241 lines
30 KiB
XML
241 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="BD49E58051103469C99C8BD6A8083992" ID-CLB-Dataset="4338" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b3aeebb0-e3ac-4d28-b818-2078770d69b3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930615" ID-ZooBank="44180882-335E-41D2-AACA-F43358A82FDA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623444631624" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Arias-Penna, Diana Carolina, Pape, Thomas & Krogmann, Lars" docDate="2014" docId="03930216616F9F67FF47FEC8FE8CFA15" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03866p590.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3866 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Axima Walker 1862" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="584" masterDocId="FFAA7A6E616E9F66FFD0FFA7FD43FFC1" masterDocTitle="Stalk-eyed wasps-review of a largely unnoticed group of morphologically bizarre chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae: Axima)" masterLastPageNumber="590" masterPageNumber="583" pageNumber="584" updateTime="1699013551629" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="CF0B0013C2ED86A0116F14B3FD9A01E9">Stalk-eyed wasps-review of a largely unnoticed group of morphologically bizarre chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae: Axima)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C031412A48AA675E5B6E31FE10D37DD6" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="ABC5FFBE02C333348F2BE02A20C04C79">Arias-Penna, Diana Carolina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="045CF87851F57CC31FFC29505DA77B0F">Department of Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="028165C0BC16EE5CA1654BFF2FA187DF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9EA3C84E51A28813AF0C1FEABFD33A96">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CB1473060480F5EF40A09BA3D66AD258">Pape, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="269D4113A7C02D76A3BB715099AB927A">Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail: tpape @ snm. ku. dk</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="98A2DC8A36E92560CA8A3B6EAA27CA1C">Krogmann, Lars</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A3F1CC0836C04AFDE1697646031DB02E">State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Entomology, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="B9191AB5D518797131D4AC61063B1423">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1B0607E3F4EC05412336759558509D45">
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<mods:date id="172AF3A8CE91163D4FAC93E07F89F9FD">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="27ED107B9DF51A0E55494058F1D142BF">2014-09-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="957545398C2AAFED20352A0C66A7735B">3866</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03930216616F9F67FF47FEC8FE8CFA15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930799" ID-GBIF-Taxon="185471762" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930799" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03930216616F9F67FF47FEC8FE8CFA15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03930216616F9F67FF47FEC8FE8CFA15" lastPageNumber="584" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
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<subSubSection id="C320E08B616F9F67FF47FEC8FCC5FE49" box="[151,390,367,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B85B300616F9F67FF47FEC8FCC5FE49" blockId="1.[151,390,367,392]" box="[151,390,367,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
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<heading id="D0CD046C616F9F67FF47FEC8FCC5FE49" bold="true" box="[151,390,367,392]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FF47FEC8FCC5FE49" ID-CoL="36S9" ID-ENA="2868522" authority="Walker, 1862" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,390,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FF47FEC8FCC5FE49" bold="true" box="[151,390,367,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FF47FEC8FDA0FE49" bold="true" box="[151,227,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Axima</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FF3AFEC8FCC5FE49" author="Walker, F." box="[234,390,367,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="345 - 397" refId="ref5519" refString="Walker, F. (1862) Notes on Chalcidites, and characters of undescribed species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 11 (4), 345 - 397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1862. tb 01285. x" type="journal article" year="1862">Walker, 1862</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C320E08B616F9F67FF47FE1FFFB6FDCA" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B85B300616F9F67FF47FE1FF947FE0C" blockId="1.[151,1436,440,523]" box="[151,1028,440,462]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2A942E616F9F67FF47FE1FF947FE0C" box="[151,1028,440,462]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9B9511616F9F67FF47FE1FFCD8FE0F" author="Walker, F." box="[151,411,440,462]" page="373" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" year="1862">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FF47FE1FFCD8FE0F" ID-CoL="36S9" authority="Walker, 1862: 373" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="373" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,411,440,462]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FF47FE1FFD9BFE0F" box="[151,216,440,462]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Axima</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FF0EFE1FFCD8FE0F" author="Walker, F." box="[222,411,440,462]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="345 - 397" refId="ref5519" refString="Walker, F. (1862) Notes on Chalcidites, and characters of undescribed species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 11 (4), 345 - 397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1862. tb 01285. x" type="journal article" year="1862">Walker, 1862: 373</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54810DA2616F9F67FE74FE1FFC95FE0C" box="[420,470,440,461]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Type</typeStatus>
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species,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FDE3FE1FFE2DFE0F" ID-CoL="5VZ8L" authority="Walker, 1862" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[563,878,440,462]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifrons">
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<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FDE3FE1FFF9DFE0F" box="[563,734,440,462]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Axima spinifrons</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FD34FE1FFE2DFE0F" author="Walker, F." box="[740,878,440,462]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="345 - 397" refId="ref5519" refString="Walker, F. (1862) Notes on Chalcidites, and characters of undescribed species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 11 (4), 345 - 397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1862. tb 01285. x" type="journal article" year="1862">Walker, 1862</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85B300616F9F67FF47FE71FFB6FDCA" blockId="1.[151,1436,440,523]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2A942E616F9F67FF47FE71FFB6FDCA" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9B9511616F9F67FF47FE71FF2CFE2D" author="Yoshimoto, C. M. & Gibson, G. A. P." box="[151,623,470,492]" page="421" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" year="1979">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FF47FE71FF2CFE2D" ID-CoL="YQ5" authority="Yoshimoto & Gibson, 1979: 421" authorityName="Yoshimoto & Gibson" authorityPageNumber="421" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,623,470,492]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Aplatoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FF47FE71FC47FE2D" box="[151,260,470,492]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Aplatoides</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FEDEFE71FF2CFE2D" author="Yoshimoto, C. M. & Gibson, G. A. P." box="[270,623,470,492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="421 - 424" refId="ref5574" refString="Yoshimoto, C. M. & Gibson, G. A. P. (1979) A new genus of Eurytomidae (Chalcidoidea: Erytomidae, Aximinae) from Brazil. The Canadian Entomologist, 111 (4), 421 - 424. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 111421 - 4" type="journal article" year="1979">Yoshimoto & Gibson, 1979: 421</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
<typeStatus id="54810DA2616F9F67FDAEFE70FFF3FE2D" box="[638,688,471,492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FCC7FE71F85AFE2D" ID-CoL="FNNL" authority="Yoshimoto & Gibson, 1979" authorityName="Yoshimoto & Gibson" authorityYear="1979" box="[791,1305,470,492]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Aplatoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diabolus">
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<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FCC7FE71FEA6FE2D" box="[791,997,470,492]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Aplatoides diabolus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FC21FE71F85AFE2D" author="Yoshimoto, C. M. & Gibson, G. A. P." box="[1009,1305,470,492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="421 - 424" refId="ref5574" refString="Yoshimoto, C. M. & Gibson, G. A. P. (1979) A new genus of Eurytomidae (Chalcidoidea: Erytomidae, Aximinae) from Brazil. The Canadian Entomologist, 111 (4), 421 - 424. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 111421 - 4" type="journal article" year="1979">Yoshimoto & Gibson, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, by original designation. [Synonymy by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FE34FE52FFAEFDCA" author="Lotfalizadeh, H. & Delvare, G. & Rasplus, J. Y." box="[484,749,501,523]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="441 - 510" refId="ref5149" refString="Lotfalizadeh, H., Delvare, G. & Rasplus, J. Y. (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151 (3), 441 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00308. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
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Lotfalizadeh
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<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FDBBFE51FFDDFDCA" box="[619,670,501,523]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">et al.</emphasis>
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(2007)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
.]
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C320E08B616F9F67FF47FD90FE19FC8C" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8B85B300616F9F67FF47FD90FE19FC8C" blockId="1.[151,1436,567,1493]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FF47FD90FC52FD91" bold="true" box="[151,273,567,592]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Head distinctly broader than mesosoma and with small denticle or large projection on vertex laterally between scrobal depression and eye. Eye protruding, sometimes situated on tubular process. Face with interantennal region distinctly truncate. Anterior ocellus above scrobal depression. Gena carinate laterally. Anterior margin of pronotum carinate laterally; dorsomedially rounded with raised sculpture close to anterior pronotal margin, sometimes forming distinct spine. Dorsal surface of propodeum lying at approximately 45° angle with longitudinal axis of thorax. Propodeum extending beyond bases of metacoxae. Metasoma with long, slender petiole, and with compressed, smooth, lanceolate gaster having Mt2–Mt4 reduced and often patches of white setae on remaining terga (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FEA8FC93FF4FFC8C" author="Walker, F." box="[376,524,820,845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="345 - 397" refId="ref5519" refString="Walker, F. (1862) Notes on Chalcidites, and characters of undescribed species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 11 (4), 345 - 397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1862. tb 01285. x" type="journal article" year="1862">Walker 1862</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FDC7FC93FFD8FC8C" author="Burks, B. D." box="[535,667,820,845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref4604" refString="Burks, B. D. (1971) A synopsis of the genera of the family Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 97 (1), 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1971">Burks 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FD77FC93FE0DFC8C" author="DiGiulio, J. A." box="[679,846,820,845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="477 - 495" refId="ref4767" refString="DiGiulio, J. A. (1997) Chapter 13. Eurytomidae. In: Gibson, G. A. P., Huber, J. T. & Woolley, J. B. (Eds.), Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 477 - 495." type="book chapter" year="1997">DiGiulio 1997</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C320E08B616F9F67FF17FCF0FE8CFA15" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85B300616F9F67FF17FCF0FFFCFAA9" blockId="1.[151,1436,567,1493]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FF17FCF0FC0CFCB1" bold="true" box="[199,335,855,880]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" reason="1">Comments.</emphasis>
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||
Eight species of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FDFBFCFFFF31FCAE" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[555,626,856,879]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FDFBFCFFFF31FCAE" box="[555,626,856,879]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Axima</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
are known, including the new species described herein, which are restricted to the New World (
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<tableCitation id="C6B886BB616F9F67FDD9FCDBFF26FC54" box="[521,613,892,917]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Checklist of Axima species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF45E388616C9F64FF47FF3FFF7BFF6E" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" tableUuid="DF45E388616C9F64FF47FF3FFF7BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
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||
). Only three of these are characterized by stalked eyes, a unique morphological modification that led Yoshimoto & Gibson to establish a separate genus for
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<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FADCFC07F8D7FC79" authorityName="Yoshimoto & Gibson" authorityYear="1979" box="[1292,1428,928,952]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Aplatoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diabolus">
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<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FADCFC07F8D7FC79" box="[1292,1428,928,952]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">A. diabolus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FF47FC63FCFFFC1C" author="Lotfalizadeh, H. & Delvare, G. & Rasplus, J. Y." box="[151,444,964,989]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="441 - 510" refId="ref5149" refString="Lotfalizadeh, H., Delvare, G. & Rasplus, J. Y. (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151 (3), 441 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00308. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lotfalizadeh
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FEFDFC62FC22FC1D" box="[301,353,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FD99FC63FF88FC1D" authorityName="Yoshimoto & Gibson" authorityYear="1979" box="[585,715,964,988]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Aplatoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diabolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FD99FC63FF88FC1D" box="[585,715,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">A. diabolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a derived species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FBC3FC63F918FC1A" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[1043,1115,964,987]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FBC3FC63F918FC1A" box="[1043,1115,964,987]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Axima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and synonymized the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FF47FC4FFC4CFBC1" authorityName="Yoshimoto & Gibson" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,271,1000,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Aplatoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FF47FC4FFC4CFBC1" box="[151,271,1000,1024]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Aplatoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FE8DFC4FFCE6FC3E" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[349,421,1000,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FE8DFC4FFCE6FC3E" box="[349,421,1000,1023]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Axima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. So far no male stalk-eyed wasps have been found. Based on the results of a phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FDEDFBABFE19FBE4" author="Lotfalizadeh, H. & Delvare, G. & Rasplus, J. Y." box="[573,858,1036,1061]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="441 - 510" refId="ref5149" refString="Lotfalizadeh, H., Delvare, G. & Rasplus, J. Y. (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151 (3), 441 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00308. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lotfalizadeh
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FD01FBAAFE4AFBE5" box="[721,777,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed seven autapomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FB3AFBABF871FBE2" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[1258,1330,1036,1059]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FB3AFBABF871FBE2" box="[1258,1330,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Axima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (1) head transverse in frontal view, with protruding eyes; (2) lateral foraminal plate completely delimited laterally; (3) postgenal bridge without median stripe of ornamentation, and only a few digitiform expansions visible; (4) propodeum with elongate nucha; (5) metapleuron with ventral shelf very long; (6) petiole elongate and bent downwards posteriorly; and (7) Mt5 long. Initially,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FD31FB3BFE6AFB72" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[737,809,1180,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FD31FB3BFE6AFB72" box="[737,809,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Axima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was placed in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FBA6FB3BF9A4FB74" box="[1142,1255,1180,1205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aximinae">Aximinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this is now considered a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FE64FB18FE1EFB19" authority="(Stage & Snelling 1986)" baseAuthorityName="Stage & Snelling" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[436,861,1215,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eurytominae">
|
||
Eurytominae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FD83FB18FE16FB19" author="Stage, G. I. & Snelling, R. R." box="[595,853,1215,1240]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref5366" refString="Stage, G. I. & Snelling, R. R. (1986) The subfamilies of Eurytomidae and systematics of the subfamily Heimbrinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Contributions in Science, 375, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1986">Stage & Snelling 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Currently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FC0EFB67F989FB19" authority="Howard" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1890" box="[990,1226,1215,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zabriskiei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FC0EFB67F929FB19" box="[990,1130,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">A. zabriskiei</emphasis>
|
||
Howard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species for which biological information is associated. This species has been reared as solitary or gregarious ectoparasitoids of dwarf carpenter bees of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FCF3FAAFFEB7FAE1" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[803,1012,1287,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Ceratina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FCF3FAAFFEC4FADE" box="[803,903,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Ceratina</emphasis>
|
||
Latreille
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FB51FAAFF8DFFAE1" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1899" box="[1153,1436,1287,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Zadontomerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FB51FAAFF860FAE1" box="[1153,1315,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Zadontomerus</emphasis>
|
||
Ashmead
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FF4FFA8BFDB5FA84" box="[159,246,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Apidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FED3FA8BFCD7FA84" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[259,404,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Xylocopinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xylocopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FE7DFA8BFF0EFA84" author="Howard, L. O." box="[429,589,1324,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="366" refId="ref4994" refString="Howard, L. O. (1890) A North American Axima and its habits. Insect Life, 2, 366." type="journal article" year="1890">Howard 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FD8DFA8BFF8DFA84" author="Rau, P." box="[605,718,1324,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="380 - 397" refId="ref5331" refString="Rau, P. (1928) The nesting habits of the little carpenter-bee, Ceratina calcarata. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 21 (3), 380 - 397." type="journal article" year="1928">Rau 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FD0DFA8BFED7FA84" author="Krombein, K. V." box="[733,916,1324,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="29 - 36" refId="ref5120" refString="Krombein, K. V. (1960) Biological notes on some Hymenoptera that nest in sumach pith. Entomological News, 71, 29 - 36." type="journal article" year="1960">Krombein 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FC72FA8BF95DFA84" author="Peck, O." box="[930,1054,1324,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="5 - 1092" refId="ref5257" refString="Peck, O. (1963) A catalog of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 95, Supplement S 30, 5 - 1092. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 9530 fv" type="journal article" year="1963">Peck 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FBFCFA8BF9F7FA84" author="Burks, B. D." box="[1068,1204,1324,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="199 - 202" refId="ref4570" refString="Burks, B. D. (1966) The immature stages of Axima zabriskiei Howard (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae). Entomological News, 77 (7), 199 - 202." type="journal article" year="1966">Burks 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FB12FA8BF819FA84" author="Kislow, C. J." box="[1218,1370,1324,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" refId="ref5018" refString="Kislow, C. J. (1976) The comparative biology of two species of small carpenter bee, Ceratina strenua F. Smith and C. calcarata Robertson (Hymenoptera: Xylocopinae). PhD Thesis University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 442 pp." type="book" year="1976">Kislow 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The larval development was studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FDF3FAE8FFF9FAA9" author="Burks, B. D." box="[547,698,1359,1384]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="199 - 202" refId="ref4570" refString="Burks, B. D. (1966) The immature stages of Axima zabriskiei Howard (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae). Entomological News, 77 (7), 199 - 202." type="journal article" year="1966">Burks (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85B300616F9F67FF17FAD3FE8CFA15" blockId="1.[151,1436,567,1493]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">
|
||
The morphological distinctiveness of stalk-eyed wasps led us to treat them here in an informal species group within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FF3CFA3FFC77FA6E" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[236,308,1432,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FF3CFA3FFC77FA6E" box="[236,308,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Axima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e., the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FE60FA3FFCBBFA6E" authorityName="Subba Rao" authorityYear="1978" box="[432,504,1432,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noyesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FE60FA3FFCBBFA6E" box="[432,504,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">noyesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FD1DFA3FFE06FA71" authorityName="Yoshimoto & Gibson" authorityYear="1979" box="[717,837,1432,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Aplatoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FD1DFA3FFE06FA71" box="[717,837,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">Aplatoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABCEF1616F9F67FC5BFA30F98EFA71" author="Yoshimoto, C. M. & Gibson, G. A. P." box="[907,1229,1431,1456]" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" pagination="421 - 424" refId="ref5574" refString="Yoshimoto, C. M. & Gibson, G. A. P. (1979) A new genus of Eurytomidae (Chalcidoidea: Erytomidae, Aximinae) from Brazil. The Canadian Entomologist, 111 (4), 421 - 424. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 111421 - 4" type="journal article" year="1979">Yoshimoto & Gibson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for an extensive diagnosis) and treat the remaining species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3AC883616F9F67FD69FA1BFE6BFA15" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[697,808,1468,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Axima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="584" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E6F12616F9F67FD69FA1BFE6BFA15" box="[697,808,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="584">spinifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |