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<document id="66B59A8235187645CBB8E971D5B12F8F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3669.4.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4e032315-7633-4a99-9980-b3122c87cf41" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="221559" ID-ZooBank="B7BA9625-942A-4423-814C-D0D7BDFB875E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460633047511" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Victor, Benjamin C., Alfaro, Michael E. &amp; Sorenson, Laurie" docDate="2013" docId="03929C38FFF7FFD1CFE3FBD5F542FC52" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03669p570.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3669 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sagittalarva Victor" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="560" masterDocId="FFABE440FFF1FFD8CF74FFC3F760FFC7" masterDocTitle="Rediscovery of Sagittalarva inornata n. gen., n. comb. (Gilbert, 1890) (Perciformes: Labridae), a long-lost deepwater fish from the eastern Pacific Ocean: a case study of a forensic approach to taxonomy using DNA barcoding" masterLastPageNumber="570" masterPageNumber="551" pageNumber="557" updateTime="1698334733491" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="79E2967D6D2C0A61C4FDB6E8A6E6BDAC">Rediscovery of Sagittalarva inornata n. gen., n. comb. (Gilbert, 1890) (Perciformes: Labridae), a long-lost deepwater fish from the eastern Pacific Ocean: a case study of a forensic approach to taxonomy using DNA barcoding</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="634B442095619ADE9D05B63C44049556">Victor, Benjamin C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D7B3547FC0556624893221A9146D85CA">Alfaro, Michael E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="637E69CECA8EAE320D45FC9400CCC2AB">Sorenson, Laurie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6340D03C728259FE44FCF884586F2062">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B36F9320A7D3D684FDFE801C28405372">
<mods:date id="DFD9986ABC9EBB346D9833A42BCB9954">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="0E05BAF1A0CC4B585EAF2786DC3920A9" type="volume">
<mods:number id="629828E8E6BC488E882EA377555DA36F">3669</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2B552D4C6B5CF9BA8F1F5953D3A7CEBA">4</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="A09F50190D820EF62F1AF9D2552F7852">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="62D879DEBB43306FD13A7A62DBF4724C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3669.4.8</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BBD268C8AA7F4BDA74230171AC480E49" type="GBIF-Dataset">4e032315-7633-4a99-9980-b3122c87cf41</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9AE811F5E743BE9FE2A6B441E6906BE4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7B7971C499B7273813D5F7E3F29D4A54" type="Zenodo-Dep">221559</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03929C38FFF7FFD1CFE3FBD5F542FC52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6165496" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119569948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6165496" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03929C38FFF7FFD1CFE3FBD5F542FC52" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03929C38FFF7FFD1CFE3FBD5F542FC52" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="560" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">
<subSubSection id="C3217EA5FFF7FFDECFE3FBD5F333FBAB" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF7FFDECFE3FBD5F6BDFBF7" blockId="6.[151,477,1046,1072]" box="[151,477,1046,1072]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">
<heading id="D0CC9A42FFF7FFDECFE3FBD5F6BDFBF7" bold="true" box="[151,477,1046,1072]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECFE3FBD5F6BDFBF7" bold="true" box="[151,477,1046,1072]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF7FFDECFE3FBD5F61EFBF7" ID-CoL="7BN9" authority="Victor" authorityName="Victor" box="[151,382,1046,1072]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Sagittalarva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECFE3FBD5F649FBF7" bold="true" box="[151,297,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Sagittalarva</emphasis>
Victor
</taxonomicName>
, n. gen.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF7FFDECFE3FB94F333FBAB" blockId="6.[151,1107,1110,1133]" box="[151,1107,1110,1133]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">
<typeStatus id="5480938CFFF7FFDECFE3FB94F7A8FBAB" box="[151,200,1111,1132]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF7FFDECE52FB94F5C0FBAA" authority="Gilbert, 1890" authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="1890" box="[294,672,1110,1133]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Sagittalarva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECE52FB94F560FBAA" box="[294,512,1111,1133]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Sagittalarva inornata</emphasis>
(Gilbert, 1890)
</taxonomicName>
, Baja California,
<collectingCountry id="F32C6DBEFFF7FFDECC27FB95F4C4FBAB" box="[851,932,1110,1132]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Mexico</collectingCountry>
; here designated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3217EA5FFF7FFDECFE3FB55F2E3F971" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF7FFDECFE3FB55F6D4F9EB" blockId="6.[151,1437,1174,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECFE3FB55F671FB68" bold="true" box="[151,273,1174,1199]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Dorsal rays IX,12; anal rays III,12; pectoral rays 13 (12 plus uppermost rudimentary ray); lateral-line continuous, inclined sharply downward below soft portion of dorsal fin, the pored scales 27, canals on scales with a single pore; head naked except for a set of small scales on each side of nape forward of the dorsal-fin origin; scales on thorax much smaller than body scales; jaws with a single pair of enlarged canine teeth at the front of the upper jaw (one tooth per side) and a single pair at the front of the lower jaw (one tooth per side) which fit between the upper pair when the mouth is closed; teeth behind enlarged canines in a regular row of caniniform to conical teeth; no posterior canine at the corner of the mouth; posterior half of upper lip with a dorsal fleshy flap, variably developed; 10+6 gill rakers, larger ones serrated and branched; snout long and pointed, snout length
<quantity id="4CC380CBFFF7FFDECB8BFA4AF210FA66" box="[1279,1392,1417,1441]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.508999999999999" metricValueMax="8.636" metricValueMin="8.382" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" unit="in" value="3.3499999999999996" valueMax="3.4" valueMin="3.3">3.3–3.4 in</quantity>
HL for fish over
<quantity id="4CC380CBFFF7FFDECE53FA6FF616FA03" box="[295,374,1452,1476]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
SL (
<quantity id="4CC380CBFFF7FFDECEDFFA6FF69AFA03" box="[427,506,1452,1476]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5344" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" unit="in" value="3.36">3.36 in</quantity>
<typeStatus id="5480938CFFF7FFDECD75FA6FF508FA03" box="[513,616,1452,1476]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
); body slender, depth of body
<quantity id="4CC380CBFFF7FFDECCC3FA6FF348FA03" box="[951,1064,1452,1476]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1811" metricValueMax="1.1938" metricValueMin="1.1683999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" unit="in" value="4.65" valueMax="4.7" valueMin="4.6">4.6–4.7 in</quantity>
SL for fish over
<quantity id="4CC380CBFFF7FFDECB92FA6FF254FA03" box="[1254,1332,1452,1476]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
SL (
<quantity id="4CC380CBFFF7FFDECA1DFA6FF7CDFA21" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16078" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" unit="in" value="4.57">4.57 in</quantity>
<typeStatus id="5480938CFFF7FFDECFC1FA0DF67AFA21" box="[181,282,1486,1510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, “depth 5 2/
<quantity id="4CC380CBFFF7FFDECEDCFA0DF6B3FA21" box="[424,467,1486,1510]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
length” in Gilbert (1890) must refer to TL); body very compressed, body width 9.0- 10.5% SL; dorsal-fin spines pungent, first spine shortest, subsequent spines and rays progressively longer; caudal fin only slightly rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF7FFDECFB3F9F5F2E3F971" blockId="6.[151,1437,1174,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">
Mid to late-stage larvae (
<quantity id="4CC380CBFFF7FFDECE92F9F5F533F989" box="[486,595,1590,1614]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="7.0">7–14 mm</quantity>
SL) slender, flattened, and dart-shaped with marked horizontal symmetry (symmetrical above and below the lateral midline); forehead low and straight; mouth small, terminal, and at the level of the lateral midline; snout long and sharply pointed; melanophore pigment limited to the tip of the upper and lower jaws and a few small melanophores along the edge of the caudal-fin and posterior dorsal and anal-fin membranes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3217EA5FFF7FFDECFB3F901F375F8D9" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF7FFDECFB3F901F375F8D9" blockId="6.[151,1437,1174,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECFB3F901F62EF91D" bold="true" box="[199,334,1730,1754]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Etymology.</emphasis>
The name
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF7FFDECEB8F902F536F91E" box="[460,598,1729,1753]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Sagittalarva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECEB8F902F536F91E" box="[460,598,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Sagittalarva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
derives from the combination of
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECCBBF901F37BF91E" box="[975,1051,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">sagitta</emphasis>
, arrow or dart in Latin, and
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECA2EF902F2F5F91E" box="[1370,1429,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">larva</emphasis>
, originally ghost or mask in Latin and first applied to immature forms by Linnaeus, referring to the unusual dartshaped larva of the Cape Wrasse; both nouns and the combination are feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3217EA5FFF7FFD1CFB3F8E9F542FC52" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="560" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF7FFDFCFB3F8E9F564FEF8" blockId="6.[151,1437,1174,2037]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,319]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="558" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECFB3F8E9F65BF885" bold="true" box="[199,315,1834,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Remarks.</emphasis>
A single pair of enlarged canines at the tip of each of the upper and lower jaws with no canine at the corner of the jaw and rows of caniniform to conical teeth along the jaws (
<figureCitation id="130031ABFFF7FFDECC93F88EF349F8A2" box="[999,1065,1869,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,246,1351,1374]" captionTargetBox="[203,1389,357,1338]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[203,1390,337,1339]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Radiograph of the head of the holotype of Sagittalarva inornata (USNM 44273) showing a single pair of enlarged canines at the front of the upper and lower jaws followed by rows of caniniform to coniform teeth, courtesy Sandra Raredon, USNM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221560/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) separates
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF7FFDECBD9F88EF257F8A2" box="[1197,1335,1869,1893]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Sagittalarva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECBD9F88EF257F8A2" box="[1197,1335,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Sagittalarva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other New World julidines as well as from
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF7FFDECDE4F8B2F45BF84E" box="[656,827,1905,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Pseudojuloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECDE4F8B2F45BF84E" box="[656,827,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Pseudojuloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All western Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF7FFDECB34F8B2F3A8F84E" box="[1088,1224,1905,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECB34F8B2F3A8F84E" box="[1088,1224,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Halichoeres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ in having a prominent canine at the corner of the jaw and all but two have two pairs of enlarged canines in the lower jaw (
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF7FFDECAF5F855F643F816" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculipinna">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECAF5F855F643F816" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">H. maculipinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its Brazilian sibling have only a single pair of enlarged canines at the lower jaw). Most eastern Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF7FFDECF9AF81EF616F832" box="[238,374,2013,2037]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF7FFDECF9AF81EF616F832" box="[238,374,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="557">Halichoeres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have the canine at the corner of the jaw and the exceptions have two pairs of enlarged canines at the tip of the lower jaw (
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCD58FF5AF45CFF68" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" box="[556,828,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notospilus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCD58FF5AF5A2FF77" box="[556,706,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">H. notospilus</emphasis>
(Günther)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCC3CFF5AF315FF68" authority="Gilbert, 1890" authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="1890" box="[840,1141,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adustus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCC3CFF5AF4A1FF77" box="[840,961,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">H. adustus</emphasis>
(Gilbert, 1890)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCBC7FF5AF636FF13" authority="Allen &amp; Robertson, 1992" authorityName="Allen &amp; Robertson" authorityYear="1992" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insularis">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCBC7FF5AF258FF77" box="[1203,1336,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">H. insularis</emphasis>
Allen &amp; Robertson, 1992
</taxonomicName>
) or more than a single enlarged pair at both the upper and lower jaw tips (
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCBAFFF7EF20EFF13" box="[1243,1390,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotis">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCBAFFF7EF20EFF13" box="[1243,1390,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">H. melanotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCAF5FF7EF624FF3F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCAF5FF7EF620FF3F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salmofasciatus">H. salmofasciatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCE08FF22F47FFF30" authority="Allen &amp; Robertson, 1992" authorityName="Allen &amp; Robertson" authorityYear="1992" box="[380,799,223,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malpelo">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCE08FF22F698FF3F" box="[380,504,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">H. malpelo</emphasis>
Allen &amp; Robertson, 1992
</taxonomicName>
; as well as
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCCD5FF23F3E1FF3F" box="[929,1153,224,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Oxyjulis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCCD5FF23F3E1FF3F" box="[929,1153,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">Oxyjulis californica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCA60FF23F2FBFF3F" box="[1300,1435,224,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Thalassoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCA60FF23F2FBFF3F" box="[1300,1435,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">Thalassoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not have a particularly enlarged pair of canines, while
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCC6EFEC7F4A5FEDB" box="[794,965,260,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Pseudojuloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCC6EFEC7F4A5FEDB" box="[794,965,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">Pseudojuloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have flattened chisel-like incisiform teeth behind a pair of canines (
<figureCitation id="130031ABFFF6FFDFCEC6FEE4F697FEF8" box="[434,503,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,2008,2031]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1443,1990]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,1443,1991]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Upper jaw of Pseudojuloides severnsi showing spatulate incisiform teeth behind canine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF447DA6FFF6FFDFCFE3FA84F2FCFABB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221560/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" targetBox="[203,1389,357,1338]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF6FFDFCFE3FA84F2FCFABB" blockId="7.[151,1436,1351,1404]" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCFE3FA84F671FA9A" bold="true" box="[151,273,1351,1374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Radiograph of the head of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCDB8FA8BF4FFFA99" box="[716,927,1352,1374]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Sagittalarva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCDB8FA8BF4FFFA99" box="[716,927,1352,1374]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">Sagittalarva inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 44273) showing a single pair of enlarged canines at the front of the upper and lower jaws followed by rows of caniniform to coniform teeth, courtesy Sandra Raredon, USNM.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF447DA6FFF6FFDFCFE3F81BF3F6F829" box="[151,1174,2008,2031]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" targetBox="[151,1436,1443,1990]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF6FFDFCFE3F81BF3F6F829" blockId="7.[151,1174,2008,2031]" box="[151,1174,2008,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCFE3F81BF673F829" bold="true" box="[151,275,2008,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Upper jaw of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF6FFDFCED1F81BF5F9F828" box="[421,665,2008,2031]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Pseudojuloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="severnsi">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF6FFDFCED1F81BF5F9F828" box="[421,665,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="558">Pseudojuloides severnsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing spatulate incisiform teeth behind canine.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF9FFD0CFB3FF54F645FE40" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">
There is some ambiguity in the literature for the pectoral fin-ray counts for eastern Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CBC2FF5BF25EFF77" box="[1206,1342,152,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CBC2FF5BF25EFF77" box="[1206,1342,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Halichoeres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, with counts of 12 or 13 inconsistently cited in descriptions and guides. All of the species were examined but
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CAF5FF7EF791FF3F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malpelo">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CAF5FF7EF791FF3F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">H. malpelo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and they all have 13 total rays (12 plus one upper rudimentary). The species description for
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CA69FF22F2FCFF3F" box="[1309,1436,224,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malpelo">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CA69FF22F2FCFF3F" box="[1309,1436,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">H. malpelo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also reports 13 pectoral rays (Allen &amp; Robertson 1992; 1994). In all species, the uppermost pectoral ray is a short unbranched ray, more obvious on smaller individuals and sometimes not grossly visible in adults. The next ray is typically the largest ray of the pectoral-fin series and should be counted as the second ray from the top (Randall &amp; Allen 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF9FFD0CFE3FE57F5CBFCFB" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">
The larvae of New World
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CEA8FE57F504FE6B" box="[476,612,404,428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CEA8FE57F504FE6B" box="[476,612,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Halichoeres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CDDCFE57F44FFE6B" box="[680,815,404,428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Thalassoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CDDCFE57F44FFE6B" box="[680,815,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Thalassoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species differ markedly in morphology from larval
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CFE3FE76F6ECFE0A" box="[151,396,437,461]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Sagittalarva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CFE3FE76F6ECFE0A" box="[151,396,437,461]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Sagittalarva inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They have relatively stout bodies that are not horizontally symmetrical, relatively short snouts, and different patterns of melanophores (Watson
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CC6BFE1BF43BFE29" box="[799,859,470,495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">et al.</emphasis>
1996; Beltrán-Leon &amp; Herrera 2000; Jones
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CA15FE1BF2FCFE29" box="[1377,1436,470,495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">et al.</emphasis>
2006; Victor 2012 and unpublished data) (
<figureCitation id="130031ABFFF9FFD0CD05FE34F5D5FDC8" box="[625,693,503,527]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,878,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,878,1866]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Larval labrids of the eastern Pacific Ocean: from top, Sagittalarva inornata 11.6 mm SL &amp; 8.3 mm SL, Halichoeres 13.1 mm SL, Thalassoma 10.2 mm SL (identified by DNA-barcode matching)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221562/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). None have melanophores on the head and the basic complement is melanophores on the membranes between adjacent fin rays in discrete patches spaced out along the length of the dorsal and anal fins. On most larval
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CD5BFDF8F5D7FD94" box="[559,695,571,595]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CD5BFDF8F5D7FD94" box="[559,695,571,595]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Halichoeres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there are three patches on the dorsal fin (front, mid, and rear) and two on the anal fin (front and rear).
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CD53FD9FF421FDB3" box="[551,833,604,628]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculipinna">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CD53FD9FF421FDB3" box="[551,833,604,628]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Halichoeres maculipinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae have only the rear patch on the dorsal and anal fins. Larval
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CE54FDBEF6C7FD52" box="[288,423,637,661]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Thalassoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CE54FDBEF6C7FD52" box="[288,423,637,661]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Thalassoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
generally have very few melanophores:
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CC06FDBDF30EFD52" authority="Bloch" authorityName="Bloch" box="[882,1134,637,661]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Thalassoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bifasciatum">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CC06FDBDF370FD52" box="[882,1040,637,661]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">T. bifasciatum</emphasis>
(Bloch)
</taxonomicName>
larvae have a patch on the membranes of the first few dorsal spines and isolated small edge melanophores along the rim of the dorsal, caudal, and anal fin membranes (these are similar to the melanophores on larval
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CCBFFD03F327FD1F" box="[971,1095,704,728]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Sagittalarva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CCBFFD03F327FD1F" box="[971,1095,704,728]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">S. inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Larvae of other
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CA60FD03F2FBFD1F" box="[1300,1435,704,728]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Thalassoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CA60FD03F2FBFD1F" box="[1300,1435,704,728]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Thalassoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the literature are typically shown with no melanophores, although the small fin-edge melanophores are present on well-preserved larvae of the eastern Pacific species and some western Pacific species as well (Victor 2012). It is likely that they occur on all
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CEA5FCE7F538FCFB" box="[465,600,804,828]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Thalassoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CEA5FCE7F538FCFB" box="[465,600,804,828]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Thalassoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF447DA6FFF9FFD0CFE3F89CF35BF853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221562/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" targetBox="[151,1436,878,1865]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF9FFD0CFE3F89CF35BF853" blockId="8.[151,1436,1887,1940]" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CFE3F89CF678F8B3" bold="true" box="[151,280,1887,1910]" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Larval labrids of the eastern Pacific Ocean: from top,
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CC0DF89CF339F8B2" box="[889,1113,1887,1909]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Sagittalarva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CC0DF89CF339F8B2" box="[889,1113,1887,1909]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Sagittalarva inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
11.6 mm SL &amp; 8.3 mm SL,
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CFE3F8BDF672F853" box="[151,274,1918,1940]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Halichoeres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CFE3F8BDF672F853" box="[151,274,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Halichoeres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
13.1 mm SL,
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF9FFD0CED6F8BDF57CF853" box="[418,540,1918,1940]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Thalassoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF9FFD0CED6F8BDF57CF853" box="[418,540,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="559">Thalassoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
10.2 mm SL (identified by DNA-barcode matching).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF447DA6FFF8FFD1CFE3FDE4F21FFDFA" box="[151,1407,551,574]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221563/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="560" targetBox="[151,1436,187,529]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF8FFD1CFE3FDE4F21FFDFA" blockId="9.[151,1407,551,574]" box="[151,1407,551,574]" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF8FFD1CFE3FDE4F672FDFA" bold="true" box="[151,274,551,574]" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Larva of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF8FFD1CE01FDE4F517FDF9" box="[373,631,551,574]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Pseudojuloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerasinus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF8FFD1CE01FDE4F517FDF9" box="[373,631,551,574]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">Pseudojuloides cerasinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Hawaii, identified by DNA-barcode matching, courtesy David Carlon.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B842D2EFFF8FFD1CFB3FDB1F542FC52" blockId="9.[151,1436,626,917]" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">
The larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF8FFD1CE1EFDB1F595FD4D" authority="Snyder" authorityName="Snyder" box="[362,757,626,650]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Pseudojuloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerasinus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF8FFD1CE1EFDB1F5EAFD4D" box="[362,650,626,650]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">Pseudojuloides cerasinus</emphasis>
(Snyder)
</taxonomicName>
have been identified by DNA-barcode matching (collected from Hawaii by David Carlon, pers. comm. and in BOLD project FLHI) as well as by morphology (Miller
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF8FFD1CA16FD56F2FCFD6B" box="[1378,1436,660,684]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
1979, as Labrid L3,
<quantity id="4CC380CBFFF8FFD1CE0FFD76F6B2FD0A" box="[379,466,693,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="560" unit="mm" value="7.2">7.2 mm</quantity>
SL). They differ markedly from
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF8FFD1CC31FD76F357FD0A" box="[837,1079,693,717]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Sagittalarva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF8FFD1CC31FD76F357FD0A" box="[837,1079,693,717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">Sagittalarva inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae, having a short upturned snout and some very different markings from other labrid larvae, in particular distinctive internal melanophores along myomere edges within the musculature of the rear body, in addition to patches of melanophores on the membranes between the last few dorsal and anal-fin rays (
<figureCitation id="130031ABFFF8FFD1CC5AFCDAF414FCF6" box="[814,884,793,817]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,551,574]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,187,529]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,187,530]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Larva of Pseudojuloides cerasinus from Hawaii, identified by DNA-barcode matching, courtesy David Carlon." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221563/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Bruce Mundy (pers.comm.) identified larval
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF8FFD1CAF3FCD9F663FC95" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Pseudojuloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerasinus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF8FFD1CAF3FCD9F663FC95" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">P. cerasinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his Hawaiian collections and found both the internal and fin-membrane melanophores as well as additional melanophores over the cranium and a complex pattern of erythrophores (usually lost in preservation) on fresh late-stage
<taxonomicName id="4C3B56ADFFF8FFD1CE3CFCBDF6AFFC52" box="[328,463,894,917]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Labridae" genus="Pseudojuloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerasinus">
<emphasis id="B94FF13CFFF8FFD1CE3CFCBDF6AFFC52" box="[328,463,894,917]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="560">P. cerasinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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