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<mods:title id="3D6CAE784081136B3FE87514CB061054">Resolving taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in the genus Caligus O. F. Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae)</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0F1A50DFFB0FFECFF7A9566F346F942" bold="true" box="[151,512,1662,1689]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="546" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB0FFECFF7A9566F346F942" ID-CoL="PK9P" authority="Kroyer, 1863" authorityName="Kroyer" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,512,1662,1689]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="546" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belones">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB0FFECFF7A9566F346F942" bold="true" box="[151,512,1662,1689]" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB0FFECFF7A9566F010F943" bold="true" box="[151,342,1662,1689]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Caligus belones</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB0FFECFEB39567F346F942" author="Kroyer, H." box="[350,512,1662,1689]" pageId="1" pageNumber="546" pagination="75 - 320" refId="ref14974" refString="Kroyer, H. (1863) Bidrag til Kundskab om Snyltekrebsene. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, series 3, 2, 75 - 320, pls. 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1863">Krøyer, 1863</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BB91261FFB0FFECFF7A95D8F45FF925" blockId="1.[151,1437,1728,2043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">
Material examined by
<collectionCode id="ED178AA4FFB0FFECFE7795D9F0F6F901" box="[410,432,1729,1755]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">R</collectionCode>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B6E183CFFB0FFECFE5095D9F453F925" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="F. Cressey &amp; Reg. No." country="Germany" location="Smithsonian Institution" municipality="river Elbe" pageId="1" pageNumber="546" specimenCode="USNM 180596" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="District of Columbia">
<collectorName id="26F377B7FFB0FFECFE5095D9F371F900" box="[445,567,1728,1755]" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">F. Cressey</collectorName>
:
<specimenCount id="9D00D9E8FFB0FFECFDA995D8F38EF900" box="[580,712,1728,1754]" count="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="546" type="female">One female</specimenCount>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB0FFECFCFC95D8F53BF900" authority="(Linnaeus, 1760)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1760" box="[785,1149,1728,1754]" family="Belonidae" genus="Belone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beloniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belone">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB0FFECFCFC95D8F2F5F900" box="[785,947,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Belone belone</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1760)
</taxonomicName>
caught in the
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDD881BFFB0FFECFAC995D8F4DEF900" box="[1316,1432,1728,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">river Elbe</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFB0FFECFF7A95FCF1B9F924" box="[151,255,1764,1790]" name="Germany" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Germany</collectingCountry>
and stored in the
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,
<collectingRegion id="49C2DC83FFB0FFECFD3695FCF2D8F924" box="[731,926,1764,1790]" country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Washington D.C.</collectingRegion>
, USA (
<collectorName id="26F377B7FFB0FFECFC0295FCF513F925" box="[1007,1109,1764,1791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Reg. No.</collectorName>
<specimenCode id="DBA0BA1AFFB0FFECFBB195FCF44BF925" box="[1116,1293,1764,1791]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="546" type="Museum">USNM 180596</specimenCode>
)
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFB0FFEFFF2A9410F444FEBF" blockId="1.[151,1437,1728,2043]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="547" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">
Supplementary Description: Genital complex of female about 1.2 times longer than wide and about 2.3 times longer than abdomen; genital complex with rounded posterolateral lobes; abdomen about 1.4 times longer than wide, with lateral swellings anterior to midlevel (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB0FFECFD939448F39EF8B0" box="[638,728,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Caudal rami about 1.6 times longer than wide. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB0FFECFA829448F1FEF854" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
) with irregularly tapering posterior process on proximal segment; subchela armed with 2 setae located proximally and near anterior margin. Postantennal process (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB0FFECFD5C9480F240F868" box="[689,774,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
) with small base and weakly curved tine. Posterior process of maxillule (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB0FFECFEDB94A4F0C8F80C" box="[310,398,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
) strongly tapering towards acute tip. Sternal furca with widely divergent tines (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB0FFECFADE94A4F4C8F80C" box="[1331,1422,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
). Second exopodal segment of leg 1 (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB0FFECFDD594F8F3D7F820" box="[568,657,2016,2042]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="546">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
) armed with 3 plumose setae along posterior margin; distal margin spines 1 to 3 each with accessory process; seta 4 more than twice as long as spine 1 and longer than segment. Leg 2 (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB3FFEFFF5993A3F04EFF0F" box="[180,264,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
) with outer margin of second endopodal segment ornamented with setule row; first and second exopodal segments armed with outer spines directed obliquely across surface of ramus; third segment armed with II, I, 5. First exopodal segment of leg 3 (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB3FFEFFE3E921BF363FEC7" box="[467,549,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
) lacking inner seta; armed with short, slightly curved, outer spine ornamented with narrow flange along lateral margin, spine not reaching articulation separating second and third segments. Leg 4 (
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB3FFEFFF599253F04DFEBF" box="[180,267,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">Fig. 1G</figureCitation>
) with 2-segmented exopod armed with I, IV spines, each with conspicuous pecten at base.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB91261FFB3FFEFFF75941EF442F898" blockId="2.[151,1436,1798,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB3FFEFFF75941EF05DF8C4" bold="true" box="[152,283,1798,1822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB3FFEFFECE941EF31EF8C4" authority="Kroyer, 1863" authorityName="Kroyer" authorityYear="1863" box="[291,600,1798,1823]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="2" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belones">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB3FFEFFECE941EF081F8C4" box="[291,455,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">Caligus belones</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB3FFEFFE3D941FF31EF8C4" author="Kroyer, H." box="[464,600,1798,1823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="547" pagination="75 - 320" refId="ref14974" refString="Kroyer, H. (1863) Bidrag til Kundskab om Snyltekrebsene. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, series 3, 2, 75 - 320, pls. 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1863">Krøyer, 1863</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB3FFEFFE979433F0FFF898" box="[378,441,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">in situ</emphasis>
, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFB3FFEEFF2A948CF5C0FEC7" blockId="2.[151,1436,1940,2039]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="548" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">
Remarks:
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB3FFEFFED7948CF0A8F874" authorityName="Kroyer" authorityYear="1863" box="[314,494,1940,1966]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="2" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belones">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB3FFEFFED7948CF0A8F874" box="[314,494,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">Caligus belones</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a complicated history. It was first described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB3FFEFFBDE948DF592F874" author="Kroyer, H." box="[1075,1236,1940,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="547" pagination="75 - 320" refId="ref14974" refString="Kroyer, H. (1863) Bidrag til Kundskab om Snyltekrebsene. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, series 3, 2, 75 - 320, pls. 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1863">Krøyer (1863)</bibRefCitation>
based on females collected from
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB3FFEFFEAC94A0F0A7F808" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1760" box="[321,481,1976,2002]" family="Belonidae" genus="Belone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beloniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="547" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belone">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB3FFEFFEAC94A0F0A7F808" box="[321,481,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">Belone belone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as “Hornfisk”) caught in
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFB3FFEFFCE194A0F23EF808" box="[780,888,1976,2002]" name="Denmark" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">Denmark</collectingCountry>
. Later
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB3FFEFFC2994A0F520F809" author="Wilson, C. B." box="[964,1126,1976,2003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="547" pagination="479 - 672" refId="ref17058" refString="Wilson, C. B. (1905) North American parasitic copepods belonging to the family Caligidae. Part 1. The Caliginae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 28, 479 - 672, pls. 5 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59333" type="journal article" year="1905">Wilson (1905)</bibRefCitation>
provided a redescription of a species he identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB3FFEFFE5594C5F369F82C" authorityName="Kroyer" authorityYear="1863" box="[440,559,2012,2039]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="2" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belones">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB3FFEFFE5594C5F369F82C" box="[440,559,2012,2039]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="547">C. belones</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but unfortunately Wilsons species has a 2-segmented exopod on leg 4 with a spine formula of I,
<collectionCode id="ED178AA4FFB2FFEEFE80938FF0CFFF6B" box="[365,393,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">III</collectionCode>
whereas
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB2FFEEFE1F938FF3C8FF6B" author="Kroyer, H." box="[498,654,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" pagination="75 - 320" refId="ref14974" refString="Kroyer, H. (1863) Bidrag til Kundskab om Snyltekrebsene. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, series 3, 2, 75 - 320, pls. 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1863">Krøyer (1863</bibRefCitation>
: pl. VII,
<figureCitation id="133D0EE4FFB2FFEEFD1D938FF27BFF6B" box="[752,829,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1798,1822]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,391,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-130@2.[151,1436,381,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 adult female (body length 5.7 mm). A, habitus, dorsal; B, antenna, postantennal process and maxillule in situ, ventral; C, sternal furca; D, leg 1; E, leg 2; F, exopod of leg 3; G, exopod of leg 4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10084658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10084658/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">Fig. 1e</figureCitation>
) shows the formula of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB2FFEEFBAD938FF5F1FF6B" authorityName="Kroyer" authorityYear="1863" box="[1088,1207,151,177]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belones">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFBAD938FF5F1FF6B" box="[1088,1207,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">C. belones</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as I, IV. The species described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB2FFEEFEC093A3F088FF0F" author="Wilson, C. B." box="[301,462,186,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" pagination="479 - 672" refId="ref17058" refString="Wilson, C. B. (1905) North American parasitic copepods belonging to the family Caligidae. Part 1. The Caliginae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 28, 479 - 672, pls. 5 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59333" type="journal article" year="1905">Wilson (1905)</bibRefCitation>
was renamed
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB2FFEEFD9C93A3F3A5FF0F" authorityName="Delamare Deboutteville &amp; Nunes-Ruivo" authorityYear="1958" box="[625,739,187,213]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFD9C93A3F3A5FF0F" box="[625,739,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">C. wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB2FFEEFCE093A3F460FF0F" author="Delamare Deboutteville, C. &amp; Nunes-Ruivo, L. P." box="[781,1318,186,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" pagination="215 - 235" refId="ref14114" refString="Delamare Deboutteville, C. &amp; Nunes-Ruivo, L. P. (1958) Copepodes parasites des poissons Mediterraneens. 4 e Serie. Vie et Milieu, 9, 215 - 235, figs. 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1958">Delamare Deboutteville &amp; Nuñes-Ruivo (1958)</bibRefCitation>
in a paper which provided a partial redescription of true
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFB2FFEEFD4993C7F25AFF23" authorityName="Kroyer" authorityYear="1863" box="[676,796,223,249]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="548" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belones">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFB2FFEEFD4993C7F25AFF23" box="[676,796,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="548">C. belones</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Other partial descriptions are available (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFB2FFEEFAC893C7F071FEC7" author="Cressey, R. F. &amp; Collette, B. B." pageId="3" pageNumber="548" pagination="347 - 432" refId="ref13780" refString="Cressey, R. F. &amp; Collette, B. B. (1970) Copepods and needlefishes: a study in host-parasite relationships. Fishery Bulletin, United States National Marine Fisheries Service, 68 (3), 347 - 432." type="journal article" year="1970">Cressey &amp; Collette, 1970</bibRefCitation>
) but none provides the detail needed for the development of the online key.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>