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<document id="F92A141422152B9AB2443415328E710C" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5360.4.5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10084656" ID-ZooBank="EA1BE6F9-88E2-4357-895E-8ED415206592" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1698932936510" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Boxshall, Geoffrey A. &amp; Bernot, James P." docDate="2023" docId="03AFA377FFBEFFFDFF7A915EF542F913" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5360.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5360 (4)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5360.4.5/52133" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Caligus mebachii Marukawa 1927" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="561" masterDocId="FF96DB0FFFB1FFEDFFED9318F146FFDA" masterDocTitle="Resolving taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in the genus Caligus O. F. Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae)" masterLastPageNumber="567" masterPageNumber="545" pageNumber="560" updateTime="1701687868325" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="5658942EA3BC82FD55939F7B6F8115C3">Resolving taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in the genus Caligus O. F. Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C562546A31AAE69D8F9EAFAA950F1239">Boxshall, Geoffrey A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BFD3F6C440CD1996039304DD01834FBA">Bernot, James P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3FEB5C72C1FF69DDDB24AEB3FF87C7C8">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20560, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="C31C41EAFFBEFFE2FF7A915EF300FDBA" box="[151,582,582,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFBEFFE2FF7A915EF300FDBA" blockId="15.[151,582,582,609]" box="[151,582,582,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">
<heading id="D0F1A50DFFBEFFE2FF7A915EF300FDBA" bold="true" box="[151,582,582,609]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FF7A915EF300FDBA" ID-CoL="PKFR" authority="Marukawa, 1927" authorityName="Marukawa" authorityYear="1927" box="[151,582,582,609]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mebachii">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FF7A915EF300FDBA" bold="true" box="[151,582,582,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FF7A915EF02CFDBB" bold="true" box="[151,362,582,609]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Caligus mebachii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FE9F915FF300FDBA" author="Marukawa, H." box="[370,582,582,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31C41EAFFBEFFFDFF7A9197F542F913" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="561" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFBEFFE2FF7A9197F39CFC13" blockId="15.[151,1437,655,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FF7A9197F022FD73" author="Marukawa, H." box="[151,356,655,681]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa (1927)</bibRefCitation>
established
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FE1B9197F3C7FD73" authorityName="Marukawa" authorityYear="1927" box="[502,641,655,681]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mebachii">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FE1B9197F3C7FD73" box="[502,641,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">C. mebachii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on material collected from
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FBFE9197F437FD73" authority="(Lowe, 1839)" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[1043,1393,655,681]" family="Scombridae" genus="Thunnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obesus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FBFE9197F58CFD73" box="[1043,1226,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Thunnus obesus</emphasis>
(Lowe, 1839)
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FF7A91ABF04BFD17" authorityName="Marukawa" authorityYear="1927" box="[151,269,691,717]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mebachii">“mebachii</taxonomicName>
” in Japanese) caught in neritic waters of
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFBEFFE2FD0191ABF26AFD17" box="[748,812,691,717]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FCD191ABF504FD17" author="Nagasawa, K. &amp; Ashida, H. &amp; Sato, T." box="[828,1090,691,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref15414" refString="Nagasawa, K., Ashida, H. &amp; Sato, T. (2018) Caligid copepods parasitic on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, and bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, in the western North Pacific Ocean off central Japan, with a list of parasitic copepods of tunas (Auxis spp., Euthynnus affinis, Katsuwonus pelamis, and Thunnus spp.) in Japan (1894 - 2018). Nature of Kagoshima, 45, 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="2018">
Nagasawa
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FC5791ABF2B3FD17" box="[954,1013,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). The original description was an entry in the
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FEA991CFF3A7FD2A" box="[324,737,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">
Encyclopedia of the Fauna of
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFBEFFE2FD7091CFF3A7FD2A" box="[669,737,727,752]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Japan</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
and was very brief. This species has not been reported since, although the original description was reprinted in subsequent editions up to and including the final 1947 revised and enlarged edition (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FE659007F30EFCE3" author="Marukawa, H." box="[392,584,799,825]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="926 - 927" refId="ref15270" refString="Marukawa, H. (1947) Caligus mebachii Marukawa and Caligus longicaudatus Marukawa. In: Uchida, S. (Ed.), Revised edition of illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan, exclusive of Insects. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 926 - 927. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1947">Marukawa, 1947</bibRefCitation>
) and again in the 1956 abridged version for students. According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FAD89007F003FC87" author="Damkaer, D. M. &amp; Onbe, T." pageId="15" pageNumber="560" refId="ref13924" refString="Damkaer, D. M. &amp; Onbe, T. (2018) Droplets from the plankton net. A Biographical and Bibliographical History of Copepodology in Japan. World Association of Copepodologists, Washington, D. C., 137 pp." type="book" year="2018">Damkaer &amp; Onbé (2018)</bibRefCitation>
, Marukawa’s section on copepods was unchanged through all these editions, still reporting the new species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FEFC907FF02EFC5B" authorityName="O. F. Muller" authorityYear="1785" box="[273,360,871,897]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FEFC907FF02EFC5B" box="[273,360,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Caligus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It was included in the catalogue of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FCE2907FF286FC5B" box="[783,960,871,897]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FCE2907FF220FC5B" box="[783,870,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Caligus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FC3C907FF585FC5B" author="Margolis, L. &amp; Kabata, Z. &amp; Parker, R. R." box="[977,1219,870,897]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="1 - 117" refId="ref15173" refString="Margolis, L., Kabata, Z. &amp; Parker, R. R. (1975) Catalogue and synopsis of Caligus, a genus of Copepoda (Crustacea) parasitic on fishes. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 192, 1 - 117." type="journal article" year="1975">
Margolis
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FBAD907FF53CFC5B" box="[1088,1146,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
, 1975
</bibRefCitation>
) and was listed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FF7A9093F0DEFC7F" author="Nagasawa, K. &amp; Uyeno, D. &amp; Tang, D." box="[151,408,907,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="103 - 122" refId="ref15500" refString="Nagasawa, K., Uyeno, D. &amp; Tang, D. (2010) A checklist of copepods of the genus Caligus (Siphonostomatoida, Caligidae) from fishes in Japanese waters (1927 - 2010). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 65, 103 - 122." type="journal article" year="2010">
Nagasawa
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FEFD9093F00EFC7F" box="[272,328,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
in their annotated list of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FD419093F21CFC7F" box="[684,858,907,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FD419093F245FC7F" box="[684,771,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Caligus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
recorded from
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFBEFFE2FBE89093F503FC7F" box="[1029,1093,907,933]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Japan</collectingCountry>
and by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FB769093F4DAFC7F" author="Nagasawa, K. &amp; Ashida, H. &amp; Sato, T." box="[1179,1436,907,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref15414" refString="Nagasawa, K., Ashida, H. &amp; Sato, T. (2018) Caligid copepods parasitic on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, and bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, in the western North Pacific Ocean off central Japan, with a list of parasitic copepods of tunas (Auxis spp., Euthynnus affinis, Katsuwonus pelamis, and Thunnus spp.) in Japan (1894 - 2018). Nature of Kagoshima, 45, 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="2018">
Nagasawa
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FAF99093F40AFC7F" box="[1300,1356,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
in their list of parasitic copepods from tuna species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFBEFFE2FF2A90CBF572FA47" blockId="15.[151,1437,655,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">
Translated from the original Japanese, the original description states: “
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FC0B90CBF585FBCB" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">
Body flattened, translucent tinged with yellowish. Body length: female
<quantity id="4CFEBF84FFBEFFE2FE1990EEF30CFBCA" box="[500,586,1014,1040]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6-7 mm</quantity>
; male
<quantity id="4CFEBF84FFBEFFE2FD7E90EFF3ADFBCA" box="[659,747,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4-5 mm</quantity>
. Cephalothorax oval, separated from third
</emphasis>
[= fourth]
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FAAE90EFF3AAFB83" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">pediger. Fourth pediger wider than long and reduced, with leg 4, located in front of genital complex. Genital complex of female nearly quadrate, gonopore located anteriorly</emphasis>
[dubious character state];
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FBF09727F0BCFB1F" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">that of male widest at mid-length, slightly longer than wide, having four spiniform elements on each side. Abdomen two-segmented in both sexes; anal somite produced posteriorly. Caudal ramus nearly quadrate, with three plumose setae and one outer spine which is longer in male than in female</emphasis>
.” The descriptive text is accompanied by two illustrations (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFBEFFE2FB7F97B3F44DFB1F" box="[1170,1291,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1316,1340]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-98@16.[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, B, Dorsal habitus views of male (A) and “female” (B) Caligus mebachii Marukawa, 1927, illustration from the 1956 abridged edition of Marukawa (1947) [Copyright expired in 2008]; C, Anal somite and caudal rami of male Caligus coryphaenae Steenstrup &amp; Lütken, 1861, dorsal view using CLSM; D, Same, using light microscopy." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084673/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
), both dorsal habitus views, presumably of the male and female as identified by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FC7C97D7F518FB33" author="Marukawa, H." box="[913,1118,1231,1257]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa (1927)</bibRefCitation>
. We consider that these
<specimenCount id="9D00D9E8FFBEFFE2FA9F97D7F04AFAD7" count="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
are not conspecific. The smaller specimen (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFBEFFE2FCE497EBF225FAD7" box="[777,867,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1316,1340]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-98@16.[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, B, Dorsal habitus views of male (A) and “female” (B) Caligus mebachii Marukawa, 1927, illustration from the 1956 abridged edition of Marukawa (1947) [Copyright expired in 2008]; C, Anal somite and caudal rami of male Caligus coryphaenae Steenstrup &amp; Lütken, 1861, dorsal view using CLSM; D, Same, using light microscopy." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084673/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
) (presumably the male of Marukawa) exhibits an indentation in the lateral margin of the dorsal cephalothoracic shield that is characteristic of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FAF5960FF0CDFA8F" authority="Milne Edwards, 1840" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1840" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Euryphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FAF5960FF4DAFAEB" box="[1304,1436,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Euryphorus</emphasis>
Milne Edwards, 1840
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, this figured specimen clearly has a biramous leg 4 and lacks lunules (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FAF19623F195FAA3" author="Marukawa, H." pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa, 1927</bibRefCitation>
). This specimen appears to be a young male of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FD149647F5D1FAA3" authority="(Gerstaecker, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Gerstaecker" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[761,1175,1374,1401]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Euryphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachypterus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FD149647F2E8FAA3" box="[761,942,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">E. brachypterus</emphasis>
(Gerstaecker, 1853)
</taxonomicName>
, a common parasite of scombrids, including
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FE64969BF37BFA47" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[393,573,1411,1437]" family="Scombridae" genus="Thunnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obesus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FE64969BF37BFA47" box="[393,573,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Thunnus obesus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in Japanese waters (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FCC7969BF56EFA47" author="Nagasawa, K. &amp; Ashida, H. &amp; Sato, T." box="[810,1064,1411,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref15414" refString="Nagasawa, K., Ashida, H. &amp; Sato, T. (2018) Caligid copepods parasitic on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, and bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, in the western North Pacific Ocean off central Japan, with a list of parasitic copepods of tunas (Auxis spp., Euthynnus affinis, Katsuwonus pelamis, and Thunnus spp.) in Japan (1894 - 2018). Nature of Kagoshima, 45, 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="2018">
Nagasawa
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FC48969BF298FA47" box="[933,990,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFBEFFFDFF2A96BFF2FFFE9B" blockId="15.[151,1437,655,2013]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,321]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="561" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">
In contrast the larger specimen (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFBEFFE2FDD696BFF3D4FA1B" box="[571,658,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1316,1340]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-98@16.[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, B, Dorsal habitus views of male (A) and “female” (B) Caligus mebachii Marukawa, 1927, illustration from the 1956 abridged edition of Marukawa (1947) [Copyright expired in 2008]; C, Anal somite and caudal rami of male Caligus coryphaenae Steenstrup &amp; Lütken, 1861, dorsal view using CLSM; D, Same, using light microscopy." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084673/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
) has paired lunules and a 4-segmented uniramous leg 4 and clearly belongs to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FE6396D3F0A3FA3F" authorityName="O. F. Muller" authorityYear="1785" box="[398,485,1483,1509]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FE6396D3F0A3FA3F" box="[398,485,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Caligus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FD8596D3F272FA3F" author="Marukawa, H." box="[616,820,1483,1509]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa (1927)</bibRefCitation>
identified this specimen as the “female”, the internal structures figured within its genital complex suggest that it is a male containing developing spermatophores. The shape and general proportions of the genital complex and the short, clearly 2-segmented abdomen are also in accord with those of a male. The figure appears to show that the first exopodal segment of leg 3 is armed with a spine which is directed laterally and does not lie across the surface of the ramus as is typical for
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FBBE9543F44DF9AF" box="[1107,1291,1627,1653]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FBBE9543F5ECF9AF" box="[1107,1194,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Caligus</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
The unusual orientation of this spine is typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FDD29567F3B4F943" authorityName="Steenstrup &amp; Lutken" authorityYear="1861" box="[575,754,1663,1689]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coryphaenae">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FDD29567F3B4F943" box="[575,754,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">C. coryphaenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FCD19567F2BEF943" author="Ho, J. &amp; Lin, C. - L." box="[828,1016,1663,1689]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" refId="ref14546" refString="Ho, J. - s. &amp; Lin, C. - L. (2004) Sea Lice of Taiwan (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae). The Sueichan Press, Keelung, 388 pp." type="book" year="2004">Ho &amp; Lin, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: Fig. 81), also a common parasite of scombrids in Japanese waters, including
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FDB495BBF55DF967" authority="(Nagasawa et al., 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Nagasawa" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[601,1051,1699,1725]" family="Scombridae" genus="Thunnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obesus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FDB495BBF24DF967" box="[601,779,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Thunnus obesus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FCF495BBF555F967" author="Nagasawa, K. &amp; Ashida, H. &amp; Sato, T." box="[793,1043,1699,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref15414" refString="Nagasawa, K., Ashida, H. &amp; Sato, T. (2018) Caligid copepods parasitic on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, and bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, in the western North Pacific Ocean off central Japan, with a list of parasitic copepods of tunas (Auxis spp., Euthynnus affinis, Katsuwonus pelamis, and Thunnus spp.) in Japan (1894 - 2018). Nature of Kagoshima, 45, 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="2018">
Nagasawa
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FC7E95BBF28CF967" box="[915,970,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The body length for this specimen given by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FF1095DFF083F93B" author="Marukawa, H." box="[253,453,1735,1761]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa (1927)</bibRefCitation>
was
<quantity id="4CFEBF84FFBEFFE2FE1195DFF31EF93B" box="[508,600,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 mm</quantity>
and overlaps with the known body length of male
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FB6995DFF473F93B" authorityName="Steenstrup &amp; Lutken" authorityYear="1861" box="[1156,1333,1735,1761]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coryphaenae">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FB6995DFF473F93B" box="[1156,1333,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">C. coryphaenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, given as 4.5 to 6.0 mm by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBEFFE2FEB695F3F0B9F8DF" author="Kabata, Z." box="[347,511,1771,1797]" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" refId="ref14762" refString="Kabata, Z. (1979) Parasitic Copepoda of British fishes. The Ray Society, London, 468 pp." type="book" year="1979">Kabata (1979)</bibRefCitation>
. The configuration of the setae on the caudal ramus of male
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FB7395F3F416F8DF" authorityName="Steenstrup &amp; Lutken" authorityYear="1861" box="[1182,1360,1771,1797]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coryphaenae">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FB7395F3F416F8DF" box="[1182,1360,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">C. coryphaenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also unusual (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFBEFFE2FF139417F03DF8F3" box="[254,379,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1316,1340]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-98@16.[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, B, Dorsal habitus views of male (A) and “female” (B) Caligus mebachii Marukawa, 1927, illustration from the 1956 abridged edition of Marukawa (1947) [Copyright expired in 2008]; C, Anal somite and caudal rami of male Caligus coryphaenae Steenstrup &amp; Lütken, 1861, dorsal view using CLSM; D, Same, using light microscopy." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084673/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">Fig. 7C, D</figureCitation>
). There are 6 caudal setae, as typical for the genus; 3 long pinnate setae distally, 1 short inner seta and 2 short outer setae. The innermost long pinnate seta is located ventral to the other setae and is ornamented with two rows of pinnules, the pinnules along the inner margin of the seta are particularly long and densely set. The pinnule row along the outer margin does not lie in the same plane as the inner row and is set at about 150° relative to the inner row so it projects ventrolaterally rather than laterally. To the best of our knowledge, the broad extent of the pinnules on this inner distal seta is unique to male
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBEFFE2FC8694DBF558F807" authorityName="Steenstrup &amp; Lutken" authorityYear="1861" box="[875,1054,1987,2013]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coryphaenae">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBEFFE2FC8694DBF558F807" box="[875,1054,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="560">C. coryphaenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and this arrangement is visible in
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA1FFFDFF7A938FF030FF6B" author="Marukawa, H." box="[151,374,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa’s (1927)</bibRefCitation>
illustration of the “female” (cf.
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFA1FFFDFD1E938FF208FF6B" box="[755,846,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1316,1340]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-98@16.[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, B, Dorsal habitus views of male (A) and “female” (B) Caligus mebachii Marukawa, 1927, illustration from the 1956 abridged edition of Marukawa (1947) [Copyright expired in 2008]; C, Anal somite and caudal rami of male Caligus coryphaenae Steenstrup &amp; Lütken, 1861, dorsal view using CLSM; D, Same, using light microscopy." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084673/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
). However,
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA1FFFDFC36938FF5FDFF6B" author="Marukawa, H." box="[987,1211,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa’s (1927)</bibRefCitation>
figure includes the outlines of two elongate structures originating on the genital complex which we presume represent egg sacs. We suspect that these structures, which are not the correct proportions for egg sacs, were added to the drawing perhaps to indicate the presumed sex of the specimen. We, therefore, tentatively conclude that Marukawa’s “female” is a male of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFF1E923FF0E3FE9B" authorityName="Steenstrup &amp; Lutken" authorityYear="1861" box="[243,421,295,321]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coryphaenae">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFF1E923FF0E3FE9B" box="[243,421,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">C. coryphaenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which was mistakenly identified as the female.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7942E9FFA1FFFDFF75963CF5DBFA5E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10084673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084673/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" startId="16.[152,255,1316,1340]" targetBox="[215,1373,345,1293]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFA1FFFDFF75963CF5DBFA5E" blockId="16.[151,1436,1316,1412]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFF75963CF05CFAE6" bold="true" box="[152,282,1316,1340]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
A, B, Dorsal habitus views of male (A) and “female” (B)
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFC90963CF5AFFAE6" authority="Marukawa, 1927" authorityName="Marukawa" authorityYear="1927" box="[893,1257,1316,1340]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mebachii">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFC90963CF577FAE6" box="[893,1073,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Caligus mebachii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA1FFFDFBD4963CF5AFFAE6" author="Marukawa, H." box="[1081,1257,1316,1340]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, illustration from the 1956 abridged edition of
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA1FFFDFE2C9650F33EFABA" author="Marukawa, H." box="[449,632,1352,1376]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" pagination="926 - 927" refId="ref15270" refString="Marukawa, H. (1947) Caligus mebachii Marukawa and Caligus longicaudatus Marukawa. In: Uchida, S. (Ed.), Revised edition of illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan, exclusive of Insects. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 926 - 927. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1947">Marukawa (1947)</bibRefCitation>
[Copyright expired in 2008]; C, Anal somite and caudal rami of male
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFAA09650F373FA5E" authority="Steenstrup &amp; Lutken, 1861" authorityName="Steenstrup &amp; Lutken" authorityYear="1861" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coryphaenae">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFAA09650F05CFA5E" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Caligus coryphaenae</emphasis>
Steenstrup &amp; Lütken, 1861
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view using CLSM; D, Same, using light microscopy.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFA1FFFDFF2A96CEF542F913" blockId="16.[151,1436,1494,1737]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">
The type material of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFE5E96CFF37DFA2A" authorityName="Marukawa" authorityYear="1927" box="[435,571,1494,1521]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mebachii">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFE5E96CFF37DFA2A" box="[435,571,1494,1521]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">C. mebachii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be traced and without it we cannot resolve the confusion surrounding the sex of the so-called “female”. The
<specimenCount id="9D00D9E8FFA1FFFDFD8F96E3F24AF9CE" box="[610,780,1530,1557]" count="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA1FFFDFC5F96E2F5C6F9CF" author="Marukawa, H." box="[946,1152,1530,1557]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa (1927)</bibRefCitation>
are effectively
<typeStatus id="54BDACC3FFA1FFFDFAD796E3F4DAF9CF" box="[1338,1436,1531,1557]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
and we here designate the male (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFA1FFFDFDE09506F321F9E3" box="[525,615,1566,1593]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1316,1340]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-98@16.[215,1373,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, B, Dorsal habitus views of male (A) and “female” (B) Caligus mebachii Marukawa, 1927, illustration from the 1956 abridged edition of Marukawa (1947) [Copyright expired in 2008]; C, Anal somite and caudal rami of male Caligus coryphaenae Steenstrup &amp; Lütken, 1861, dorsal view using CLSM; D, Same, using light microscopy." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084673/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
) as the
<typeStatus id="54BDACC3FFA1FFFDFD2C9506F26DF9E2" box="[705,811,1566,1592]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. Subsequent designation of a
<typeStatus id="54BDACC3FFA1FFFDFB929506F5A0F9E2" box="[1151,1254,1566,1592]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
by means of an illustration is permitted under Article 74.4. of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA1FFFDFAEC955BF4D6F987" author="ICZN &amp; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" box="[1281,1424,1603,1629]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" refId="ref14585" refString="ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN, 1999</bibRefCitation>
), even when the specimens can no longer be traced. The newly designated
<typeStatus id="54BDACC3FFA1FFFDFC26957EF574F95A" box="[971,1074,1638,1664]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFBBA957FF598F95A" authorityName="Marukawa" authorityYear="1927" box="[1111,1246,1638,1665]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mebachii">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFBBA957FF598F95A" box="[1111,1246,1638,1665]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">C. mebachii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is identifiable as a young male of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFEB89592F333F97E" baseAuthorityName="Gerstaecker" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[341,629,1674,1700]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Euryphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachypterus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFEB89592F333F97E" box="[341,629,1674,1700]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Euryphorus brachypterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and we formally propose to treat
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFC1E9592F43BF97F" authority="Marukawa, 1927" authorityName="Marukawa" authorityYear="1927" box="[1011,1405,1674,1701]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mebachii">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFC1E9592F5FEF97E" box="[1011,1208,1674,1700]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Caligus mebachii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA1FFFDFB529592F43BF97F" author="Marukawa, H." box="[1215,1405,1674,1701]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" pagination="1196 - 1244" refId="ref15224" refString="Marukawa, H. (1927) Copepoda. In: Hirase, S. (Ed.), Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-kan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1196 - 1244. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1927">Marukawa, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFE1495B6F2B9F913" authority="(Gerstaecker, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Gerstaecker" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[505,1023,1710,1737]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Euryphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachypterus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFE1495B6F25EF912" box="[505,792,1710,1736]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Euryphorus brachypterus</emphasis>
(Gerstaecker, 1853)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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