DF4313DD3D6D2372167872B">2017</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8BC11444F412083FADC45C58C872B058" blockId="16.[151,950,1823,1882]" box="[151,556,1823,1849]" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">
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<heading id="D089A328F412083FADC45C58C872B058" bold="true" box="[151,556,1823,1849]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F412083FADC45C58C872B058" ID-CoL="7CZRW" authority="(Thorell, 1877)" authorityName=", Dr A. V. Sudhikumar and Mr Nafin K. S." authorityYear="1877" baseAuthorityName="Thorell" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[151,556,1823,1849]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F412083FADC45C58C872B058" bold="true" box="[151,556,1823,1849]" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F412083FADC45C58CB32B058" bold="true" box="[151,364,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">Tylorida ventralis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F412083FAC285C58C87AB058" author="Thorell" box="[379,548,1823,1849]" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" refString="Thorell, T. (1877) Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. I. Ragni di Selebes raccolti nel 1874 dal Dott. O. Beccari. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 10, 341 - 637." type="journal article" year="1877">Thorell, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BC11444F412083FADC45C06C9E8B03B" blockId="16.[151,950,1823,1882]" box="[151,950,1857,1882]" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">
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(
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F412083FADCC5C06CB4AB03B" box="[159,276,1857,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[181,1405,195,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1A–F. Field photographs of Tylorida spp. A Female Tylorida flava sp. nov. from Illithodu, Ernakulam (ADSH100454); B–C Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov. from Ponmudi, Trivandrum (ADSH100458): B Male; C Female;D Femaleof Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877)from MuriyadKol Wetland, Thrissur,Kerala (CATE99462); E–FFemales of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): E Silver morph from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha (ADSH1004515); F Yellow morph from Kanakappalam, Kottayam (ADSH1004518). Photo credit A & E, Pradeep M. Sankaran; B & C, Jimmy Paul; D, Nafin K.S.; F, Dhruv A. Prajapati." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065168/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">Figs 1E–F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F412083FAC735C05CB1DB03B" box="[288,323,1858,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,859,881]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,453,826]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,445,837]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2A–C. Field photographs of Tylorida spp. mating pairs. A Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov. from Ponmudi,Trivandrum (ADSH100458); B Tylorida striata (Thorell,1877) from Parambikulam TigerReserve,Palakkad,Kerala (CATE99461); Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877) from Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad, Kerala (CATE99463). Photo credit A, Jimmy Paul; B & C, Nafin K.S.." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065170/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">2C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F412083FAC1D5C05CBD4B03B" box="[334,394,1858,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1518,1540]" captionTargetBox="[187,1416,605,1454]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[172,1425,592,1466]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7A–I. Male left leg I of Tylorida spp. A–C Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov.: A tibia, prolateral; B metatarsus, prolateral; C tarsus, prolateral; D–F Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877): D tibia, prolateral; E metatarsus, prolateral; F tarsus, prolateral; G–I Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): G tibia, prolateral; H metatarsus, prolateral; I tarsus, prolateral. Scale bars A–C, E, H, I, 0.5 mm; D, G, 1 mm; F, 0.2mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065180/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">7G–I</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F412083FACC55C05CBBEB03B" box="[406,480,1858,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,214,1028]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12A–K. Left chelicerae of Tylorida spp. and Orsinome cf. vethi (Hasselt, 1882). A–E Left chelicerae of Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov.: A Male (High altitude form), prolateral; B Female (High altitude form), prolateral; C Male (Low altitude form), prolateral; D Female (Low altitude form), prolateral; E Orginal drawings of male and female cheliceraeadopted from Gravely(1921) without modification; F–G Left chelicerae of Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877):F Male, retrolateral; G Female, prolateral; H–I Left chelicerae of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): H Male, prolateral, arrow indicates tiny tubercle; I Female,ventro-retrolateral;J–K Left cheliceraeof Orsinome cf.vethi: J Male, retrolateral; K Female,prolateral. Scale bars A–B, H–I, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm; F–G, 0.2 mm; J–K, 0.5 mm; E, not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065190/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">12H–I</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F412083FACBF5C06C864B03B" box="[492,570,1857,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[316,1273,460,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[297,1290,450,1925]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 15A–F. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle from Edappady, Kottayam.A–C Male habitus: A dorsal; B ventral; C retrolateral; D–F Female habitus:D dorsal; E ventral, F retrolateral.Scale bar A–F, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065196/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">15A–F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F412083FAF165C06C8CFB03B" box="[581,657,1857,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,195,1369]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[184,1405,182,1378]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16A–J. Tylorida ventralis(Thorell, 1877):variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (Figs A–E) and variety III, female without caudal tubercle (Figs F–J).A–B, F–G Male habitus:A, F dorsal; B,G retrolateral; C–E, H–J Femalehabitus:C, H dorsal; D prolateral;E, I–J retrolateral.A–Dfrom Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha, Efrom Kumarakom,Kottayam, F–Ifrom Perumbalam, Alappuzha, J from Kulathupuzha, Kollam.Scale bar A–J, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065198/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">16A–J</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F412083FAFCF5C05C8AFB03B" box="[668,753,1858,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,529,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[186,1410,519,1831]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): male left pedipalp illustrating intraspecific variations and left chelicerae. A–E variety I from Edappady, Kottayam:A–D Left pedipalp:A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E Left chelicera, prolateral; F–J variety II from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha: F–I Left pedipalp: F prolateral; G ventral; H retrolateral; I dorsal; J Left chelicera, prolateral; variety III from Perumbalam, Alappuzha: K–N Left pedipalp: K prolateral; L ventral; M retrolateral; N dorsal; O Left chelicera, prolateral. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E, 1 mm;F–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065200/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">17A–O</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F412083FAFAE5C05C90CB03B" box="[765,850,1858,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[312,1268,209,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[290,1301,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): female genitalia illustrating intraspecific variations. A–F variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (A–C from Kumarakom, Kottayam and D–F from Kulathupuzha, Kollam): A–B, D–E Epigyna, ventral; C, F Internal female genitalia, dorsal; G–I, M–O variety III, female without caudal tubercle (G–I another female from Kulathupuzha, Kollam and M–O from Perumbalam, Alappuzha): G–H, M–N Epigyna, ventral; I, O Internal female genitalia, dorsal; J–L variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle (from Edappady, Kottayam): J–K Epigyna, ventral; L Internal female genitalia, dorsal. Scale bars A–C, J–L, 0.2 mm; D–I, M–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065202/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">18A–O</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F412083FAE0E5C05C9F0B03B" box="[861,942,1858,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1027,1049]" captionTargetBox="[166,1419,201,980]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,193,1005]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 19A–E. Leucauge pondae Tikader, 1970 (=Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877)). A, C–D Male allotype (Reg. No. 3222/18, ZSI, Kolkata): A Male habitus, dorsal; C Left pedipalp, prolateral; D Same, retrolateral; B, E Female holotype (Reg. No.3221/18, ZSI, Kolkata):B Femalehabitus, dorso-prolateral; E Epigynum, ventral.Scale bars A–B, 2 mm; C–E, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065204/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">19A–E</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC11444F412083FADC45CCDC91DB0FE" blockId="16.[151,1436,1929,2012]" box="[151,835,1929,1951]" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F412083FADC45CCDCBB3B0FE" authority="Thorell, 1877: 423" authorityName="Thorell" authorityPageNumber="423" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,493,1929,1951]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F412083FADC45CCDCB77B0FE" box="[151,297,1929,1951]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">Meta ventralis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADF3255F412083FAC635CCECBB3B0FE" author="Thorell" box="[304,493,1929,1951]" page="423" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" year="1877">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F412083FAC635CCECBE3B0FE" author="Thorell" box="[304,445,1929,1951]" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" refString="Thorell, T. (1877) Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. I. Ragni di Selebes raccolti nel 1874 dal Dott. O. Beccari. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 10, 341 - 637." type="journal article" year="1877">Thorell, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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: 423
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(Description of male and female)
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<paragraph id="8BC11444F412083FADC45CEECBFAB0BD" blockId="16.[151,1436,1929,2012]" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6E336AF412083FADC45CEECBFAB0BD" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F412083FADC45CEEC812B0DF" authority="Thorell, 1887: 138" authorityName="Thorell" authorityPageNumber="138" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,588,1960,1982]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Argyroepeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F412083FADC45CEECB21B0DF" box="[151,383,1960,1982]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="310">Argyroepeira ventralis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADF3255F412083FACD45CEFC812B0DF" author="Thorell" box="[391,588,1960,1982]" page="138" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" year="1887">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F412083FACD45CEFC846B0DF" author="Thorell" box="[391,536,1960,1982]" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" refString="Thorell, T. (1887) Viaggio di L. Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. II. Primo saggio sui ragni birmani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 25, 5 - 417." type="journal article" year="1887">Thorell, 1887</bibRefCitation>
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: 138
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADF3255F412083FAF0B5CEFC979B0DF" author="Workman" box="[600,807,1960,1982]" page="55" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" year="1896">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F412083FAF0B5CEFC95EB0DF" author="Workman" box="[600,768,1960,1982]" pageId="16" pageNumber="310" refString="Workman, T. (1896) Part 4 - 10. In: Malaysian spiders. T. Workman ,, Belfast, pp. 25 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 101972" type="book chapter" year="1896">Workman, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 55
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, plate 55 (Brief somatic description and description of web; illustration of female)
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC11444F413083EADC45BDECFC2B78A" blockId="17.[151,1436,152,266]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EADC45BDEC840B7CF" authority="Pocock, 1904: 800" authorityName="Pocock" authorityPageNumber="800" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,542,152,174]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EADC45BDECB07B7CF" box="[151,345,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Leucauge ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
Pocock, 1904: 800
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plate 66, fig. 3a–c (Illustration of male and female).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EADC45BF0CBB6B7AD" authority="Archer, 1951: 7" authorityName="Archer" authorityPageNumber="7" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,488,182,204]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Anopas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EADC45BF0CB1CB7AD" box="[151,322,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Anopas ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAC1B5BF1CB8EB7AD" author="Archer" box="[328,464,182,204]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Archer, A. F. (1951) Studies in the orbweaving spiders (Argiopidae). 1. American Museum Novitates, 1487, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1951">Archer, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 7
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figs 8–9 (Transfer of male and female from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAEE35BFFCE4CB7AC" ID-CoL="5DRD" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1841" box="[944,1042,184,205]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAEE35BFFCE4CB7AC" box="[944,1042,184,205]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Leucauge</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EA9605BF0CE21B7AD" authorityName="Archer" authorityYear="1951" box="[1075,1151,183,204]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Anopas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EA9605BF0CE21B7AD" box="[1075,1151,183,204]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Anopas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EADC45B92C862B78A" ID-CoL="7CZRW" authority="Chrysanthus, 1975: 31" authorityName="Chrysanthus" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1975" box="[151,572,213,235]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EADC45B92CB13B78A" box="[151,333,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Tylorida ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAC075B92C848B78A" author="Chrysanthus" box="[340,534,213,235]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Chrysanthus, P. (1975) Further notes on the spiders of New Guinea II (Araneae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 140, 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1975">Chrysanthus, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 31
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figs 117–120 (Transfer of male and female from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EA96C5B91CED5B78A" authorityName="Archer" authorityYear="1951" box="[1087,1163,214,235]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Anopas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EA96C5B91CED5B78A" box="[1087,1163,214,235]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Anopas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EA9FD5B92CF5CB78A" ID-CoL="844C" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1198,1282,213,235]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EA9FD5B92CF5CB78A" box="[1198,1282,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; illustration of
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC11444F413083EAD945BB3CB20B66B" blockId="17.[151,1436,152,266]" box="[199,382,244,266]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">male and female).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36447CFF413083EADC45A76C97DB626" box="[151,803,305,327]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC11444F413083EADC45A76C97DB626" blockId="17.[151,1436,305,450]" box="[151,803,305,327]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">[See World Spider Catalog (2017) for complete list of citations].</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36447CFF413083EADC45A16C946B6A3" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC11444F413083EADC45A16C946B6A3" blockId="17.[151,1436,305,450]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6E336AF413083EADC45A16C946B6A3" infered="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EADC45A16C84DB607" authority="Tikader, 1970: 44" authorityName="Tikader" authorityPageNumber="44" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,531,336,358]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pondae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EADC45A16CB10B607" box="[151,334,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Leucauge pondae</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADF3255F413083EAC045A17C84DB607" author="Tikader" box="[343,531,336,358]" page="44" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAC045A17CBB7B607" author="Tikader" box="[343,489,336,358]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1970) Spider fauna of Sikkim. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 64, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1970">Tikader, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 44
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fig. 25a–d (Description and illustration of male and female); 1982: 89. figs 175–178 (Description and illustration of male and female).
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5AAE6F413083EAF875A29C96CB6E5" box="[724,818,366,388]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female (Regd. No. 3221/18) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5AAE6F413083EA9C65A29CEB9B6E5" box="[1173,1255,366,388]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male (Regd. No. 3222/18), both poor in condition, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36954D4F413083EAF045AC9C8FDB6C2" box="[599,675,398,419]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">INDIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: West
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BADAA6F413083EAFB65ACAC96CB6C2" box="[741,818,397,419]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Bang of Great Rangit river; B. K. Tikader leg.;
|
||
<date id="FFC03284F413083EA84D5ACACFC6B6C2" box="[1310,1432,397,419]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="1959-09-20">20-09-1959</date>
|
||
; deposited in ZSI, Kolkata, EXAMINED.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAF385AEBC946B6A3" bold="true" box="[619,792,427,450]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">New Synonymy.</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36447CFF413083EADC45AABCB64B2FA" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC11444F413083EADC45AABC9CCB4C5" blockId="17.[151,1437,488,2012]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B161E19F413083EADC45AABCBCAB549" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1701951768" collectingDate="2013-02-25" collectorName="Material" country="India" elevation="13" latitude="9.629714" location="Kerala" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.42377" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EADC45AABC861B564" bold="true" box="[151,575,492,517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<collectorName id="268B7192F413083EADC45AABCAA1B564" box="[151,255,492,517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Material</collectorName>
|
||
examined:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36954D4F413083EACDB5AABCB82B564" box="[392,476,492,517]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">INDIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BADAA6F413083EACBB5AABC868B564" box="[488,566,492,517]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EACBB5AABC868B564" bold="true" box="[488,566,492,517]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Kerala</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Kottayam, Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A7283F413083EA95F5AABCEFAB564" box="[1036,1188,488,517]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" precision="1" value="9.629714">9o37'46.97''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A7283F413083EA9FD5AABCF0EB564" box="[1198,1360,488,517]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" precision="1" value="76.42377">76o25'25.56''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<elevation id="0053F377F413083EA8375AABCFC2B565" box="[1380,1436,492,516]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" unit="m" value="13.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4C86B9A1F413083EA8375AABCFC2B565" box="[1380,1436,492,516]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" unit="m" value="13.0">13 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
alt.,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84CB6CF413083EAD9A5957CBCAB549" box="[201,404,528,553]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2013-02-25">
|
||
<date id="FFC03284F413083EAD9A5957CBCAB549" box="[201,404,528,553]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2013-02-25">25 February 2013</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B161E19F413083EACF35956CF0EB52E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1701951781" collectingDate="2013-03-13" collectionCode="ADSH" collectorName="M. S. Pradeep & M. J. Jobi" country="India" latitude="9.618964" location="Pathiramanal Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.38996" municipality="Alappuzha" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" specimenCode="ADSH1004514" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" specimenCount-subadult="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
|
||
<collectorName id="268B7192F413083EACF35956C81EB548" box="[416,576,528,553]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">M. S. Pradeep</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="268B7192F413083EAF355956C889B548" box="[614,727,528,553]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">M. J. Jobi</collectorName>
|
||
leg., from web, by hand:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EAEAF5957CE15B548" box="[1020,1099,528,553]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EA90B5957CE99B548" box="[1112,1223,528,553]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EA9875957CF16B548" box="[1236,1352,528,553]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="subadult">1 subadult</specimenCount>
|
||
female (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD8BC3FF413083EADCD5971CB0DB52E" box="[158,339,566,591]" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">ADSH1004514</specimenCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA58E3EF413083EAC345971CBBDB52E" box="[359,483,566,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Alappuzha</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EA1429FF413083EACBC5971C891B52E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7A552F412083BADC45C58C826B6CD:8EA1429FF413083EACBC5971C891B52E" box="[495,719,566,591]" country="India" latitude="9.618964" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.38996" municipality="Alappuzha" name="Pathiramanal Island" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" stateProvince="Kerala">Pathiramanal Island</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A7283F413083EAFB35970C926B52E" box="[736,888,563,591]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" precision="1" value="9.618964">9o37'08.27''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A7283F413083EAED75971CE78B52E" box="[900,1062,563,591]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" precision="1" value="76.38996">76o23'23.86''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), 0 m alt.,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84CB6CF413083EA9F25970CF0EB52E" box="[1185,1360,566,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2013-03-13">
|
||
<date id="FFC03284F413083EA9F25970CF0EB52E" box="[1185,1360,566,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2013-03-13">13 March 2013</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B161E19F413083EA80D597FC9C1B5A0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1701951776" collectingDate="2013-08-29" collectionCode="ADSH" collectorName="M. S. Pradeep & M. J. Jobi" country="India" county="Kottayam" elevation="134" latitude="8.901769" location="Areeppara in Edappady" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.06436" municipality="Pala" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" specimenCode="ADSH1004515, ADSH1004516" specimenCount="37" specimenCount-female="23" specimenCount-male="14" stateProvince="Kerala">
|
||
<collectorName id="268B7192F413083EA80D597FCAAFB512" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">M. S. Pradeep</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="268B7192F413083EAC4E591CCBCBB512" box="[285,405,602,627]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">M. J. Jobi</collectorName>
|
||
leg., from web, by hand:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EAF9C591CC972B512" box="[719,812,602,627]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="male">9 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EAE6F591DC9E4B512" box="[828,954,602,627]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="female">15 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD8BC3FF413083EAE9E591DCEDDB512" box="[973,1155,602,627]" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">ADSH1004515</specimenCode>
|
||
). Kollam, Kulathupuzha (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A7283F413083EADF359C5CB69B5FB" box="[160,311,638,666]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" precision="1" value="8.901769">8o54'06.37''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A7283F413083EAC1659C5CBB6B5FB" box="[325,488,638,666]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" precision="1" value="77.06436">77o03'51.70''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<elevation id="0053F377F413083EACAC59C5C817B5F8" box="[511,585,642,666]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" unit="m" value="134.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4C86B9A1F413083EACAC59C5C817B5F8" box="[511,585,642,666]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" unit="m" value="134.0">134 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
alt.,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84CB6CF413083EAFD459C5C91EB5FB" box="[647,832,642,666]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2013-08-29">
|
||
<date id="FFC03284F413083EAFD459C5C91EB5FB" box="[647,832,642,666]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2013-08-29">29 August 2013</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
<collectorName id="268B7192F413083EAE1859C5C9AEB5FB" box="[843,1008,641,666]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">M. S. Pradeep</collectorName>
|
||
leg., from web, by hand:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EA87059C6CFDEB5FB" box="[1315,1408,641,666]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EA8DD59C5CAB0B5A0" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="female">8 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD8BC3FF413083EAC5359EFCBEBB5A0" box="[256,437,680,705]" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">ADSH1004516</specimenCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62A06CC8F413083EAC9859EEC862B5A0" box="[459,572,681,705]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Kottayam</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA58E3EF413083EAF1F59EFC821B5A0" box="[588,639,680,705]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Pala</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EA1429FF413083EAFDD59EEC9C1B5A0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7A552F412083BADC45C58C826B6CD:8EA1429FF413083EAFDD59EEC9C1B5A0" box="[654,927,680,705]" country="India" county="Kottayam" latitude="8.901769" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.06436" municipality="Pala" name="Areeppara in Edappady" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" stateProvince="Kerala">Areeppara in Edappady</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B161E19F413083EAEFD59EEC815B46D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1701951779" collectingDate="2014-05-12" collectionCode="ADSH" collectorName="M. S. Pradeep" country="India" elevation="27" latitude="9.709894" location="Kanakappalam in Erumely" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.71345" municipality="Kottayam" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" specimenCode="ADSH1004517" specimenCount="15" specimenCount-female="10" specimenCount-male="5" stateProvince="Kerala">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A7283F413083EAEFD59EECE1AB5A0" box="[942,1092,676,705]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" precision="1" value="9.709894">9o42'35.62''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A7283F413083EA90059EFCEABB5A0" box="[1107,1269,676,705]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" precision="1" value="76.71345">76o42'48.42''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="0053F377F413083EA85759EECF1FB5A1" box="[1284,1345,681,705]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" unit="m" value="27.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4C86B9A1F413083EA85759EECF1FB5A1" box="[1284,1345,681,705]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
alt.,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84CB6CF413083EA8D359EECB53B584" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2014-05-12">
|
||
<date id="FFC03284F413083EA8D359EECB53B584" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2014-05-12">12 May 2014</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="268B7192F413083EAC4A598ACBECB584" box="[281,434,716,741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">M.S. Pradeep</collectorName>
|
||
leg., from web, by hand:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EAF89598BC96AB584" box="[730,820,716,741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EAE13598AC9F0B584" box="[832,942,716,741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="female">7 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF413083EAEEC598ACE72B584" box="[959,1068,716,741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
with egg sac) (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD8BC3FF413083EA98F598BCFCFB584" box="[1244,1425,716,741]" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">ADSH1004517</specimenCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA58E3EF413083EADC459B3CB56B46D" box="[151,264,756,780]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Kottayam</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EA1429FF413083EAC4559B4C815B46D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7A552F412083BADC45C58C826B6CD:8EA1429FF413083EAC4559B4C815B46D" box="[278,587,755,780]" country="India" latitude="9.709894" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.71345" municipality="Kottayam" name="Kanakappalam in Erumely" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" stateProvince="Kerala">Kanakappalam in Erumely</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, 9o27'16.08''N,76o50'43.54''E,
|
||
<quantity id="4C86B9A1F413083EAEF759B3C9B0B46A" box="[932,1006,756,780]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" unit="m" value="101.0">101 m</quantity>
|
||
alt.,
|
||
<date id="FFC03284F413083EA97F59B3CEB7B46D" box="[1068,1257,756,780]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2014-08-23">23 August 2014</date>
|
||
, M. S. Pradeep leg., from foliage, by hand: 1 female with egg sac (ADSH1004518). Alappuzha, Perumbalam, 9o50'54.13''N, 76o21'39.00''E,
|
||
<quantity id="4C86B9A1F413083EAC175806CB23B439" box="[324,381,833,857]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
alt.,
|
||
<date id="FFC03284F413083EACE55806C8CFB438" box="[438,657,832,857]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2015-11-30">30 November 2015</date>
|
||
, M. J. Jobi & Jimmy Paul leg., from web, by hand: 1 male, 1 female, 1 subadult male (ADSH1004519). Ernakulam, Thalacode, 10o03'03.22''N, 76o44'27.12''E,
|
||
<quantity id="4C86B9A1F413083EA9C35820CE94B41E" box="[1168,1226,871,896]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
|
||
alt.,
|
||
<date id="FFC03284F413083EA8565820CA8CB4C5" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" value="2015-12-25">25 December 2015</date>
|
||
, Aswathy leg., from web, by hand: 1 female (ADSH1004520).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC11444F413083EAD9458E8CB64B2FA" blockId="17.[151,1437,488,2012]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAD9458E8C86AB4A9" bold="true" box="[199,564,943,968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Justification of the synonymy.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAF6D58E8C8B7B4A9" author="Tikader" box="[574,745,943,968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1970) Spider fauna of Sikkim. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 64, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1970">Tikader (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAE3B58F6C982B4A9" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1970" box="[872,988,943,968]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pondae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAE3B58F6C982B4A9" box="[872,988,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">L. pondae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on one female (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5AAE6F413083EA9B558E8CF10B4A9" box="[1254,1358,943,968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), three females (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5AAE6F413083EAC525893CB3BB48D" box="[257,357,980,1004]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
) and one male (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5AAE6F413083EAF795894C8D9B48D" box="[554,647,979,1004]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) collected from the Bank of Great Rangit river, West
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BADAA6F413083EA85E5894CF3CB48D" box="[1293,1378,979,1004]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The description was published in his
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAF5658B0C950B371" box="[517,782,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">
|
||
Spider Fauna of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BADAA6F413083EAF9058B0C950B371" box="[707,782,1015,1040]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and was supported by four text figures- prolateral view of male pedipalp, dorsal view of female habitus, retrolateral view of female opisthosoma and ventral view of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EADC45F78CB59B339" authorityName="R. Wight" authorityYear="1848" box="[151,263,1087,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Epigynum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">epigynum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAC445F78CBEAB339" author="Tikader" box="[279,436,1087,1112]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1970) Spider fauna of Sikkim. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 64, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1970">Tikader 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 25a–d). He redescribed the species in 1982 with four text figures – dorsal view of female habitus, dorso-lateral view of left male pedipalp, ventral view of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAE8F5F24CE12B31D" authorityName="R. Wight" authorityYear="1848" box="[988,1100,1123,1148]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Epigynum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">epigynum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and female internal genitalia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EADCD5FC0CB82B3C1" author="Tikader" box="[158,476,1159,1184]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae), typical orbweavers. Fauna India (Araneae), 2, 1 - 293." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader 1982: figs 175–178</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAF645FC0C93BB3C1" author="Sebastian" box="[567,869,1159,1184]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Sebastian, P. A. & Peter, K. V. (2009) Spiders of India. Universities Press, Hyderabad, 614 pp., 131 pls." type="book" year="2009">Sebastian and Peter (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided brief morphological descriptions of both male and female, but presented neither illustrations of the male and female reproductive structures nor information on its possible synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAF535F96C8DEB389" authorityName="Chrysanthus" authorityYear="1975" box="[512,640,1231,1256]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAF535F96C8DEB389" box="[512,640,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">T. ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the original illustrations of Tikader, the shape of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6F8C81F413083EA9BA5F97CF6CB389" box="[1257,1330,1232,1256]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">CDBP</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EA8175F88CA8DB26D" author="Tikader" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1970) Spider fauna of Sikkim. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 64, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1970">Tikader 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 25d,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAC105FB4CB82B26D" author="Tikader" box="[323,476,1267,1292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae), typical orbweavers. Fauna India (Araneae), 2, 1 - 293." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 176) and the outline of epigynal plate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAE9B5FB4CE3DB26D" author="Tikader" box="[968,1123,1267,1292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1970) Spider fauna of Sikkim. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 64, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1970">Tikader 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 25c,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EA9815FB4CF35B26D" author="Tikader" box="[1234,1387,1267,1292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae), typical orbweavers. Fauna India (Araneae), 2, 1 - 293." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 177) and the female internal genitalia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAF1F5E50C915B251" author="Tikader" box="[588,843,1303,1328]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae), typical orbweavers. Fauna India (Araneae), 2, 1 - 293." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader 1982: fig. 178</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggest a synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EA9365E5ECE89B251" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1970" box="[1125,1239,1303,1328]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pondae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EA9365E5ECE89B251" box="[1125,1239,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">L. pondae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EA8445E5ECFCBB251" authorityName="Chrysanthus" authorityYear="1975" box="[1303,1429,1303,1328]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EA8445E5ECFCBB251" box="[1303,1429,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">T. ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Detailed examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5AAE6F413083EAC8C5E7BC844B235" box="[479,538,1340,1364]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAF175E7AC8E8B235" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1970" box="[580,694,1339,1364]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pondae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAF175E7AC8E8B235" box="[580,694,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">L. pondae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EAF9A5E7CC90EB235" box="[713,848,1339,1364]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1027,1049]" captionTargetBox="[166,1419,201,980]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,193,1005]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 19A–E. Leucauge pondae Tikader, 1970 (=Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877)). A, C–D Male allotype (Reg. No. 3222/18, ZSI, Kolkata): A Male habitus, dorsal; C Left pedipalp, prolateral; D Same, retrolateral; B, E Female holotype (Reg. No.3221/18, ZSI, Kolkata):B Femalehabitus, dorso-prolateral; E Epigynum, ventral.Scale bars A–B, 2 mm; C–E, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065204/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Fig. 19A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
) suggests that these specimens have all diagnostic, both somatic and genitalic, features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAF1F5E26C894B219" authorityName="Chrysanthus" authorityYear="1975" box="[588,714,1375,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAF1F5E26C894B219" box="[588,714,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">T. ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAE305E26C98AB219" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1970" box="[867,980,1375,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pondae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAE305E26C98AB219" box="[867,980,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">L. pondae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be regarded as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EADE65EC2CB6DB2FD" authorityName="Chrysanthus" authorityYear="1975" box="[181,307,1411,1436]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EADE65EC2CB6DB2FD" box="[181,307,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">T. ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36447CFF413083BAD945EE0C826B6CD" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC11444F413083BAD945EE0C826B6CD" blockId="17.[151,1437,488,2012]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAD945EE0CB58B2A1" bold="true" box="[199,262,1447,1472]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Note.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAC465EE0CBBBB2A1" authorityName="Chrysanthus" authorityYear="1975" box="[277,485,1447,1472]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAC465EE0CBBBB2A1" box="[277,485,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Tylorida ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to exhibit colour polymorphism, a well-known example of phenotypic diversity, as well as intraspecific variation, both somatic as well as genitalic. We have found two distinct colour morphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAC405EB6CBCFB169" authorityName="Chrysanthus" authorityYear="1975" box="[275,401,1519,1544]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAC405EB6CBCFB169" box="[275,401,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">T. ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which show conspicuous variation in female opisthosoma colouration:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EA9945EA8CF04B169" box="[1223,1370,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Silver morph</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EA8395EA8CAE9B14D" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[181,1405,195,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1A–F. Field photographs of Tylorida spp. A Female Tylorida flava sp. nov. from Illithodu, Ernakulam (ADSH100454); B–C Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov. from Ponmudi, Trivandrum (ADSH100458): B Male; C Female;D Femaleof Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877)from MuriyadKol Wetland, Thrissur,Kerala (CATE99462); E–FFemales of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): E Silver morph from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha (ADSH1004515); F Yellow morph from Kanakappalam, Kottayam (ADSH1004518). Photo credit A & E, Pradeep M. Sankaran; B & C, Jimmy Paul; D, Nafin K.S.; F, Dhruv A. Prajapati." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065168/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Figs 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EAD965D54CB42B14A" box="[197,284,1555,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[316,1273,460,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[297,1290,450,1925]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 15A–F. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle from Edappady, Kottayam.A–C Male habitus: A dorsal; B ventral; C retrolateral; D–F Female habitus:D dorsal; E ventral, F retrolateral.Scale bar A–F, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065196/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">15A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EAC7A5D54CBC4B14D" box="[297,410,1555,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,195,1369]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[184,1405,182,1378]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16A–J. Tylorida ventralis(Thorell, 1877):variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (Figs A–E) and variety III, female without caudal tubercle (Figs F–J).A–B, F–G Male habitus:A, F dorsal; B,G retrolateral; C–E, H–J Femalehabitus:C, H dorsal; D prolateral;E, I–J retrolateral.A–Dfrom Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha, Efrom Kumarakom,Kottayam, F–Ifrom Perumbalam, Alappuzha, J from Kulathupuzha, Kollam.Scale bar A–J, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065198/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">16A, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
) has silvery abdomen due to silver spots on dorsal and lateral opisthosoma.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EA8525D54CFC2B14D" box="[1281,1436,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Yellow morph</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EADCC5D70CAA6B131" box="[159,248,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[181,1405,195,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1A–F. Field photographs of Tylorida spp. A Female Tylorida flava sp. nov. from Illithodu, Ernakulam (ADSH100454); B–C Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov. from Ponmudi, Trivandrum (ADSH100458): B Male; C Female;D Femaleof Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877)from MuriyadKol Wetland, Thrissur,Kerala (CATE99462); E–FFemales of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): E Silver morph from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha (ADSH1004515); F Yellow morph from Kanakappalam, Kottayam (ADSH1004518). Photo credit A & E, Pradeep M. Sankaran; B & C, Jimmy Paul; D, Nafin K.S.; F, Dhruv A. Prajapati." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065168/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Figs 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EAC5B5D70CB6EB131" box="[264,304,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,195,1369]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[184,1405,182,1378]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16A–J. Tylorida ventralis(Thorell, 1877):variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (Figs A–E) and variety III, female without caudal tubercle (Figs F–J).A–B, F–G Male habitus:A, F dorsal; B,G retrolateral; C–E, H–J Femalehabitus:C, H dorsal; D prolateral;E, I–J retrolateral.A–Dfrom Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha, Efrom Kumarakom,Kottayam, F–Ifrom Perumbalam, Alappuzha, J from Kulathupuzha, Kollam.Scale bar A–J, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065198/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">16J</figureCitation>
|
||
) has dorsal and lateral opisthosoma ornamented with deep yellow spots. In both the morphs, the venter of opisthosoma is generally dull brown with a broad median black patch, cephalothorax is brown, legs are brown with black annulations and posterior extremity of opisthosoma has paired black spots (an identification feature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAC4A5DE2CBCFB1DD" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1970" box="[281,401,1699,1724]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pondae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAC4A5DE2CBCFB1DD" box="[281,401,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">L. pondae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggested by Tikader). The epigyna of both the morphs are also similar with slight intraspecific variations (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EAF425D80C893B181" box="[529,717,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[312,1268,209,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[290,1301,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): female genitalia illustrating intraspecific variations. A–F variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (A–C from Kumarakom, Kottayam and D–F from Kulathupuzha, Kollam): A–B, D–E Epigyna, ventral; C, F Internal female genitalia, dorsal; G–I, M–O variety III, female without caudal tubercle (G–I another female from Kulathupuzha, Kollam and M–O from Perumbalam, Alappuzha): G–H, M–N Epigyna, ventral; I, O Internal female genitalia, dorsal; J–L variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle (from Edappady, Kottayam): J–K Epigyna, ventral; L Internal female genitalia, dorsal. Scale bars A–C, J–L, 0.2 mm; D–I, M–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065202/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Fig. 18A–F, J–O</figureCitation>
|
||
with G–I). In the field,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAE8D5D80CE2FB181" box="[990,1137,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Silver morph</emphasis>
|
||
is commonly encountered than the
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EADAB5DACCBCCB065" box="[248,402,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Yellow morph</emphasis>
|
||
, which is rare to find. The species is known for its intraspecific variation in genitalia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EA80C5DABC889B049" author="Jager" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Jager, P. & Praxaysombath, B. (2009) Spiders from Laos: new species and new records (Arachnida: Araneae). Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo, 58, 27 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 58.27" type="journal article" year="2009">Jäger & Praxaysombath 2009: figs 24, 28–31, 33, 36–37</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unlike
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EAE6C5C56CEEDB049" author="Jager" box="[831,1203,1807,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Jager, P. & Praxaysombath, B. (2009) Spiders from Laos: new species and new records (Arachnida: Araneae). Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo, 58, 27 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 58.27" type="journal article" year="2009">Jäger and Praxaysombath (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we have noted both somatic as well as genitalic variations in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F413083EAFD55C72C957B02D" authorityName="Chrysanthus" authorityYear="1975" box="[646,777,1843,1868]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAFD55C72C957B02D" box="[646,777,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">T. ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on the morphology of posterior opisthosoma of females, we have suggested our female specimens to belong to three varieties:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EA9565C1ECE3CB011" box="[1029,1122,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">variety I</emphasis>
|
||
, without a ‘caudal tubercle’ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EADCC5C3CCB7DB0F5" box="[159,291,1915,1940]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,195,1369]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[184,1405,182,1378]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16A–J. Tylorida ventralis(Thorell, 1877):variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (Figs A–E) and variety III, female without caudal tubercle (Figs F–J).A–B, F–G Male habitus:A, F dorsal; B,G retrolateral; C–E, H–J Femalehabitus:C, H dorsal; D prolateral;E, I–J retrolateral.A–Dfrom Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha, Efrom Kumarakom,Kottayam, F–Ifrom Perumbalam, Alappuzha, J from Kulathupuzha, Kollam.Scale bar A–J, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065198/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Fig. 16H–J</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAC6B5C3ACBFCB0F5" box="[312,418,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">variety II</emphasis>
|
||
, with an ‘indistinct caudal tubercle’ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EAE015C3CC986B0F5" box="[850,984,1915,1940]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[316,1273,460,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[297,1290,450,1925]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 15A–F. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle from Edappady, Kottayam.A–C Male habitus: A dorsal; B ventral; C retrolateral; D–F Female habitus:D dorsal; E ventral, F retrolateral.Scale bar A–F, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065196/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Fig. 15D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EA9495C3ACED2B0F5" box="[1050,1164,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">variety III</emphasis>
|
||
, with a ‘distinct caudal tubercle’ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F413083EAC5C5CD8CBC5B0D9" box="[271,411,1951,1976]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,195,1369]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[184,1405,182,1378]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16A–J. Tylorida ventralis(Thorell, 1877):variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (Figs A–E) and variety III, female without caudal tubercle (Figs F–J).A–B, F–G Male habitus:A, F dorsal; B,G retrolateral; C–E, H–J Femalehabitus:C, H dorsal; D prolateral;E, I–J retrolateral.A–Dfrom Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha, Efrom Kumarakom,Kottayam, F–Ifrom Perumbalam, Alappuzha, J from Kulathupuzha, Kollam.Scale bar A–J, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065198/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">Fig. 16C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F413083EACE05CD8C83EB0D9" author="Tikader" box="[435,608,1951,1976]" pageId="17" pageNumber="311" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae), typical orbweavers. Fauna India (Araneae), 2, 1 - 293." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also mentioned similar modification of ‘indistinct caudal tubercle’ of female opisthosoma. The opisthosoma of males, however, in all these three
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F413083EAEBD5C82CE10B0BD" box="[1006,1102,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="311">varieties</emphasis>
|
||
is provided with an ‘indistinct caudal tubercle’ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F416083BACA95BD0C8D9B7D1" box="[506,647,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[316,1273,460,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[297,1290,450,1925]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 15A–F. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle from Edappady, Kottayam.A–C Male habitus: A dorsal; B ventral; C retrolateral; D–F Female habitus:D dorsal; E ventral, F retrolateral.Scale bar A–F, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065196/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">Figs 15A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F416083BAFC75BD0C975B7D1" box="[660,811,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,195,1369]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[184,1405,182,1378]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16A–J. Tylorida ventralis(Thorell, 1877):variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (Figs A–E) and variety III, female without caudal tubercle (Figs F–J).A–B, F–G Male habitus:A, F dorsal; B,G retrolateral; C–E, H–J Femalehabitus:C, H dorsal; D prolateral;E, I–J retrolateral.A–Dfrom Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha, Efrom Kumarakom,Kottayam, F–Ifrom Perumbalam, Alappuzha, J from Kulathupuzha, Kollam.Scale bar A–J, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065198/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">16A–B, F–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is observed that the
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F416083BA96C5BDECEC0B7D1" box="[1087,1182,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">variety I</emphasis>
|
||
females and its males are smaller in size (male body length 4.22–4.62, female body length 5.18–5.43) than that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F416083BA9FE5BFACF48B7B5" box="[1197,1302,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">variety II</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F416083BA81D5BFACAEDB799" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">variety III</emphasis>
|
||
females (body length 7.16–7.98) and their corresponding males (body length 6.19–6.27). We have also observed high level of variations in both the male and female genitalia of all the three
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F416083BA9625A42CECFB67D" box="[1073,1169,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">varieties</emphasis>
|
||
. The pedipalpi exhibit variations in size, orientation and course of sperm ducts (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F416083BAE325A60CE35B621" box="[865,1131,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,529,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[186,1410,519,1831]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): male left pedipalp illustrating intraspecific variations and left chelicerae. A–E variety I from Edappady, Kottayam:A–D Left pedipalp:A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E Left chelicera, prolateral; F–J variety II from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha: F–I Left pedipalp: F prolateral; G ventral; H retrolateral; I dorsal; J Left chelicera, prolateral; variety III from Perumbalam, Alappuzha: K–N Left pedipalp: K prolateral; L ventral; M retrolateral; N dorsal; O Left chelicera, prolateral. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E, 1 mm;F–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065200/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">Fig. 17A–D, F–I, K–N</figureCitation>
|
||
). The epigyna and internal female genitalia vary significantly from specimen to specimen (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F416083BAEFC5A0BCE65B605" box="[943,1083,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[312,1268,209,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[290,1301,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): female genitalia illustrating intraspecific variations. A–F variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (A–C from Kumarakom, Kottayam and D–F from Kulathupuzha, Kollam): A–B, D–E Epigyna, ventral; C, F Internal female genitalia, dorsal; G–I, M–O variety III, female without caudal tubercle (G–I another female from Kulathupuzha, Kollam and M–O from Perumbalam, Alappuzha): G–H, M–N Epigyna, ventral; I, O Internal female genitalia, dorsal; J–L variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle (from Edappady, Kottayam): J–K Epigyna, ventral; L Internal female genitalia, dorsal. Scale bars A–C, J–L, 0.2 mm; D–I, M–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065202/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">Fig. 18A–O</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, the morphology of male chelicerae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F416083BAC075A28CBB1B6E9" box="[340,495,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,529,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[186,1410,519,1831]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): male left pedipalp illustrating intraspecific variations and left chelicerae. A–E variety I from Edappady, Kottayam:A–D Left pedipalp:A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E Left chelicera, prolateral; F–J variety II from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha: F–I Left pedipalp: F prolateral; G ventral; H retrolateral; I dorsal; J Left chelicera, prolateral; variety III from Perumbalam, Alappuzha: K–N Left pedipalp: K prolateral; L ventral; M retrolateral; N dorsal; O Left chelicera, prolateral. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E, 1 mm;F–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065200/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">Fig. 17E, J, O</figureCitation>
|
||
) of all the three
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F416083BAFF65A36C95BB6E9" box="[677,773,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">varieties</emphasis>
|
||
clearly indicates that these all are intraspecific variants and belonging to the same species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F416083BACA05AD2C831B6CC" authorityName="Chrysanthus" authorityYear="1975" box="[499,623,404,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="20" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F416083BACA05AD2C831B6CC" box="[499,623,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="314">T. ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |