392 lines
50 KiB
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392 lines
50 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="58BE1434FB6D8F4A6914F4A1FA0805B4">Overlooked mammal diversity and conservation priorities in Italy: Impacts of taxonomic neglect on a Biodiversity Hotspot in Europe</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2FC51148E0E5ED6AED36703C20AAAB91">Groves, Colin P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8C4C8641F0BCC0DF2C6B3AFD7316E9C0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="08E01DE2150AD1B2ECB7AAF00E2F0A28">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="6B7E87EAFF88C423FF67F932FDDAFC52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5946619" ID-GBIF-Taxon="145969541" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5946619" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6B7E87EAFF88C423FF67F932FDDAFC52" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B7E87EAFF88C423FF67F932FDDAFC52" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="6" pageNumber="517">
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<subSubSection id="ABCD6577FF88C42CFF67F932FCAFF923" box="[151,776,1721,1748]" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E36836FCFF88C42CFF67F932FCAFF923" blockId="6.[151,776,1721,1748]" box="[151,776,1721,1748]" pageId="6" pageNumber="517">
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<heading id="B8208190FF88C42CFF67F932FCAFF923" bold="true" box="[151,776,1721,1748]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF88C42CFF67F932FCAFF923" bold="true" box="[151,776,1721,1748]" pageId="6" pageNumber="517">
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The genera
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF88C42CFEDBF931FE0DF924" ID-CoL="7B68" box="[299,426,1721,1747]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF88C42CFEDBF931FE0DF924" bold="true" box="[299,426,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="517">Rupicapra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF88C42CFE18F931FD96F924" box="[488,561,1721,1747]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF88C42CFE18F931FD96F924" bold="true" box="[488,561,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="517">Lepus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: two case studies
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABCD6577FF88C423FF67F88CFDDAFC52" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E36836FCFF88C42CFF67F88CFB0DF85B" blockId="6.[151,1437,1792,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="517">
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An example of a genus whose taxonomy was badly neglected during most of the 20th century is
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF88C42CFAEFF88CFA32F8EC" box="[1311,1429,1796,1819]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF88C42CFAEFF88CFA32F8EC" box="[1311,1429,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="517">Rupicapra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Chamois (genus
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF88C42CFEAAF8A0FE77F8C8" box="[346,464,1832,1855]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF88C42CFEAAF8A0FE77F8C8" box="[346,464,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="517">Rupicapra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) are goat-like ruminants confined to steep, rocky habitats at high altitudes, cool in summer and generally snow-covered in winter; evidently during glacial periods, when these conditions extended to more low-lying areas, the populations which are presently isolated were able to expand their ranges, which is presumably how they dispersed between massifs in the past (
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF88C42CFCB1F81CFBA2F85B" box="[833,1029,1939,1964]" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" refId="ref7772" refString="Camerano, L. (1916 a) Ricerche intorno ai camosci. Parte terza. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze Torino, 65 (12), 1 - 82." type="journal article">Camerano 1916a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF88C42CFBE0F81BFB3AF85B" box="[1040,1181,1939,1964]" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" refId="ref10456" refString="Lovari, S. (1987) Evolutionary aspects of the biology of chamois, Rupicapra spp. (Bovidae, Caprinae). In Soma, H. (Ed.), The Biology and Management of Capricornis and Related Mountain Antelopes. Croom Helm, London, pp. 51 - 61." type="book chapter">Lovari 1987</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E36836FCFF88C42DFF37F83FFE41FE27" blockId="6.[151,1437,1792,2036]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="518" pageId="6" pageNumber="517">
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Lydekker, in line with his stated policy of “classing nearly related kinds of animals as races of a single species, rather than as distinct species” (
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF88C42CFDE3F853FD48F803" box="[531,751,2011,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="517" refId="ref10595" refString="Lydekker, R. (1913) Catalogue of the Ungulate Mammals in the British Museum (Natural History). Fol. I. Artiodactyla, Families Bovidae, subfamilies Bovinae to Ovibovinae. British Museum Trustees, London, 295 pp." type="book">Lydekker 1913: vi</bibRefCitation>
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), placed all then-known chamois taxa in a single species,
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFF67FF11FE22FF47" authority="rupicapra" box="[151,389,153,176]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFF67FF11FE22FF47" box="[151,389,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">Rupicapra rupicapra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with seven subspecies. Slight changes to this arrangement were made by
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFB27FF1FFA30FF47" box="[1239,1431,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref8496" refString="Couturier, M. A. J. (1938) Le Chamois. B. Arthaud, Grenoble, 855 pp." type="book">Couturier (1938)</bibRefCitation>
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, who accepted the single-species model without query and described two further subspecies while casting doubt on the validity of some of the others; and by
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFD82FF57FCB8FF0F" box="[626,799,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref7640" refString="Blahout, M. (1972) Zur Taxonomie der Population von Rupicapra rupicapra in der Hohen Tatra. Zoolicke Listy, 21, 115 - 132." type="journal article">Blahout (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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, who described a further subspecies. It was not until the work of Sandro Lovari in the late 1970s and 1980s (
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFD0AFE8CFC2CFEEB" box="[762,907,260,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref10456" refString="Lovari, S. (1987) Evolutionary aspects of the biology of chamois, Rupicapra spp. (Bovidae, Caprinae). In Soma, H. (Ed.), The Biology and Management of Capricornis and Related Mountain Antelopes. Croom Helm, London, pp. 51 - 61." type="book chapter">Lovari 1987</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFC6AFE8CFB2AFEEB" box="[922,1165,260,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref10512" refString="Lovari, S. & Scala, C. (1980) Revision of Rupicapra Genus. I. A statistical re-evaluation of Couturier's data on the morphometry of six chamois subspecies. Bollettino di Zoologia, 47, 113 - 124." type="journal article">Lovari & Scala 1980</bibRefCitation>
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) that the single-species model began to be challenged: beginning with behavioural studies contrasting
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<collectingRegion id="2113F81EFF89C42DFBE1FEAFFBD6FEB7" box="[1041,1137,295,320]" country="Italy" name="Abruzzo" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">Abruzzo</collectingRegion>
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and Alpine chamois, later incorporating the chamois of the Pyrenees, then proceeding to morphological studies, Lovari and his colleagues were able to separate western European chamois into two contrasting forms, which they regarded as two species [
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFF50FE1DFDA6FE5A" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[160,513,404,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFF50FE1DFE94FE5B" box="[160,307,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">R. rupicapra</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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, Alpine; and
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFD54FE1DFBA7FE5A" authority="Bonaparte, 1845" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" box="[676,1024,404,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFD54FE1DFC91FE5B" box="[676,822,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">R. pyrenaica</emphasis>
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Bonaparte, 1845
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</taxonomicName>
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, Pyreneean, Galician and
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<collectingRegion id="2113F81EFF89C42DFAC2FE1CFA31FE5A" box="[1330,1430,404,429]" country="Italy" name="Abruzzo" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">Abruzzo</collectingRegion>
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] (summarised in
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFEBBFE3FFE7EFE27" box="[331,473,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref10456" refString="Lovari, S. (1987) Evolutionary aspects of the biology of chamois, Rupicapra spp. (Bovidae, Caprinae). In Soma, H. (Ed.), The Biology and Management of Capricornis and Related Mountain Antelopes. Croom Helm, London, pp. 51 - 61." type="book chapter">Lovari 1987</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="B7A86674FF89C42DFF67FB51FF59FABC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1292150/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" startId="7.[151,250,1241,1263]" targetBox="[188,1397,517,1220]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="E36836FCFF89C42DFF67FB51FF59FABC" blockId="7.[151,1436,1241,1355]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFF67FB51FEB0FB19" bold="true" box="[151,279,1241,1263]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
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Two models of species endemism distribution among mammals of the Italian Peninsula. 3a) Occurrence in Central-Southern Peninsula and Sicily with often geographic substructuring;
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFC5DFB71FBF9FAF9" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1898" box="[941,1118,1273,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corsicanus">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFC5DFB71FBF9FAF9" box="[941,1118,1273,1294]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">Lepus corsicanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. 3b) Occurrence limited to the Calabria bioprovince;
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFE8BFA9FFDE9FADB" authorityName="Lucifero" authorityYear="1907" box="[379,590,1302,1324]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFE8BFA9FFDE9FADB" box="[379,590,1302,1324]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">Sciurus meridionalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Question mark denotes uncertain outcomes in the case northern lineages meet the endemics.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="E36836FCFF89C42DFF37FAFBFE7FF8E0" blockId="7.[151,1437,1394,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFF37FAFBFE77FA7C" box="[199,464,1394,1419]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref9648" refString="Groves, C. P. & Grubb, P. (2011) Ungulate taxonomy. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 336 pp." type="book">Groves & Grubb (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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—who provisionally recognised six species in the genus—utilised the metrical datasets of
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFF45FA1EFED6FA58" box="[181,369,1430,1455]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref8496" refString="Couturier, M. A. J. (1938) Le Chamois. B. Arthaud, Grenoble, 855 pp." type="book">Couturier (1938)</bibRefCitation>
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to compare skull and horn shape in as many of the described subspecies of chamois as possible (
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<figureCitation id="7BEC2A79FF89C42DFF6FFA32FF4DFA24" box="[159,234,1466,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1241,1263]" captionTargetBox="[188,1397,517,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[188,1398,517,1220]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Two models of species endemism distribution among mammals of the Italian Peninsula. 3a) Occurrence in Central-Southern Peninsula and Sicily with often geographic substructuring; Lepus corsicanus. 3b) Occurrence limited to the Calabria bioprovince; Sciurus meridionalis. Question mark denotes uncertain outcomes in the case northern lineages meet the endemics." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1292150/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">Figs 4</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="7BEC2A79FF89C42DFEDAFA32FE9FFA24" box="[298,312,1466,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[158,1359,385,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,301,1409]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Horn length (Hornl; in mm) in population samples of Rupicapra males (data from Groves and Grubb, 2011)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1292152/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">5</figureCitation>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFEA4FA32FDDEFA00" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref10512" refString="Lovari, S. & Scala, C. (1980) Revision of Rupicapra Genus. I. A statistical re-evaluation of Couturier's data on the morphometry of six chamois subspecies. Bollettino di Zoologia, 47, 113 - 124." type="journal article">
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Lovari & Scala 1980, had previously also done something similar, though curiously omitting nominotypical
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<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFEB0FA57FE77FA01" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[320,464,1503,1526]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">
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<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFEB0FA57FE77FA01" box="[320,464,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">R. rupicapra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Alps
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</bibRefCitation>
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). They could find no difference between specimens from the Massif de Chartreuse (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFED2F98CFCECF9EC" authority="Couturier, 1938" authorityName="Couturier" authorityYear="1938" box="[290,843,1538,1563]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="rupicapra" subSpecies="cartusiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFED2F98CFD36F9EC" box="[290,657,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFD69F98AFCECF9EC" box="[665,843,1538,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref8496" refString="Couturier, M. A. J. (1938) Le Chamois. B. Arthaud, Grenoble, 855 pp." type="book">Couturier, 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and those from the Alps
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFB86F98BFB57F9ED" box="[1142,1264,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFB8FF98BFB57F9ED" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1151,1264,1539,1562]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">rupicapra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); in agreement with Lovari’s (1987) model, it was clear that that the Pyrenean
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFCADF9AFFC72F9C9" box="[861,981,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFC95F9AFFC72F9C9" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" box="[869,981,1575,1598]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">pyrenaica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) sample was absolutely different, but so was the sample from the Carpathians (
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFD98F9C4FD73F994" box="[616,724,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">carpatica</emphasis>
|
||
), despite the latter being entered as an “unknown” in their Discriminant Analysis because of the small sample size. The small
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2113F81EFF89C42DFC5CF9E6FBABF970" box="[940,1036,1646,1671]" country="Italy" name="Abruzzo" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">Abruzzo</collectingRegion>
|
||
sample, entered as an “unknown” again because of the small sample size, was closely allied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFCCDF91CFC0BF95C" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" box="[829,940,1684,1707]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFCCDF91CFC0BF95C" box="[829,940,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">pyrenaica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and two other samples (Balkans,
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFADDF91AFA3CF95C" box="[1325,1435,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">balcanica</emphasis>
|
||
Bolkay, 1925, and Caucasus,
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFE17F93FFDF0F939" box="[487,599,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">caucasica</emphasis>
|
||
Lydekker, 1910), also entered as “unknowns”, were (on the limited data) indistinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFE52F954FDB5F904" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[418,530,1756,1779]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFE52F954FDB5F904" box="[418,530,1756,1779]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These results confirmed and partly extend those of previous authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFAA0F952FF75F8E0" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref10456" refString="Lovari, S. (1987) Evolutionary aspects of the biology of chamois, Rupicapra spp. (Bovidae, Caprinae). In Soma, H. (Ed.), The Biology and Management of Capricornis and Related Mountain Antelopes. Croom Helm, London, pp. 51 - 61." type="book chapter">Lovari 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFF2DF976FE6BF8E0" box="[221,460,1790,1815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref10512" refString="Lovari, S. & Scala, C. (1980) Revision of Rupicapra Genus. I. A statistical re-evaluation of Couturier's data on the morphometry of six chamois subspecies. Bollettino di Zoologia, 47, 113 - 124." type="journal article">Lovari & Scala 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E36836FCFF89C422FF37F8AAFAC7FF0F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1394,2031]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="519" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">
|
||
Genetic studies have shown complex reticulation among the populations of chamois. Whereas Y chromosome DNA supports Lovari’s two-species model (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFD58F8CFFCD9F8A8" box="[680,894,1862,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref11992" refString="Perez, T., Hammer, S. E., Albornoz, J. & Dominguez, A. (2011) Y-chromosome phylogeny in the evolutionary net of chamois (genus Rupicapra). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 272" type="journal article">
|
||
Pérez
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFD06F8CFFC89F8A8" box="[758,814,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), mtDNA reveals three well-separated clades (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFF6EF8E2FE3EF874" box="[158,409,1898,1923]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref12158" refString="Rodriguez, F., Hammer, S., Perez, T., Suchentrunk, F., Lorenzini, R., Michallet, J., Martinkova, N., Albornoz, J. & Dominguez, A. (2009) Cytochrome b phylogeography of Chamois (Rupicapra spp.). Population contractions, expansions and hybridizations governed the diversification of the genus. Journal of Heredity, 100, 47 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jhered / esn 074" type="journal article">
|
||
Rodriguez
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFEECF8E4FEE9F874" box="[284,334,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), one of which unites Abruzzo
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFD0CF8E4FBA5F874" authority="Neumann, 1899" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1899" box="[764,1026,1899,1923]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFD0CF8E4FCE0F874" box="[764,839,1900,1923]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">ornata</emphasis>
|
||
Neumann, 1899
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFB35F8E4FAF3F874" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" box="[1221,1364,1900,1923]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFB35F8E4FAF3F874" box="[1221,1364,1900,1923]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">R. pyrenaica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the two-species model) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFE31F806FC27F850" authority="Couturier, 1938" authorityName="Couturier" authorityYear="1938" box="[449,896,1934,1959]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="rupicapra" subSpecies="cartusiana">
|
||
Chartreuse
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFDB6F807FD19F851" box="[582,702,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">cartusiana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFD3AF806FC27F850" box="[714,896,1934,1959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref8496" refString="Couturier, M. A. J. (1938) Le Chamois. B. Arthaud, Grenoble, 855 pp." type="book">Couturier, 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFBA5F807FB4DF851" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1109,1258,1935,1958]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFBA5F807FB4DF851" box="[1109,1258,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">R. rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that model: indeed, indistinguishable from Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF89C42DFDBAF83CFC47F83C" authority="in Groves & Grubb 2011" authorityName="in Groves & Grubb" authorityYear="2011" box="[586,992,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFDBAF83CFD1DF83C" box="[586,698,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFD2FF83BFC47F83C" box="[735,992,1970,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref9648" refString="Groves, C. P. & Grubb, P. (2011) Ungulate taxonomy. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 336 pp." type="book">Groves & Grubb 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Autosomal microsatellites distinguish each of the described taxa, and to integrate different sources of evidence
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF89C42DFC0FF85EFAB5F818" box="[1023,1298,2006,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="518" refId="ref12252" refString="Rodriguez, F., Perez, T., Hammer, S., Alburnoz, J. & Dominguez, A. (2010) Integrating phylogeographic patterns of microsatellite and mtDNA divergence to infer the evolutionary history of chamois (genus Rupicapra). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 222 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 222" type="journal article">
|
||
Rodriguez
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF89C42DFB8FF850FB13F818" box="[1151,1204,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="518">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed a hypothesis involving complex reticulation in the area centred on the Alps, south-eastern France and Italy. Interestingly, a three-species model, invoking historical hybridization, was originally proposed a century ago by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF86C422FF67FF68FE7BFF0F" box="[151,476,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refId="ref7772" refString="Camerano, L. (1916 a) Ricerche intorno ai camosci. Parte terza. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze Torino, 65 (12), 1 - 82." type="journal article">Camerano (Camerano 1916a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF86C422FE17FF57FD96FF0F" box="[487,561,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refId="ref7805" refString="Camerano, L. (1916 b) I caratteri del cranio, della colorazione e delle corna nella distinzione dei Camosci in specie e sottospecie. Rivista di Antropologia, 20, 3 - 14." type="journal article">1916b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), even without examination of materials from the Chartreuse population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B7A86674FF86C422FF67FA1EFAC1FA5B" box="[151,1382,1430,1452]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1292152/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" startId="8.[151,250,1430,1452]" targetBox="[158,1359,385,1409]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="E36836FCFF86C422FF67FA1EFAC1FA5B" blockId="8.[151,1382,1430,1452]" box="[151,1382,1430,1452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FF67FA1EFEB5FA5B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1430,1452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Horn length (Hornl; in mm) in population samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF86C422FCCAFA1FFC02FA5B" box="[826,933,1431,1452]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FCCAFA1FFC02FA5B" box="[826,933,1431,1452]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">Rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males (data from Groves and Grubb, 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E36836FCFF86C422FF37FA51FE08F9A9" blockId="8.[151,1437,1497,2026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">
|
||
This brief survey of late-twentieth-century research on a single genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF86C422FBE9FA52FB28FA06" box="[1049,1167,1498,1521]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FBE9FA52FB28FA06" box="[1049,1167,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">Rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, highlights how much remains to be discovered if one moves beyond assuming the taxonomy of the larger-sized European mammals is well established. In this case, it was behavioural research which led the way; morphological, morphometric and genetic studies followed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E36836FCFF86C423FF37F9E1FE3FFF23" blockId="8.[151,1437,1497,2026]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,933]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">
|
||
As long as the taxa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF86C422FE3FF9E2FDE2F976" box="[463,581,1642,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FE3FF9E2FDE2F976" box="[463,581,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">Rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were all classed as subspecies, in line with the practice of most European biologists, their conservation status remained in threat.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF86C422FCFFF906FC7EF952" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1899" box="[783,985,1678,1701]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FCFFF906FC7EF952" box="[783,985,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">Rupicapra ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for example, has been susceptible to a number of threats other than those produced by its long-term small population size. In the late 1980s, it was proposed to restock this tiny Apennine population with individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, with the aim of increasing its genetic variability (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF86C422FDE9F971FCC1F8E6" box="[537,870,1785,1810]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refId="ref11614" refString="Nascetti, G. & Cimmaruta, R. (1997) Diversita genetica, demografia e conservazione di alcune specie di ungulati della fauna italiana. Societa Italiana di Ecologia Atti, 18, 127 - 131." type="journal article">Nascetti & Cimmaruta 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9BC0766CFF86C422FC6FF971FBA3F8E5" box="[927,1028,1785,1810]" name="Slovakia" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF86C422FB4EF972FA89F8E6" authorityName="in Groves & Grubb" authorityYear="2011" box="[1214,1326,1786,1809]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FB4EF972FA89F8E6" box="[1214,1326,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Alps has been used to create new populations adjoining, and so threatening, the endemic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF86C422FB89F896FB48F8C2" box="[1145,1263,1822,1845]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FB89F896FB48F8C2" box="[1145,1263,1822,1845]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">Rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF86C422FB0DF895FA34F8C2" authorityName="in Groves & Grubb" authorityYear="2011" box="[1277,1427,1821,1846]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupicapra">
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FAD3F896FA34F8C2" box="[1315,1427,1822,1845]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FF67F8CAFF45F8AE" box="[151,226,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">tatrica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF86C422FF19F8C9FE2EF8AE" box="[233,393,1857,1882]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refId="ref7640" refString="Blahout, M. (1972) Zur Taxonomie der Population von Rupicapra rupicapra in der Hohen Tatra. Zoolicke Listy, 21, 115 - 132." type="journal article">Blahout, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
through artificial introgression (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF86C422FD08F8C9FBA7F8AE" box="[760,1024,1857,1882]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refId="ref8519" refString="Crestanello, B., Pecchioli, E., Vernesi, C., Mona, S., Martinkova, N., Janeiga, M., Hauffe, H. C. & Bertorelle, G. (2009) The genetic impact of translocations and habitat fragmentation in chamois (Rupicapra) spp. Journal of Heredity, 100, 691 - 708. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jhered / esp 053" type="journal article">
|
||
Crestanello
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FC72F8CAFC13F8AD" box="[898,948,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). More recently, it was hypothesised that the origin of the Apennine chamois was due to an historic but undocumented introduction of Iberian chamois into the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2113F81EFF86C422FF06F801FEF1F855" box="[246,342,1929,1954]" country="Italy" name="Abruzzo" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">Abruzzo</collectingRegion>
|
||
Apennines by the Royal Borbone family for hunting purposes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF86C422FBC2F801FA9CF856" box="[1074,1339,1929,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refId="ref10806" refString="Masseti, M. & Nappi, A. (2007) Dati sulla diffusione dei rappresentanti del genere Rupicapra de Blainville, 1816, nell'Italia centrale-meridionale in eta storica recente. Biogeographia - The Journal of Integrative Biogeography, 28, 617 - 630." type="journal article">Masseti & Nappi 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a view reinforced by the absence of firm evidence of surely identified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF86C422FCAAF826FBE1F832" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1899" box="[858,1094,1965,1990]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FCAAF826FC77F832" box="[858,976,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">Rupicapra</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C422FC0BF826FBE1F832" box="[1019,1094,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among Pleistocene remains in Central and Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9BC0766CFF86C422FE67F859FE6DF81D" box="[407,458,2001,2026]" name="Italy" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF86C422FE2CF859FD4FF81E" box="[476,744,2001,2026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" refId="ref10852" refString="Masseti, M. & Salari, L. (2012) The Late Pleistocene and Holocene chamois in central-southern Italy. Archeofauna, 21, 37 - 51." type="journal article">Masseti & Salari 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the recent finding of a whole skeleton referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF86C423FA74F85AFF45FF47" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="520" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF86C423FA74F85AFF45FF47" italics="true" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="8" pageNumber="519">R. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Late Pleistocene in the Simbruini Mountains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FCBFFF1FFBB6FF47" box="[847,1041,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref12393" refString="Salari, L., Rolfo, M. F. & Petronio, C. (2014) The Late Pleistocene Apennine chamois from Grotta Mora Cavorso (Simbruini Mountains, Central Italy). Rivista Italiana Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 120, 381 - 408." type="journal article">
|
||
Salari
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FC69FF11FC6DFF47" box="[921,970,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) finally confirmed the autochthony of the Apennine taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E36836FCFF87C423FF37FF57FDDAFC52" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">
|
||
The taxonomy of southern chamois (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF87C423FD99FF69FD5FFF0F" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" box="[617,760,225,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FD99FF69FD5FFF0F" box="[617,760,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">R. pyrenaica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF87C423FCC1FF69FC3AFF0F" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1899" box="[817,925,225,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Rupicapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FCC1FF69FC3AFF0F" box="[817,925,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">R. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has several points in common with those of some southern hare species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF87C423FE14FE8DFCDCFEEB" authority="De Winton, 1898" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1898" box="[484,891,260,285]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corsicanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FE14FE8DFD0DFEEB" box="[484,682,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">Lepus corsicanus</emphasis>
|
||
De Winton, 1898
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF87C423FC48FE8DFA93FEEB" authority="Palacios, 1977" authorityName="Palacios" authorityYear="1977" box="[952,1332,260,285]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castrovejoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FC48FE8DFB27FEEB" box="[952,1152,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">Lepus castrovejoi</emphasis>
|
||
Palacios, 1977
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first limited to Central and Southern Italy and including Sicily, the latter endemic to the Northern Iberian Peninsula. The two taxa belong to an ancient lineage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF87C423FD83FEC5FCB4FE92" box="[627,787,332,357]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FD83FEC5FCB4FE92" box="[627,787,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">Lepus timidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like hares formerly found in southern Europe. They are clearly closely related, and it has been proposed on the basis of mtDNA and/or nuclearDNA to unite them into a single species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FEBCFE1CFD85FE5B" box="[332,546,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref6480" refString="Alves, P. C., Melo-Ferreira, J., Branco, M., Suchentrunk, F., Ferrand, N. & Harris, J. (2008) Evidence for genetic similarity of two allopatric European hares (Lepus corsicanus and L. castroviejoi) inferred from nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, 1191 - 1197. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2007.11.010" type="journal article">
|
||
Alves
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FE6CFE1DFE74FE5A" box="[412,467,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FD6EFE1CFC6BFE5B" box="[670,972,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref6677" refString="Angelici, F. M. & Luiselli, L. (2007) Range, dynamic biogeography and ecological interactions of two species: Lepus corsicanus and Lepus europaeus in Italy. Wildlife Biology, 13, 251 - 257." type="journal article">Angelici & Luiselli 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ignoring the morphological evidence:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FF67FE3FFEEEFE27" box="[151,329,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref11821" refString="Palacios, F. (1996) Systematics of the indigenous hares of Italy traditionally identified as Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778 (Mammalia: Leporidae). Bonner Zoolologische Beitrage, 46, 59 - 91." type="journal article">Palacios (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had previously discussed their close plylogenetic affinity but decided to treat them as separate species because of the unique enamel structure of P/
|
||
<quantity id="242F9B19FF87C423FD05FE54FC87FE02" box="[757,800,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF87C423FCD9FE55FC03FE03" authorityName="Palacios" authorityYear="1977" box="[809,932,477,500]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castrovejoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FCD9FE55FC03FE03" box="[809,932,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">castrovejoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF87C423FBB2FE55FB7CFE03" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1898" box="[1090,1243,477,500]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corsicanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FBB2FE55FBF6FE03" box="[1090,1105,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FB92FE55FB7CFE03" box="[1122,1243,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">corsicanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Italy shows a clear geographic structure in both molecular and morphometric data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FC3BFE77FB64FDEF" box="[971,1219,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref12053" refString="Pierpaoli, M., Riga, F., Trocchi, V. & Randi, E. (1999) Species distinction and evolutionary relationships of the Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus) as described by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Molecular Ecology, 8, 1805 - 1817." type="journal article">
|
||
Pierpaoli
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FBCEFD89FBD3FDEF" box="[1086,1140,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FB23FE77FA30FDEF" box="[1235,1431,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref12104" refString="Riga, F., Trocchi, V. & Toso, S. (2001) Morphometric differentiation between the Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus De Winton, 1898) and European brown hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778). Journal of Zoology London, 253, 241 - 252." type="journal article">
|
||
Riga
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FAE3FD89FAEEFDEF" box="[1299,1353,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FF67FDACFE24FDCA" box="[151,387,548,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref11114" refString="Mengoni, C., Mucci, N. & Randi, E. (2015) Genetic diversity and no evidences of recent hybridization in the endemic Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus). Conservation Genetics, 16, 477 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10592 - 014 - 0674 - 0" type="journal article">
|
||
Mengoni
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FEF4FDADFE90FDCA" box="[260,311,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with the Sicilian population appearing quite distinctive. This brief summary highlights not only the unique history of the mammal fauna of the island of Sicily, and unequivocal conservation implications (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FF67FDE4FE1EFD73" box="[151,441,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref9300" refString="Gippoliti, S. & Amori, G. (2002) Mammal diversity and taxonomy in Italy: implications for conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation, 10, 33 - 44." type="journal article">Gippoliti & Amori 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it further underscores the essential role of taxonomy as the foundation of both comparative biology research and conservation policies. Indeed,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D74D7FFF87C423FC78FD19FBE9FD5F" authorityName="de Winton" authorityYear="1898" box="[904,1102,657,680]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corsicanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FC78FD19FBE9FD5F" box="[904,1102,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">Lepus corsicanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been excluded from the latest edition of the National IUCN Red List (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FD51FD3CFC3EFD3B" box="[673,921,692,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref12325" refString="Rondinini, C., Battistoni, A., Peronace, V. & Teofili, C. (compilers) (2013) Lista Rossa dei Fertebrati italiani. Comitato Italiano IUCN e Ministero dell'Ambiente, Rome, 54 pp." type="book">
|
||
Rondinini
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FCEBFD3DFCEAFD3A" box="[795,845,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because of the healthy status of the Sicilian population, a decision that overlooks the conservation needs of the continental Italian population (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87464B0DFF87C423FAEDFD5FFE9FFCE3" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refId="ref6641" refString="Angelici, F. M. & Luiselli L. (2001) Distribution and status of the Apennine hare Lepus corsicanus in continental Italy and Sicily. Oryx, 35, 245 - 249." type="journal article">Angelici & Luiselli, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); this is yet another unfortunate result of the absence of a true taxonomic revision utilising the new and more abundant materials now available. As stressed by Cotterill
|
||
<emphasis id="D1A3EAEEFF87C423FC50FCA9FC7EFCCF" box="[928,985,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017), conservation policies should be embracing the insights into evolutionary history revealed by the refinement of taxonomic knowledge. A proactive strategy should incorporate this new taxonomic knowledge to mitigate the impacts of unprecedented global change on ecosystems and their dependent species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |