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<document id="81306900AFBF866708ADFEB37A84A1F6" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222930500102074" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5215648" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629276564122" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Broad, Gavin R. &amp; Shaw, Mark R." docDate="2005" docId="03AB8B53FFBED876FE22FB01FD45F95D" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.39.26.2389-2407.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 39 (26)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C.2:JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C" docStyleName="JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Apolophus borealis Townes 1971" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="2391" masterDocId="FF92F32BFFBDD872FFFBFFBAFFDAFFD4" masterDocTitle="The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species" masterLastPageNumber="2407" masterPageNumber="2389" pageNumber="2390" updateTime="1699065957635" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="7AF5D711F4EE342DF5C92E47683E95BA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="3D43A18D68ECDDE486879B343C48770E">
<mods:title id="EA3EA1C15410594E2E1320E2D3072A3E">The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="DA55C9D3C1D27AEB06120101B41F85D9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="277366228C5EE06E7B716D2E156688A5">
<mods:roleTerm id="26312F9AA67711FB1FCA306DA4AAB74A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E6FA414BB5D50B3A100A2CD2F1DC71F6">Broad, Gavin R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="508449AC79558D830C37CBFB10C52666" type="personal">
<mods:role id="84191E67C78BB4D12F92F3462E549F0B">
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<mods:namePart id="7FA035F04781EED94A7008E401EB9065">Shaw, Mark R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="4DDFDCC42BD74717ED176CC2FD9A6D95">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="424B1894C7404CD863CEC7D5C8D12C79" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="12D14F4467B8F77075D024433CBA2C64">
<mods:title id="77D876BB0A4FF6CC67A75BF1AB37D589">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="F576D44DDE746C535F1A8C663D591C42">
<mods:date id="97CA15ADF37EDC1455C366712456DFF9">2005</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="F44612728049D209FEAB56BAF06D4CAA" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="70ECA36696009F8A66A54695968B9233">2005-06-30</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="29D3A32E58694538A23B7ECA4A90B8E6" type="volume">
<mods:number id="CC7A5A04075C15F78F75082259821702">39</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="67AC4C853E2EDFCE8CC4BFED9C1CEF18" type="issue">
<mods:number id="7E0BA3DDCF346FB509D738CEEF7A0B7C">26</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="A0812BCB8AB215AC02326A845ED6BF40" unit="page">
<mods:start id="7529313D11DB66A6C4B925864E989169">2389</mods:start>
<mods:end id="567462948FACDA1EE6923993062AFB48">2407</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="829C16C0CCA6470EB5A209C39F079110">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="DB629B52EBC5FCCCADA0B1F070F40656">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="AAC2D6B41F8CBEFED7EB92C84C3E8789" type="DOI">10.1080/00222930500102074</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CF77C4E096234C919C8051B95521A955" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1A51B2AB6D89C2C89A3D842AEC81A7C3" type="Zenodo-Dep">5215648</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AB8B53FFBED876FE22FB01FD45F95D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB8B53FFBED876FE22FB01FD45F95D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB8B53FFBED876FE22FB01FD45F95D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="2391" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">
<subSubSection id="C31869CEFFBED871FE22FB01FCE2FB07" box="[473,824,1211,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFBED871FE22FB01FCE2FB07" blockId="3.[473,824,1211,1235]" box="[473,824,1211,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">
<heading id="D0F58D29FFBED871FE22FB01FCE2FB07" box="[473,824,1211,1235]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFBED871FE22FB01FCE2FB07" authority="Townes" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" box="[473,824,1211,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFBED871FE22FB01FD09FB07" bold="true" box="[473,723,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Apolophus borealis</emphasis>
Townes
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31869CEFFBED876FF86FAB6FD45F95D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="2391" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFBED871FF86FAB6FF3CFAF0" blockId="3.[125,230,1292,1316]" box="[125,230,1292,1316]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFBED871FF86FAB6FF3CFAF0" box="[125,230,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFBED871FF86FA86FF3EFA20" blockId="3.[125,1172,1340,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">
In the British fauna,
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFBED871FE83FA86FD98FA80" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" box="[376,578,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFBED871FE83FA86FD98FA80" box="[376,578,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Apolophus borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recognizable by the clypeus and face forming a continuous, moderately convex surface (
<figureCitation id="133926C0FFBED871FD9AFAE6FD1EFAA0" box="[609,708,1372,1396]" captionStart="Figures 2–5" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1050,1069]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-145@5.[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 2–5. Apolophus borealis ♀. (2) Head, lateral view, showing narrow mandible. (3) Head and fore leg, showing long malar space and foreshortened tarsal segments. (4) Metasomal apex, showing large hypopygium. (5) Whole insect, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5215652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5215652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Figure 2</figureCitation>
); thin mandibles with the lower tooth shorter than the upper (
<figureCitation id="133926C0FFBED871FE76FAC6FE2BFA40" box="[397,497,1404,1428]" captionStart="Figures 2–5" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1050,1069]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-145@5.[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 2–5. Apolophus borealis ♀. (2) Head, lateral view, showing narrow mandible. (3) Head and fore leg, showing long malar space and foreshortened tarsal segments. (4) Metasomal apex, showing large hypopygium. (5) Whole insect, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5215652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5215652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Figure 2</figureCitation>
); lower face elongate, with long malar space (
<figureCitation id="133926C0FFBED871FC02FAC6FB59FA40" box="[1017,1155,1404,1428]" captionStart="Figures 2–5" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1050,1069]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-145@5.[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 2–5. Apolophus borealis ♀. (2) Head, lateral view, showing narrow mandible. (3) Head and fore leg, showing long malar space and foreshortened tarsal segments. (4) Metasomal apex, showing large hypopygium. (5) Whole insect, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5215652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5215652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Figures 2, 3</figureCitation>
); quadrate areolet; triangular, fairly long hypopygium, reaching to the end of the metasoma (
<figureCitation id="133926C0FFBED871FF7EFA06FF30FA00" box="[133,234,1468,1492]" captionStart="Figures 2–5" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1050,1069]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-145@5.[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 2–5. Apolophus borealis ♀. (2) Head, lateral view, showing narrow mandible. (3) Head and fore leg, showing long malar space and foreshortened tarsal segments. (4) Metasomal apex, showing large hypopygium. (5) Whole insect, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5215652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5215652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Figure 4</figureCitation>
); and deep glymmae on the first tergite. The habitus of the genus is illustrated in
<figureCitation id="133926C0FFBED871FF86FA66FF05FA20" box="[125,223,1500,1524]" captionStart="Figures 2–5" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1050,1069]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-145@5.[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 2–5. Apolophus borealis ♀. (2) Head, lateral view, showing narrow mandible. (3) Head and fore leg, showing long malar space and foreshortened tarsal segments. (4) Metasomal apex, showing large hypopygium. (5) Whole insect, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5215652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5215652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Figure 5</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFBED871FF86F996FF14F990" blockId="3.[125,206,1580,1604]" box="[125,206,1580,1604]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFBED871FF86F996FF14F990" box="[125,206,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Biology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFBED871FF86F9E7FC3FF941" blockId="3.[125,1172,1629,1685]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">
<specimenCount id="9D04F1CCFFBED871FF86F9E7FF40F9A0" box="[125,154,1629,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
and 2
<emphasis id="B976E657FFBED871FF11F9E4FF26F9A1" box="[234,252,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">„</emphasis>
specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFBED871FE52F9E7FDFAF9A1" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" box="[425,544,1629,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFBED871FE52F9E7FDFAF9A1" box="[425,544,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">A. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were reared from pupae of
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFBED871FC8EF9E7FF36F941" authority="(Hubner)" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" class="Insecta" family="Schreckensteiniidae" genus="Schreckensteinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="festaliella">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFBED871FC8EF9E7FB4EF9A1" box="[885,1172,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Schreckensteinia festaliella</emphasis>
(Hübner)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFBED871FF06F9C7FE4BF941" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[253,401,1661,1685]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFBED871FE65F9C7FD5FF941" authorityName="T.B.Fletcher" authorityYear="1929" box="[414,645,1661,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Schreckensteiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Schreckensteiniidae</taxonomicName>
) collected as larvae on
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFBED871FC62F9C7FC07F941" box="[921,989,1661,1685]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFBED871FC62F9C7FC07F941" box="[921,989,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2390">Rubus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7D6ACDFFB9D876FEE5FC3CFBD5FC4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5215650" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5215650" box="[286,1039,902,921]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5215650/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" startId="4.[286,346,902,921]" targetBox="[180,1145,133,866]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFB9D876FEE5FC3CFBD5FC4D" blockId="4.[286,1039,902,921]" box="[286,1039,902,921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">
Figure 1. Propodeum of
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FDF0FC3CFD07FC4D" box="[523,733,902,921]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FDF0FC3CFD12FC4D" authorityName="Broad &amp; Shaw" authorityYear="2005" box="[523,712,902,921]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Synosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parenthesellae">Synosis parenthesellae</taxonomicName>
„
</emphasis>
, with carinae and areas marked.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFB9D876FF71FC62FE82FC24" blockId="4.[138,344,984,1008]" box="[138,344,984,1008]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FF71FC62FE82FC24" box="[138,344,984,1008]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFB9D876FF71FBB3FBA3FB56" blockId="4.[138,1185,1033,1154]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">
<collectingCountry id="F3157AD5FFB9D876FF71FBB3FF34FBF5" box="[138,238,1033,1057]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">England</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3157AD5FFB9D876FF00FBB3FEF0FBF5" box="[251,298,1033,1057]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">UK</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="9D04F1CCFFB9D876FECCFBB3FE8EFBF4" box="[311,340,1033,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="49C6F4A7FFB9D876FE9FFBB3FE0AFBF5" box="[356,464,1033,1057]" country="United Kingdom" name="Leicester" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Leicester</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="FFBC1C85FFB9D876FE26FBB3FD47FBF5" box="[477,669,1033,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" value="1973-09">September 1973</date>
(J. Owen) (AEI); 2
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FC78FBB3FC7CFBF4" box="[899,934,1033,1056]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">„„</emphasis>
,
<collectingRegion id="49C6F4A7FFB9D876FC4CFBB3FBFFFBF5" box="[951,1061,1033,1057]" country="United Kingdom" name="Cornwall" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Cornwall</collectingRegion>
, Marsland Mouth, SS2117, ex
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FE8DFB93FCD6FB95" authority="(Hubner)" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" box="[374,780,1065,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Schreckensteiniidae" genus="Schreckensteinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="festaliella">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FE8DFB93FD49FB95" box="[374,659,1065,1089]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Schreckensteinia festaliella</emphasis>
(Hübner)
</taxonomicName>
, coll.
<date id="FFBC1C85FFB9D876FCA9FB93FC28FB95" box="[850,1010,1065,1089]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" value="1998-06-14">14 June 1998</date>
, em.
<date id="FFBC1C85FFB9D876FBC9FB93FB7BFB95" box="[1074,1185,1065,1089]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" value="1998-07">July 1998</date>
(J. L. Gregory) (NMS);
<specimenCount id="9D04F1CCFFB9D876FE57FBF0FE12FBB5" box="[428,456,1098,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="49C6F4A7FFB9D876FE22FBF0FD9DFBB6" box="[473,583,1098,1122]" country="United Kingdom" name="Cornwall" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Cornwall</collectingRegion>
, Truro/Tregony, SW8844 ex
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FC53FBF0FBF7FBB6" box="[936,1069,1098,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Schreckensteiniidae" genus="Schreckensteinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="festaliella">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FC53FBF0FBF7FBB6" box="[936,1069,1098,1122]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">S. festaliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FBA6FBF0FF3EFB56" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fruticosa">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FBA6FBF0FF3EFB56" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Rubus fruticosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
agg., coll.
<date id="FFBC1C85FFB9D876FE9CFBD0FDE9FB56" box="[359,563,1130,1154]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" value="1998-10-11">11 October 1998</date>
, em.
<date id="FFBC1C85FFB9D876FD8EFBD0FC83FB56" box="[629,857,1130,1154]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" value="1998-11-26">26 November 1998</date>
(J. L. Gregory) (NMS).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFB9D876FF71FB01FF21FB07" blockId="4.[138,251,1211,1235]" box="[138,251,1211,1235]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FF71FB01FF21FB07" box="[138,251,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Comments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBD3A45FFB9D876FF71FB56FD45F95D" blockId="4.[138,1185,1260,1673]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">
Although
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FEF3FB56FE1FFAD0" author="Townes HK" box="[264,453,1260,1284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="1 - 372" refId="ref7623" refString="Townes HK. 1971. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 17: 1 - 372." type="journal article" year="1971">Townes (1971)</bibRefCitation>
had tentatively included it in
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FCA1FB56FC38FAD0" box="[858,994,1260,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2407" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Metopiinae">Metopiinae</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FC03FB56FB7BFAD0" author="Porter CC" box="[1016,1185,1260,1284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="1 - 234" refId="ref7346" refString="Porter CC. 1998. Guia de los generos de Ichneumonidae en la region neantarctica del sur de Sudamerica. Opera Lilloana 42: 1 - 234." type="journal article" year="1998">Porter (1998)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FEC6FAB6FE74FAF0" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" box="[317,430,1292,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FEC6FAB6FE74FAF0" box="[317,430,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Apolophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may belong in the Mesochorinae, and indeed the shape of the hypopygium and areolet are very mesochorine-like, with the configuration of the posterior end of the metasoma closely resembling that of
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FD4CFAF7FC86FAB1" authority="Wahl" authorityName="Wahl" authorityYear="1993" box="[695,860,1357,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Varnado" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FD4CFAF7FCCCFAB1" box="[695,790,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Varnado</emphasis>
Wahl
</taxonomicName>
(illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FBF5FAF7FB4EFAB1" author="Wahl DB" box="[1038,1172,1357,1381]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="371 - 387" refId="ref7713" refString="Wahl DB. 1993. Cladistics of the genera of Mesochorinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Systematic Entomology 18: 371 - 387." type="journal article" year="1993">Wahl 1993</bibRefCitation>
). However, as pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FE2AFAD7FD25FA51" author="Gauld ID &amp; Sithole R" box="[465,767,1389,1413]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="11 - 262" refId="ref7107" refString="Gauld ID, Sithole R. 2002. Subfamily Metopiinae. In: Gauld ID, Godoy C, Sithole R, Ugalde Gomez JA. Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 66: 11 - 262." type="journal article" year="2002">Gauld and Sithole (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, the fore and mid tarsal segments of
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FF71FA34FF21FA72" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" box="[138,251,1422,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FF71FA34FF21FA72" box="[138,251,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Apolophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are foreshortened (
<figureCitation id="133926C0FFB9D876FE18FA34FD9CFA72" box="[483,582,1422,1446]" captionStart="Figures 2–5" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1050,1069]" captionTargetBox="[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-145@5.[125,1173,133,1015]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 2–5. Apolophus borealis ♀. (2) Head, lateral view, showing narrow mandible. (3) Head and fore leg, showing long malar space and foreshortened tarsal segments. (4) Metasomal apex, showing large hypopygium. (5) Whole insect, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5215652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5215652/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Figure 3</figureCitation>
), as in
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FD58FA34FCF1FA72" box="[675,811,1422,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2407" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Metopiinae">Metopiinae</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FC94FA34FB7BFA72" author="Gauld ID &amp; Sithole R" box="[879,1185,1422,1446]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="11 - 262" refId="ref7107" refString="Gauld ID, Sithole R. 2002. Subfamily Metopiinae. In: Gauld ID, Godoy C, Sithole R, Ugalde Gomez JA. Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 66: 11 - 262." type="journal article" year="2002">Gauld and Sithole (2002)</bibRefCitation>
suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FEE5FA14FE54FA12" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" box="[286,398,1454,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FEE5FA14FE54FA12" box="[286,398,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Apolophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a rather plesiomorphic member of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FC82FA14FBD8FA12" box="[889,1026,1454,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2407" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Metopiinae">Metopiinae</taxonomicName>
. We can now confirm that
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FEDCFA75FE47FA33" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" box="[295,413,1487,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FEDCFA75FE47FA33" box="[295,413,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">A. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a primary larval–pupal parasitoid of
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FC8EFA75FBDCFA33" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[885,1030,1487,1511]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
, as are other metopiines. In addition to the previous British record (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FCE9FA55FC3FF9D3" author="Owen J &amp; Townes HK &amp; Townes M" box="[786,997,1519,1543]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="315 - 336" refId="ref7272" refString="Owen J, Townes HK, Townes M. 1981. Species diversity of Ichneumonidae and Serphidae (Hymenoptera) in an English suburban garden. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 16: 315 - 336." type="journal article" year="1981">Owen et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FC07FA55FBABF9D3" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" box="[1020,1137,1519,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FC07FA55FBABF9D3" box="[1020,1137,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">A. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has now been recorded from
<collectingCountry id="F3157AD5FFB9D876FE2BF9B5FD9AF9F3" box="[464,576,1551,1575]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3157AD5FFB9D876FDAFF9B5FD71F9F3" box="[596,683,1551,1575]" name="Austria" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3157AD5FFB9D876FD44F9B5FCCEF9F3" box="[703,788,1551,1575]" name="Poland" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Poland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3157AD5FFB9D876FCD3F9B5FCADF9F3" box="[808,887,1551,1575]" name="Russia" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3157AD5FFB9D876FC70F9B5FC32F9F3" box="[907,1000,1551,1575]" name="Ukraine" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="F3157AD5FFB9D876FB93F9B5FB7BF9F3" box="[1128,1185,1551,1575]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FF69F98AFEE5F99C" author="Townes HK" box="[146,319,1584,1608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="1 - 372" refId="ref7623" refString="Townes HK. 1971. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 17: 1 - 372." type="journal article" year="1971">Townes 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FEA8F98AFD49F99C" author="Yu DS &amp; Horstmann K" box="[339,659,1584,1608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="1 - 1558" refId="ref7738" refString="Yu DS, Horstmann K. 1997. A catalogue of world Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 58: 1 - 1558." type="journal article" year="1997">Yu and Horstmann 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FD5CF98AFCA1F99C" author="Horstmann K" box="[679,891,1584,1608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="69 - 103" refId="ref7152" refString="Horstmann K. 2001. Ichneumonidae. In: Dathe HH, Taeger A, Blank SM, editors. Verzeichnis der Hautfluger Deutschlands (Entomofauna Germanica 4). Beiheft 7: 69 - 103." type="journal article" year="2001">Horstmann 2001</bibRefCitation>
), whilst further, mostly undescribed, species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0241C6FFB9D876FE5EF9EAFDCFF9BC" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" box="[421,533,1616,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Apolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976E657FFB9D876FE5EF9EAFDCFF9BC" box="[421,533,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391">Apolophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known from South and Central America (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FBB9F9EAFF12F95D" author="Townes HK" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="1 - 372" refId="ref7623" refString="Townes HK. 1971. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 17: 1 - 372." type="journal article" year="1971">Townes 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FF2DF9CBFEBFF95D" author="Porter CC" box="[214,357,1649,1673]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="1 - 234" refId="ref7346" refString="Porter CC. 1998. Guia de los generos de Ichneumonidae en la region neantarctica del sur de Sudamerica. Opera Lilloana 42: 1 - 234." type="journal article" year="1998">Porter 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9347B4FFB9D876FE89F9CBFD49F95D" author="Gauld ID &amp; Sithole R" box="[370,659,1649,1673]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2391" pagination="11 - 262" refId="ref7107" refString="Gauld ID, Sithole R. 2002. Subfamily Metopiinae. In: Gauld ID, Godoy C, Sithole R, Ugalde Gomez JA. Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 66: 11 - 262." type="journal article" year="2002">Gauld and Sithole 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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