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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1195-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16" ID-ZooBank="617FBE9C72D1479D83361E9325D74B93" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1195-1" checkinTime="1710549612550" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gosik, Rafal, Caldara, Roberto, Tosevski, Ivo &amp; Skuhrovec, Jiri" docDate="2024" docId="8FBF961ADC5050CAA8262C05B88A8FA6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1195: 1-94" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1195" docPubDate="2024-03-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328" docTitle="Rhinusa linariae" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16" masterDocTitle="Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels" masterLastPageNumber="94" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1710549612550" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods id="A062982244C001A330630D1172F7A383" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="E82A2F5A04FEEB0045687700667AF86F">
<mods:title id="E8F840155A0DA287A275928CDCF0CC33">Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="4CD54DD8586D8FAE2AE23AEB10ECC9B1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D2DBD6B789141CEB4B7A1122368ADAEB">
<mods:roleTerm id="E654AF95CB5AFD1DCC30224F7D0FF3A3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8404FF84FF8F124DECB8CA6867CDAA8C">Gosik, Rafal</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E1146DDA4805DD7BC492D5AD26342846" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-4905</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="834A3DB2E499F83F9F4B3E27ED3CE090">Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20 - 033 Lublin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="C3F801E712BC40718D36F4294B1820A8">Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0388059657DA3A3F8C7A5460BD9BB505" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-7078</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="C8661EFC8102BFC393585778D64E0598">Via Lorenteggio 37, 20146 Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5CAF308B5F364503A6D2D71CA52A48CA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D218E092053A394D9053E3C5506968A2">
<mods:roleTerm id="058507B6B4DCDE17366592D27CF253E7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C29D278216857D1557A909941122FF19">Tosevski, Ivo</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DDD8A39B23DAE3F433875E7C44E08B5D" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-3151</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="B7BA7F65C46D85B9CC8724DAAC1CD6E2">CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland &amp; Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="801C111F39B602C35843DACDAB0BEF80" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BCCF72C61DEA21D8216BFC518DDE7D77">
<mods:roleTerm id="0AF0783BE75E75D29843319C4FB741A1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CEB7998F988304CA8E93EA2EF71F2F7C">Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="899F8F5F82BF46D6A3FDB939503D80D2" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-5990</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="DB2A56A9C897BBB4B825F35BB7885DF1">Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C4A6F08A9A002804D02460BD99D35AB9" type="email">jirislavskuhrovec@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="A4AB79C9FBC743E33D29521A48C815EB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B3F23A7A868B3F89283839252B1C17ED">
<mods:title id="87047D3E04B4AE97442B38377C6EF7C2">ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="BFE2415AD5E105C83AFCD436A431ABCC">
<mods:date id="CA5608450597295FBD4CB254AADB13BB">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="34F7B48196270B0B4D6CCB13416E7E2E" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="CB24426DCF279F16561407E9F9FB5A50">2024-03-14</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="C54A7C2880175EBF39D2CC00BEA01498" type="volume">
<mods:number id="EA6B4D8B787C6CE5B34813D95A772B57">1195</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="2A0534829CE83B570E8AE2A9320CA512" unit="page">
<mods:start id="29E0C95AAEB9406BBC21E7A09B4997E4">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="7F6981BF1291E5A77E97A0869EE55E60">94</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="D08FA07F9FC059A8FB95C2524FCD6BAA">
<mods:url id="E454BB51C9305893C9E75BAD4F216DCB">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="BF865F3E3E8A4FB12DEFF88385A2926D">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="464A235A7A987A11966E091595BB4F83" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7F7CE8EE922CB540939DF22A0B820693" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1195-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="83001F54FD02D68272F87757DA533695" type="ZooBank">617FBE9C72D1479D83361E9325D74B93</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5087A11100723A13E24BA37949EFB5BA" type="Pensoft-UUID">7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="8FBF961ADC5050CAA8262C05B88A8FA6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FBF961ADC5050CAA8262C05B88A8FA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8FBF961ADC5050CAA8262C05B88A8FA6" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="BEEF5445F55F46E4B98E68CCBF77D0F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B91B4F578A8E87E43D6AF71DC552AF94" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
5)
<taxonomicName id="082D3ED219BE39F6F1E85FD8CE73E353" ID-CoL="78TD9" LSID="8FBF961A-DC50-50CA-A826-2C05B88A8FA6" authority="(Panzer, 1796)" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa linariae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linariae">Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C8626661792A748646FEFE30FEE11FF1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B26D3A51977C8B6D13FC36495603066D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D1CD0FCA27080C3650B43B8C5D929C1B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
7 mature larvae;
<materialsCitation id="6ABB3D070A679FEEC1B7C5524448704B" collectingDate="2017-07-05" country="Serbia" determinerName="I. Tosevski." location="Didic" specimenCount="19" specimenCount-female="12" specimenCount-male="7">
<specimenCount id="B11811DD7F35781D48DE986367A669C1" count="7" type="male">7 ♂</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="0D3BB448A95A2E873AE08648988A54C9" count="12" type="female">12 ♀</specimenCount>
pupae.
<collectingCountry id="08F41DB884168498D798386173A87783" name="Serbia">Serbia</collectingCountry>
,
<normalizedToken id="999F1E0436106D10B581F069F535D267" originalValue="Didič">
<location id="6123B4A9BE8CDFD7ECDEA951CE909CE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FBF961ADC5050CAA8262C05B88A8FA6:6123B4A9BE8CDFD7ECDEA951CE909CE3" country="Serbia" name="Didic">Didic</location>
</normalizedToken>
, ex
<taxonomicName id="FD6D592C65E7CF0E43ACC8F89AC3C7A3" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria vulgaris" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="729A6176E8CFD0E26A7F41F4798423EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Linaria vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
galls,
<collectingDate id="8A89528A285A6D0F13BE97CB5C412E48" value="2017-07-05">05.07.2017</collectingDate>
, leg., det.
<determinerName id="2D8FD1133C3387EA0F76F714FEA4A353">
I.
<normalizedToken id="C73E9D3DD2FF6DA50EE3A375DB107F09" originalValue="Toševski">Tosevski</normalizedToken>
.
</determinerName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AF64663FE9232D9C9D0A5CDF83FA9BD7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="50E774F57D823F9468B459FB0D468D3D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of mature larva</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A125758C062F96FE0389948BC2734C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="F9492C65BC930D2823076236C602AE3A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figs
<figureCitation id="FEDC1B462766605D496DF29FD20019DB" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001249" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2B19B35BE0A39F9E9246F3B289F1631E" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22A-E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E79F418D7A263278043C5784791E8529" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A-C</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="6BC336BF4B892D69F5FC663E5A0F5A04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Measurements</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length: 2.33-4.30 (avg. 3.66). The widest place in the body (meso- and metathorax) measures up to 1.16. Head width: 0.46-0.53 (avg. 0.50).
</paragraph>
<caption id="46AD7C8EE3C570C7A8A2FD6E64B05039" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001249" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
<paragraph id="6D20A363F97CA128261AEE104B97A82D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="01FBD71EA006AAB3F5934B31C5E63288" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3B6C8EDB3B05ACA198878595520509BF" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa linariae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linariae">
<emphasis id="C76985BD82B93A99D0B374A29668A35C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa linariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Panzer, 1796) mature larva
<emphasis id="E24B3FD1387A8403C1A390B7DED9EB60" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
habitus
<emphasis id="EB778CAD7947B2B3DC286F88805CB0FD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
head, frontal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7E1FA7B80F2868492CAC746FB703938B" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 22" startId="F22">
<paragraph id="CB37BD80491BFD7F897255A273C7F3BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="AF424B5042C45B9B52C7DBC6D6EAF6A3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B2E200AB5BE5888CFAC9BD398401AFEB" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa linariae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linariae">
<emphasis id="FFCC2CE75C183E302E6B37AF79033F91" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa linariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts
<emphasis id="F12233F6CBC695757FB135AA40460F26" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
head
<emphasis id="118B0BA48530B07BAE232B7A40A9A3E4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
antenna
<emphasis id="2ADD9B8A3632C2AABBE02E80AA629766" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side)
<emphasis id="983B32B6A7D329B0827AE7F4F376A289" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
left mandible
<emphasis id="D8B9FEFC540614092947A46AA3D74329" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae:
<emphasis id="53D834126113697B787F7F60F5710D87" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">als</emphasis>
-anterolateral,
<emphasis id="6EB668AB4F9B7C801C43932D2C133667" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ams</emphasis>
-anteromedial,
<emphasis id="BFB0AB504D91F7CB6913BA36144B992E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cls</emphasis>
-clypeal,
<emphasis id="4FB1791B43D7FD4228625A9E2F62E389" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des</emphasis>
-dorsal epicranial,
<emphasis id="E16F309EFF74F61F5148E9E9D22B7E53" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dms</emphasis>
-dorsal malar,
<emphasis id="283FD3894A7B25FB56875237E34841C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs</emphasis>
-frontal epicranial,
<emphasis id="B14EE9DE6419AD0FE068271AF504011B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">les</emphasis>
-lateral epicranial,
<emphasis id="036621CD0A7247E55E17A4292E0F807D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ligs</emphasis>
-ligular,
<emphasis id="228FD7813434C534D790C3CDD3957563" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs</emphasis>
-labral,
<emphasis id="36250877AB0CDCC5CE4058F64E8AC906" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mbs</emphasis>
-malar basiventral,
<emphasis id="894D562BF369CC73C7E3FAA7352E71CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mds</emphasis>
-mandibular dorsal,
<emphasis id="7ECDA4345131E2C85455BC90390EDF42" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mpxs</emphasis>
-maxillary palp,
<emphasis id="5AAB8E1A4458E8AFFC4B242BD91C2273" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pes</emphasis>
-postepicranial,
<emphasis id="F536697A8B832E498C3885FC5E96B292" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pfs</emphasis>
-palpiferal,
<emphasis id="8444C94F9619D8DF9BD0FB02FACEEC3F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms</emphasis>
-postmental,
<emphasis id="A8C47F6D527AF27507E16A72D3252FE1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prms</emphasis>
-premental,,
<emphasis id="D805E97E7034A5865188B83D67AED1E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stps</emphasis>
-stipital,
<emphasis id="093EEF19817101D97AED050C085BE5CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ves</emphasis>
-ventral,
<emphasis id="494576C1E203A190071110A5FBAC4B74" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vms</emphasis>
-ventral malar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F847000CDA929C957EAA5C0A997F81B4" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
<paragraph id="77793FDFEDA887CD374F3BF191354BED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="9ADE5A3280373BCC68078C09A40EBE60" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="58BAC990F7F74FA8B6FBE42F4FC67E48" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa linariae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linariae">
<emphasis id="48F9C6696DED677BD9D96F92F39A1DF0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa linariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus
<emphasis id="B1B49FB5F4375BACE56C417E07C46842" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
lateral view of thoracic segments
<emphasis id="CF5333764A6CBB754A0439B5F59353E3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segment I
<emphasis id="D3CDFEEE585BAC992539081A13D0EFCB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1-3-number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1-10-number of abdominal seg, setae:
<emphasis id="17BCAFD6742E47284FC4D0AFD791C67C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
-alar,
<emphasis id="7897A5A51280F6AE3CCF510D96F3D081" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ds</emphasis>
-dorsal,
<emphasis id="C569B3C90CBE22E3804655EF430EF582" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
-eusternal,
<emphasis id="66D7268C5430A0B874239EAE5F379D60" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lsts</emphasis>
-laterosternal,
<emphasis id="7F183427F0CCAC9328DE1F489D6CFE3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pda</emphasis>
-pedal,
<emphasis id="F7A6E3E32653A8E55A8A35FAF6DDB2CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pds</emphasis>
-postdorsal,
<emphasis id="13D01D55BD465E7B195455962EF18A7D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prns</emphasis>
-pronotal,
<emphasis id="28890207B8AF06273162D9FF6E4172F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ss</emphasis>
-spiracular,
<emphasis id="0AFEEC1E34ECF5A9233E38920A5FD14A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
-pleural.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A0DF6CD2C6D163F7AB6082519E6C9ED8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="BE6B6DCC75DF5B486C733A254FC52480" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="279A28B5577499804D6AD583795D3CE6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">General</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Body elongate, slender, strongly curved, rounded in cross section (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1B05008EE418D1E1818EDA45FF7D9CBB" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001249" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A</figureCitation>
). All thoracic segments almost equal in size. Pronotal shield not pigmented. Meso- and metathorax each divided dorsally into two folds (prodorsal fold small, postdorsal prominent). Pedal folds of thoracic segments prominent, conical, and well isolated. Abdominal segments I-IV of similar size, as large as metathorax. Segments V-IX tapering towards posterior body end. Abdominal segments I-VI each divided dorsally into two variously sized folds: prodorsal small, postdorsal folds distinctly larger and much higher than prodorsal folds. Segments VII-IX dorsally undivided. Epipleural folds of segments I-VIII conical. Laterosternal and eusternal folds of segments I-VIII weakly isolated. Abdominal segment X divided into four folds of equal size. Anus situated ventrally, hidden inside ninth segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="465968A05B587D2AFE07709E3D06BE5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Thoracic and abdominal spiracles unicameral; thoracic spiracles (Figs
<figureCitation id="657FED18EDDB2776558F6C4FD26AB451" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001249" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="16C821A2F08DF58E906244A69DFD5437" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A</figureCitation>
) placed laterally close to mesothorax; abdominal spiracles (Figs
<figureCitation id="9FBAB28D0F1FED859B802EE8CC58E278" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001249" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="775D15594F3268C757E3931C3EDDA4B3" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23B, C</figureCitation>
) placed antero-laterally on segments I-VIII.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C135DADB8E4F7F3273D5F697DA5878E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="246B8C1EA4A7EB30115B5282096352A2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8B7444430183A3D3424731BF2909BB86" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colouration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Light yellow head (Fig.
<figureCitation id="727E37F86239CE7DAEC203EB3E340739" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001249" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21B</figureCitation>
). All thoracic and abdominal segments white (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5347BDDB42ECA71621AFD5E242A6CF73" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001249" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A</figureCitation>
). Cuticle covered with fine asperities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A716F954C437723ED28C428A5065EF96" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B832B2BC0BDF6A1FEA13F3C0FD3B9345" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="2CB37E7B968776C207929642E1AADEE8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vestiture</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Setae on body thin, transparent, different in length (very short or medium).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CAAF1A2109142C3AEEB046B5DA96B099" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1F2EF6D77BA5B363028C5243743E8637" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="ED7452F13B1D91337A21889FA78472D3" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001249" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F5ABF07B8F958C67A29DE3D6F11E5BB7" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22A</figureCitation>
). Head suboval, endocarinal line present, reaching to 2/3 length of frons. Frontal sutures on head indistinct, very wide. Two pairs of stemmata in the form of small dark spots (st) placed mediolaterally.
<emphasis id="0D84CA39DC74AB0A628A5BF11452C463" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Des1</emphasis>
short, located medially;
<emphasis id="590FD2906DF31042983C2A3ADDE6EABD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des2</emphasis>
long; long
<emphasis id="FFD19F91938BD3FC99CF37F91DF9CBA1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des3</emphasis>
located anteriorly on border of the frontal suture;
<emphasis id="65C4A4BB94B0C3EDC262C1AA5BF2AF69" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des4</emphasis>
absent; and
<emphasis id="1EED5D9AC36EE535518ABA4B4CFB02B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des5</emphasis>
long, located anterolaterally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="82161ADF74203F65F12EE796DCE9705B" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22A</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="F88E03C89C9EF432C34E53F4087A101A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fs1</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="4A0585D4008E290ECE6F9F74DF59E2ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs2</emphasis>
minute, located medially;
<emphasis id="2CE1DD381BCCD267FC9AED2EC354C573" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs3</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="54A498806F090264A63FA6CA619575FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs4</emphasis>
long, located anteriorly; and long
<emphasis id="113AFA4C6E08F73DCF5D1411F1FB4A9F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs5</emphasis>
located anterolaterally, close to antenna (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5352E4311234C797D2B7D0CBFFBDB9E7" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22A</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="93108607FF63358234147F4C5DFEE6BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Les1</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="A7BF65443C03E301B7B2B26DF207F6AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">les2</emphasis>
medium. Epicranial area with four
<emphasis id="184F7031B90ADD33AA7BEDE0AC4117B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pes</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CDC8B9044968358A7BA7C809602EC124" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="59FF253E33CC2AAC65CFACE02AF1E961" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antennae</emphasis>
placed distally of the frontal suture, on the inside; membranous and distinctly convex basal article bearing one conical elongate sensorium, plus three sensilla: two basiconica and single ampullacea (Fig.
<figureCitation id="76434CF6E41E243F51A74C353C27BD78" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6F125E988D9A60BB3022C1C02DF01459" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B6A2C8E9848C472D3C604B62F240F4F4" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Clypeus and labrum</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="C7AB6B9B43A1A500B41BC755B2EB2C37" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22C</figureCitation>
) completely fused, trapezoidal, 3
<normalizedToken id="A96DE79DCBEA7E6333D0B59E3C678A79" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long, with a single short
<emphasis id="59C3D9A711D1D575B077112919032CEA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cls</emphasis>
, localised posterolaterally; one sensillum posteromedially and single medium piliform
<emphasis id="5EF2217F7A43525363517233F5E8FACF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs</emphasis>
, located medially; anterior border sinuate. Epipharynx (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6D1090E03714024EB152502642534BF9" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22C</figureCitation>
) with two finger-like
<emphasis id="8C5084B1EF7F47EEF9FE5E2D747A67DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">als</emphasis>
and single piliform
<emphasis id="D5B433A67593FE19BA618D9759AF39A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ams</emphasis>
, all relatively elongated; labral rods (lr) rounded, placed close to the anterior border.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="338D1471EED11756F05A64575E948412" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A68B37205CBA7EC0F0CEB80AA393A1A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6B49896CB5D813B8B02930826AB3DA77" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth parts</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Mandibles (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3D5B661BA2D1DBC331FCA0EA430C7F8B" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22D</figureCitation>
) bifid, cutting edge with small protuberance; two piliform various in size
<emphasis id="BE4CFFBCFE83D038F19E3B1FD56EA8A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mds</emphasis>
, both located, close to lateral border. Maxillolabial complex: maxilla dark sclerotised (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B81C2F4F6B42FF959B1ADCC25CF9A976" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22E</figureCitation>
), stipes with one
<emphasis id="8C18EFB6AAB014A958D73A20A5BA0FCA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stps</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis id="A02456EFE8CFB7EA4FC17700E28F438D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pfs</emphasis>
, and one minute
<emphasis id="05DE2E7AD63EA9A4A0E3D1E0CAE3AF3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mbs</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="E81D647640C2E5DD6CAC62443809ADDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stps</emphasis>
, and both
<emphasis id="84BF6F42D4959D09E1658F11E93A59BB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pfs1-2</emphasis>
relatively short; mala with four finger-like
<emphasis id="99D065BED40E4F025381CE272C8FBD50" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dms</emphasis>
variable in length; three piliform
<emphasis id="3663FE79DEA4DFD8BBCA72A6EA71D653" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vms</emphasis>
, medium to short in length. Maxillary palpi two-segmented; basal palpomere distinctly wider than distal one; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres almost 1:1; basal palpomere with short
<emphasis id="D0C8E05853631059BCADCB92F85150B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mpxs</emphasis>
and single sensillum, distal palpomere with a group of five apical sensilla in terminal receptive area. Prementum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5CE1AF99764B5E7F7D0B98CDA6B4DDE0" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22E</figureCitation>
) oval-shaped, with one medium
<emphasis id="DEC70A2A4337F4213C5BE89035D492F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prms</emphasis>
; ligula with round margin and single medium
<emphasis id="9F0436C6C443F47E810FC3E13B6EC639" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ligs</emphasis>
; premental sclerite undefined, weakly sclerotised, without posterior extension. Labial palpi one-segmented, vestigial, visible only under great magnification (40
<normalizedToken id="AF26CEB91161BBEEFE192BB384B03AEB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
). Each terminal receptive area with a single apical sensilla. Postmentum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B70FA24BD4C82B992774ACA90B757B7E" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001250" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22E</figureCitation>
) with only two
<emphasis id="25D667327573DC756494D46AE4C78BFE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="FD7B032D39062D9B05BD1EBFFA1E5DC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms1</emphasis>
absent; medium
<emphasis id="848E0F45DCBD7D94D2BC771A6ED42C0B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms2</emphasis>
located mediolaterally, and relatively short
<emphasis id="56754703D27EBB22FE01BD71063598CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms3</emphasis>
located anterolaterally; membranous area covered with knobby processes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A7C66B835E3BB774FB1B91D1937B7D8D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D4BA976DEB314AACE95692FF2FB2B813" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="490D693F68F30D4CFD6938A6DA0BFDBA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Prothorax (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A1EE0168D3615B8BFA734DB56E799660" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A</figureCitation>
) with eigth medium
<emphasis id="A3C7320D84005190D7C133EFCD8A3E35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prns</emphasis>
, dorsal sclerite weakly visible; two medium
<emphasis id="3F0E66888E547211261685D5A7DE53E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
; and single short
<emphasis id="6865B8F7342CB2EFA47260569EB3E70A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
. Mesothorax (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F9AF64687208BDA4B9879A0E525D3079" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A</figureCitation>
) with one medium
<emphasis id="2AF14277BEFF4BBE346B71E786AB7D56" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pds</emphasis>
; one medium
<emphasis id="73134B6D5EDCA9B3CC26CB6DBC8A9ACE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
; two medium and single minute
<emphasis id="C9EB2038104494BB5332E32B7F6B5F95" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ss</emphasis>
; and one short
<emphasis id="56127DC6742EDA94791181D92C360615" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
. Chaetotaxy of metathorax (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8A7C199946FC5C404179194226DBA888" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A</figureCitation>
) almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of thoracic segments with five various in size
<emphasis id="98D4CFAC66EE57410DDFE2114ABF5688" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pda</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E70039EDAED022CD333F0604E1A0E9CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E768C1EFDF1EE0FC9B711E2A93A1F634" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="4CDBFD902AEBFE02DE85D12492A6EF1A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Segments I-VIII (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1423AFC38153B9D795CB2999BA30E2DF" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23B, C</figureCitation>
) with one medium
<emphasis id="46AD16AD574F62F9679F51567C53FB05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pds</emphasis>
; one medium
<emphasis id="AADB48CC891C5B1D7014B9BA3B8B4618" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ss</emphasis>
; one short
<emphasis id="CFD342D4E59C78FE38135E7C20762E97" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
; one short
<emphasis id="03F3F0771964DCA16198BBDE91C46861" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lsts</emphasis>
; and one short
<emphasis id="CE3AEA50FA4DD5B58D0A45D833E60C62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
. Abdominal segment IX (Fig.
<figureCitation id="743FDB92A7CC0DF3C0EBA9DDBD3A108A" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23C</figureCitation>
) with one medium
<emphasis id="EF9382438F65C39CCA58E939FAD6484A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ds</emphasis>
and two short
<emphasis id="76B3052427EF8276A216662B1924A021" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66C9EA81219273F5DF1B523AA2E154EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="ECF35394DBA2115CA4E28871B0577E16" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of pupa</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46D740372CC8BD1548E9C2776FC25FB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D3A8870AED248A83202E43AE873EA078" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figs
<figureCitation id="77EFDE4F3D494611829189D3CFC4AC92" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001252" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24A-C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="07B8CA183846A13A175F4ED38FFC4656" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001253" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">25A-C</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="83F784999A2440D6EB7A2BB6ACEC822F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Measurements</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length: 1.66-2.66 (avg. 2.10); body width: 1.40-1.93 (avg. 1.60); thorax width: 0.90-1.18 (avg. 1.05); rostrum length: up to 0.66 on both ♀ and ♂.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B751DEBFCE2B13A274869C578FCA1818" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001252" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 24" startId="F24">
<paragraph id="F946FDA7E7804DE6A6E078EC3DD532CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="698C1927CA022791D4BAD1CCECB9FA2A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="908A380387B47654F23B9034920B324A" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa linariae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linariae">
<emphasis id="5308E3F1945992E19F989F07690A373A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa linariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Panzer, 1796) pupa habitus
<emphasis id="5CF479785E76A52F9F631844FA1F7A2A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis id="1557B7052194CDB8A354F70CA1E573B4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
lateral view
<emphasis id="4E3CDDDCAD1F4A359074B3D733990571" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DB95522B845EB612ED47DF3C58C49C9B" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001253" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 25" startId="F25">
<paragraph id="39A3A8BE248C7244F3FB388B124DE31A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="13CAA8C299F986D9B9461CA8B6DBB617" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 25.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="82BB568867CA6A941993B8955FF612C3" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa linariae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linariae">
<emphasis id="89BD1B86E0E48BB35D736942BAA69B59" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa linariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Panzer, 1796) pupa habitus
<emphasis id="AD9FBBF3B4938865207010D49BF22450" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis id="4D3DF0034AD7648AAD61CCA4B370369E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis id="7E9F5343DA596FE98FDE35A31CC823D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae:
<emphasis id="E271D9A6CD6FF8725F058708196EB119" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
-apical,
<emphasis id="BED36D87AB227D78A3B3CE742740D4AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
-dorsal,
<emphasis id="5D1FB2559D5713DF8A9B18DE7E37F2E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fes</emphasis>
-femoral,
<emphasis id="46504016FC6282B1B270FA4CB3E58FCB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">l</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="2A409ACC9AA14E6849DE929300087036" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ls</emphasis>
-lateral,
<emphasis id="E6F4B908761193AAAE3B8590FCCE32AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
-orbital,
<emphasis id="B6A94550890A44402144F983C47EFF9A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pas</emphasis>
-postantennal,
<emphasis id="0479E613AE7D137AF94C9286FD9B0D9A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pls</emphasis>
-posterolateral,
<emphasis id="C8A2C050F170215AE49A8E55BDCF5DCC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rs</emphasis>
-rostral,
<emphasis id="96DF19332A973E2B75F897CD2B1F418F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">v</emphasis>
-ventral.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BA5B734C8236726935AAA5E06A34F1EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D424C41747B65111DF413DE7B7CBBEE0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="722F6706939D7CCB4A07BD8D828722D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Body</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Integument white, moderately stout slightly curved. Head elongated protuberances (h-pr) present on head above eyes, weakly sclerotised. Rostrum moderately elongated, curved, in male usually only slightly shorter than in female almost 3
<normalizedToken id="6CFF47CC93652127A183FC03CAC461DE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum trapezoidal 3
<normalizedToken id="5DFE4288EC8B98B7DC7905708B32160B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long. Pronotal protuberances (p-pr) conical, flattened, indistinct. Meso- and metanotum similar in size. Abdominal segments I-III almost identical in size; segments IV-VII tapering gradually, segment VIII narrow; segment IX reduced. Abdominal segment VIII dorsally with very small, rounded, weakly sclerotised abdominal protuberance (a-pr). Urogomphi (ur) very short, ending with sclerotised, sharp apexes (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FE52434A53C6B280B707E4BCF9C15570" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001252" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35BE31EFB5139E4EE4DBB444CD12CE61" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="12E6122C58F2B9EA56C6DA29C7A5878C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B4DA21DF687175E5B1D350D4899DB427" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Well developed, setae variable in length, transparent. Head with one short
<emphasis id="588220A561BBF963EFEA8A8BE11A106F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
and short
<emphasis id="E9447C087033D6376E207EEC2BA1E40F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pas</emphasis>
. Rostrum with a single short
<emphasis id="07FA43A13A8E297F88B63459B7F84F65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rs</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="A848EC3955A1C3198C83EB8A57BA8239" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001253" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">25A</figureCitation>
). Pronotum with two
<emphasis id="8DB5F94BF5C318A542C1E7B52F32089B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis id="031E7C5B0BEDFAE74179E9FA594770F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ls</emphasis>
, and three elongated, equal-in-length
<emphasis id="205AFA16B7133EB37806DB0E24772C88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pls</emphasis>
. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with a single medium-length seta, placed medially. Apex of femora with a single long
<emphasis id="D32DAD34D541CCC3246FCA4F8544B1E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fes</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="A9DE4F7D8B87D6147B865DB8D97D9700" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001253" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">25A-C</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segments I-VII with two, equal-in-length setae dorsally: first placed posteromedially, second posterolaterally. Abdominal segment VIII with a single elongated seta medially. Each lateral part of abdominal segments I-VII with a single short seta. Ventral parts of abdominal segments I-VIII with two short setae. Abdominal segment IX with two short setae ventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0F188974CEC73CB9D3150A663F4F8F31" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001253" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">25A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3FD9E99252D79B350A83F1989208F6EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="C5A4CBFFC8A4B6C843BC0A6D95EDDE15" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks and comparative notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A838EC4AFF399359BB4754C3FBA34F9F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This species is widely distributed in all of Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and western Siberia (
<bibRefCitation id="DB73727D4EDFD1C8B3CD2DEDAAF6EB45" author="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA" journalOrPublisher="Monografias electronicas de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 780" refId="B1" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA, Barrios, H, Borovec, R, Bouchard, P, Caldara, R, Colonnelli, E, Gueltekin, L, Hlavac, P, Korotyaev, B, Lyal, CHC, Machado, A, Meregalli, M, Pierotti, H, Ren, L, Sanchez-Ruiz, M, Sforzi, A, Silfverberg, H, Skuhrovec, J, Tryzna, M, Velazquez de Castro, AJ, Yunakov, NN, 2023. Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. 2nd Edn. Monografias electronicas de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 14: 1 - 780" title="Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. 2 nd Edn." volume="14" year="2023">Alonso-Zarazaga et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
). It was introduced in North America, where it was approved for release for biological control of invasive toadflaxes (
<taxonomicName id="E88B5530084CE33D5F5692535D3EE2B0" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A73D2D92B0AE7BDFF6898433340AC4DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Linaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.) in Canada in 1995 and 1996 (
<bibRefCitation id="D2BD9D0BD05765096EA0C407E870C355" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" author="Sing, SE" journalOrPublisher="USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET- 2015 - 03" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B50" refString="Sing, SE, De Clerck-Floate, RA, Hansen, RW, Pearce, H, Randall, CB, Tosevski, I, Ward, SM, 2016. Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2015-03, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" title="Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" year="2016">Sing et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Afterwards, a population was established at sites in British Columbia and Colorado (
<bibRefCitation id="EF588F1F93912A1C15C0DD381EA0D094" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" author="Sing, SE" journalOrPublisher="USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET- 2015 - 03" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B50" refString="Sing, SE, De Clerck-Floate, RA, Hansen, RW, Pearce, H, Randall, CB, Tosevski, I, Ward, SM, 2016. Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2015-03, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" title="Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" year="2016">Sing et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="01D8311130D46E05C6E91AFE701C3033" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580" author="DiGirolomo, MF" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="580 - 593" refId="B19" refString="DiGirolomo, MF, Hoebeke, ER, Caldara, R, 2019. Rhinusa asellus (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Eurasian Weevil new to North America, with a summary of other adventive Rhinusa in North America and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121 (4): 580 - 593, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580" title="Rhinusa asellus (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Eurasian Weevil new to North America, with a summary of other adventive Rhinusa in North America and a key to species." url="https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580" volume="121" year="2019">DiGirolomo et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). In Europe, the adults of this species are distinguishable from all the other species of
<taxonomicName id="4AB073F220BBBE77AB27A7D7AAF8AF6E" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FD58226B03C1759E03AD655C88EA258F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the shape of the rostrum, which is strongly curved in lateral view, and the shape of the tibiae, with the uncus of the metatibiae of the same length in both sexes and with the outer margin distinctly curved outwards apically (
<bibRefCitation id="EDFBEAF42CD8217659DFDA7323572887" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.6" author="Caldara, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="318 - 340" refId="B14" refString="Caldara, R, Tosevski, I, 2019. Rhinusa Stephens: A taxonomic revision of the species belonging to the R. linariae, R. herbarum, R. melas, and R. mauritii groups (Coleoptera Curculionidae). Zootaxa 4679 (2): 318 - 340, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.6" title="Rhinusa Stephens: A taxonomic revision of the species belonging to the R. linariae, R. herbarum, R. melas, and R. mauritii groups (Coleoptera Curculionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.6" volume="4679" year="2019">
Caldara and
<normalizedToken id="5F7440FF891F3C887FC7E61AC181281A" originalValue="Toševski">Tosevski</normalizedToken>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FD66CF5266280263A83CC02892C7547C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph id="4804A7176F71242B15164B1CC1D4B2C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biological notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2DD6E15EA0EEB15B82E48AAAAA97D5D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="3C3358FDBC94C478CF7F6C6015762D66" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa linariae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linariae">
<emphasis id="0E308986FBDF63F941524F2A973004BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa linariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a univoltine root galling weevil. Gall induction and larval development are mainly recorded on
<taxonomicName id="96835AEC1491F6AFCB73EE7E38517430" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria vulgaris" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="EBDEF82036469EAC2F0FAC854FE8C3D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Linaria vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and rarely on
<taxonomicName id="B6C906B67DCFA32E39FABC5D7D8DA246" lsidName="L. genistifolia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="genistifolia">
<emphasis id="90F18119CE2B9D06A18A6840DB44A27E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. genistifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Southeastern Europe. Adults emerge in early spring, feed, and copulate on top of the young toadflax shoots. During oviposition, females glue eggs onto toadflax roots or, rarely, below root crowns with oviposition fluid. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups. Shortly after, oviposition triggers cell proliferation, which entwists the egg, forming a round gall. Larvae feed on galled root tissue through three instars. Pupation occurs in galls, while new adults emerge in mid- to late summer or rarely stay inside galls during winter, overwintering in soil or in plant litter close to their host plant. Twenty-five years ago,
<taxonomicName id="4C008909A8C2AF5B6DFF2888AE637CBD" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. linariae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="linariae">
<emphasis id="152FD9178D556577ACD868E3031B9BD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. linariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced as a biological control agent for invasive toadflaxes in Canada and the USA, where it was recently confirmed as established only in British Columbia. However, the current populations are still too small to have a significant biological impact (
<bibRefCitation id="E09A3B64D01C0B0BC8AF55350CE0731A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" author="Sing, SE" journalOrPublisher="USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET- 2015 - 03" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B50" refString="Sing, SE, De Clerck-Floate, RA, Hansen, RW, Pearce, H, Randall, CB, Tosevski, I, Ward, SM, 2016. Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2015-03, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" title="Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" year="2016">Sing et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="453A9DF2EBB2FF899D53CDCD048D87B5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580" author="DiGirolomo, MF" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="580 - 593" refId="B19" refString="DiGirolomo, MF, Hoebeke, ER, Caldara, R, 2019. Rhinusa asellus (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Eurasian Weevil new to North America, with a summary of other adventive Rhinusa in North America and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121 (4): 580 - 593, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580" title="Rhinusa asellus (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Eurasian Weevil new to North America, with a summary of other adventive Rhinusa in North America and a key to species." url="https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580" volume="121" year="2019">DiGirolomo et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EAE8D8DC295E7CBAEFD424BE6C9C3E22" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="rhinusa pilosa group">
<paragraph id="D103170459C1A936BF1AB616A3549358" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1A39D66E0DECB3D6D8E35BEF3E18EF58" baseAuthorityName="Gyllenhal" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa pilosa" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
<emphasis id="22C2173BFD5AF80A235884AD8628C6A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa pilosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF24CE1F3B4E319EF9B010E31E3BAB58" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="69080EFAEFE27E13A9F4A5565E2919E1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Adult diagnosis.</emphasis>
Dorsal vestiture composed of very long seta-like scales, 20-40
<normalizedToken id="D919B4C331FF2285F5F9A4D8D8C305B5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than wide; rostrum in lateral view strongly curved; eyes strongly convex; uncus of metatibiae well developed in both sexes; body of spermatheca globose at apex.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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