229 lines
28 KiB
XML
229 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="7C5A91A6D367139DB5233030504FE587" ID-DOI="10.1206/3879.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369087" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630262414329" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Rozen, Jerome G." docDate="2017" docId="03921522FFD84C0BFEC8FABEFDCE2A7E" docLanguage="en" docName="N3879.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2017 (3879)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3879.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Epicharis (Epicharoides) albofasciata Smith 1874" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFAB6D5AFFD74C19FF88FF9DFFCD287D" masterDocTitle="Larval Anatomies, Eggs, and Developmental Biologies of Centris bicornuta and Epicharis albofasciata (Apoidea: Apidae)" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1699202380926" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="2FBA97A55F6C5ECF4101AA782C4FE0AD">Larval Anatomies, Eggs, and Developmental Biologies of Centris bicornuta and Epicharis albofasciata (Apoidea: Apidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="30F1294D2ED8FE138FC82D860578AC9C">Rozen, Jerome G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A0D1C699BA2BC88721BA4A6C62B4A7A4">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="450CFF0F7AD1A230CE8B4E292307E1D0">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="33225E0297F00344979E59DB7E1CB23F" type="DOI">10.1206/3879.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03921522FFD84C0BFEC8FABEFDCE2A7E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03921522FFD84C0BFEC8FABEFDCE2A7E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03921522FFD84C0BFEC8FABEFDCE2A7E" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="C321F7BFFFD84C16FEC8FABEFC252D40" box="[320,1000,1315,1341]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFD84C16FEC8FABEFC252D40" blockId="15.[320,1000,1315,1341]" box="[320,1000,1315,1341]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="D0CC1358FFD84C16FEC8FABEFC252D40" allCaps="true" box="[320,1000,1315,1341]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
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EGG OF
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFD84C16FE2BFABEFC252D40" ID-CoL="6G39G" authority="SMITH" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1874" box="[419,1000,1315,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epicharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albofasciata" subGenus="Epicharoides">
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFD84C16FE2BFABEFDD32D40" box="[419,542,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">EPICHARIS</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFD84C16FDA6FABEFD152D40" box="[558,728,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">EPICHAROIDES</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFD84C16FD63FABEFC5E2D40" box="[747,915,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ALBOFASCIATA</emphasis>
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SMITH
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C321F7BFFFD84C16FDC9FAC6FD2A2D08" box="[577,743,1371,1397]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFD84C16FDC9FAC6FD2A2D08" blockId="15.[577,743,1371,1397]" box="[577,743,1371,1397]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="D0CC1358FFD84C16FDC9FAC6FD2A2D08" box="[577,743,1371,1397]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="7">Figures 27, 30</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C321F7BFFFD84C16FF14FA0EFBD82EC9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFD84C16FF14FA0EFCFC2DD0" blockId="15.[107,1215,1427,1792]" box="[156,817,1427,1454]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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DIAGNOSIS: See Diagnosis of egg of
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFD84C16FDC0FA09FD122DD0" box="[584,735,1427,1454]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFD84C16FDC0FA09FD162DD0" authorityName="Mocsary" authorityYear="1899" box="[584,731,1427,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Centris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornuta">C. bicornuta</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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above.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFD84C16FF14FA24FBD82EC9" blockId="15.[107,1215,1427,1792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">DEScRIPTION: Specimens uniformly pale cream color. Chorion minutely reticulate at least at ends; under SEM, chorion strongly reticulate with pronounced elevated boundaries (fig. 30). Overall shape of egg elongate, gently curved, tending to be parallel sided (fig. 27), but some slightly swollen at one end; rounded at both ends. Length 2.8–3.5 mm; maximum diameter 0.7–0.9 mm (sample of 10 of 31). Micropyle not evident without SEM examination, but with SEM micropylar area identified with small mound surrounded by converging reticular boundaries (fig. 30); micropyle openings obscure; egg polarity not evident without SEM examination or embryo orientation.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C321F7BFFFD84C0BFF14F95DFDCE2A7E" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFD84C16FF14F95DFEFF2F7D" blockId="15.[107,1215,1427,1792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<materialsCitation id="3B53AE69FFD84C16FF14F95DFEE32F7D" collectingDate="1968-03-02" collectionCode="R" collectorName="B. L. Rozen" country="Trinidad and Tobago" location="Hollis Reservoir" municipality="Valencia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="31" specimenCount-egg="31">
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MATERIAL STUDIED:
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<specimenCount id="9D3D6FBDFFD84C16FE1DF95DFE222EA6" box="[405,495,1728,1755]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="egg">31 eggs</specimenCount>
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:
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFD84C16FE74F95DFDBD2EA7" bold="true" box="[508,624,1728,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<collectingCountry id="F32CE4A4FFD84C16FE74F95DFDA62EA7" box="[508,619,1728,1754]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<location id="8EE4F2EFFFD84C16FDFFF95DFCFB2EA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03921522FFD84C0BFEC8FABEFDCE2A7E:8EE4F2EFFFD84C16FDFFF95DFCFB2EA7" box="[631,822,1728,1754]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" municipality="Valencia" name="Hollis Reservoir" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hollis Reservoir</location>
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near
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BE03E4EFFD84C16FCF1F95DFC122EA7" box="[889,991,1728,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Valencia</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<date id="FF8582F4FFD84C16FC64F95DFBA82EA7" box="[1004,1125,1728,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1968-03-02">
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<collectingDate id="EFC17B1CFFD84C16FC64F95DFBA82EA7" box="[1004,1125,1728,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1968-03-02">III-2-1968</collectingDate>
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</date>
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(J.G.
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<collectionCode id="ED2A3CF1FFD84C16FB2AF95DFB752EA7" box="[1186,1208,1728,1754]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</collectionCode>
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. and
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<collectorName id="26CEC1E2FFD84C16FF29F97BFEEB2F7D" box="[161,294,1766,1792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B.L. Rozen</collectorName>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFC64C08FFE4FF7CFBCB29A6" blockId="17.[108,1214,225,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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orient for defecation and/or for adult emergence. One wonders whether traction against the smooth, waxlike surface to the cell wall of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FDD9FE9AFD3E295C" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1874" box="[593,755,263,289]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epicharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FDD9FE9AFD3E295C" box="[593,755,263,289]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. albofasciata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FC8AFE9AFC59295C" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[770,916,263,289]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref8808" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 2016. Nesting biology of the solitary bee Epicharis albofasciata (Apoidea: Apidae: Centridini). American Museum Novitates 3869: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2016">Rozen, 2016</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 14) will eventually be the explanation. More difficult to evaluate are differences in certain structures related to perception. Antennal papillae project in the case of
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FDEDFECFFD34291C" box="[613,761,336,364]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FDEDFECFFD3D2916" authorityName="Mocsary" authorityYear="1899" box="[613,752,337,364]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Centris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornuta">C. bicornuta</taxonomicName>
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<superScript id="7C4E097CFFC64C08FD78FECDFD34291C" attach="left" box="[752,761,336,353]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3</superScript>
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</emphasis>
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as do all of its palpi, in contrast to these structures of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FE8EFEEAFE6729EC" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1874" box="[262,426,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epicharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FE8EFEEAFE6729EC" box="[262,426,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. albofasciata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and its congeners whose larvae have been described (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FB95FEEAFB7F29EC" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1053,1202,374,401]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref8675" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1965. The larvae of the Anthophoridae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Part 1. Introduction, Eucerini, and Centridini (Anthophorinae). American Museum Novitates 2233: 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1965">Rozen, 1965</bibRefCitation>
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). The antennal papilla projects on none of its instars, and the palpi scarcely project at all. Perhaps observation of feeding larval representatives of the two genera will be revealing.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFC64C08FF14FE7AFBF52AC6" blockId="17.[108,1214,225,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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As indicated in the Introduction, a recent paper by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FC83FE7AFBF42A7F" author="Martins, A. C. & G. A. R. Melo" box="[779,1081,487,514]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="22 - 33" refId="ref8517" refString="Martins, A. C., and G. A. R. Melo. 2016. The New World oil-collecting bees Centris and Epicharis (Hymenoptera, Apidae): molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history. Zoologica Scripta, Royal Academy of Science 45: 22 - 33." type="journal article" year="2016">Martins and Melo (2016)</bibRefCitation>
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concluded that the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FE87FD91FE472A5B" authorityName="sensu Michener" authorityYear="2007" box="[271,394,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Centridini">Centridini</taxonomicName>
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as used by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FD9EFD91FD112A5B" author="Michener, C. D." box="[534,732,524,550]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref8605" refString="Michener, C. D., 2007. The bees of the world. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 953 pp." type="book" year="2007">Michener (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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was paraphyletic as evaluated through a detailed molecular study. One of the external reviewers of the current manuscript requested an evaluation that might support one or the other interpretation of the monopoly of the tribe. While it should be understood the purpose of this study was to explore the developmental larval anatomy of these two genera, the request of the reviewer seems appropriate:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFC64C08FF15FD5AFF092B7B" blockId="17.[108,1214,225,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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(1) Is there evidence supporting the monophyly of the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FCF3FD5AFF742B7B" authority="sensu Michener (2007)" authorityName="sensu Michener" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Centridini">
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Centridini sensu
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FBC4FD5AFF742B7B" author="Michener, C. D." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref8605" refString="Michener, C. D., 2007. The bees of the world. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 953 pp." type="book" year="2007">Michener (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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?
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFC64C08FF14FC8CFD4B2B2C" blockId="17.[108,1214,225,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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(2) Are there characters that support the combined genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FCD2FC8FFC602B51" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[858,941,786,812]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Centris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FCD2FC8FFC602B51" box="[858,941,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Centris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FC62FC8CFB992B56" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1807" box="[1002,1108,785,811]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epicharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FC62FC8CFB992B56" box="[1002,1108,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Epicharis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a distinct lineage, i.e., distinct at the level of tribe?
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B84A434FFC64C08FF14FCC1FBC22C76" blockId="17.[108,1214,225,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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The answer to the second question is brief: ability and anatomical modifications to spin cocoons could be a good tribal characteristic, but obviously is not necessarily so (e.g., in the Rophitinae (
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FF77FC3AFEB12BBF" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1869" box="[255,380,935,962]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
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) species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FD88FC3AFDA02BBC" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[512,621,935,961]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FD88FC3AFDA02BBC" box="[512,621,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dufourea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spine cocoons, those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FC02FC3AFBF42BBC" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1901" box="[906,1081,935,961]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Conanthalictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FC02FC3AFBF42BBC" box="[906,1081,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Conanthalictus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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do not); in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FFE4FC51FEB22B9A" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1897" box="[108,383,972,999]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FFE4FC51FEC32B9B" box="[108,270,972,998]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Anthophorula</emphasis>
|
||
(Apidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
some species of winter generations spine cocoon while those of the summer generation of the same species do not spin cocoons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FCCDFC6CFBCF2C76" author="Michener, C. D." box="[837,1026,1009,1035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref8605" refString="Michener, C. D., 2007. The bees of the world. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 953 pp." type="book" year="2007">Michener, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B84A434FFC64C08FF15FB8AFF272DB6" blockId="17.[108,1214,225,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The response to the first question is longer, in part because it introduces an anatomical character of corbiculate larvae that has gone unreported. Representatives of all corbiculate tribes (Euglossini, e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FE08FBFFFDDB2C06" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[384,534,1121,1148]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref8808" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 2016. Nesting biology of the solitary bee Epicharis albofasciata (Apoidea: Apidae: Centridini). American Museum Novitates 3869: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2016">Rozen, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 1, 6, 17, 27; Bombini, e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FC10FBFCFB9C2C01" author="Michener, C. D." box="[920,1105,1121,1148]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="987 - 1102" refId="ref8568" refString="Michener, C. D. 1953. Comparative morphology and systematic studies of bee larvae with a key to the families of hymenopterous larvae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 35: 987 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1953">Michener, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 248; Meliponini, e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FEB3FB1AFE342CDC" author="Michener, C. D." box="[315,505,1158,1185]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="987 - 1102" refId="ref8568" refString="Michener, C. D. 1953. Comparative morphology and systematic studies of bee larvae with a key to the families of hymenopterous larvae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 35: 987 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1953">Michener, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 266; and Apini, e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FCBBFB1AFC3D2CDC" author="Michener, C. D." box="[819,1008,1158,1185]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="987 - 1102" refId="ref8568" refString="Michener, C. D. 1953. Comparative morphology and systematic studies of bee larvae with a key to the families of hymenopterous larvae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 35: 987 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1953">Michener, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 275) as fifth larval instars exhibit mostly small, paired, usually pigmented, elevated dorsal tubercles bearing fine setae on the three thoracic segments (as well as of the first abdominal segment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FBC2FB4CFB612C96" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1098,1196,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Euglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FBC2FB4CFB612C96" box="[1098,1196,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Euglossa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Such tubercles are lacking in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FE72FB6AFD802D6C" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[506,589,1271,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Centris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FE72FB6AFD802D6C" box="[506,589,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Centris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FD0DFB6AFD222D6C" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1807" box="[645,751,1271,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epicharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FD0DFB6AFD222D6C" box="[645,751,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Epicharis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thereby separating the corbiculate taxa from the monophyletic tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FE4DFA81FD8E2D4B" authorityName="sensu Michener" authorityYear="2007" box="[453,579,1308,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Centridini">Centridini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These tubercles tend to become more pigmented the longer the specimen has been in the last instar, so that those of newly eclosed fifth instars tend to be only slightly pigmented. All tubercles are found on the posterior dorsolateral part in the same relative position on all thoracic segments on all corbiculate specimens, attesting to their homology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B84A434FFC64C08FF14FA4AFB732E46" blockId="17.[108,1214,225,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FF14FA4AFEF52D8C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[156,312,1495,1521]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mellifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FF14FA4AFEF52D8C" box="[156,312,1495,1521]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Apis mellifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(listed above as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FE7DFA4AFD662D8C" author="Michener, C. D." box="[501,683,1494,1521]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="987 - 1102" refId="ref8568" refString="Michener, C. D. 1953. Comparative morphology and systematic studies of bee larvae with a key to the families of hymenopterous larvae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 35: 987 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1953">Michener, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 275) is a notable exception in some ways. Its tubercles, though bearing scattered fine setae, are never naturally pigmented, although on specimens cleared and stained with Chlorazol Black E, tubercles are clearly identified. Those
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B84A434FFC64C0BFFE5F9EBFC36295F" blockId="17.[109,1212,1654,1766]" lastBlockId="18.[108,1213,225,515]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<superScript id="7C4E097CFFC64C08FFE5F9EBFFB82EF9" attach="left" box="[109,117,1654,1668]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3</superScript>
|
||
Although the antennal papilla of the mature larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FD20F9EBFC942EF3" authorityName="Mocsary" authorityYear="1899" box="[680,857,1654,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Centris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FD20F9EBFC942EF3" box="[680,857,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Centris bicornuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is conical and projecting (though small), the projecting shape is not a consistent characteristic for the genus as observed in various species whose larvae have been treated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC64C08FE4EF92CFD8A2EB5" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[454,583,1712,1737]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref8675" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1965. The larvae of the Anthophoridae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Part 1. Introduction, Eucerini, and Centridini (Anthophorinae). American Museum Novitates 2233: 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1965">Rozen, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Rozen and Buchmann, 1990). However, projecting palpi and galea are persistent features of all known mature
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC64C08FDF8F953FD752E98" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[624,696,1742,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Centris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC64C08FDF8F953FD752E98" box="[624,696,1742,1765]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Centris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae. of the pronotum are large and strongly transverse while those of the following thoracic segment are somewhat smaller than those of the pronotum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD9C5FFC54C0BFD44FE9AFC45295F" author="Michener, C. D." box="[716,904,263,290]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="987 - 1102" refId="ref8568" refString="Michener, C. D. 1953. Comparative morphology and systematic studies of bee larvae with a key to the families of hymenopterous larvae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 35: 987 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1953">Michener, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 275).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B84A434FFC54C0BFF15FEB0FDCE2A7E" blockId="18.[108,1213,225,515]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Because these tubercles have been identified in all recognized tribes of corbiculate bees for more than 50 years, they are a well-established, if little known, autapomorphy of mature corbiculate bee larvae. This character has not been detected in any other bee larva including those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC54C0BFF03FE03FF1329C5" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[139,222,414,440]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Centris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC54C0BFF03FE03FF1329C5" box="[139,222,414,440]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Centris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3BDFB7FFC54C0BFE94FE00FE4B29CA" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1807" box="[284,390,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epicharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94F7826FFC54C0BFE94FE00FE4B29CA" box="[284,390,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Epicharis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and thereby supports the recognition of the tribal status of these two genera, assuming that mature larvae of all species of these two genera will eventually be found to lack elevated thoracic tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |