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<mods:title id="7B92C2C969F448B9B8B39E9A45AB84FA">A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="715137FFF70302F29DC349F9EC522089">Smith, Krister T.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FEB0FC3A2DE1FB93" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[289,464,1012,1039]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FEB0FC3A2DE1FB93" bold="true" box="[289,464,1012,1039]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5322315FE49FC3A2E5AFB93" box="[472,619,1013,1039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322315FF08FBDB2EF7FBD2" blockId="5.[153,754,1044,1103]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5322315FF33FBDB2CD3FBB2" box="[162,226,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Figs 1</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5322315FF61FBDB2CCFFBB2" box="[240,254,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[132,1455,209,1085]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
A-C; 3A-E; 4A-D; 5A-C; 6A-C; 7A, B; 8A-D; 9A-D; 10A-D; 11B-E; Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5322315FDDAFBFB2E81FBD2" box="[587,688,1076,1102]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Figs S1-S</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5322315FD21FBFB2E8FFBD2" box="[688,702,1076,1102]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[813,824,1750,1767]" captionTargetBox="[817,1451,216,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-178@14.[813,1456,200,1755]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Ectopterygoid: A-D, left ectopterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively;E, F, right ectopterygoid (mirrored) of Eryx jayakari BM 1909.10.15.8 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left ectopterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486458/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">8</figureCitation>
)
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0BFA6572E5322315FF15FB722D07FACB" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322315FF15FB722D4EFB73" blockId="5.[132,775,1212,1263]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<materialsCitation id="F3883CA4E5322315FF15FB722D4EFB73" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3029012301" collectionCode="AND, ONLY, KNOWN, SPECIMEN" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="9C5B885BE5322315FF15FB722CC1FB4F" box="[132,240,1213,1236]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="25F1AE3CE5322315FF69FB0D2E2CFB4F" box="[248,541,1218,1235]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">AND ONLY KNOWN SPECIMEN</collectionCode>
. — HLMD-Me 9723, nearly complete skeleton.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322315FF15FAC42D07FACB" blockId="5.[131,776,1290,1368]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<collectionCode id="25F1AE3CE5322315FF15FAC42D29FABD" box="[132,280,1291,1314]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
. — Early or middle Eocene (
<collectionCode id="25F1AE3CE5322315FDD0FAC42E56FABF" box="[577,615,1291,1315]" country="0" name="Mohonk Preserve, Inc." pageId="5" pageNumber="4">MP</collectionCode>
11, Ypresian or Lutetian) of the Middle Messel Formation, 
<collectingCountry id="3BF77669E5322315FDBBFAEA2EB6FAA1" box="[554,647,1317,1341]" name="Germany" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Germany</collectingCountry>
. Known only from 
<typeStatus id="9C5B885BE5322315FF2BFA8F2CD5FAC4" box="[186,228,1344,1368]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0BFA6572E5322315FF15FABB2D82FA5C" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322315FF15FABB2D82FA5C" blockId="5.[131,777,1395,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">ETYMOLOGY. — After Dietmar Schmid, past president of the Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, in recognition of his estimable service to the society.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0BFA6572E5322315FF15FA13293EFE41" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322315FF15FA13293EFE41" blockId="5.[131,777,1500,2027]" lastBlockId="5.[811,1456,215,477]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">DIAGNOSIS. — Small boid snake with the following unique combination of characters: skull with short snout and moderately extensive braincase; orbits located in front of longitudinal midpoint of skull; anterior margin of premaxilla in line with arch defined by maxillae; nasal process of premaxilla small but distinct, with flat anterior face; maxillary tooth count around 16; maxilla with small posteromedial flange for ectopterygoid; prefrontal with anterolateral lamina and medial and lateral footprocesses; frontal table trapezoidal; parietal with low mid-sagittal ridge on posterior third; parasphenoid rostrum triangular with very broad base and weak, posterior ventral midline ridge; right Vidian canal larger than left; shelf bounding groove for posterior opening of Vidian canal obscures foramen for palatine branch of cranial nerve VII; supraoccipital significantly exposed externally; free end of supratemporal short; quadrate ramus of pterygoid with longitudinal, dorsally open groove; palatine ramus of pterygoid long; ectopterygoid straight with simple anterior end; coronoid present but reduced, lacking a distinct anteromedial process; compound bone with gradual decay of coronoid eminence anteriorly, and low, straight prearticular crest; about 220 precloacal and 38 caudal vertebrae; mid-trunk vertebrae with low and short neural spine; posterior trunk vertebrae without depressed neural arch; caudal neural spines relatively thick but not bifurcated; neural arch in middle of tail vaulted with flat, vertical posterior surface; distal caudal vertebrae short and tall (much taller than long); supernumerary process of caudal vertebrae present at least in rudimentary form, viz., pterapophyses present on majority of caudals, small postzygapophyseal wings and posterior extensions of the prezygapophysis present; and zygosphene-zygantral articulations present on distal caudal vertebrae.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0BFA6572E5322317FCBCFDD8299EFA12" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322315FCBCFDD82FA5FDB3" blockId="5.[811,1457,535,2028]" box="[813,916,535,561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322315FCBCFDF92FCEFC53" blockId="5.[811,1457,535,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
Three erycine taxa have been named from the Eocene of Europe, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FC24FD992913FDEC" authority="Rage, 1977" authorityName="Rage" authorityYear="1977" box="[949,1314,598,624]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FC24FD9928A3FDEC" box="[949,1170,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Calamagras gallicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FB0BFD992913FDEC" author="RAGE J. - C." box="[1178,1314,598,624]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="459 - 463" refId="ref18198" refString="RAGE J. - C. 1977. - An erycine snake (Boidae) of the genus Calamagras from the French lower Eocene, with comments on the phylogeny of the Erycinae. Herpetologica 33: 459 - 463. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3891716" type="journal article" year="1977">Rage, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
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<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FAA2FD992F5CFD0C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cadurceryx filholi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FCE7FDB928AEFD0C" author="HOFFSTETTER R. &amp; RAGE J. - C." box="[886,1183,630,656]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="82 - 124" refId="ref16474" refString="HOFFSTETTER R. &amp; RAGE J. - C. 1972. - Les Erycinae fossiles de France (Serpentes, Boidae): comprehension et histoire de la sousfamille. Annales de Paleontologie (Vertebres) 58: 82 - 124, pl. I-II." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoffstetter &amp; Rage, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FB4DFDB928F6FD2C" authority="Holman, Harrison &amp; Ward, 2006" authorityName="Holman, Harrison &amp; Ward" authorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pearchi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FB4DFDB92981FD0C" box="[1244,1456,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cadurceryx pearchi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FCBCFD5928F6FD2C" author="HOLMAN J. A. &amp; HARRISON D. L. &amp; WARD D. J." box="[813,1223,662,688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="51 - 62" refId="ref16554" refString="HOLMAN J. A., HARRISON D. L. &amp; WARD D. J. 2006. - Late Eocene snakes from the Headon Hill Formation, southern England. Cainozoic Research 5: 51 - 62." type="journal article" year="2006">Holman, Harrison &amp; Ward, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The first is known from much of the Ypresian (early Eocene), from MP 8+9 to MP 10 (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FC70FD19286DFD6C" author="RAGE J. - C." box="[993,1116,726,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="459 - 463" refId="ref18198" refString="RAGE J. - C. 1977. - An erycine snake (Boidae) of the genus Calamagras from the French lower Eocene, with comments on the phylogeny of the Erycinae. Herpetologica 33: 459 - 463. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3891716" type="journal article" year="1977">Rage 1977</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FBFAFD192897FD6C" author="RAGE J. - C." box="[1131,1190,726,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="445 - 457" refId="ref18299" refString="RAGE J. - C. 2012. - Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us? Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92: 445 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 012 - 0087 - 3" type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
). The second is known possibly as early as MP 13 and certainly from MP 16 to MP 19+20 (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FC28FCDA28E4FCB3" author="HOFFSTETTER R. &amp; RAGE J. - C." box="[953,1237,789,816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="82 - 124" refId="ref16474" refString="HOFFSTETTER R. &amp; RAGE J. - C. 1972. - Les Erycinae fossiles de France (Serpentes, Boidae): comprehension et histoire de la sousfamille. Annales de Paleontologie (Vertebres) 58: 82 - 124, pl. I-II." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoffstetter &amp; Rage 1972</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FB75FCD9296FFCB3" author="RAGE J. - C." box="[1252,1374,789,816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="219 - 222" refId="ref18251" refString="RAGE J. - C. 1984. - The fossil snake Cheilophis huerfanoensis Gilmore, 1938, from Eocene of Colorado: Redescription and reappraisal of relationships. Journal ofVertebrate Paleontology 3: 219 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1984.10011977" type="journal article" year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FAFCFCDA2999FCB3" author="RAGE J. - C." box="[1389,1448,789,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="445 - 457" refId="ref18299" refString="RAGE J. - C. 2012. - Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us? Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92: 445 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 012 - 0087 - 3" type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FCBCFCFA2F59FCD3" author="RAGE J. - C." box="[813,872,821,847]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="517 - 534" refId="ref18349" refString="RAGE J. - C. 2013. - Mesozoic and Cenozoic squamates of Europe. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 93: 517 - 534. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 013 - 0124 - x" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
). The third is described only from the late Eocene Headon Hill Formation of 
<collectingCountry id="3BF77669E5322315FBF6FC9A28FAFCF3" box="[1127,1227,853,879]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">England</collectingCountry>
. The Middle Messel Formation, considered to be MP 11 (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FB5EFCBA295AFC0C" author="FRANZEN J. L." box="[1231,1387,885,912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="329 - 335" refId="ref15827" refString="FRANZEN J. L. 2005. - The implications of the numerical dating of the Messel fossil deposit (Eocene, Germany) for mammalian biochronology. Annales de Paleontologie 91: 329 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2005.04.002" type="journal article" year="2005">Franzen 2005</bibRefCitation>
), falls in-between and straddles the Ypresian-Lutetian boundary (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FCA7FC7A2FDEFC53" author="LENZ O. K. &amp; WILDE V. &amp; MERTZ D. F. &amp; RIEGEL W." box="[822,1007,948,975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="873 - 889" refId="ref16983" refString="LENZ O. K., WILDE V., MERTZ D. F. &amp; RIEGEL W. 2015. - New palynology-based astronomical and revised 40 Ar / 39 Ar ages for the Eocene maar lake of Messel (Germany). International Journal of Earth Sciences 104: 873 - 889. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00531 - 014 - 1126 - 2" type="journal article" year="2015">
Lenz 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FCE4FC7A2F9DFC53" box="[885,940,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322315FCD2FC1B2954FAD1" blockId="5.[811,1457,535,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
Smith (2013) found that 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FBFFFC1B2972FC72" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" box="[1134,1347,980,1006]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FBFFFC1B2972FC72" box="[1134,1347,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Calamagras weigeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the late Eocene of North America is closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FACAFC3B2FA5FBB2" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
, a result confirmed here. He also found that the 
<typeStatus id="9C5B885BE5322315FCBDFBFA2F6CFBD3" box="[812,861,1077,1103]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FC73FBFB28C9FBD2" authority="Cope, 1873" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1873" box="[994,1272,1076,1102]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FC73FBFB2852FBD2" box="[994,1123,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Calamagras</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FBFAFBFB28C9FBD2" author="COPE E. D." box="[1131,1272,1076,1102]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="3 - 19" refId="ref15536" refString="COPE E. D. 1873. - Synopsis of new Vertebrata from the Tertiary of Colorado, obtained during the summer of 1873. Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 7: 3 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.3133 / 70039707" type="journal article" year="1873">Cope, 1873</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FA99FBFB2980FBD2" box="[1288,1457,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cal. murivorus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FCBCFB9B2F8BFBF2" author="COPE E. D." box="[813,954,1108,1134]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="3 - 19" refId="ref15536" refString="COPE E. D. 1873. - Synopsis of new Vertebrata from the Tertiary of Colorado, obtained during the summer of 1873. Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 7: 3 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.3133 / 70039707" type="journal article" year="1873">Cope, 1873</bibRefCitation>
from the early Oligocene, shows similarity of proportions to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FBBAFBBB289FFB12" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" box="[1067,1198,1140,1166]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FBBAFBBB289FFB12" box="[1067,1198,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cal. weigeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and even if a lack of referred material with diagnostic characters (absence of hemapophyses on all caudal vertebrae; see Smith 2013) currently prevents a critical appraisal of its relationships, it is not unlikely that 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FBA2FB3C28EDFA91" box="[1075,1244,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cal. murivorus</emphasis>
will also turn out to be related to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FC7CFADC2892FAB1" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[1005,1187,1299,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
. Thus, the genus name 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FCBEFAFC2F81FAD1" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1873" box="[815,944,1331,1357]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FCBEFAFC2F81FAD1" box="[815,944,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Calamagras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be used for HLMD-Me 9723.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322315FCD2FA9C2FAEF950" blockId="5.[811,1457,535,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FCD2FA9C2838FAF1" authorityName="Hoffstetter &amp; Rage" authorityYear="1972" box="[835,1033,1363,1389]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filholi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FCD2FA9C2838FAF1" box="[835,1033,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cadurceryx filholi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in contrast, is a highly derived species in which the accessory processes are not only more highly developed but also extend far into the trunk. This unusual morphology is not seen in any living erycine. Furthermore, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FC5EFA1C287CFA71" authorityName="Hoffstetter &amp; Rage" authorityYear="1972" box="[975,1101,1491,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filholi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FC5EFA1C287CFA71" box="[975,1101,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cad. filholi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a very depressed neural arch on posterior trunk vertebrae, a derived character that it shares with extant 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FB89F9DC287BF9B0" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[1048,1098,1555,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FB89F9DC287BF9B0" box="[1048,1098,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and also 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FB2EF9DD2970F9B1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[1215,1345,1554,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
) and that distinguishes it from the vaulted neural arch of HLMD- Me 9723. Whatever its precise phylogenetic relations, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FCBCF9BD2F9CF910" authorityName="Hoffstetter &amp; Rage" authorityYear="1972" box="[813,941,1650,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filholi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FCBCF9BD2F9CF910" box="[813,941,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cad. filholi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly not closely related to HLMD-Me 9723, and the name 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FB86F95D28A5F930" authorityName="Hoffstetter &amp; Rage" authorityYear="1972" box="[1047,1172,1682,1708]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FB86F95D28A5F930" box="[1047,1172,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cadurceryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be applied to the specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5322316FCD2F91D28CFF877" blockId="5.[811,1457,535,2028]" lastBlockId="6.[811,1455,1905,2028]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FCD2F91D2828F970" authorityName="Holman, Harrison &amp; Ward" authorityYear="2006" box="[835,1049,1746,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pearchi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FCD2F91D2828F970" box="[835,1049,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cadurceryx pearchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, finally, is known exclusively from caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5322315FC67F93D28E2F890" author="HOLMAN J. A. &amp; HARRISON D. L. &amp; WARD D. J." box="[1014,1235,1778,1804]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="51 - 62" refId="ref16554" refString="HOLMAN J. A., HARRISON D. L. &amp; WARD D. J. 2006. - Late Eocene snakes from the Headon Hill Formation, southern England. Cainozoic Research 5: 51 - 62." type="journal article" year="2006">
Holman 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FBCDF93C28A3F890" box="[1116,1170,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). The two diagnostic features of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FC48F8DD2856F8B0" authorityName="Holman, Harrison &amp; Ward" authorityYear="2006" box="[985,1127,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pearchi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FC48F8DD2856F8B0" box="[985,1127,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cad. pearchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with respect to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FABBF8DD2999F8B0" authorityName="Hoffstetter &amp; Rage" authorityYear="1972" box="[1322,1448,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filholi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FABBF8DD2999F8B0" box="[1322,1448,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cad. filholi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, according to the authors, were the size of the cotyle (larger than neural canal) and the presence of a ‘tubercle’ on the anterior end of the prezygapophysis. The tubercle was not labelled, but if we understand it correctly, it is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5322315FCBCF87D2FEFF857" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[813,990,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5322315FCBCF87D2FEFF857" box="[813,990,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5322315FC74F87D28B1F850" box="[997,1152,1970,1996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
The size of the cotyle with respect to the neural canal appears to be variable in the 
<typeStatus id="9C5B885BE5312316FF15F8BD2C84F810" box="[132,181,1906,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
series of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5312316FEB0F8BE2D9CF817" authorityName="Holman, Harrison &amp; Ward" authorityYear="2006" box="[289,429,1905,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pearchi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FEB0F8BE2D9CF817" box="[289,429,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cad. pearchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5312316FE2EF8BE2E91F817" author="HOLMAN J. A. &amp; HARRISON D. L. &amp; WARD D. J." box="[447,672,1905,1931]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="51 - 62" refId="ref16554" refString="HOLMAN J. A., HARRISON D. L. &amp; WARD D. J. 2006. - Late Eocene snakes from the Headon Hill Formation, southern England. Cainozoic Research 5: 51 - 62." type="journal article" year="2006">
Holman 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FDB7F8BD2E6CF817" box="[550,605,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 2a, d and 3a, e), potentially as a result of vertebral position or intraspecific variation, calling into question the validity of this diagnostic feature. There are additional differences between 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5312316FC01F8BE282AF817" authorityName="Holman, Harrison &amp; Ward" authorityYear="2006" box="[912,1051,1905,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pearchi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FC01F8BE282AF817" box="[912,1051,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cad. pearchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5312316FBC1F8BD28F3F817" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[1104,1218,1905,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FBC1F8BD28F3F817" box="[1104,1218,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">R. schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5312316FB58F8BD2928F810" box="[1225,1305,1906,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, n.sp, such as caudal vertebrae being taller than wide and having a more vaulted neural arch. Thus, there is no reason to consider that these two species are closely related.
</paragraph>
<caption id="179F6671E5312316FF15F93F2F4FF8B2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" startId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" targetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5312316FF15F93F2F4FF8B2" blockId="6.[132,1455,1776,1838]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5312316FE51F93F2E78F89D" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[448,585,1776,1793]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FE51F93F2E78F89D" box="[448,585,1776,1793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5312316FDDDF93F2E8EF89D" box="[588,703,1776,1793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FD55F93F2EE0F89D" bold="true" box="[708,721,1776,1793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
, photograph of whole specimen; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FC72F93F2FC1F89D" bold="true" box="[995,1008,1776,1793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FE90F8C92D3EF88B" bold="true" box="[257,271,1798,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FD65F8C92F33F88B" bold="true" box="[756,770,1798,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5312316FA10F8C929BCF88B" bold="true" box="[1409,1421,1798,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">E</emphasis>
, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="179F6671E5302317FF15FBAB2E75FB3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" startId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" targetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5302317FF15FBAB2E75FB3E" blockId="7.[132,1455,1124,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
FIG. 2. — Maxilla: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FE89FBAB2D0BFBE9" bold="true" box="[280,314,1124,1141]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">A -C</emphasis>
, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FD37FBAB2F1EFBE9" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[678,815,1124,1141]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FD37FBAB2F1EFBE9" box="[678,815,1124,1141]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5302317FCA2FBAB2F99FBE9" box="[819,936,1124,1141]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FAADFBAB296DFBE9" bold="true" box="[1340,1372,1124,1141]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">D -F</emphasis>
, left maxilla of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FF27FBB52D28FB17" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[182,281,1146,1163]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jaculus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FF27FBB52D28FB17" box="[182,281,1146,1163]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Eryx jaculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FC8AFBB52F06FB17" bold="true" box="[795,823,1146,1163]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">G -I</emphasis>
, left maxilla of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FC24FBB52865FB17" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[949,1108,1146,1163]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FC24FBB52865FB17" box="[949,1108,1146,1163]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE5302317FBCCFBB528F1FB17" box="[1117,1216,1146,1163]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="EnaNcbi">CM 145332</accessionNumber>
) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5302317FF0AFB3C2E0BF8F7" blockId="7.[131,777,1267,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
The question now arises whether 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FD89FB3B2E5AFA91" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[536,619,1268,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FD89FB3B2E5AFA91" box="[536,619,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Rageryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5302317FDE2FB3B2EF0FA92" box="[627,705,1268,1294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is the appropriate generic name for “ 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FE71FADC2E6CFAB1" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1873" box="[480,605,1299,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FE71FADC2E6CFAB1" box="[480,605,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Calamagras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FDE3FADC2EF1FAB1" authorityName="Rage" authorityYear="1977" box="[626,704,1299,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FDE3FADC2EF1FAB1" box="[626,704,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">gallicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5302317FD40FADB2CE1FAD2" author="RAGE J. - C." pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="459 - 463" refId="ref18198" refString="RAGE J. - C. 1977. - An erycine snake (Boidae) of the genus Calamagras from the French lower Eocene, with comments on the phylogeny of the Erycinae. Herpetologica 33: 459 - 463. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3891716" type="journal article" year="1977">Rage (1977)</bibRefCitation>
stated that small pterapophyses are present in the 
<typeStatus id="9C5B885BE5302317FF17FA9C2CDBFAF1" box="[134,234,1363,1389]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
caudal vertebra, MNHN GR 7896, but other accessory processes are absent. It is remarkable, therefore, to find more of them present in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FE6AFA5B2E9BFA31" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[507,682,1427,1453]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FE6AFA5B2E9BFA31" box="[507,682,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5302317FD22FA5B2CF7FA51" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, a younger European taxon. However, as noted in the description, it is the pterapophyses that occur most proximally in HLMD-Me 9723. Therefore, MNHN GR 7896 might derive from a more proximal part of the tail where the other processes do not occur. On the other hand, its proportions speak for a more distal position in the caudal series. MNHN GR 7896 also appears to have more bulbous processes than HLMD-Me 9723. With regard to the shape of the neural spine, HLMD-Me 9723 and referred trunk vertebrae of “ 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FE8AF91D2D78F970" box="[283,329,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Cal.</emphasis>
” 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FECCF91D2D9BF970" authorityName="Rage" authorityYear="1977" box="[349,426,1746,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FECCF91D2D9BF970" box="[349,426,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">gallicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to be fully comparable. A clear resolution of this taxonomic problem will have to await the discovery and description of further caudal material from the Ypresian of 
<collectingCountry id="3BF77669E5302317FE0EF8FD2DDAF8D0" box="[415,491,1842,1868]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">France</collectingCountry>
, preferably from the type locality, i.e., Grauves in the Paris Basin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5302317FF0AF8BE299EFA12" blockId="7.[131,777,1267,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[811,1455,1267,1422]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
Given the distinctiveness and relatively early occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FF35F85E2D2EF837" authorityName="Hoffstetter &amp; Rage" authorityYear="1972" box="[164,287,1937,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FF35F85E2D2EF837" box="[164,287,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Cadurceryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5302317FE3FF85D2E19F837" author="RAGE J. - C." box="[430,552,1937,1964]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="445 - 457" refId="ref18299" refString="RAGE J. - C. 2012. - Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us? Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92: 445 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 012 - 0087 - 3" type="journal article" year="2012">Rage 2012</bibRefCitation>
), one hypothesis is to derive it from “ 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FEC2F87E2DFEF857" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1873" box="[339,463,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FEC2F87E2DFEF857" box="[339,463,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Calamagras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FE72F87E2E01F857" authorityName="Rage" authorityYear="1977" box="[483,560,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FE72F87E2E01F857" box="[483,560,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">gallicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FDCDF87D2F38F857" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[604,777,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FDCDF87D2F38F857" box="[604,777,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5302317FF15F81D2D23F870" box="[132,274,2002,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(or a closely related form). A second hypothesis is that it represents an early dispersal of a taxon more closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FC09FADB2FF9FAB1" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[920,968,1300,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FC09FADB2FF9FAB1" box="[920,968,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into Europe. Cranial remains of these fossils apart from Messel are meager, and there are no fossils, at present, from MP 12 (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5302317FBB6FA9B28AFFAF1" author="RAGE J. - C." box="[1063,1182,1363,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="445 - 457" refId="ref18299" refString="RAGE J. - C. 2012. - Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us? Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92: 445 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 012 - 0087 - 3" type="journal article" year="2012">Rage 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Consequently the data are insufficient to determine the relationships of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FAA0FABC2997FA11" authorityName="Hoffstetter &amp; Rage" authorityYear="1972" box="[1329,1446,1395,1421]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Cadurceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filholi">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FAA0FABC2997FA11" box="[1329,1446,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Cad. filholi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0BFA6572E5302303FCBCFA7C2F89FC13" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5302317FCBCFA7C2FF0FA57" blockId="7.[811,1456,1459,2028]" box="[813,961,1459,1485]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5302317FCBCFA1C2945F910" blockId="7.[811,1456,1459,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
HLMD-Me 9723 is a nearly complete skeleton, highly contorted and missing four sections of the axial skeleton (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5302317FAC5FA3C2992F991" box="[1364,1443,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). It is preserved on three plates that had been broken during excavation and rejoined. Because of the missing sections, the total length of the animal can only be given as 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FAA3F99C2972F9F0" box="[1330,1347,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">c.</emphasis>
<quantity id="84189B1CE5302317FADBF99D29A2F9F1" box="[1354,1427,1618,1645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="52.0">52 cm</quantity>
. A counterpart is not present in the HLMD collections.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5302317FCD5F95D28CDF870" blockId="7.[811,1456,1459,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
The orbits are located in front of the longitudinal midpoint of the skull (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5302317FC24F97D2837F951" box="[949,1030,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5302317FB0FF97D28DAF950" box="[1182,1259,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
). The skull on the whole shows a short snout and moderately extensive braincase. Thus the general proportions of the skull are similar to ungaliophiine boids, especially 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FBE0F8DD294FF8B0" authority="Muller, 1880" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1880" box="[1137,1406,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Ungaliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FBE0F8DD28DAF8B0" box="[1137,1259,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Ungaliophis</emphasis>
Müller, 1880
</taxonomicName>
, and to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5302317FCDAF8FE2967F8D0" authority="Bibron in Ramon de la Sagra, 1840" authorityName="Bibron in Ramon de la Sagra" authorityYear="1840" box="[843,1366,1841,1868]" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Tropidophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FCDAF8FE2FF7F8D7" box="[843,966,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Tropidophis</emphasis>
Bibron 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5302317FBB2F8FD2808F8D7" box="[1059,1081,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">in</emphasis>
Ramon de la Sagra, 1840
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5302317FAF6F8FE2FEAF8F0" author="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J." pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="349 - 692" refId="ref15715" refString="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. &amp; ADLER K. (eds), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20 (Morphology H). The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York: 349 - 692." type="book chapter" year="2008">Cundall &amp; Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2.62 and 2.65). They differ both from the primitive alethinophidian pattern, in which the elongate braincase is narrow anteriorly but widened at the otic capsule, and from most erycines, in which the braincase behind the orbit is shortened (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5302317FC6CF81E28DAF877" author="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J." box="[1021,1259,2001,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="349 - 692" refId="ref15715" refString="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. &amp; ADLER K. (eds), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20 (Morphology H). The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York: 349 - 692." type="book chapter" year="2008">Cundall &amp; Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="179F6671E53F2318FF15FBA828BAFB3A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486448" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486448/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" startId="8.[132,143,1127,1144]" targetBox="[138,1451,216,1090]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53F2318FF15FBA828BAFB3A" blockId="8.[132,1457,1127,1190]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
FIG. 3. — Nasal: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FE9BFBA82D1BFBE4" bold="true" box="[266,298,1127,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A -E</emphasis>
, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FD15FBA82F3DFBE4" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[644,780,1127,1144]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FD15FBA82F3DFBE4" box="[644,780,1127,1144]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E53F2318FC81FBA82FB3FBE4" box="[784,898,1127,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,in dorsal, ventral,anterior, posterior,and lateral views,respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FF15FBB12C90FB13" bold="true" box="[132,161,1150,1167]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">F -J</emphasis>
, left nasal of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FE82FBB12DBAFB13" authority="BM" authorityName="BM" box="[275,395,1150,1167]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FE82FBB12D59FB13" box="[275,360,1150,1167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Eryx johnii</emphasis>
BM
</taxonomicName>
1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FBA4FBB12868FB13" bold="true" box="[1077,1113,1150,1167]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">K -O</emphasis>
, united left and right nasals of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FACFFBB12CDEFB3A" authority="CM" authorityName="CM" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FACFFBB12CFDFB3A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE53F2318FF40FB5A2CDEFB3A" box="[209,239,1173,1190]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="EnaNcbi">CM</accessionNumber>
</taxonomicName>
145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53F2318FF0AFB3C2E9FF8B0" blockId="8.[130,777,1267,1836]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
Like those of several adult boid skulls examined, the posterior region of the parietal bone of HLMD-Me 9723 is clearly projected posteriorly, especially the supratemporal processes. This posterior projection overlaps the anterodorsal edge of the supraoccipital, like in adult individuals of large and small boids and macrostomatans in general (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53F2318FE6CFA5C2EC7FA31" author="SCANFERLA C. A. &amp; SMITH K. T. &amp; SCHAAL S. F. K." box="[509,758,1427,1453]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="182 - 206" refId="ref18859" refString="SCANFERLA C. A., SMITH K. T. &amp; SCHAAL S. F. K. 2016. - Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176: 182 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12300" type="journal article" year="2016">Smith &amp; Scanferla 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Also, the well-preserved tips of the neural spines of the trunk vertebrae show well-finished caps of bone.Taken together, these anatomical traits present in the parietal bone, and the advanced state of ossification observed in skull and trunk vertebrae, evidence that HLMD-Me 9723 represents an adult postnatal ontogenetic stage. Thus, the species it represents was apparently smaller than typical adult Rosy Boas (
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FDB8F9BD2F31F910" box="[553,768,1650,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FDB8F9BD2F31F910" box="[553,768,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, length 
<quantity id="84189B1CE53F2318FF41F95D2D7DF931" box="[208,332,1682,1709]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="11.2" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="77.5" valueMax="112.0" valueMin="43.0">43-112 cm</quantity>
), and many adult Rubber Boas (
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FD21F95D2CF0F950" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FD21F95D2CF0F950" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, length 
<quantity id="84189B1CE53F2318FE88F97D2DB3F951" box="[281,386,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.95" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="59.5" valueMax="84.0" valueMin="35.0">35-84 cm</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53F2318FE08F97D2E00F950" author="STEBBINS R. C." box="[409,561,1714,1740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19572" refString="STEBBINS R. C. 2003. - A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Mifflin, New York, 533 p." type="book" year="2003">Stebbins 2003</bibRefCitation>
). HLMD-Me 9723 is also smaller than many 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FE04F91C2DF2F970" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[405,451,1747,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FE04F91C2DF2F970" box="[405,451,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FE40F91C2E00F970" box="[465,561,1746,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FE40F91C2E00F970" box="[465,561,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Er. johnii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FDF7F91C2ED3F970" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[614,738,1747,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tataricus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FDF7F91C2ED3F970" box="[614,738,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Er. tataricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the largest of the genus, with total length in large individuals&gt; 
<quantity id="84189B1CE53F2318FF07F8DD2C8EF8B0" box="[150,191,1810,1836]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, but all other species are smaller (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53F2318FD8EF8DD2EAFF8B0" author="SEUFER H." box="[543,670,1810,1836]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="56 - 67" refId="ref18968" refString="SEUFER H. 2001. - Kleine Riesenschlangen. Pflege und Zucht von Sandboas im Terrarium. Draco (Munster) 5: 56 - 67." type="journal article" year="2001">Seufer 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53F2318FF15F89E2901FA32" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53F2318FF15F89E2CC5F8F7" blockId="8.[132,244,1873,1899]" box="[132,244,1873,1899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="18178195E53F2318FF15F89E2CC5F8F7" box="[132,244,1873,1899]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FF15F89E2CC5F8F7" box="[132,244,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Premaxilla</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53F2318FF15F8BE2F34F877" blockId="8.[130,776,1905,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
The premaxilla is only partially preserved, yet there is every indication that its anterior margin was in line with the curvature of the arch defined by the maxillae (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53F2318FD92F87E2E45F857" box="[515,628,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
). Thus, it was not produced far forward, unlike in extant erycines, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FD08F81D2F34F877" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[665,773,2002,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FD08F81D2F34F877" box="[665,773,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Loxocemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53F2318FCBCFB3C2901FA32" blockId="8.[812,1456,1267,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FCBCFB3C2FC9FA91" authority="Cope, 1861" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[813,1016,1267,1294]" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FCBCFB3C2F43FA91" box="[813,882,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">bicolor</emphasis>
Cope, 1861
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FBBDFB3C293DFA91" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1851" box="[1068,1292,1267,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calabaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reinhardtii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FBBDFB3C293DFA91" box="[1068,1292,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Calabaria reinhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A small, ovate nasal process is present that projects posterodorsally and has a flat anterior surface that would have been visible externally between the nasal bones. It is similar to that of many boids and totally unlike the low crest completely hidden between the nasal bones in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FC65FA5B291AFA32" authority="(Cundall &amp; Irish 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1012,1323,1427,1454]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FC65FA5B2812FA31" box="[1012,1059,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Eryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53F2318FBA5FA5C2911FA31" author="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J." box="[1076,1312,1427,1453]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="349 - 692" refId="ref15715" refString="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. &amp; ADLER K. (eds), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20 (Morphology H). The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York: 349 - 692." type="book chapter" year="2008">Cundall &amp; Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53F2319FCBCFA1C2D66FDAC" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53F2318FCBCFA1C2883FA71" blockId="8.[813,1202,1491,1517]" box="[813,1202,1491,1517]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="18178195E53F2318FCBCFA1C2883FA71" box="[813,1202,1491,1517]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FCBCFA1C2883FA71" box="[813,1202,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
Maxilla (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53F2318FC1EFA1B2FFDFA71" box="[911,972,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[132,1455,209,1085]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53F2318FBCEFA1B289BFA71" box="[1119,1194,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[132,1455,209,1085]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53F2318FCBCFA3C28EEF870" blockId="8.[810,1457,1523,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
The maxilla is elongate, slightly dorsally arched element (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53F2318FCA7F9DD2F43F9B1" box="[822,882,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[132,1455,209,1085]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A-C). Its anterior end is most notable for a large dorsal foramen (superior alveolar foramen, s.a.f.) continued anteriorly by a deep groove. This foramen is most comparable to that in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FCD9F9BD2FD2F910" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[840,995,1650,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FCD9F9BD2FD2F910" box="[840,995,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which, however, is disposed more laterally. It presumably transmits the subnarial artery and superior alveolar nerve onto the snout, but the reasons for its large dimensions are unknown. A weak ascending process begins to rise adjacent to the groove and terminates at the level of the superior alveolar foramen and palatine process (pl.pr.); it is more strongly developed than in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FBEDF8FE2979F8D7" box="[1148,1352,1841,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FBEDF8FE2979F8D7" box="[1148,1352,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53F2318FAC9F8FE2F09F8F0" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[132,1455,209,1085]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2H, I</figureCitation>
), but not as strong as in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53F2318FBDEF89E288AF8F7" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[1103,1211,1873,1899]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53F2318FBDEF89E288AF8F7" box="[1103,1211,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ch. bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lateral surface of the bone is pierced by a single, elongate labial foramen (l.f.), which transmits branches of the maxillary artery and superior alveolar nerve. A small facet, probably for the prefrontal, is present medial to the ascending process.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FF0AFF182D66FDAC" blockId="9.[131,777,215,561]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
The dorsal surface of the posterior end of the maxilla appears to show several fine, longitudinal striae (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FD35FF382ECBFE8D" box="[676,762,247,273]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[132,1455,209,1085]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
), whose origin may lie with the ectopterygoid articulation. The palatine process is poorly preserved, and little can be said of its size, orientation, and morphology; however, it appears to have been asymmetrical, with a steep posterior margin and a probably more gradual anterior margin. Presumably the palatine process was pierced by a foramen, as in other boids. A single foramen is visible on the dorsal surface at the level of the posterior margin of the palatine process, as in other boids (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FF5EFDD92D7BFDAC" box="[207,330,534,561]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[132,1455,209,1085]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2D, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53E2319FF15FD992E11F950" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FF15FD992DCFFDEC" blockId="9.[132,510,598,624]" box="[132,510,598,624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="18178195E53E2319FF15FD992DCFFDEC" box="[132,510,598,624]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FF15FD992DCFFDEC" box="[132,510,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
Nasals (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FF49FD982D24FDEC" box="[216,277,598,624]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1127,1144]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,216,1090]" captionTargetId="figure-472@8.[132,1455,207,1117]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Nasal:A-E, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.,in dorsal, ventral,anterior, posterior,and lateral views,respectively; F-J, left nasal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; K-O, united left and right nasals of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486448/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FE3BFD982DC6FDEC" box="[426,503,598,624]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1127,1144]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,216,1090]" captionTargetId="figure-472@8.[132,1455,207,1117]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Nasal:A-E, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.,in dorsal, ventral,anterior, posterior,and lateral views,respectively; F-J, left nasal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; K-O, united left and right nasals of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486448/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. S3</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FF15FDB92E11F950" blockId="9.[131,778,630,1741]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
The elongate nasals are gently dorsally convex in sagittal and transverse planes (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FEDBFD592DB9FD2C" box="[330,392,662,688]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1127,1144]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,216,1090]" captionTargetId="figure-472@8.[132,1455,207,1117]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Nasal:A-E, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.,in dorsal, ventral,anterior, posterior,and lateral views,respectively; F-J, left nasal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; K-O, united left and right nasals of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486448/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C-E). They contact one another on the midline for most of their length. Each comprises a plate posteriorly over the nasal capsule (the horizontal lamina) and a long, slightly thickened anteromedial process (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FD1BFD3A2ECBFC8C" box="[650,762,757,784]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1127,1144]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,216,1090]" captionTargetId="figure-472@8.[132,1455,207,1117]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Nasal:A-E, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.,in dorsal, ventral,anterior, posterior,and lateral views,respectively; F-J, left nasal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; K-O, united left and right nasals of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486448/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). All examined 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FE8EFCD92D7EFCB3" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[287,335,790,815]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FE8EFCD92D7EFCB3" box="[287,335,790,815]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have a strong horizontal expansion of the anterior end of the horizontal lamina (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FD17FCFA2EF6FCD3" box="[646,711,821,847]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1127,1144]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,216,1090]" captionTargetId="figure-472@8.[132,1455,207,1117]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Nasal:A-E, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.,in dorsal, ventral,anterior, posterior,and lateral views,respectively; F-J, left nasal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; K-O, united left and right nasals of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486448/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F-H), which is lacking in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FEF6FC9A2E74FCF3" box="[359,581,853,879]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FEF6FC9A2E74FCF3" box="[359,581,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FDC7FC9A2EA6FCF3" box="[598,663,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1127,1144]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,216,1090]" captionTargetId="figure-472@8.[132,1455,207,1117]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Nasal:A-E, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.,in dorsal, ventral,anterior, posterior,and lateral views,respectively; F-J, left nasal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; K-O, united left and right nasals of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486448/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
K-N) and other boids. The anteromedial processes curve ventrally to contact the nasal process of the premaxilla, which slightly separates them at their distal end. An anterolateral process, as in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FF0EFC1A2D45FC73" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[159,372,980,1007]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FF0EFC1A2CF6FC72" box="[159,199,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53E2319FF5DFC1B2D45FC73" author="LINNAEUS C." box="[204,372,980,1007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref17055" refString="LINNAEUS C. 1758. - Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Vol. 1 (10 th ed.). Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 823 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is lacking. Posterolaterally the nasal is overlapped by the prefrontal, as in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FE62FC3A2E4BFB92" box="[499,634,1013,1038]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FE62FC3A2E4BFB92" box="[499,634,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Li. trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FD3EFC3B2CF2FBB2" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FD3EFC3B2CF2FBB2" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FEF7FBDA2DA7FBB2" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[358,406,1045,1070]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FEF7FBDA2DA7FBB2" box="[358,406,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53E2319FE37FBDB2E77FBB2" author="RIEPPEL O." box="[422,582,1044,1070]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="185 - 208" refId="ref18452" refString="RIEPPEL O. 1978 a. - A functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the skull of the Erycinae (Reptilia, Serpentes). Journal of Zoology 186: 185 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1978. tb 03365. x" type="journal article" year="1978">Rieppel 1978a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53E2319FDC4FBDB2C8CFBD2" author="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J." pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="349 - 692" refId="ref15715" refString="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. &amp; ADLER K. (eds), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20 (Morphology H). The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York: 349 - 692." type="book chapter" year="2008">Cundall &amp; Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
). The posterolateral end of the nasal is squared off, but posteromedially there appears to be a posterior expansion; due to the tightly apposition of the frontal in this region, the true morphology is uncertain. A triangular, posteromedial prong extending posteriorly between the frontals was present in all examined 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FEF2FB1B2DA2FB71" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[355,403,1236,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FEF2FB1B2DA2FB71" box="[355,403,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but is lacking in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FDDEFB1B2EE6FB71" box="[591,727,1236,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FDDEFB1B2EE6FB71" box="[591,727,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Li. trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FF15FB3C2CC2FA91" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[132,243,1267,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FF15FB3C2CC2FA91" box="[132,243,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Ch. bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (In 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FEA1FB3B2D69FA91" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[304,344,1268,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FEA1FB3B2D69FA91" box="[304,344,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FE02FB3C2E7AFA91" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[403,587,1267,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Candoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FE02FB3C2E7AFA91" box="[403,587,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Candoia carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the nasals taper posteriorly and so they necessarily form a triangular point, but there is no anteromedian notch in the frontal; rather the space is occupied by the prefrontal. Thus, such a prong can be regarded as absent in these taxa.) There is no evidence of a vertical buttress that would have articulated with the lateral (subolfactory process) or medial pillars of the frontal at the prokinetic joint, unlike in extant erycines (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FD0EFA1C2C8EF991" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1127,1144]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,216,1090]" captionTargetId="figure-472@8.[132,1455,207,1117]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Nasal:A-E, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.,in dorsal, ventral,anterior, posterior,and lateral views,respectively; F-J, left nasal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; K-O, united left and right nasals of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486448/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3I, J, N, O</figureCitation>
) as well as some other fossorial forms (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53E2319FDF3FA3C2ECEF991" author="RIEPPEL O." box="[610,767,1523,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="185 - 208" refId="ref18452" refString="RIEPPEL O. 1978 a. - A functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the skull of the Erycinae (Reptilia, Serpentes). Journal of Zoology 186: 185 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1978. tb 03365. x" type="journal article" year="1978">Rieppel 1978a</bibRefCitation>
; b; pers. obs.), but it is likely that the nasal contacted the frontal beneath the olfactory tracts, as in most constrictors. All examined 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FEB0F99C2D60F9F0" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[289,337,1619,1644]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FEB0F99C2D60F9F0" box="[289,337,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have one or two foramina through the posterolateral corner of the nasal, although it is uncertain what structures pass through it; these foramina are lacking in HLMD-Me 9723 and other boids.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53E2319FF15F93D2FFCFE2C" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FF15F93D2DE6F890" blockId="9.[132,471,1778,1804]" box="[132,471,1778,1804]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="18178195E53E2319FF15F93D2DE6F890" box="[132,471,1778,1804]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FF15F93D2DE6F890" box="[132,471,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
Prefrontal (Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FE12F93C2DFEF890" box="[387,463,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1218,1235]" captionTargetBox="[135,1452,217,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-464@10.[132,1455,209,1183]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Frontal:A-D, left frontal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen.,n. sp., in dorsal,ventral,lateral,and anterior views,respectively;E-H, left frontal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively;I-L, left frontal of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486450/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. S4</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FF15F8DD2F38F877" blockId="9.[131,777,1810,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
On the whole, both elements are poorly preserved. A large anterolateral lamina is present (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FE47F8FE2E16F8D0" box="[470,551,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
), unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FD31F8FD2EE1F8D7" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[672,720,1842,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FD31F8FD2EE1F8D7" box="[672,720,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The triangular dorsomedial projection of this lamina that extends medially behind the nasals toward the contralateral element is comparable in extent to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FE23F85E2E00F837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[434,561,1937,1963]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
; the prefrontals do not meet one another on the midline. The orbital lamina forms the anterior wall of the orbit. The medial foot-process
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FCBAFF182FFCFE2C" blockId="9.[811,1455,215,432]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
is well developed and curves slightly laterally. The prefrontal is complete enough to deduce that the lateral foot-process was less well developed, more like 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB3EFED7297AFEAD" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1199,1355,280,305]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="constrictor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FB3EFED7297AFEAD" box="[1199,1355,280,305]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boa constrictor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than the larger process of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FC4DFEF7283DFECD" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[988,1036,312,337]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FC4DFEF7283DFECD" box="[988,1036,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB8BFEF828A5FECD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[1050,1172,311,337]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB57FEF82997FECD" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1851" box="[1222,1446,311,337]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calabaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reinhardtii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FB57FEF82997FECD" box="[1222,1446,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Calabaria reinhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A small foramen of unknown significance pierces the ventral margin of the bone in the embayment between the two foot-processes.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53E2319FCBCFE1928B0FBF2" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FCBCFE192880FE6D" blockId="9.[813,1201,470,497]" box="[813,1201,470,497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="18178195E53E2319FCBCFE192880FE6D" box="[813,1201,470,497]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FCBCFE192880FE6D" box="[813,1201,470,497]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
Frontal (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FC1BFE182FF9FE6C" box="[906,968,470,496]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1218,1235]" captionTargetBox="[135,1452,217,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-464@10.[132,1455,209,1183]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Frontal:A-D, left frontal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen.,n. sp., in dorsal,ventral,lateral,and anterior views,respectively;E-H, left frontal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively;I-L, left frontal of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486450/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FBCCFE182898FE6D" box="[1117,1193,471,497]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1552,1569]" captionTargetBox="[148,1443,225,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-207@11.[132,1455,215,1516]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: A-C, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively.Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred),but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, parabasisphenoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; G-I, parabasisphenoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486452/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. S5</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FCBCFE392FEBFC53" blockId="9.[811,1456,502,1135]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
The smooth frontal table is trapezoidal, with a long medial, shorter and slightly concave lateral, and oblique anterior and posterior margins (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FBA1FDF928B7FDCC" box="[1072,1158,566,592]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1218,1235]" captionTargetBox="[135,1452,217,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-464@10.[132,1455,209,1183]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Frontal:A-D, left frontal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen.,n. sp., in dorsal,ventral,lateral,and anterior views,respectively;E-H, left frontal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively;I-L, left frontal of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486450/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). Consequently there is no deep median notch between the frontals for reception of the nasals. In this it differs from the parallelgram-shaped table of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FCBAFD592F6AFD33" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[811,859,662,687]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FCBAFD592F6AFD33" box="[811,859,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FCFDFD592F8FFD2C" box="[876,958,662,688]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1218,1235]" captionTargetBox="[135,1452,217,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-464@10.[132,1455,209,1183]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Frontal:A-D, left frontal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen.,n. sp., in dorsal,ventral,lateral,and anterior views,respectively;E-H, left frontal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively;I-L, left frontal of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486450/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). It appears that a small foramen exits dorsally through the posterolateral corner. The anterolateral margin is smooth and lacks a distinct notch for the prefrontal, unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FCDAFD3A2813FC93" box="[843,1058,757,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FCDAFD3A2813FC93" box="[843,1058,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FBA5FD3A28B1FC8C" box="[1076,1152,757,784]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1218,1235]" captionTargetBox="[135,1452,217,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-464@10.[132,1455,209,1183]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Frontal:A-D, left frontal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen.,n. sp., in dorsal,ventral,lateral,and anterior views,respectively;E-H, left frontal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively;I-L, left frontal of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486450/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
). A prominent supraorbital shelf, as in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FC35FCDA2FC2FCB3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[932,1011,789,815]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boinae">Boinae</taxonomicName>
, is absent (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FBF6FCDA28E8FCB3" box="[1127,1241,789,816]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1218,1235]" captionTargetBox="[135,1452,217,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-464@10.[132,1455,209,1183]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Frontal:A-D, left frontal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen.,n. sp., in dorsal,ventral,lateral,and anterior views,respectively;E-H, left frontal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively;I-L, left frontal of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486450/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4B, C</figureCitation>
). The posterolateral corner has a postolateral projection for accomodating the anterolateral corners of the parietal dorsally (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FA95FC9A2947FCEC" box="[1284,1398,853,880]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1218,1235]" captionTargetBox="[135,1452,217,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-464@10.[132,1455,209,1183]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Frontal:A-D, left frontal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen.,n. sp., in dorsal,ventral,lateral,and anterior views,respectively;E-H, left frontal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively;I-L, left frontal of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486450/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4A, D</figureCitation>
), like in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FCDAFCB92F4AFC13" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[843,891,886,911]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FCDAFCB92F4AFC13" box="[843,891,886,911]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. E, H) but unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB31FCBA28DDFC13" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[1184,1260,885,911]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boinae">Boinae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FAB6FCB92981FC13" box="[1319,1456,886,911]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FAB6FCB92981FC13" box="[1319,1456,886,911]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Li. trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. I, L). A small facet for articulation of the postorbital may be present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FCD2FC1B28B0FBF2" blockId="9.[811,1456,502,1135]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">The ventral portion of the frontals is almost certainly present but could not be distinguished due to crushing. Thus, the extent and morphology of the medial and lateral frontal pillars and the posteroventral projection bounding the optic foramen cannot be ascertained.</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53E2319FCBCFB5B2FE6F991" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FCBCFB5B28B6FB32" blockId="9.[813,1159,1172,1198]" box="[813,1159,1172,1198]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="18178195E53E2319FCBCFB5B28B6FB32" box="[813,1159,1172,1198]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FCBCFB5B28B6FB32" box="[813,1159,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
Postorbital (Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FBA2FB5A284EFB32" box="[1075,1151,1172,1198]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" captionTargetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-259@12.[132,1455,186,1384]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. S6</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FCBCFB7B2FE6F991" blockId="9.[811,1457,1204,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
The dorsal portion shows an elongate facet where it articulated along the parietal and, anteriorly, a small part of the frontal (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FCA7FB3C2FB9FA92" box="[822,904,1267,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). It tapers strongly ventrally, so that the postorbital process is thin, unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FBA1FADC284BFAB1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[1072,1146,1299,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boinae">Boinae</taxonomicName>
and some 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB78FADB2929FAB1" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1257,1304,1300,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FB78FADB2929FAB1" box="[1257,1304,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FAC9FADB2F5EFAD1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colubrinus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FAC9FADB2F5EFAD1" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Er. colubrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The process is broken, so that its ventral extent is uncertain, but comparison of the left and right elements suggests that it was less extensive than in most booids. The preserved portion shows no evidence of a posterior deflection, as is present in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB9FFA7C28F6FA51" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[1038,1223,1459,1485]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Candoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FB9FFA7C28F6FA51" box="[1038,1223,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Candoia carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and many 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FAD3FA7B2943FA51" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1346,1394,1460,1485]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FAD3FA7B2943FA51" box="[1346,1394,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FCBCFA1B28F7FA71" box="[813,1222,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FCBCFA1B2FF3FA71" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[813,962,1491,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colubrinus">Er. colubrinus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FC5CFA1B280EFA71" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[973,1087,1492,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conicus">Er. conicus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FBDAFA1B28F7FA71" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1888" box="[1099,1222,1491,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jayakari">Er. jayakari</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB6DFA1B294DFA71" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1276,1404,1492,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tataricus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FB6DFA1B294DFA71" box="[1276,1404,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Er. tataricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but not 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FCC8FA3C2FF6F991" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[857,967,1523,1549]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jaculus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FCC8FA3C2FF6F991" box="[857,967,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Er. jaculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53E2319FCBCF9FD293BF877" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FCBCF9FD2F4EF9D0" blockId="9.[813,895,1586,1612]" box="[813,895,1586,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="18178195E53E2319FCBCF9FD2F4EF9D0" box="[813,895,1586,1612]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FCBCF9FD2F4EF9D0" box="[813,895,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Parietal</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53E2319FCBCF99D293BF877" blockId="9.[811,1457,1618,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
The parietal bone is relatively broad, only slightly longer than wide (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53E2319FCE2F9BD2FF9F911" box="[883,968,1650,1677]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Its widest point is found anterior to midlength, well in front of the otic capsules. The anterior margin is shallowly concave except at the midline, where a small process projects between the frontals. The dorsal surface of the anterior part of the parietal is flat, and a low mid-sagittal ridge is developed only in about the posterior one-third of the bone. In this respect it is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB3CF8FE2928F8D7" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[1197,1305,1841,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FB3CF8FE2928F8D7" box="[1197,1305,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Lichanura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FAB6F8FE294EF8D7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[1319,1407,1841,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FAB6F8FE294EF8D7" box="[1319,1407,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Charina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FCBDF89E2FE5F8F7" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[812,980,1873,1899]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
and differs from 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB01F89D28F1F8F7" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1168,1216,1874,1899]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53E2319FB01F89D28F1F8F7" box="[1168,1216,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53E2319FB66F89E2977F8F7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[1271,1350,1873,1899]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boinae">Boinae</taxonomicName>
, in which the sagittal crest is sharper and far more extensive (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53E2319FAADF8BE2FAEF837" author="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J." pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="349 - 692" refId="ref15715" refString="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. &amp; ADLER K. (eds), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20 (Morphology H). The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York: 349 - 692." type="book chapter" year="2008">Cundall &amp; Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
). The ventral extent of the parietal forming the lateral wall of the braincase is almost certainly present, but could not be distinguished due to crushing.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="179F6671E53D231AFF15FB0D2EDCFA9D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486450" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486450/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" startId="10.[132,143,1218,1235]" targetBox="[135,1452,217,1175]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53D231AFF15FB0D2EDCFA9D" blockId="10.[132,1457,1218,1281]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
FIG. 4. — Frontal: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFE85FB0D2D07FB4F" bold="true" box="[276,310,1218,1235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">A -D</emphasis>
, left frontal of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFD04FB0D2F2DFB4F" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[661,796,1218,1235]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen.,n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFD04FB0D2F2DFB4F" box="[661,796,1218,1235]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E53D231AFCB0FB0D2FA3FB4F" box="[801,914,1218,1235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" rank="species">n. gen.,n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in dorsal,ventral,lateral,and anterior views,respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFAFDFB0D29BCFB4F" bold="true" box="[1388,1421,1218,1235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">E -H</emphasis>
, left frontal of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFF43FB162D76FB76" authority="BM" authorityName="BM" box="[210,327,1241,1258]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFF43FB162D17FB76" box="[210,294,1241,1258]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Eryx johnii</emphasis>
BM
</taxonomicName>
1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFC1FFB162F97FB76" bold="true" box="[910,934,1241,1258]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">I -L</emphasis>
, left frontal of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFB8AFB1628EAFB76" authority="CM" authorityName="CM" box="[1051,1243,1241,1258]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFB8AFB162888FB76" box="[1051,1209,1241,1258]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE53D231AFB2CFB1628EAFB76" box="[1213,1243,1241,1258]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="EnaNcbi">CM</accessionNumber>
</taxonomicName>
145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53D231AFF15FAFC288DF9F1" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53D231AFF15FAFC2EF2FAD2" blockId="10.[132,707,1331,1358]" box="[132,707,1331,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="18178195E53D231AFF15FAFC2EF2FAD2" box="[132,707,1331,1358]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFF15FAFC2EF2FAD2" box="[132,707,1331,1358]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
Parabasisphenoid (“sphenoid” of 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53D231AFE42FAFC2E8BFAD1" author="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J." box="[467,698,1331,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="349 - 692" refId="ref15715" refString="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. &amp; ADLER K. (eds), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20 (Morphology H). The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York: 349 - 692." type="book chapter" year="2008">Cundall &amp; Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53D231AFF15FA9B2D81FAF2" blockId="10.[130,778,1363,2028]" box="[132,432,1363,1390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFF15FA9B2D81FAF2" box="[132,432,1363,1390]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFF1CFA9B2CFBFAF2" box="[141,202,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1552,1569]" captionTargetBox="[148,1443,225,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-207@11.[132,1455,215,1516]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: A-C, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively.Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred),but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, parabasisphenoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; G-I, parabasisphenoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486452/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFECCFA9B2D98FAF2" box="[349,425,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. S7</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53D231AFF15FABC2E79F970" blockId="10.[130,778,1363,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
This is a triangular element with a broad, regularly tapering rostrum (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFF7AFA5C2D6CFA32" box="[235,349,1427,1454]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1552,1569]" captionTargetBox="[148,1443,225,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-207@11.[132,1455,215,1516]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: A-C, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively.Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred),but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, parabasisphenoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; G-I, parabasisphenoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486452/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
). The rostrum is broader relative to the width of the basisphenoid portion of the bone than in any examined constrictor. Its dorsal surface is weakly concave in transverse section (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFEC3FA3C2D96F991" box="[338,423,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1552,1569]" captionTargetBox="[148,1443,225,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-207@11.[132,1455,215,1516]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: A-C, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively.Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred),but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, parabasisphenoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; G-I, parabasisphenoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486452/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). Its ventral surface is nearly flat proximally, but distally there is a ventral keel formed beyond the terminus of the cristae trabecularis. On the main body of the basisphenoid portion there is a weak, midline ridge, similar to that seen in some constrictors, like 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFDD4F9BC2F31F910" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[581,768,1650,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFDD4F9BC2F31F910" box="[581,768,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Loxocemus bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFF15F95D2D6DF930" box="[132,348,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFF15F95D2D69F930" box="[132,344,1682,1708]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">Lichanura trivirgata</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFE1EF95D2E72F930" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[399,579,1682,1708]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Candoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFE1EF95D2E72F930" box="[399,579,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Candoia carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but no indication that the ridge bifurcates anteriorly, as it does in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFD08F97C2D26F970" authority="(Smith 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFD08F97C2F38F950" box="[665,777,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Lo. bicolor</emphasis>
(Smith 2013)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFEDCF91C2DE2F970" box="[333,467,1747,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFEDCF91C2DE2F970" box="[333,467,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Li. trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFE72F91D2E0BF970" box="[483,570,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1552,1569]" captionTargetBox="[148,1443,225,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-207@11.[132,1455,215,1516]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: A-C, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively.Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred),but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, parabasisphenoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; G-I, parabasisphenoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486452/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53D231AFF0AF93D2F36F877" blockId="10.[130,778,1363,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
In dorsal view the sella turcica – dorsal margin of the dorsum sella or pituitary fossa – is approximately in line with the greatest lateral extent of the bone, but crushing has nearly obliterated the fossa.It appears that the badly crushed parasphenoid wings are strong with a well-developed articulation for the parietal articulation, but their exact extent cannot be determined.If our interpretation is correct, these project more strongly than any observed in extant constrictors, except 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFD9DF81E2E8AF877" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[524,699,2001,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Candoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFD9DF81E2E8AF877" box="[524,699,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Candoia carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53D231AFCBBFAFC288DF9F1" blockId="10.[810,1456,1331,1645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
they are also anteroposteriorly longer. Neurovascular foramina are difficult to distinguish in the CT scan. The right egress for cranial nerve VI, however,appears to be present at approximately the level of the lateral margin of the pituitary fossa. Assuming mirror symmetry for the left egress, the foramina would be widely spaced, like in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFB81FA1C28EEFA71" box="[1040,1247,1491,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFB81FA1C28EEFA71" box="[1040,1247,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFB7FFA1C290FFA71" box="[1262,1342,1491,1518]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1552,1569]" captionTargetBox="[148,1443,225,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-207@11.[132,1455,215,1516]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: A-C, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively.Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred),but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, parabasisphenoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; G-I, parabasisphenoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486452/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
) and most examined snakes but unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFBF5FA3C2998F991" authority="(Smith 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1124,1449,1523,1549]" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFBF5FA3C2927F991" box="[1124,1302,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Loxocemus bicolor</emphasis>
(Smith 2013)
</taxonomicName>
, some 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFCF9F9DC2FA6F9B0" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[872,919,1555,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFCF9F9DC2FA6F9B0" box="[872,919,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFC45F9DC2802F9B0" box="[980,1075,1554,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFC45F9DC2802F9B0" box="[980,1075,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Er. johnii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFBD1F9DD28A3F9B1" box="[1088,1170,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1552,1569]" captionTargetBox="[148,1443,225,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-207@11.[132,1455,215,1516]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: A-C, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively.Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred),but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, parabasisphenoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; G-I, parabasisphenoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486452/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFB34F9DC292CF9B0" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1189,1309,1555,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tataricus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFB34F9DC292CF9B0" box="[1189,1309,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Er. tataricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFAC7F9DD2FB0F9D0" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Candoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFAC7F9DD2FB0F9D0" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Candoia carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The right Vidian canal is distinctly larger than the left one, as in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFC04F99D2886F9F1" authority="(Underwood 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Underwood" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[917,1207,1618,1645]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Boidae (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53D231AFC7EF99D289DF9F0" author="UNDERWOOD G." box="[1007,1196,1618,1644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="151 - 176" refId="ref19690" refString="UNDERWOOD G. 1976. - A systematic analysis of boid snakes, in BELLAIRS A. D. A. &amp; COX C. B. (eds), Morphology and Biology of Reptiles. Academic Press, London: 151 - 176 (Linnean Society Symposium Series Number 3)." type="proceedings paper" year="1976">Underwood 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53D231CFCBCF95C2D96F8B0" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53D231AFCBCF95C2FFAF930" blockId="10.[813,971,1682,1708]" box="[813,971,1682,1708]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="18178195E53D231AFCBCF95C2FFAF930" box="[813,971,1682,1708]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFCBCF95C2FFAF930" box="[813,971,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
Prootic (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFC14F95C2FF3F930" box="[901,962,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" captionTargetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-259@12.[132,1455,186,1384]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53D231AFCBCF97D2980F877" blockId="10.[811,1457,1714,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
The opening for the maxillary ramus of the trigeminal nerve (V2) is presumably situated between the prootic and the parietal, with the prootic deeply notched for the nerve, but the notch is not distinct on either side (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFB4BF8DD291FF8B0" box="[1242,1326,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" captionTargetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-259@12.[132,1455,186,1384]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). The opening for the mandibular ramus (V3) is located posteriorly. In most boids (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53D231AFC25F89E281DF8F0" box="[948,1068,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" captionTargetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-259@12.[132,1455,186,1384]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6D, G</figureCitation>
) these foramina are separated by an ophidiosphenoid (sensuGauthier 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFB01F8BD28F0F817" box="[1168,1217,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
2012), but it is lacking in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFCDBF85D2FDDF837" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[842,1004,1937,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colubrinus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFCDBF85D2FDDF837" box="[842,1004,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Eryx colubrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFC6AF85D2859F837" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1019,1128,1937,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jaculus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFC6AF85D2859F837" box="[1019,1128,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Er. jaculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFBE6F85D28C3F837" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[1143,1266,1937,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muelleri">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFBE6F85D28C3F837" box="[1143,1266,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Er. muelleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFAA0F85D2981F837" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1329,1456,1938,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tataricus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFAA0F85D2981F837" box="[1329,1456,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Er. tataricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(among examined 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53D231AFB91F87D281EF857" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1024,1071,1970,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53D231AFB91F87D281EF857" box="[1024,1071,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the region is too damaged to be certain in HLMD-Me 9723. The hyomandibular branch
</paragraph>
<caption id="179F6671E53C231BFF15F9DF2837F9F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486452" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486452/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" startId="11.[132,143,1552,1569]" targetBox="[148,1443,225,1511]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53C231BFF15F9DF2837F9F9" blockId="11.[132,1456,1552,1637]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFEE4F9DF2DA6F9BD" bold="true" box="[373,407,1552,1569]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">A -C</emphasis>
, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53C231BFCD5F9DF2FFFF9BD" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[836,974,1552,1569]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFCD5F9DF2FFFF9BD" box="[836,974,1552,1569]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E53C231BFC43F9DF2879F9BD" box="[978,1096,1552,1569]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively.Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred),but a more precise separation is not possible; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFE98F9F22D18F9D2" bold="true" box="[265,297,1597,1614]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">D -F</emphasis>
, parabasisphenoid of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53C231BFE74F9F22E6FF9D2" authority="BM" authorityName="BM" box="[485,606,1597,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFE74F9F22E0AF9D2" box="[485,571,1597,1614]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Eryx johnii</emphasis>
BM
</taxonomicName>
1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFB16F9F22893F9D2" bold="true" box="[1159,1186,1597,1614]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">G -I</emphasis>
, parabasisphenoid of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53C231BFACFF9F22CDEF9F9" authority="CM" authorityName="CM" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFACFF9F22CFDF9F9" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE53C231BFF40F99B2CDEF9F9" box="[209,239,1620,1637]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="EnaNcbi">CM</accessionNumber>
</taxonomicName>
145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53C231BFF15F97D2DE6F8B0" blockId="11.[130,776,1714,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">of the facial nerve (VIIh) opens within the trigeminofacialis chamber, and well within the margins of the lateral opening of V3. Dorsally the prootic evinces an elongate groove for the reception of the supratemporal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53C231BFF0AF8FD28E3F877" blockId="11.[130,776,1714,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[811,1457,1714,2027]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
In ventral view the prootic exhibits an ophidiosphenoid foramen anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53C231BFECFF89E2D80F8F0" box="[350,433,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" captionTargetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-259@12.[132,1455,186,1384]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
), like in many boids but unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53C231BFF31F8BE2E06F817" authority="Muller, 1880" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1880" box="[160,567,1905,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Ungaliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="continentalis">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFF31F8BE2D95F817" box="[160,420,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Ungaliophis continentalis</emphasis>
Müller, 1880
</taxonomicName>
. There is an anteromedially trending groove that would have continued into the posterior opening of the Vidian canal on the basisphenoid. At the base of the groove is a relatively large foramen for the palatine ramus of cranial nerve VII, and the dorsolateral margin of the groove is expanded as a shelf that obscures said foramen in lateral view. A groove as such has a capricious phylogenetic distribution. 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53C231BFBDDF8DD2911F8B7" box="[1100,1312,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFBDDF8DD2911F8B7" box="[1100,1312,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53C231BFAA1F8DD2946F8B0" box="[1328,1399,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" captionTargetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-259@12.[132,1455,186,1384]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53C231BFCBCF8FE2FF2F8D7" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[813,963,1841,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFCBCF8FE2FF2F8D7" box="[813,963,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but not 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53C231BFBB1F8FE28F0F8D7" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[1056,1217,1841,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53C231BFB4EF8FD293CF8D7" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1247,1293,1842,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53C231BFB4EF8FD293CF8D7" box="[1247,1293,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53C231BFA8CF8FE2959F8D0" box="[1309,1384,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" captionTargetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-259@12.[132,1455,186,1384]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
), share with HLMD-Me 9723 the shelf that obscures the foramen for the palatine branch of the facial nerve (VIIp). The ventral edge of the prootic in HLMD-Me 9723 is wedge-shaped, fitting into the broad notch between the parabasisphenoid anteriorly and basioccipital posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<caption id="179F6671E53B231CFF15FA4E2D72FA4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" startId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" targetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53B231CFF15FA4E2D72FA4A" blockId="12.[132,1457,1409,1494]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
FIG. 6. — Prootic: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFE88FA4E2D0AFA0E" bold="true" box="[281,315,1409,1426]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">A -C</emphasis>
, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53B231CFD38FA4E2F02FA0E" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[681,819,1409,1426]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFD38FA4E2F02FA0E" box="[681,819,1409,1426]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E53B231CFCA6FA4E2F9DFA0E" box="[823,940,1409,1426]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFBA7FA572867FA35" bold="true" box="[1078,1110,1432,1449]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">D -F</emphasis>
, left prootic of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53B231CFB43FA572976FA35" authority="BM" authorityName="BM" box="[1234,1351,1432,1449]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFB43FA572917FA35" box="[1234,1318,1432,1449]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Eryx johnii</emphasis>
BM
</taxonomicName>
1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFD8EFA612E0BFA23" bold="true" box="[543,570,1454,1471]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">G -I</emphasis>
, left prootic of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53B231CFD29FA612F48FA23" authority="CM" authorityName="CM" box="[696,889,1454,1471]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFD29FA612F67FA23" box="[696,854,1454,1471]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE53B231CFCCAFA612F48FA23" box="[859,889,1454,1471]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="EnaNcbi">CM</accessionNumber>
</taxonomicName>
145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53B231CFF0AF9DC2D96F8B0" blockId="12.[131,776,1554,1836]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
In medial view two foramina, a larger anterior opening for cranial nerve V and a smaller posterior opening for cranial nerve VII, pierce the cranial vault to enter the trigeminofacialis chamber (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53B231CFE9FF9BD2D6EF911" box="[270,351,1650,1677]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" captionTargetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-259@12.[132,1455,186,1384]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). The impression of the vestibulum and parts of the relatively large anterior and lateral semicircular canals can be seen. In contrast to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53B231CFE4CF97C2E3DF950" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[477,524,1715,1740]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFE4CF97C2E3DF950" box="[477,524,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in particular (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53B231CFD3AF97D2ECBF951" box="[683,762,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1409,1426]" captionTargetBox="[143,1449,216,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-259@12.[132,1455,186,1384]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486454/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
), the vestibulum is relatively small. The anterior semicircular canal extends to the anterior margin of the bone and well away from the vestibulum.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53B231CFF15F89E28A1F8B0" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53B231CFF15F89E2D27F8F7" blockId="12.[132,278,1873,1899]" box="[132,278,1873,1899]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="18178195E53B231CFF15F89E2D27F8F7" box="[132,278,1873,1899]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFF15F89E2D27F8F7" box="[132,278,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Supraoccipital</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53B231CFF15F8BE2F37F870" blockId="12.[131,775,1905,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
The supraoccipital achieves significant exposure between the parietal and otoccipitals (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53B231CFE05F85E2DD4F830" box="[404,485,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
), comparable to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53B231CFD09F85D2CF8F857" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFD09F85D2CF8F857" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Loxocemus bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53B231CFF48F87E2D9EF857" box="[217,431,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFF48F87E2D9EF857" box="[217,431,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53B231CFE78F87E2EB7F857" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[489,646,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFE78F87E2EB7F857" box="[489,646,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53B231CFF30F81D2DE7F870" authority="(Cundall &amp; Irish 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[161,470,2001,2028]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFF30F81D2CE1F877" box="[161,208,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Eryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53B231CFF71F81E2DFAF877" author="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J." box="[224,459,2001,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="349 - 692" refId="ref15715" refString="CUNDALL D. &amp; IRISH F. J. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. &amp; ADLER K. (eds), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 20 (Morphology H). The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York: 349 - 692." type="book chapter" year="2008">Cundall &amp; Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Anteriorly on the midline a
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53B231CFCBDF9DD2851F9D0" blockId="12.[812,1455,1554,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">small prong projects into a corresponding notch in the posterior margin of the parietal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53B231CFCBCF9BD293AF911" blockId="12.[811,1457,1650,1836]" box="[813,1291,1650,1677]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFCBCF9BD2F8BF911" box="[813,954,1650,1677]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Otooccipital (</emphasis>
sensu 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFC6AF9BC293AF911" box="[1019,1291,1650,1677]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53B231CFC6AF9BC2933F910" author="MAISANO J. A. &amp; RIEPPEL O." box="[1019,1282,1650,1677]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="371 - 384" refId="ref17171" refString="MAISANO J. A. &amp; RIEPPEL O. 2007. - The skull of the Round Island Boa, Casarea dussumieri Schlegel, based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Morphology 268: 371 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 10519" type="journal article" year="2007">Maisano &amp; Rieppel 2007</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53B231CFCBCF95D28A1F8B0" blockId="12.[811,1457,1650,1836]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">This paired element is poorly exposed, and segmentation was deemed too subjective due to crushing. The dorsal flanges of the otooccipitals meet broadly on the midline behind the supraoccipital, thereby forming the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum as in other snakes.</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53B231DFCBCF89E2DA3FECD" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53B231CFCBCF89E289AF8F0" blockId="12.[813,1195,1873,1900]" box="[813,1195,1873,1900]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="18178195E53B231CFCBCF89E289AF8F0" box="[813,1195,1873,1900]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53B231CFCBCF89E289AF8F0" box="[813,1195,1873,1900]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
Supratemporal (Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53B231CFBC9F89D2892F8F0" box="[1112,1187,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[813,824,1750,1767]" captionTargetBox="[817,1451,216,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-178@14.[813,1456,200,1755]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Ectopterygoid: A-D, left ectopterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively;E, F, right ectopterygoid (mirrored) of Eryx jayakari BM 1909.10.15.8 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left ectopterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486458/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. S8</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53B231CFCBCF8BE299EF870" blockId="12.[813,1455,1905,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
The supratemporal is an elongate element, weakly convex ventrally and weakly concave dorsally, with rounded anterior and posterior ends (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53B231CFBF6F87E288BF850" box="[1127,1210,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Dorsolaterally at the posterior end is a facet for the quadrate articulation. Just
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15FF182DA3FECD" blockId="13.[132,777,215,337]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">anterior to this facet the bone has dorsal bulge that is mirrored by a concavity on the ventral surface. The free end of the supratemporal is very short, extending only slightly beyond the otooccipital.</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53A231DFF15FEB82D82FBF2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15FEB82DFEFE0D" blockId="13.[132,463,375,401]" box="[132,463,375,401]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="18178195E53A231DFF15FEB82DFEFE0D" box="[132,463,375,401]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF15FEB82DFEFE0D" box="[132,463,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
Quadrate (Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFEEDFEB82DF6FE0D" box="[380,455,375,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1220,1237]" captionTargetBox="[142,1448,223,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-421@15.[132,1455,215,1186]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Dentary: A-D, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-G, left dentary of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; H-J, left dentary of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486460/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. S9</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15FE592D82FBF2" blockId="13.[131,777,406,1135]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
The quadrate consists of a transversely oriented ventral condyle that articulates with the mandible and an oblique, triangular dorsal portion that contacts the supratemporal (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFF1FFE392CEEFD8D" box="[142,223,502,529]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). The overall triangular shape is comparable to that in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFF33FDD92D7EFDAC" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[162,335,534,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFECCFDD92DE9FDAC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[349,472,534,560]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFD86FDD82E74FDAC" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[535,581,535,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFD86FDD82E74FDAC" box="[535,581,535,560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ratio of the width of the cephalic condyle of the quadrate to the bone’s height is 0.55, comparable to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFE4AFD992EB7FDEC" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[475,646,598,624]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFD0BFD982E9AFDEC" box="[666,683,599,624]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">c.</emphasis>
<quantity id="84189B1CE53A231DFD24FD992F36FDEC" box="[693,775,598,625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3462" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="0.53">0.53 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFF17FDB92DE6FD0C" authority="Bogert, 1968" authorityName="Bogert" authorityYear="1968" box="[134,471,630,656]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Exiliboa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="placata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF17FDB92D06FD0C" box="[134,311,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Exiliboa placata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E53A231DFED1FDB92DE6FD0C" author="BOGERT C. M." box="[320,471,630,656]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref15370" refString="BOGERT C. M. 1968. - A new genus and species of dwarf boa from southern Mexico. American Museum Novitates 2354: 1 - 38. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2564" type="journal article" year="1968">Bogert, 1968</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="84189B1CE53A231DFE77FDB92E09FD0C" box="[486,568,630,657]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.397" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="0.55">0.55 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFDD3FDB92CE7FD2C" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1880" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Ungaliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="continentalis">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFDD3FDB92CE7FD2C" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Ungaliophis continentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFE87FD592DC1FD33" box="[278,496,662,688]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFE87FD592DC1FD33" box="[278,496,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(0.49) but unlike 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFD2AFD592F36FD2C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[699,775,662,688]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boinae">Boinae</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="84189B1CE53A231DFF1DFD792CEFFD53" box="[140,222,693,720]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.366" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="0.29">0.29 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFF79FD7A2D93FD53" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[232,418,693,719]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Candoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF79FD7A2D93FD53" box="[232,418,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Candoia carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="84189B1CE53A231DFE23FD792E33FD53" box="[434,514,693,720]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.382" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="0.33">0.33 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFD9DFD792CF1FD6C" authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperator">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFD9DFD792E95FD53" box="[524,676,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Boa imperator</emphasis>
Daudin, 1803
</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFF44FD1A2D46FD73" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[213,375,725,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF44FD1A2D46FD73" box="[213,375,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(0.43), and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFD92FD192E02FD73" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[515,563,726,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFD92FD192E02FD73" box="[515,563,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="84189B1CE53A231DFDD3FD192EA2FD73" box="[578,659,725,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1176" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="0.44">0.44 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFD0DFD192C92FC93" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tataricus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFD0DFD192C92FC93" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Er. tataricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The quadrate is therefore relatively short and broad. A thick suprastapedial process (not “extrastapedial process” as in Smith 2013) projects ventrally from the medial edge of the bone; as it curves slightly anteriorly, it is hidden in lateral aspect. There is a prominent foramen in the dorsal portion of the bone on both right and left sides, which therefore cannot be attributed to an artifact; a comparable feature was not observed in any extant boid (although a small foramen in roughly this position is found in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFDDBFC3B2EC7FB92" authorityName="Bogert" authorityYear="1968" box="[586,758,1012,1038]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Exiliboa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="placata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFDDBFC3B2EC7FB92" box="[586,758,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Exiliboa placata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Another, smaller foramen pierces the anterior surface of the shaft just above the ventral condyle; such a foramen is present in numerous boids.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53A231DFF15FB5B2D24FA91" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15FB5B2D3DFB32" blockId="13.[132,268,1172,1198]" box="[132,268,1172,1198]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="18178195E53A231DFF15FB5B2D3DFB32" box="[132,268,1172,1198]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF15FB5B2D3DFB32" box="[132,268,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Septomaxilla</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15FB7B2D24FA91" blockId="13.[132,775,1204,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
The dorsolateral process of the left element is preserved, but the posterior spine is broken (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFE69FB1B2E7AFB72" box="[504,587,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Little more can be discerned.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15FAFB2CF6FAD1" blockId="13.[132,199,1332,1357]" box="[132,199,1332,1357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="18178195E53A231DFF15FAFB2CF6FAD1" box="[132,199,1332,1357]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFF15FAFB2CF6FAD1" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[132,199,1332,1357]" family="Carangidae" genus="Vomer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF15FAFB2CF6FAD1" box="[132,199,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Vomer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15FA9C2D5CFA11" blockId="13.[132,775,1363,1422]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">The vomers are presumably present but not clearly identifiable due to crushing.</paragraph>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53A231DFF15FA7C2E49F991" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15FA7C2CEAFA51" blockId="13.[132,219,1459,1485]" box="[132,219,1459,1485]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="18178195E53A231DFF15FA7C2CEAFA51" box="[132,219,1459,1485]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF15FA7C2CEAFA51" box="[132,219,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Palatine</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15FA1C2E49F991" blockId="13.[132,775,1491,1549]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">At least the right palatine is almost certainly present, but it cannot be recognized clearly due to crushing.</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53A231DFF15F9FD2898FDEC" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15F9FD2E5BF9D1" blockId="13.[132,618,1586,1613]" box="[132,618,1586,1613]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="18178195E53A231DFF15F9FD2E5BF9D1" box="[132,618,1586,1613]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF15F9FD2E5BF9D1" box="[132,618,1586,1613]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
Pterygoid (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFF69F9FC2D07F9D1" box="[248,310,1587,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFE5CF9FC2E1BF9D1" box="[461,554,1587,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Figs S10</figureCitation>
, S 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFDD7F9FC2E50F9D1" box="[582,609,1587,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">11</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFF15F99D2DFAF870" blockId="13.[131,776,1618,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
The pterygoid is best represented by the left element (anteriorly) and the right element (posteriorly). The anterior portion (that portion anterior to the ectopterygoid articulation) is long, comparable to the posterior portion (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFD12F97D2EC8F951" box="[643,761,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
). In this it is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFEEAF91D2E2CF970" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[379,541,1746,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFEEAF91D2E2CF970" box="[379,541,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and relatively longer than in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFF4BF93D2D85F890" box="[218,436,1778,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF4BF93D2D85F890" box="[218,436,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFE55F93D2E0CF890" box="[452,573,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7G, H</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFDC5F93C2EE6F890" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[596,727,1779,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conicus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFDC5F93C2EE6F890" box="[596,727,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryx conicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFF15F8DD2D2BF8B7" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[132,282,1810,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperator">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF15F8DD2D2BF8B7" box="[132,282,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Boa imperator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; in other examined 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFE64F8DD2E14F8B7" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[501,549,1810,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFE64F8DD2E14F8B7" box="[501,549,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the anterior portion is much shorter than the posterior portion (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFD13F8FE2ECBF8D0" box="[642,762,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7E, F</figureCitation>
). The ectopterygoid process evinces a deep, roughly circular ectopterygoid facet, but the ectopterygoid process is not prominent (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFE9AF85E2D51F837" box="[267,352,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
); it is comparable to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFDDBF85E2EA7F837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[586,662,1937,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boinae">Boinae</taxonomicName>
and some 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFF14F87D2C84F857" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[133,181,1970,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF14F87D2C84F857" box="[133,181,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
like 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFF77F87D2D79F857" box="[230,328,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFF77F87D2D79F857" box="[230,328,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Er. johnii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFEC6F87E2D96F857" box="[343,423,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
) rather than 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFDA1F87E2F34F857" box="[560,773,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFDA1F87E2F34F857" box="[560,773,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFF1FF81E2CD2F877" box="[142,227,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFEB2F81E2DF5F877" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[291,452,2001,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFEB2F81E2DF5F877" box="[291,452,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFCD2FF182898FDEC" blockId="13.[811,1457,215,624]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
The anterior portion is toothed ventrally (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFA9BFF18296AFF6E" box="[1290,1371,215,242]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
). A single row of at least seven – and, if the tooth row continued as far posteriorly as the ectopterygoid articulation, as in other erycines, at least twelve – loci. The posterior portion (quadrate ramus) tapers continuously toward the sharp tip. As in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFCE2FEB82830FE0C" box="[883,1025,375,400]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFCE2FEB82830FE0C" box="[883,1025,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Li. trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFB83FEB8285BFE0D" box="[1042,1130,375,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFB20FEB82910FE0D" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[1201,1313,375,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFB20FEB82910FE0D" box="[1201,1313,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Ch. bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it evinces a longitudinal dorsal groove (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFBCDFE592880FE2D" box="[1116,1201,406,433]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
). There is a medially or dorsally open groove in all examined 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFB2CFE7828DCFE4C" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1213,1261,439,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFB2CFE7828DCFE4C" box="[1213,1261,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFB6FFE792961FE4D" box="[1278,1360,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" captionTargetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-270@14.[132,775,209,1239]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Pterygoid:A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFAF2FE79299EFE4C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[1379,1455,438,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boinae">Boinae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFCC8FE192830FE6C" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[857,1025,470,496]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
in the distal part of the quadrate ramus, but it represents a different surface of the bone; namely the medial edge crosses over dorsally to become the lateral edge of the bone, so the groove actually represents the ventral surface of the bone in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFBB7FD992894FDEC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[1062,1189,598,624]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53A231DFCBCFD59299EFBD3" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFCBCFD592932FD2C" blockId="13.[813,1283,662,688]" box="[813,1283,662,688]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="18178195E53A231DFCBCFD592932FD2C" box="[813,1283,662,688]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFCBCFD592932FD2C" box="[813,1283,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
Ectopterygoid (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFC5AFD592838FD2C" box="[971,1033,662,688]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[813,824,1750,1767]" captionTargetBox="[817,1451,216,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-178@14.[813,1456,200,1755]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Ectopterygoid: A-D, left ectopterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively;E, F, right ectopterygoid (mirrored) of Eryx jayakari BM 1909.10.15.8 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left ectopterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486458/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFB31FD5928CDFD2C" box="[1184,1276,662,688]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1849,1866]" captionTargetBox="[244,1343,216,1809]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 12. — Phylogenetic relationships of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, strict consensus of 176 equally most-parsimonious trees; bootstrap percentages&gt;50% are shown above branches;B, majority-rule consensus of 15000 trees from standard Bayesian analysis.Posterior probabilities are shown above branches." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486466/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. S12</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFCBCFD7A299EFBD3" blockId="13.[811,1458,693,1103]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
The left ectopterygoid (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFBA5FD7A2898FD4C" box="[1076,1193,693,720]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[813,824,1750,1767]" captionTargetBox="[817,1451,216,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-178@14.[813,1456,200,1755]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Ectopterygoid: A-D, left ectopterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively;E, F, right ectopterygoid (mirrored) of Eryx jayakari BM 1909.10.15.8 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left ectopterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486458/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
) is the better preserved one; the portion after the anterior break is easily back-rotated. The bone as a whole is nearly straight, unlike the slightly curved element in many extant erycines (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFA95FCDA2977FCB3" box="[1284,1350,789,815]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[813,824,1750,1767]" captionTargetBox="[817,1451,216,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-178@14.[813,1456,200,1755]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Ectopterygoid: A-D, left ectopterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively;E, F, right ectopterygoid (mirrored) of Eryx jayakari BM 1909.10.15.8 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left ectopterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486458/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
C-F) and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFCBEFCFA2FC5FCD3" box="[815,1012,821,847]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFCBEFCFA2FC5FCD3" box="[815,1012,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Xenopeltis unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the more strongly curved element of other constrictors. It shares with erycines the apomorphic absence of a sharp lateral corner. The bone grows in width anteriorly, like in most erycines, and evinces an articulation facet for the maxilla ventrally (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFB51FC7A2924FC53" box="[1216,1301,949,975]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[813,824,1750,1767]" captionTargetBox="[817,1451,216,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-178@14.[813,1456,200,1755]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Ectopterygoid: A-D, left ectopterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively;E, F, right ectopterygoid (mirrored) of Eryx jayakari BM 1909.10.15.8 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left ectopterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486458/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
); the anterior end is simple and rounded. The bone becomes more robust posteriorly and has an expanded, posteromedially directed facet for the pterygoid; this facet is better developed than in most erycines, particularly 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFBDFFBFB2914FBD2" box="[1102,1317,1076,1102]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFBDFFBFB2914FBD2" box="[1102,1317,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFAA4FBFB2992FBD3" box="[1333,1443,1076,1103]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[813,824,1750,1767]" captionTargetBox="[817,1451,216,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-178@14.[813,1456,200,1755]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Ectopterygoid: A-D, left ectopterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively;E, F, right ectopterygoid (mirrored) of Eryx jayakari BM 1909.10.15.8 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left ectopterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486458/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8E, F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53A231DFCBCFBBA2FD8F9F1" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFCBCFBBA28FCFB12" blockId="13.[813,1229,1140,1166]" box="[813,1229,1140,1166]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="18178195E53A231DFCBCFBBA28FCFB12" box="[813,1229,1140,1166]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFCBCFBBA28FCFB12" box="[813,1229,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
Dentary (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFC05FBBA2FE3FB12" box="[916,978,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1220,1237]" captionTargetBox="[142,1448,223,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-421@15.[132,1455,215,1186]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Dentary: A-D, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-G, left dentary of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; H-J, left dentary of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486460/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFBF8FBBA28F4FB12" box="[1129,1221,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[132,143,696,713]" captionTargetBox="[132,775,215,653]" captionTargetId="figure-925@21.[132,775,215,654]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 13. — Inner ear of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp. Semitransparent skull for orientation, showing location of left and right bony labyrinth, with inset showing enlarged right inner ear. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486468/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. S13</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFCBCFB5B2FD8F9F1" blockId="13.[812,1457,1172,1645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
The dentary curves distinctly medially at its anterior end (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFCA7FB7B2F9AFB52" box="[822,939,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1220,1237]" captionTargetBox="[142,1448,223,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-421@15.[132,1455,215,1186]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Dentary: A-D, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-G, left dentary of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; H-J, left dentary of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486460/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9A, B</figureCitation>
), more broadly so than in any examined boids (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFCA7FB1B2F80FB72" box="[822,945,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1220,1237]" captionTargetBox="[142,1448,223,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-421@15.[132,1455,215,1186]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Dentary: A-D, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-G, left dentary of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; H-J, left dentary of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486460/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9E, H</figureCitation>
) except 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFB85FB1B28F4FB72" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[1044,1221,1236,1262]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
. The anterior end of the bone is also slightly downturned (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFB44FB3C2960FA92" box="[1237,1361,1267,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1220,1237]" captionTargetBox="[142,1448,223,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-421@15.[132,1455,215,1186]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Dentary: A-D, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-G, left dentary of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; H-J, left dentary of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486460/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9C, D</figureCitation>
), like in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFCBFFADC2FE9FAB1" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[814,984,1299,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
but unlike extant erycines (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFA94FADC2993FAB2" box="[1285,1442,1299,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1220,1237]" captionTargetBox="[142,1448,223,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-421@15.[132,1455,215,1186]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Dentary: A-D, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-G, left dentary of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; H-J, left dentary of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486460/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9F, G, I, J</figureCitation>
). There is a single, large, anteriorly opening mental foramen at about the level of the 6th tooth. The subdental shelf is deep. The Meckelian groove is fully open and runs along the ventromedial edge of the bone. The connections with the postdentary bones are damaged and cannot be made out clearly. There is a deep notch for the compound bone, and the posterodorsal dentigerous and posteroventral processes appear to be roughly the same length, as in extant erycines (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFC07F9FD2FCAF9D1" box="[918,1019,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1220,1237]" captionTargetBox="[142,1448,223,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-421@15.[132,1455,215,1186]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Dentary: A-D, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-G, left dentary of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; H-J, left dentary of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486460/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9F, I</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFBAFF9FD297AF9D0" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1880" box="[1086,1355,1586,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Ungaliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="continentalis">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFBAFF9FD297AF9D0" box="[1086,1355,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Ungaliophis continentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(but not 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFCBFF99D2FE8F9F0" authorityName="Bogert" authorityYear="1968" box="[814,985,1618,1644]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Exiliboa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="placata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFCBFF99D2FE8F9F0" box="[814,985,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Exiliboa placata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53A231DFCBCF95D28DBF951" box="[813,1258,1682,1741]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFCBCF95D2FB3F930" blockId="13.[813,898,1682,1708]" box="[813,898,1682,1708]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="18178195E53A231DFCBCF95D2FB3F930" box="[813,898,1682,1708]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFCBCF95D2FB3F930" box="[813,898,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Splenial</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFCBCF97D28DBF951" blockId="13.[813,1258,1714,1741]" box="[813,1258,1714,1741]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">The splenial cannot clearly be made out.</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E53A231EFCBCF93D2EF9F9F0" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFCBCF93D28BAF890" blockId="13.[813,1163,1778,1804]" box="[813,1163,1778,1804]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="18178195E53A231DFCBCF93D28BAF890" box="[813,1163,1778,1804]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFCBCF93D28BAF890" box="[813,1163,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Coronoid (Appendix 1: Fig. S14)</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E53A231DFCBCF8DD299EF877" blockId="13.[811,1457,1810,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
A coronoid is closely associated with the medial surface of the anterior end of the compound bone (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE53A231DFA92F8FE295DF8D0" box="[1283,1388,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
). It is short and weakly arched, with a concave anterodorsal and convex posteroventral margin. A strong, anteriorly trending process is lacking, so the bone lacks the L-shape seen in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFA14F85D2FA1F857" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperator">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFA14F85D2FA1F857" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Boa imperator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFC4CF87D283DF857" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[989,1036,1970,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFC4CF87D283DF857" box="[989,1036,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where the bone could be examined (i.e., 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE53A231DFCBAF81D299EF877" box="[811,1455,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFCBAF81D2FF0F877" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[811,961,2001,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colubrinus">Er. colubrinus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFC5AF81D280CF877" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[971,1085,2002,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conicus">Er. conicus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFBD9F81D2888F877" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1096,1209,2001,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jaculus">Er. jaculus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE53A231DFB52F81D295AF877" authority=", Er." authorityName="Er." box="[1219,1387,2001,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jayakari">Er. jayakari, Er.</taxonomicName>
muel-
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<caption id="179F6671E539231EFF15FB322D5EFA0A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486456" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486456/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" startId="14.[132,143,1277,1294]" targetBox="[132,769,215,1235]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E539231EFF15FB322D5EFA0A" blockId="14.[132,776,1277,1430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
FIG. 7. — Pterygoid: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFEBBFB322D06FA92" bold="true" box="[298,311,1277,1294]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFEAEFB322D7DFA92" bold="true" box="[319,332,1277,1294]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFD55FB322CF4FAB8" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFD55FB322CF4FAB8" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E539231EFF5DFADC2D77FAB8" box="[204,326,1299,1316]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFD3FFADC2E8DFAB8" bold="true" box="[686,700,1299,1316]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">C</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFD59FADC2EE7FAB8" bold="true" box="[712,726,1299,1316]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">D</emphasis>
, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFE76FAE52E43FAA7" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[487,626,1322,1339]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFE76FAE52E43FAA7" box="[487,626,1322,1339]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E539231EFDE9FAE52EC0FAA7" box="[632,753,1322,1339]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFE41FA8E2DEDFACE" bold="true" box="[464,476,1345,1362]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">E</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFE79FA8E2DC2FACE" bold="true" box="[488,499,1345,1362]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">F</emphasis>
, left pterygoid of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFD1DFA8E2F39FACE" authority="BM" authorityName="BM" box="[652,776,1345,1362]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFD1DFA8E2ED2FACE" box="[652,739,1345,1362]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Eryx johnii</emphasis>
BM
</taxonomicName>
1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFDDCFA982E6AFAF4" bold="true" box="[589,603,1367,1384]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">G</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFDF6FA982E44FAF4" bold="true" box="[615,629,1367,1384]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">H</emphasis>
, left pterygoid of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFF15FAA12D72FAE3" authority="CM" authorityName="CM" box="[132,323,1390,1407]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFF15FAA12D13FAE3" box="[132,290,1390,1407]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE539231EFEB4FAA12D72FAE3" box="[293,323,1390,1407]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="EnaNcbi">CM</accessionNumber>
</taxonomicName>
145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E539231EFF15FA1C2EF9F9F0" blockId="14.[131,776,1491,1645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFF15FA1C2C96FA71" box="[132,167,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">leri</emphasis>
) as well as fossil taxa 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFE0DFA1C2F39FA71" authority="Baszio, 2004" authorityName="Baszio" authorityYear="2004" box="[412,776,1491,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Messelophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variatus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFE0DFA1C2E40FA71" box="[412,625,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Messelophis variatus</emphasis>
Baszio, 2004
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFF23FA3C2EFDF991" authority="(Schaal &amp; Baszio, 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Schaal &amp; Baszio" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[178,716,1523,1549]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rieppelophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ermannorum">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFF23FA3C2DF3F990" box="[178,450,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Rieppelophis ermannorum</emphasis>
(Schaal &amp; Baszio, 2004)
</taxonomicName>
from Messel (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E539231EFF4AF9DD2D83F9B0" author="SCANFERLA C. A. &amp; SMITH K. T. &amp; SCHAAL S. F. K." box="[219,434,1554,1580]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="182 - 206" refId="ref18859" refString="SCANFERLA C. A., SMITH K. T. &amp; SCHAAL S. F. K. 2016. - Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176: 182 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12300" type="journal article" year="2016">
Scanferla 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFED2F9DC2D44F9B0" box="[323,373,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). Yet, it is not so highly reduced as in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFF51F9FD2DA8F9D0" box="[192,409,1586,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFF51F9FD2DA8F9D0" box="[192,409,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, much less completely absent, as in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFF33F99D2DEFF9F1" authority="(Kluge 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[162,478,1618,1645]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFF33F99D2D72F9F0" box="[162,323,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Charina bottae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E539231EFEC5F99D2DE4F9F0" author="KLUGE A. G." box="[340,469,1618,1644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="293 - 351" refId="ref16834" refString="KLUGE A. G. 1993. - Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 107: 293 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1993. tb 00290. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Kluge 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFD87F99D2EF5F9F0" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[534,708,1618,1644]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E539231EFF15F95D2E07F951" box="[132,566,1682,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E539231EFF15F95D2CE9F930" blockId="14.[132,216,1682,1708]" box="[132,216,1682,1708]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="18178195E539231EFF15F95D2CE9F930" box="[132,216,1682,1708]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFF15F95D2CE9F930" box="[132,216,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Angular</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E539231EFF15F97D2E07F951" blockId="14.[132,566,1714,1741]" box="[132,566,1714,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">The angular cannot clearly be made out.</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="179F6671E539231EFCBCF919283EF8C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486458" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486458/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" startId="14.[813,824,1750,1767]" targetBox="[817,1451,216,1709]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E539231EFCBCF919283EF8C5" blockId="14.[812,1457,1750,1881]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
FIG. 8. — Ectopterygoid: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFC6CF919282EF97B" bold="true" box="[1021,1055,1750,1767]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">A -D</emphasis>
, left ectopterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFCD3F9222FFAF962" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[834,971,1773,1790]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFCD3F9222FFAF962" box="[834,971,1773,1790]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E539231EFC41F9222875F962" box="[976,1092,1773,1790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFC07F8CB2F93F889" bold="true" box="[918,930,1796,1813]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">E</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFC3BF8CB2F84F889" bold="true" box="[938,949,1796,1813]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">F</emphasis>
, right ectopterygoid (mirrored) of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFB2EF8CB2973F889" authority="BM" authorityName="BM" box="[1215,1346,1796,1813]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jayakari">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFB2EF8CB2910F889" box="[1215,1313,1796,1813]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Eryx jayakari</emphasis>
BM
</taxonomicName>
1909.10.15.8 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFB19F8D52892F8B7" bold="true" box="[1160,1187,1818,1835]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">G -I</emphasis>
, left ectopterygoid of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE539231EFACFF8D52FA9F8DE" authority="CM" authorityName="CM" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFACFF8D52F44F8DE" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE539231EFCEBF8FE2FA9F8DE" box="[890,920,1841,1858]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="EnaNcbi">CM</accessionNumber>
</taxonomicName>
145332 in dorsal, ventral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-I, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E539231FFF15F93D2E2EF877" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E539231EFF15F93D2E4CF890" blockId="14.[132,637,1778,1804]" box="[132,637,1778,1804]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="18178195E539231EFF15F93D2E4CF890" box="[132,637,1778,1804]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE539231EFF15F93D2E4CF890" box="[132,637,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
Compound bone (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE539231EFEAFF93C2DB8F890" box="[318,393,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: Fig. S14)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E539231FFF15F8DD2E2EF877" blockId="14.[131,775,1810,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[131,777,1363,2028]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
Part of the large surangular process can be distinguished anteriorly, including a medially directed ridge that inserted beneath the dentary tooth row (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE539231EFD91F89E2E5FF8F0" box="[512,622,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
). Behind the dentary articulation, there is a fine groove roughly between the surangular and prearticular portions of the bone; however, this groove continues posteriorly, longitudinally transects the glenoid fossa (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE539231EFE54F81E2E1CF877" box="[453,557,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
), and extends ventrally through the compound bone only on the posterior portion, so it must be an artifact rather than an indication of incomplete fusion of surangular and prearticular. The lateral surangular crest rises straight and gradually toward the coronoid eminence (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFE69FABC2EB6FA12" box="[504,647,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10C, D</figureCitation>
); its dorsal extent is approximately equal to that of the coronoid itself, so that both bones contribute to the coronoid eminence (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFF1FFA1C2CC9FA71" box="[142,248,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
). The anterior margin of the compound bone contribution to this eminence decays more gradually, like in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFF34F9DC2CE7F9B0" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[165,214,1555,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFF34F9DC2CE7F9B0" box="[165,214,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFF7BF9DD2D48F9B1" box="[234,377,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10G, H</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFE53F9DD2EB4F9B0" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[450,645,1554,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Candoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFE53F9DD2EB4F9B0" box="[450,645,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Candoia carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFF33F9FD2DB0F9D0" box="[162,385,1586,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFF33F9FD2DB0F9D0" box="[162,385,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFE03F9FD2E25F9D1" box="[402,532,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10K, L</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFDBBF9FD2EFEF9D0" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[554,719,1586,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFDBBF9FD2EFEF9D0" box="[554,719,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFD4CF9FC2CDFF9F0" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperator">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFD4CF9FC2CDFF9F0" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Boa imperator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFEBCF99D2DD0F9F0" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[301,481,1618,1644]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
. The dorsal extent of the coronoid eminence is similar to that in other erycines. The medial, prearticular crest is low and nearly straight (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFF1FF97D2CCBF951" box="[142,250,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
). It is nowhere visible behind the surangular crest in lateral aspect, unlike in examined boids except 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFF15F93D2D3FF890" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[132,270,1778,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Candoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFF15F93D2D3FF890" box="[132,270,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Ca. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the erycines 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFE47F93C2D3DF8B0" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFE47F93C2E43F890" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[470,626,1778,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colubrinus">Er. colubrinus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFDEFF93C2F32F890" box="[638,771,1778,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jayakari">Er. jayakari</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFF14F8DD2D3DF8B0" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[133,268,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muelleri">Er. muelleri</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFEDAF8DD2DF0F8B0" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[331,449,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFEDAF8DD2DF0F8B0" box="[331,449,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Ch. bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Between them is the deep adductor fossa (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFEBCF8FE2DBCF8D0" box="[301,397,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
). Just below the coronoid eminence on the lateral surface is the anterior surangular foramen (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFF1FF8BE2CC5F817" box="[142,244,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" captionTargetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-220@16.[132,1455,215,1530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Compound bone: A-D, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-H, left compound bone of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; I-L, left compound bone of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
). Near the ventral margin on the lateral surface is a longitudinal ridge, also seen in some extant erycines. The retroarticular process is slightly longer than in most extant erycines and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFEF9F81E2E2AF877" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[360,539,2001,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="179F6671E538231FFF15FB0B2ED5FA9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486460" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486460/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" startId="15.[132,143,1220,1237]" targetBox="[142,1448,223,1178]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E538231FFF15FB0B2ED5FA9E" blockId="15.[132,1457,1220,1282]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
FIG. 9. — Dentary: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFEB2FB0B2D74FB49" bold="true" box="[291,325,1220,1237]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">A -D</emphasis>
, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFD52FB0B2F7CFB49" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[707,845,1220,1237]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFD52FB0B2F7CFB49" box="[707,845,1220,1237]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E538231FFCC2FB0B2FFDFB49" box="[851,972,1220,1237]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFF15FB142C97FB70" bold="true" box="[132,166,1243,1260]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">E -G</emphasis>
, left dentary of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFEBDFB142D94FB70" authority="BM" authorityName="BM" box="[300,421,1243,1260]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFEBDFB142DB0FB70" box="[300,385,1243,1260]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Eryx johnii</emphasis>
BM
</taxonomicName>
1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFC21FB142FFEFB70" bold="true" box="[944,975,1243,1260]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">H -J</emphasis>
, left dentary of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFBC4FB142929FB70" authority="CM" authorityName="CM" box="[1109,1304,1243,1260]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFBC4FB1428C5FB70" box="[1109,1268,1243,1260]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE538231FFB6BFB142929FB70" box="[1274,1304,1243,1260]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" type="EnaNcbi">CM</accessionNumber>
</taxonomicName>
145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E538231FFCBCFA9B2F97F877" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E538231FFCBCFA9B2FA5FAF1" blockId="15.[813,916,1364,1389]" box="[813,916,1364,1389]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="18178195E538231FFCBCFA9B2FA5FAF1" box="[813,916,1364,1389]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFCBCFA9B2FA5FAF1" box="[813,916,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Dentition</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E538231FFCBCFABB2FDFF991" blockId="15.[811,1456,1395,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
It is not the teeth at the very front of the maxilla that are the longest but rather those in the middle of the anterior half (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFCA7FA7C2FB8FA51" box="[822,905,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[132,1455,209,1085]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Moving from front to back, that is, tooth length increases at first slightly before decreasing for most of the length of the jaw.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E538231FFCD2F9DD2FCCF8F7" blockId="15.[811,1456,1395,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
The maxillary tooth count can only be given approximately due to damage to both elements. On the left side, there is a toothless gap in the middle (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFBF6F99D2888F9F1" box="[1127,1209,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1124,1141]" captionTargetBox="[138,1451,217,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-488@7.[132,1455,209,1085]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views,respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486446/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
); based on the average length of the three preceding and three succeeding tooth bases, we estimate that this gap corresponds to approximately five teeth. There are four teeth at the front, and alveoli for seven teeth behind, for a total tooth count of 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFB74F91C28C7F970" box="[1253,1270,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
16. This value is higher than in most erycines, except for 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFB49F93D2FF0F8B0" authority="(Kluge 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE538231FFB49F93D299FF890" box="[1240,1454,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E538231FFCA7F8DD2F86F8B0" author="KLUGE A. G." box="[822,951,1810,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" pagination="293 - 351" refId="ref16834" refString="KLUGE A. G. 1993. - Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 107: 293 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1993. tb 00290. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Kluge 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but is lower than in most other constrictors (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E538231FFCA7F8FE2FCAF8D7" author="UNDERWOOD G." box="[822,1019,1841,1867]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" pagination="151 - 176" refId="ref19690" refString="UNDERWOOD G. 1976. - A systematic analysis of boid snakes, in BELLAIRS A. D. A. &amp; COX C. B. (eds), Morphology and Biology of Reptiles. Academic Press, London: 151 - 176 (Linnean Society Symposium Series Number 3)." type="proceedings paper" year="1976">Underwood 1976</bibRefCitation>
). The count is comparable to that seen in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE538231FFCDAF89E2FC9F8F7" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[843,1016,1873,1899]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E538231FFCD2F8BE2F97F877" blockId="15.[811,1456,1395,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
The dentary teeth appear to be broadly comparable to those of the maxilla, with longer teeth anteriorly than posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE538231FFCA7F87E2F81F850" box="[822,944,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1220,1237]" captionTargetBox="[142,1448,223,1178]" captionTargetId="figure-421@15.[132,1455,215,1186]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Dentary: A-D, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-G, left dentary of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; H-J, left dentary of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486460/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9C, D</figureCitation>
). However, a tooth count cannot be given due to damage.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="179F6671E5272300FF15F9D528B2F9C4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486462" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486462/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" startId="16.[132,143,1562,1579]" targetBox="[138,1450,221,1520]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5272300FF15F9D528B2F9C4" blockId="16.[132,1455,1562,1624]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
FIG. 10. — Compound bone: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5272300FEEAF9D52DACF9B7" bold="true" box="[379,413,1562,1579]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">A -D</emphasis>
, left compound bone of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5272300FCF8F9D52FC5F9B7" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[873,1012,1562,1579]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5272300FCF8F9D52FC5F9B7" box="[873,1012,1562,1579]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5272300FC6BF9D52845F9B7" box="[1018,1140,1562,1579]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5272300FEBAF9FF2D7DF9DD" bold="true" box="[299,332,1584,1601]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">E -H</emphasis>
, left compound bone of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5272300FD89F9FF2EBCF9DD" authority="BM" authorityName="BM" box="[536,653,1584,1601]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5272300FD89F9FF2E5DF9DD" box="[536,620,1584,1601]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Eryx johnii</emphasis>
BM
</taxonomicName>
1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5272300FB41F9FF28D9F9DD" bold="true" box="[1232,1256,1584,1601]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">I -L</emphasis>
, left compound bone of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5272300FF15F9882D74F9C4" authority="CM" authorityName="CM" box="[132,325,1607,1624]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5272300FF15F9882D12F9C4" box="[132,291,1607,1624]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE5272300FEB6F9882D74F9C4" box="[295,325,1607,1624]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="EnaNcbi">CM</accessionNumber>
</taxonomicName>
145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="2A6F2F12E5272303FF15F95D2F89FC13" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5272300FF15F95D2E81F930" blockId="16.[132,688,1682,1708]" box="[132,688,1682,1708]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="18178195E5272300FF15F95D2E81F930" box="[132,688,1682,1708]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" reason="8">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5272300FF15F95D2E81F930" box="[132,688,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
Postcranial skeleton (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5272300FECEF95D2D85F930" box="[351,436,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
; Appendix 1: S15-S17)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5272300FF15F97D2F37F877" blockId="16.[131,776,1714,2028]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Hind limb rudiments are lacking, so the postcranial skeleton comprises only vertebrae and ribs. With measurements of the average length of four preceding and four succeeding vertebrae that bracket the gaps, and an estimate of the trend of the vertebral column, sometimes supported by the presered ribs, we arrive at an estimate of 258 total vertebrae, of which 220 are precloacal and 38 are cloacal or postcloacal (Appendix 1: Fig. S17). Accordingly 14.7% of the individual vertebrae are caudals (cloacals or postcloacals), comparable to the proportion observed in the three extant ungaliophiine</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5272300FCBAF95D28E5F8F7" blockId="16.[811,1457,1682,2028]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
species (14-17%) and that estimated for fossil 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5272300FAA4F95D2F44F950" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5272300FAA4F95D2F44F950" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Calamagras weigeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the late Eocene of North America (14%, with 95% confidence interval 8-22%; Smith 2013). 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5272300FAD3F91D2FCFF890" authority="SMF-PH" authorityName="SMF-PH" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5272300FAD3F91D2FA0F890" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
SMF-PH
</taxonomicName>
21 has 236 precloacal vertebrae and 45 caudals (plus tail tip; see below), yielding 16%. A tail tip, apparently composed in part of fused vertebrae (Smith 2013), is present in HLMD-Me 9723 as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5272301FCD2F8BE2D54FB52" blockId="16.[811,1457,1682,2028]" lastBlockId="17.[130,777,215,2028]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
Anterior trunk vertebrae are defined as those vertebrae after the skull possessing a distinct hypapophysis. It forms a posteroventrally directed spine (Appendix 1: Fig. S15), with the fore margin becoming straighter and more horizontal on more posterior vertebrae. Anterior trunk vertebrae number 52-68 (the boundary between anterior and mid-trunk vertebrae falls in the first gap of approximately 16 missing vertebrae). Thus, the fraction of the trunk vertebrae belonging to the anterior trunk is 0.24-0.31, compared with 0.18 (95% confidence interval 0.11-0.29) in fossil 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FDA4FEB82F31FE0D" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" box="[565,768,375,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FDA4FEB82F31FE0D" box="[565,768,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Calamagras weigeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
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<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FF4CFE592D4CFE2C" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[221,381,406,432]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FF4CFE592D4CFE2C" box="[221,381,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="84189B1CE5262301FE1DFE592E27FE2C" box="[396,534,406,433]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.731" metricValueMax="7.112" metricValueMin="6.35" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" unit="in" value="0.265" valueMax="0.28" valueMin="0.25">0.25-0.28 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FD8EFE592EACFE2C" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1880" box="[543,669,406,432]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Ungaliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FD8EFE592EACFE2C" box="[543,669,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Ungaliophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
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<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FF30FE792DD6FE4D" authority="(Smith 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[161,487,438,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Exiliboa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="placata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FF30FE792D7BFE4C" box="[161,330,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Exiliboa placata</emphasis>
(Smith 2013)
</taxonomicName>
. The neural arches (“tecta” of 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5262301FF31FE192DA9FE6C" author="JANDZIK D. &amp; BARTIK I." box="[160,408,470,496]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="219 - 229" refId="ref16797" refString="JANDZIK D. &amp; BARTIK I. 2004. - Differences in morphology of the atlas-axis complex in Natrix natrix and N. tessellata (Serpentes: Colubridae). Biologia 59: 219 - 229." type="journal article" year="2004">Jandzík &amp; Bartík 2004</bibRefCitation>
) of the atlas are broad (i.e., anteroposteriorly long). The axis and succeeding three vertebrae have rodlike and strongly posteriorly inclined neural arches that project beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch. On the seventh precloacal vertebra the neural spine bears an anterior expansion, which rapidly grows in strength on more posterior vertebrae. By the 10 
<superScript id="B4959BB1E5262301FE2CFD582DFCFD34" attach="left" box="[445,461,663,680]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">th</superScript>
the neural spine is strong and more dorsally directed, so that it no longer (or just barely) projects beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch. On these more anterior vertebrae the postzygapophyses are angular, suggesting small or narrow zygapophyseal articulations; additionally, they are very (anteroposteriorly) short. On more posterior anterior trunk vertebrae the neural spine appears to become recumbent again, overhanging the notch in the posterior margin of the neural arch. The neural spine becomes less prominent and is anteroposteriorly short, as judged by the finished cap at its distal end, although it is prolonged by a thin, sharp ridge of bone with an oblique anterior margin that runs as far as the base of the zygosphene. A low, oval zygantral mound that creates space in the zygantrum for accomodation of the zygosphene (Hecht 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FDDDFB9A2E53FBF2" box="[588,610,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5262301FDFBFB9B2C8CFB13" author="MCGREW P. O. &amp; BERMAN J. E. &amp; HECHT M. K. &amp; HUMMEL J. M. &amp; SIMPSON G. G. &amp; WOOD A. E." pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="121 - 176" refId="ref17370" refString="MCGREW P. O., BERMAN J. E., HECHT M. K., HUMMEL J. M., SIMPSON G. G. &amp; WOOD A. E. 1959. - The geology and paleontology of the Elk Mountain and Tabernacle Butte area, Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 117 (3): 121 - 176. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 1970" type="journal article" year="1959">
McGrew 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FD43FB9A2F36FBF2" box="[722,775,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
1959
</bibRefCitation>
) is present on all anterior trunk vertebrae. Vertebral length increases through the preserved portion of the anterior trunk vertebrae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5262301FF0AFB1B2D56F930" blockId="17.[130,777,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
The mid-trunk vertebral series, as far as it is preserved, commences after the first gap and continues past the second gap (
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FF2AFADB2CFDFAB1" box="[187,204,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">c.</emphasis>
14 vertebrae) and third gap (
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FD9EFADB2E11FAB1" box="[527,544,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">c.</emphasis>
4 vertebrae). Almost all of the neural spines are broken, but they appear to have been low and short, to judge by the broken edge. The zygantral mounds become more prominent, and on the anterior mid-trunk vertebrae they occur in conjunction with a flaring of the posterior margin of the neural arch beyond the level defined by the postzygapophyses. This flaring disappears by about the middle of the vertebral column; thereafter, the posterior margin of the neural arch is transverse except for the triangular notch on the midline. Vertebral length reaches a maximum in the middle of the mid-trunk vertebrae. A mid-trunk vertebra was not segmented, as a CT scan is not available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5262301FF0AF97D2990FEED" blockId="17.[130,777,215,2028]" lastBlockId="17.[811,1459,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
An exact boundary between the mid- and posterior (Appendix 1: Fig. S16) trunk vertebrae cannot be drawn, but vertebral length gradually decreases toward the posterior end of the precloacal vertebral column. The vertebrae also appear to become relatively shorter. The notch on the posterior margin of the neural arch becomes broader, and on the posterior-most posterior trunk vertebrae it is so broad that the transversality of the margin is obliterated and the postzygapophyses are once again angular. The zygantral mound disappears. The neural spine, where preserved, is very low but slightly longer. The neural arch is also more vaulted than in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FC1BFF382854FE8D" box="[906,1125,247,273]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FC1BFF382854FE8D" box="[906,1125,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FBE7FF3828EBFE8D" box="[1142,1242,247,273]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
, posterior view) or 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FCBEFED72F6CFEAD" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[815,861,280,305]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FCBEFED72F6CFEAD" box="[815,861,280,305]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The anterior end of the zygosphene on a segmented posterior trunk vertebra appears to have a bulge (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FADBFEF8299BFECD" box="[1354,1450,311,337]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
, dorsal view), giving it a crenate shape (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5262301FB46FE9829A0FEED" author="AUFFENBERG W." box="[1239,1425,343,369]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="131 - 216" refId="ref15254" refString="AUFFENBERG W. 1963. - The fossil snakes of Florida. Tulane Studies in Zoology 10: 131 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4641" type="journal article" year="1963">Auffenberg 1963</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5262301FCD2FEB82FE5FD4C" blockId="17.[811,1459,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
The subcentral (lymphatic) grooves are very prominent on posterior trunk vertebrae, forming in the more posterior part of the series a slightly projecting keel or hypapophysis, which projects more strongly than in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FB46FE192980FE6C" box="[1239,1457,470,496]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FB46FE192980FE6C" box="[1239,1457,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FCA7FE392FAEFD8C" box="[822,927,502,528]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
, lateral view), where it is ventrally flattened. However, the lateral expansions of the ventral keel seen in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FCBFFDF82F87FDCC" box="[814,950,567,592]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FCBFFDF82F87FDCC" box="[814,950,567,592]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Li. trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FC52FDF92815FDCC" box="[963,1060,566,592]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
, ventral view) are absent. Prezygapophyseal accessory processes appear to be completely absent in HLMD-Me 9723 (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FBB9FDB928BDFD0C" box="[1064,1164,630,656]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
, ventral view), unlike the prominent processes in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FBBAFD592882FD33" box="[1067,1203,662,687]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FBBAFD592882FD33" box="[1067,1203,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Li. trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FB52FD592915FD2C" box="[1219,1316,662,688]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
, dorsal view) and some 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FC0CFD792FFCFD53" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[925,973,694,719]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FC0CFD792FFCFD53" box="[925,973,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5262301FCD2FD1A2991FC2C" blockId="17.[811,1459,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
Caudal vertebrae comprise cloacal and postcloacal vertebrae. At least two cloacal vertebrae were present; they are overlapped by the tail tip (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FBD6FCDA28ABFCAC" box="[1095,1178,789,816]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
) and visible only through the epoxy plate and in the CT scan (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FB4FFCFA2906FCCC" box="[1246,1335,821,848]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
). They are identified by the fused, bifurcated, anteroventrally directed lymphapophyses, of which the dorsal spine appears to be the longer one (left side of first cloacal, broken on right).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5262301FCD2FC7A2FC3FAB2" blockId="17.[811,1459,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
The postcloacal vertebrae, lacking bifurcated lymphapophyses, are relatively short. However, the neural spine is relatively longer and mediolaterally thicker (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FAB8FC3B294BFB93" box="[1321,1402,1012,1039]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
C-E, dorsal and anterior views). Strictly speaking, it evinces no bifurcation anywhere, unlike in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FB02FBFB2902FBD2" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1171,1331,1076,1102]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FB02FBFB2902FBD2" box="[1171,1331,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FAD3FBFB2FA0FBF2" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FAD3FBFB2FA0FBF2" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FC33FB9B2831FBF3" box="[930,1024,1108,1135]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
) or 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FBBEFB9A286EFBF2" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1071,1119,1109,1134]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FBBEFB9A286EFBF2" box="[1071,1119,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., where the spine strongly expands in width distally and the tip presents a deep dorsal, midline groove. However, starting near mid-tail its anterior end is drawn out into a pair of short spines. A short zygosphene appears to be present on postcloacal vertebrae much closer to the tip than in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FBB6FB3C28CDFA91" box="[1063,1276,1267,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FBB6FB3C28CDFA91" box="[1063,1276,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FA9DFB3C2954FA92" box="[1292,1381,1267,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
, dorsal view) or 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FC1FFADB2F8FFAB1" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[910,958,1300,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FC1FFADB2F8FFAB1" box="[910,958,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5262301FCD2FAFB2837F991" blockId="17.[811,1459,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
A distinctive feature of the postcloacals is the height of the posterior margin of the neural arch. Even in the middle of the tail the neural arch is quite vaulted, and a flat, vertical posterior surface arises. The height of this surface diminishes distally in the tail. Such a surface is not observed in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FAD2FA7C2FA0FA71" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FAD2FA7C2FA0FA71" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in some 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5262301FBB6FA1B2866FA71" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1063,1111,1492,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FBB6FA1B2866FA71" box="[1063,1111,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. a similar surface is present on anterior caudals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5262301FCD2F9DD2900F970" blockId="17.[811,1459,215,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
The cotyle and condyle are small and round (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FAD2F9DD299BF9B1" box="[1347,1450,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
, anterior and posterior views). Paracotylar foramina appear to be present on the distalmost segmented caudal vertebra (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FCA7F9BD2FA6F911" box="[822,919,1650,1677]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
), but they are apparently absent anteriorly in the tail and on the segmented posterior trunk vertebra; it is possible that their apparent presence distally in the tail is an artifact (but see 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5262301FC4EF91D285AF970" author="ZEROVA G. A." box="[991,1131,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="30 - 35" refId="ref20050" refString="ZEROVA G. A. 1989. - The first find of a fossil sand boa of the genus Albaneryx (Serpentes, Boidae) in the USSR. Vestnik Zoologii 1989: 30 - 35." type="journal article" year="1989">Zerova 1989</bibRefCitation>
; Georgalis 2019).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5262302FCD2F93D2961FF70" blockId="17.[811,1459,215,2028]" lastBlockId="18.[240,1360,217,236]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
The dimensions of distal postcloacal vertebrae – short and tall – are comparable to those in extant erycines (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FADEF8DD299FF8B0" box="[1359,1454,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
, lateral view). Moreover, at least some supernumerary vertebral processes are present on all preserved postcloacal vertebrae (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5262301FCA7F8BE2F9BF810" box="[822,938,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1D, E</figureCitation>
). We follow the terminology of 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5262301FB6FF8BE299EF810" author="SZYNDLAR Z." box="[1278,1455,1905,1932]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="24 - 37" refId="ref19623" refString="SZYNDLAR Z. 1994. - Oligocene snakes of southern Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 24 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10. 1080 / 02724634.1994.10011536" type="journal article" year="1994">Szyndlar (1994)</bibRefCitation>
in describing them. Pterapophyses are present as distinct bumps already on the first postcloacal preserved after the gap of 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5262301FCE5F81D2FB4F877" box="[884,901,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">c.</emphasis>
11 vertebrae; they grow rapidly in prominence dis-dorsal ventral left lateral anterior posterior
</paragraph>
<caption id="179F6671E5252302FF15F9AE297AF93C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" startId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" targetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5252302FF15F9AE297AF93C" blockId="18.[132,1456,1633,1696]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FEAAF9AE2D79F9EE" bold="true" box="[315,328,1633,1650]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5252302FCDFF9AE280BF9EE" authority="SMF-PH" authorityName="SMF-PH" box="[846,1082,1633,1650]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FCDFF9AE2FDCF9EE" box="[846,1005,1633,1650]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
SMF-PH
</taxonomicName>
21; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FBF1F9AE285CF9EE" bold="true" box="[1120,1133,1633,1650]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5252302FE89F9B72D91F915" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[280,416,1656,1673]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FE89F9B72D91F915" box="[280,416,1656,1673]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5252302FE35F9B72E27F915" box="[420,534,1656,1673]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FD8AF9B72E0DF915" bold="true" box="[539,572,1656,1673]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">C -E</emphasis>
, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5252302FB21F9B72909F915" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[1200,1336,1656,1673]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FB21F9B72909F915" box="[1200,1336,1656,1673]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5252302FAADF9B7299FF915" box="[1340,1454,1656,1673]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FF15F9402CBEF93C" bold="true" box="[132,143,1679,1696]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F</emphasis>
, distal caudal vertebra of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5252302FEF9F9402E18F93C" authority="CM" authorityName="CM" box="[360,553,1679,1696]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivirgata">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FEF9F9402E37F93C" box="[360,518,1679,1696]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Lichanura trivirgata</emphasis>
<accessionNumber id="5CB3AB1AE5252302FD9AF9402E18F93C" box="[523,553,1679,1696]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/CM145332" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="EnaNcbi">CM</accessionNumber>
</taxonomicName>
145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5252302FF15F91D28E2F870" blockId="18.[130,776,1746,2028]" lastBlockId="18.[811,1457,1746,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
tally in the tail, forming long, anteroposterior ridges with strong, anteriorly projecting spines (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5252302FD98F93D2E65F890" box="[521,596,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
C-E). Curiously, similar spines are also present in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5252302FE7AF8DD2F37F8B0" authority="Holman, 1976" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1976" box="[491,774,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Pterygoboa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FE7AF8DD2E6CF8B0" box="[491,605,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Pterygoboa</emphasis>
Holman, 1976
</taxonomicName>
from the North American late Oligocene and Miocene (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5252302FF12F89E2D2AF8F0" author="HOLMAN J. A." box="[131,283,1873,1900]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref16521" refString="HOLMAN J. A. 2000. - Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 357 p." type="book" year="2000">Holman 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5252302FEBBF89E2E19F8F0" author="MEAD J. I. &amp; SCHUBERT B. W." box="[298,552,1873,1900]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="427 - 438" refId="ref17534" refString="MEAD J. I. &amp; SCHUBERT B. W. 2013. - Extinct Pterygoboa (Boidae, Erycinae) from the Latest Oligocene and Early Miocene of Florida. Southeastern Naturalist 12 (2): 427 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1656 / 058.012.0215" type="journal article" year="2013">Mead &amp; Schubert 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Postzygapophyseal wings and posterior extensions of the prezygapophyses are not present anteriorly but become distinct by about the 16th caudal vertebra (after the gap); they never become prominent. Pleurapophyses were presumably present on all postcloacal vertebrae, but they are everywhere preserved; posteriorly in the tail they have a knoblike appearance distally, but a distinct posterior extension of the pleurapophyses appears to be absent. In addition to these main, named supernumerary processes, the distal-most caudal vertebrae in 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5252302FA81F89E299CF8F7" baseAuthorityName="Kluge" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1296,1453,1873,1899]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FA81F89E299CF8F7" box="[1296,1453,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Charina bottae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5252302FCCAF8BD2FBAF817" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[859,907,1906,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5252302FCCAF8BD2FBAF817" box="[859,907,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. exhibit fine-scale elaborations of small, generally anteroposteriorly arranged ridges (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5252302FB4DF85E294DF837" author="SZYNDLAR Z." box="[1244,1404,1937,1963]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="24 - 37" refId="ref19623" refString="SZYNDLAR Z. 1994. - Oligocene snakes of southern Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 24 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10. 1080 / 02724634.1994.10011536" type="journal article" year="1994">Szyndlar 1994</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2). Such elaborations are present on the distal-most caudals of HLMD-Me 9723 as well (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5252302FBFFF81E28F7F870" box="[1134,1222,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5242303FF0AFF182E7CFEED" blockId="19.[131,777,215,592]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
Hemapophyses are apparently present on all preserved postcloacal vertebrae (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5242303FEEDFF382DFAFE8D" box="[380,459,247,273]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1633,1650]" captionTargetBox="[142,1449,244,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-177@18.[132,1455,203,1603]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior,middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723,holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486464/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
C-E, ventral view), but they are often broken. Thus, their length cannot be ascertained, nor is it known whether “tubercular prominences” of the hemapophyses (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5242303FEA5FE982D9DFEED" author="SOOD M. S." box="[308,428,343,369]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="390 - 394" refId="ref19494" refString="SOOD M. S. 1941. - The caudal vertebrae of Eryx johnii (Russell). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences B 14: 390 - 394. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 03051150" type="journal article" year="1941">Sood 1941</bibRefCitation>
) were present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5242303FF0AFEB82CC7FDCC" blockId="19.[131,777,215,592]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
The ribs are for the most part broadly rounded (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5242303FD37FEB82ECAFE0D" box="[678,763,375,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[140,1448,215,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-93@6.[128,1451,215,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen;B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486444/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). In some cases the ribs appear to evince distinct bends, but because these appear sporadically and are bounded front and back by ribs of normal curvature, we ascribe the bends to plastic deformation. The ribs suggested a broadly rounded body, or at least one that was not markedly compressed or depressed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5242303FF15FDB92E55FD0C" blockId="19.[130,777,630,2028]" box="[132,612,630,656]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONS (SEE Appendix 2)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5242303FF15FD592F35FAD2" blockId="19.[130,777,630,2028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
Phylogenetic analysis using MP produced 126 equally mostparsimonious trees, the strict consensus of which is shown in 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5242303FF15FD1A2CD2FD6C" box="[132,227,725,752]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1849,1866]" captionTargetBox="[244,1343,216,1809]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 12. — Phylogenetic relationships of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, strict consensus of 176 equally most-parsimonious trees; bootstrap percentages&gt;50% are shown above branches;B, majority-rule consensus of 15000 trees from standard Bayesian analysis.Posterior probabilities are shown above branches." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
. The relationships of basal alethinophidians are fully unresolved. 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FE95FD3A2DF2FC93" box="[260,451,757,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FE95FD3A2DF2FC93" box="[260,451,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Xenopeltis unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FE69FD392E81FC93" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[504,688,757,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FE69FD392E81FC93" box="[504,688,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Loxocemus bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are successive outgroups to a clade comprising the Cretaceous marine snakes and Henophidia sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5242303FE5EFCFA2E8CFCCC" author="GAUTHIER J. &amp; KEARNEY M. &amp; MAISANO J. A. &amp; RIEPPEL O. &amp; BEHLKE A." box="[463,701,821,848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="3 - 308" refId="ref15917" refString="GAUTHIER J., KEARNEY M., MAISANO J. A., RIEPPEL O. &amp; BEHLKE A. 2012. - Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 53: 3 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.053.0101" type="journal article" year="2012">
Gauthier 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FDA7FCF92E5BFCD3" box="[566,618,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
, and a sister-group relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FE77FC992E60FCF3" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[486,593,853,879]" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FE77FC992E60FCF3" box="[486,593,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Lo. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and fossil 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FD2FFC9A2D9AFC13" authority="(Smith 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Ogmophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FD2FFC9A2D29FC13" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Ogmophis compactus</emphasis>
(Smith 2013)
</taxonomicName>
is confirmed (although bootstrap support is low). 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FEB6FC5A2DF8FC33" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[295,457,917,943]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
forms a clade with 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FD1FFC5A2CFBFC53" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FD1FFC5A2CFBFC53" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Calamagras weigeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also confirming the conclusion of Smith (2013); as above, bootstrap support is low, and whether 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FDE7FC1B2EC1FC72" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" box="[630,752,980,1006]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FDE7FC1B2EC1FC72" box="[630,752,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Cal. weigeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is inside the crown is unresolved (Smith 2013; 
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5242303FDF1FC3B2EF1FB93" box="[608,704,1012,1039]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1849,1866]" captionTargetBox="[244,1343,216,1809]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 12. — Phylogenetic relationships of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, strict consensus of 176 equally most-parsimonious trees; bootstrap percentages&gt;50% are shown above branches;B, majority-rule consensus of 15000 trees from standard Bayesian analysis.Posterior probabilities are shown above branches." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FD43FC3A2C9EFBB2" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Booidea">Booidea</taxonomicName>
sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5242303FF6BFBDA2DF7FBB3" author="PYRON R. A. &amp; REYNOLDS R. E. &amp; BURBRINK F. T." box="[250,454,1044,1071]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="249 - 260" refId="ref18148" refString="PYRON R. A., REYNOLDS R. E. &amp; BURBRINK F. T. 2014. - A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa 3846: 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">
Pyron 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FED0FBDA2D44FBB2" box="[321,373,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
is not monophyletic; instead, as is typical in phylogenetic analyses of morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5242303FD52FBFA2D26FBF2" author="LEE M. S. Y. &amp; SCANLON J. D." pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="333 - 401" refId="ref16937" refString="LEE M. S. Y. &amp; SCANLON J. D. 2002. - Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and ecology. Biological Reviews 77: 333 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1464793102005924" type="journal article" year="2002">Lee &amp; Scanlon 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5242303FEB7FB9B2DCDFBF2" author="GAUTHIER J. &amp; KEARNEY M. &amp; MAISANO J. A. &amp; RIEPPEL O. &amp; BEHLKE A." box="[294,508,1108,1134]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="3 - 308" refId="ref15917" refString="GAUTHIER J., KEARNEY M., MAISANO J. A., RIEPPEL O. &amp; BEHLKE A. 2012. - Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 53: 3 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.053.0101" type="journal article" year="2012">
Gauthier 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FE1DFB9A2D8EFBF2" box="[396,447,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5242303FD9AFB9B2EFFFBF3" author="HSIANG A. Y. &amp; FIELD D. J. &amp; WEBSTER T. H. &amp; BEHLKE A. D. B. &amp; DAVIS M. B. &amp; RACICOT R. A. &amp; GAUTHIER J. A." box="[523,718,1108,1135]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="87" refId="ref16700" refString="HSIANG A. Y., FIELD D. J., WEBSTER T. H., BEHLKE A. D. B., DAVIS M. B., RACICOT R. A. &amp; GAUTHIER J. A. 2015. - The origin of snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15: 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 015 - 0358 - 5" type="journal article" year="2015">
Hsiang 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FDCFFB9A2EA0FBF2" box="[606,657,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
), the large boas, or 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FE86FBBB2E41FB13" authority="sensu Pyron et al. (2014)" authorityName="Pyron" authorityYear="2014" box="[279,624,1140,1167]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Boidae sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5242303FE37FBBA2E41FB13" author="PYRON R. A. &amp; REYNOLDS R. E. &amp; BURBRINK F. T." box="[422,624,1140,1167]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="249 - 260" refId="ref18148" refString="PYRON R. A., REYNOLDS R. E. &amp; BURBRINK F. T. 2014. - A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa 3846: 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">
Pyron 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FE7CFBBA2E11FB12" box="[493,544,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and pythons, or 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FF30FB5B2E61FB32" authority="sensu Reynolds et al. (2014)" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="2014" box="[161,592,1172,1198]" class="Reptilia" family="Pythonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Pythonidae sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5242303FEF2FB5B2E61FB32" author="REYNOLDS R. G. &amp; NIEMILLER M. L. &amp; REVELL L. J." box="[355,592,1172,1198]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="201 - 213" refId="ref18391" refString="REYNOLDS R. G., NIEMILLER M. L. &amp; REVELL L. J. 2014. - Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71: 201 - 213. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.11.011" type="journal article" year="2014">
Reynolds 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FE5DFB5A2E31FB32" box="[460,512,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, cluster together. Unlike in molecular analyses, erycines including 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FD36FB7A2EE6FB52" baseAuthorityName="Cundall &amp; Irish" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[679,727,1205,1230]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FD36FB7A2EE6FB52" box="[679,727,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Eryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FF17FB1B2CCEFB72" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[134,255,1236,1262]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
form a clade that also includes 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FDCEFB1B2F39FB72" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[607,776,1236,1262]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FDCEFB1B2F39FB72" box="[607,776,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5242303FF17FB3B2D2EFA92" box="[134,287,1268,1294]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, which forms the sister-taxon to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FD18FB3C2F34FA91" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[649,773,1267,1293]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
. Enforcing a molecular constraint on the tree topology did not influence the placement of any of these three fossil taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5242303FF0AFA9C2E04F890" blockId="19.[130,777,630,2028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
Synapomorphies supporting the clade 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FDC9FA9B2F38FAF1" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[600,777,1363,1389]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FDC9FA9B2F38FAF1" box="[600,777,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5242303FF15FABB2D23FA12" box="[132,274,1396,1422]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FED4FABC2D8FFA11" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[325,446,1395,1421]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
are as follows: ventral extent of postorbital reduced, quadrate ramus of pterygoid horizontally bladelike with longitudinal dorsal groove, exit foramen for hyomandibular branch of cranial nerve VII obscured in lateral view by projecting flange of prootic, and coronoid reduced. Autapomorphies of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FECBF9DC2E30F9B0" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[346,513,1554,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FECBF9DC2E30F9B0" box="[346,513,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5242303FD96F9DC2EA9F9B1" box="[519,664,1555,1581]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
according to this analysis are generally reversals, particularly of synapomorphies common to the broader group of erycines, viz. loss of protruding premaxilla and gain of zygosphene-zygantral articulations distally in the tail. The exception is the presence of a posteromedial flange for the ectopterygoid. Given the strong molecular evidence of erycine polyphyly, the putative reversals should be viewed with caution.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5242303FF0AF8DD2D0FF870" blockId="19.[130,777,630,2028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
Similar relations for the booid fossil taxa are inferred using standard BI (
<figureCitation id="DBDB2A7CE5242303FE9FF8FE2D5DF8D0" box="[270,364,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1849,1866]" captionTargetBox="[244,1343,216,1809]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 12. — Phylogenetic relationships of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, strict consensus of 176 equally most-parsimonious trees; bootstrap percentages&gt;50% are shown above branches;B, majority-rule consensus of 15000 trees from standard Bayesian analysis.Posterior probabilities are shown above branches." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
). The posterior probability (PP) for the clade 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FF54F89D2D5EF8F7" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[197,367,1873,1899]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FF54F89D2D5EF8F7" box="[197,367,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5242303FEE8F89D2E23F8F0" box="[377,530,1874,1900]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FDA3F89E2E9DF8F7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[562,684,1873,1899]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
is 0.98. 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FF17F8BE2D79F817" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" box="[134,328,1905,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FF17F8BE2D79F817" box="[134,328,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Calamagras weigeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes out in the crown of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FDCCF8BE2F32F817" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[605,771,1905,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
, albeit with low support (PP = 0.59). 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FD86F85E2EC1F837" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[535,752,1937,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Ogmophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FD86F85E2EC1F837" box="[535,752,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Ogmophis compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the sister-taxon to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FEDBF87D2E35F857" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[330,516,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FEDBF87D2E35F857" box="[330,516,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Loxocemus bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, similarly with low support (PP = 0.56).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5242303FCD2FF18293CFD2C" blockId="19.[811,1457,215,911]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
Insofar as it incorporates the age of fossil taxa, BI using the fossilized birth-death model gave results that differed from those of the MP analysis in expected ways. Without topological constraints, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FC43FEF82898FECD" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[978,1193,311,337]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Ogmophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FC43FEF82898FECD" box="[978,1193,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Ogmophis compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(at 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FB43FEF728D2FECD" box="[1234,1251,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">c.</emphasis>
35 Ma) falls to the stem of a clade 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FC5AFE972808FEED" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[971,1081,344,369]" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FC5AFE972808FEED" box="[971,1081,344,369]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Loxocemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FBC3FE982888FEED" box="[1106,1209,343,369]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FBC3FE982888FEED" box="[1106,1209,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Xenopeltis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FB56FE9829BCFEED" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" box="[1223,1421,343,369]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FB56FE9829BCFEED" box="[1223,1421,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Calamagras weigeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(at 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FCBAFEB82F0DFE0C" box="[811,828,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">c.</emphasis>
48 Ma) falls to the stem of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FBE6FEB82911FE0D" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[1143,1312,375,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FAF1FEB82F4DFE2C" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FAF1FEB82F4DFE2C" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5242303FC15FE582829FE2D" box="[900,1048,407,433]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(also at 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FBE4FE5828B7FE2C" box="[1141,1158,407,432]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">c.</emphasis>
48 Ma) falls to the stem of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FCBCFE792F9CFE4C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[813,941,438,464]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
. Support for these relationships is low. When minimum molecular topological constraints are enforced, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FCBCFE382FE6FD8C" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[813,983,502,528]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FCBCFE382FE6FD8C" box="[813,983,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5242303FC71FE382848FD8D" box="[992,1145,503,529]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is strongly supported (PP&gt; 0.99) as a stem representative of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FB33FDD9292CFDAC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[1186,1309,534,560]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
(PP&gt; 0.99), and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FCCFFDF92FEDFDCC" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" box="[862,988,566,592]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FCCFFDF92FEDFDCC" box="[862,988,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Cal. weigeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strongly supported (PP&gt; 0.99) as a stem representative of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FC78FD9928BEFDEC" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" box="[1001,1167,598,624]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliophiinae">Ungaliophiinae</taxonomicName>
(PP&gt; 0.99). The position of 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FCD9FDB9282FFD0C" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[840,1054,630,656]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Ogmophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FCD9FDB9282FFD0C" box="[840,1054,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Ogmophis compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with respect to 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FB54FDB9291DFD0C" box="[1221,1324,630,656]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FB54FDB9291DFD0C" box="[1221,1324,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Xenopeltis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FAABFDB82999FD0C" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[1338,1448,631,656]" class="Reptilia" family="Loxocemidae" genus="Loxocemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FAABFDB82999FD0C" box="[1338,1448,631,656]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Loxocemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FCCDFD592FEBFD2C" box="[860,986,662,688]" class="Reptilia" family="Pythonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pythonidae</taxonomicName>
, however, is poorly resolved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="435F36F9E5242303FCD2FD7A2F89FC13" blockId="19.[811,1457,215,911]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
Thus a sister-group relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FA99FD792981FD53" authority="Smith &amp; Scanferla, 2021" authorityName="Smith &amp; Scanferla" authorityYear="2021" box="[1288,1456,693,719]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rageryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidi" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FA99FD792981FD53" box="[1288,1456,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Rageryx schmidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6AA75790E5242303FCBFFD192F8FFD6C" box="[814,958,726,752]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and crown 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FBABFD1A2882FD73" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[1082,1203,725,751]" class="Arachnida" family="Charinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amblypygi" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charininae">Charininae</taxonomicName>
is well supported, making the former the oldest confirmed fossil erycine. Because no new data were adduced concerning 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FB4EFCDA2981FCB3" authorityName="Baszio" authorityYear="2004" box="[1247,1456,789,815]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Messelophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variatus">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FB4EFCDA2981FCB3" box="[1247,1456,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Messelophis variatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="84E04D7AE5242303FCCCFCFA285DFCD3" baseAuthorityName="Schaal &amp; Baszio" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[861,1132,821,847]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Rieppelophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ermannorum">
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FCCCFCFA285DFCD3" box="[861,1132,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Rieppelophis ermannorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is not surprising that their relationships to other booids are unresolved, as in 
<bibRefCitation id="27714B08E5242303FADFFC9A2F82FC13" author="SCANFERLA C. A. &amp; SMITH K. T. &amp; SCHAAL S. F. K." pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="182 - 206" refId="ref18859" refString="SCANFERLA C. A., SMITH K. T. &amp; SCHAAL S. F. K. 2016. - Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176: 182 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12300" type="journal article" year="2016">
Scanferla 
<emphasis id="7194EAEBE5242303FCBCFCB92F51FC13" box="[813,864,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>