1091 lines
146 KiB
XML
1091 lines
146 KiB
XML
<document id="B37D7A913B468189AFCFF34A0AF84D6D" ID-CLB-Dataset="9305" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4894.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0cac7493-a6cc-4a85-90bb-062647e70bb4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4315464" ID-ZooBank="85EF003E-7D9E-4236-BD15-683F9B87B56B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1607636725923" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kaiser, Christine M., Lapin, Jack, O’Shea, Mark & Kaiser, Hinrich" docDate="2020" docId="03EDDF65FFBEFFD17D886B8AFF3AFD43" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4894.1.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4894 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Stegonotus caligocephalus Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="0A8A8E44-48CB-49BE-8505-6D13325761EB" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="FFD4A71DFFBBFFDD7D1F6D4DFFDFFF8E" masterDocTitle="Carefully examining Bornean Stegonotus (Serpentes, Colubridae): the montane groundsnake population in Sabah is a new and distinct species" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1698847313421" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="5F13E56901C4E0C8B8107D17B30E9A8D">Carefully examining Bornean Stegonotus (Serpentes, Colubridae): the montane groundsnake population in Sabah is a new and distinct species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9B48E46FBAEC3F4A183A6FA0DD44A8A8">Kaiser, Christine M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CD6DF0A45FB8021BD7261C974BF2BCA7">Lapin, Jack</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="269F7F11DADF1C79A3B21A6AEB109C46">O’Shea, Mark</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1D84280B7099ABEC5DD6BC055FFA03A6">Kaiser, Hinrich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3F943FBF79F7999672906F7FE06CC9C3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E2FE5542D59BF5ECBABA86AD4DB2B4DA">
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<mods:date id="C687156F59AD18810197646765B5A0F7">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6F65D7ACD5404C8A74D015B20E7B25E1">2020-12-08</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E5048855EB888FEC74C16B46AAF712E3">4894</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EDDF65FFBEFFD17D886B8AFF3AFD43" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4327338" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176086645" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4327338" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0A8A8E44-48CB-49BE-8505-6D13325761EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDDF65FFBEFFD17D886B8AFF3AFD43" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<subSubSection id="C35E3DF8FFBEFFD87D886B8AFDD0F88B" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBEFFD87D886B8AFDE1F96F" blockId="5.[151,574,1734,1833]" box="[151,574,1734,1761]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<heading id="D0B3D91FFFBEFFD87D886B8AFDE1F96F" bold="true" box="[151,574,1734,1761]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B930B261FFBEFFD87D886B8AFDE1F96F" bold="true" box="[151,574,1734,1761]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFBEFFD87D886B8AFE06F96F" authority="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser, 2020" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,473,1734,1761]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBEFFD87D886B8AFE06F96F" bold="true" box="[151,473,1734,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Stegonotus caligocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2030F1AFFBEFFD87CFF6B8AFDE1F96F" box="[480,574,1735,1761]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBEFFD87D886BA6FDD0F88B" blockId="5.[151,574,1734,1833]" box="[151,527,1771,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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||
Dark-headed
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4980A091FFBEFFD87C306BA6FEACF88B" box="[303,371,1771,1797]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Sabah</collectingRegion>
|
||
Groundsnake
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C35E3DF8FFBEFFD87D886A42FEACF8A7" box="[151,371,1807,1833]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBEFFD87D886A42FEACF8A7" blockId="5.[151,574,1734,1833]" box="[151,371,1807,1833]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBEFFD87D806A42FED3F8A7" box="[159,268,1807,1833]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,250,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,1174,1841]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,813,1713]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetId-0="figure-528@6.[151,1435,1173,1841]" captionTargetId-1="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetId-2="figure-341@10.[151,1435,813,1713]" captionTargetId-3="figure-17@11.[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (FMNH 251054) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Note the enlarged vertebral scale row in (A) and the band-like coloration of the ventral scales." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Paratype of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (USNM 130244) including the entire specimen in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views, as well as (C) dorsal, (D) lateral, and (E) ventral views of the head. This specimen is also the paratype of S. borneensis Inger, 1967 and, according to the rules of zoological nomenclature, will retain its original type status with that species. Note that (D) is the correctly placed left lateral head view. This was inadvertently transposed in Fig. 30I in Kaiser et al. (2018a). 4 The species albofuscus was recognized as a member of Lepturophis by a variety of authors (e.g., Grismer et al. 2002," captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Photographs of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. in life. Both individuals were encountered at night on the slopes of Mount Kinabalu at elevations> 1300 m and were not vouchered. Note the color offset between the darker head and the lighter body, seen particularly well with the lighting in (B) and (C). The individual in (A) and (B) has generally a more gray-toned body color. Photos by Tom Charlton (A, B) and Maximilian Dehling (C)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315470" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315474" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315476" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4315470/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4315474/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4315476/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Figs. 3–6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C65BC8FFBEFFD87C096A42FEB5F8A7" box="[278,362,1807,1833]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,244,150,176]" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative data for three species in the genus Stegonotus. Displayed characteristics include the number of specimens examined (n) and maximum lengths for males and females. For missing data, we use the symbol ® when no specimens could be examined. Abbreviations include snout–vent length (SVL), tail length (TL), total length (TTL), snout-scale ratio (SSR), anterior eye line (AE), frontal-parietal ratio (FPR), number of supralabials contacting the eye (SLE), number of infralabials contacting the anterior genial (ILG), and subcaudal ratio (SCR). Conditions that are relatively rare (occurring in <20% of specimens) are identified by a superscripted dagger symbol (†). For definitions of the other listed characteristics, see Table 1." pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E3DF8FFBEFFDB7D886A1AFACEFE23" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
|
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<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBEFFD87D886A1AFA5EF853" blockId="5.[151,1437,1878,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2C642EFFBEFFD87D886A1AFA5EF853" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995108301" accessionNumber="RFI 49331" collectingDate="1993-01-19" collectionCode="RFI" country="Malaysia" county="Curator of Amphibians" elevation="1950" latitude="5.83" location="Gunung Emas" longLatPrecision="783" longitude="116.34" municipality="Tambunan District" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" specimenCode="FMNH 251054" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sabah State" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBEFFD87D886A1AFED4F8FF" bold="true" box="[151,267,1879,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FFD0D1FFBEFFD87D886A1AFED9F8FF" box="[151,262,1879,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE2C608FFBEFFD87C0D6A1AFE60F8FF" box="[274,447,1878,1905]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="Museum">FMNH 251054</specimenCode>
|
||
(field number RFI 49331), an adult female from near the
|
||
<location id="8E9B38A8FFBEFFD879536A1AFB34F8FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDDF65FFBEFFD17D886B8AFF3AFD43:8E9B38A8FFBEFFD879536A1AFB34F8FF" box="[1100,1259,1879,1905]" country="Malaysia" county="Curator of Amphibians" latitude="5.83" longLatPrecision="783" longitude="116.34" municipality="Tambunan District" name="Gunung Emas" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" stateProvince="Sabah State">Gunung Emas</location>
|
||
[Gunung Alab]
|
||
<location id="8E9B38A8FFBEFFD87D886A36FF28F81B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDDF65FFBEFFD17D886B8AFF3AFD43:8E9B38A8FFBEFFD87D886A36FF28F81B" box="[151,247,1915,1941]" country="Malaysia" county="Curator of Amphibians" latitude="5.83" longLatPrecision="783" longitude="116.34" municipality="Tambunan District" name="Telekom" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" stateProvince="Sabah State">Telekom</location>
|
||
tower,
|
||
<location id="8E9B38A8FFBEFFD87C556A36FD4EF81B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDDF65FFBEFFD17D886B8AFF3AFD43:8E9B38A8FFBEFFD87C556A36FD4EF81B" box="[330,657,1915,1941]" country="Malaysia" county="Curator of Amphibians" latitude="5.83" longLatPrecision="783" longitude="116.34" municipality="Tambunan District" name="Crocker Range National Park" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" stateProvince="Sabah State">Crocker Range National Park</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9FF409FFBEFFD87F836A36FCB3F81B" box="[668,876,1915,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Tambunan District</collectingMunicipality>
|
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,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4980A091FFBEFFD87E696A36FC25F81B" box="[886,1018,1915,1941]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Sabah State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3532EE3FFBEFFD8791A6A36FBB3F81B" box="[1029,1132,1915,1941]" name="Malaysia" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7008B4FFBEFFD879816A37FB31F81B" box="[1182,1262,1914,1941]" degrees="5.83" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" precision="555" value="5.83">5.83°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7008B4FFBEFFD879E56A36FABFF81B" box="[1274,1376,1915,1941]" degrees="116.34" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" precision="555" value="116.34">116.34°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBEFFD8786F6A36FF7CF837" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[179,1408,453,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-143@1.[179,1408,453,1628]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of Borneo and surrounding archipelagos, including portions of The Philippines, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas. The dotted lines demarcate Wallace’s Line, with larger dots representing the line according to Wallace (1860) and the smaller dots the one modified by Huxley (1868). Marked distributions of Stegonotus include the only known locality of S. borneensis in Sarawak (A; yellow dot); the holotype and paratype localities of S. caligocephalus sp. nov. (B and C, respectively; red dots); the distribution of S. muelleri in blue (Kaiser et al. 2018a), including the Philippine islands of Samar (1), Leyte (2), Dinagat (3), and Mindanao (4); islands with known records for S. batjanensis in gold (Lang 2013), including the northern Moluccan islands of Morotai (5), Halmahera (6), Ternate (7), Tidore (8), Kasiruta (9), Bacan (10), and Obi (11); and islands with confirmed records for S. modestus in green (Kaiser et al. 2018a), including Buru (12), Ambon (13), and Seram (14). The inset globe shows the position of the depicted area between Southeast Asia and Australia. Scale = 500 km." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315466/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), elevation ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFBEFFD87C4F6AD3FE78F837" box="[336,423,1950,1977]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="1950.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00698940FFBEFFD87C4F6AD3FE78F837" box="[336,423,1950,1977]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="1950.0">1950 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<date id="FFFA48B3FFBEFFD87F5D6AD2FD26F837" box="[578,761,1951,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1993-01-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFBEB15BFFBEFFD87F5D6AD2FD26F837" box="[578,761,1951,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1993-01-19">19 January 1993</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by the American herpetologist Robert F. Inger (1920–2019),
|
||
<collectingCounty id="629A16FFFFBEFFD87D886A8EFE4CF853" box="[151,403,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Curator of Amphibians</collectingCounty>
|
||
and Reptiles at the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA, from 1954–1994 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFBEFFD879F96A8EFAA9F853" author="Matsui, M." box="[1254,1398,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" pagination="190 - 191" refId="ref11304" refString="Matsui, M. (2019) Obituary: Dr. Robert F. Inger, 1920 - 2019. Current Herpetology, 38, 190 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.5358 / hsj. 38.128" type="journal article" year="2019">Matsui 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBDFFDB7DD86DDAFC53FE93" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2C642EFFBDFFDB7DD86DDAFC57FE93" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995108303" collectingDate="1951-08-01" collectionCode="USNM" country="Malaysia" elevation="1370" latitude="6.05" location="Curator of Mammals" longLatPrecision="783" longitude="116.53" municipality="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" specimenCode="USNM 130244" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sabah" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBDFFDB7DD86DDAFEE4FF3F" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FFD0D1FFBDFFDB7DD86DDAFEE9FF3F" box="[199,310,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE2C608FFBDFFDB7C5A6DDAFE29FF3F" box="[325,502,151,177]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="Museum">USNM 130244</specimenCode>
|
||
, an adult female, from “Bundu Tuhan, Mount Kina Balu, Ranau District,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4980A091FFBDFFDB78546DDAFA4DFF3F" box="[1355,1426,151,177]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Sabah</collectingRegion>
|
||
” [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3532EE3FFBDFFDB7D816DF7FED2FF5B" box="[158,269,186,213]" name="Malaysia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
], ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7008B4FFBDFFDB7C556DF7FE42FF5B" box="[330,413,186,213]" degrees="6.05" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" precision="555" value="6.05">6.05°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7008B4FFBDFFDB7CB56DF7FDCAFF5B" box="[426,533,186,213]" degrees="116.53" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" precision="555" value="116.53">116.53°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="00698940FFBDFFDB7F3C6DF6FD34FF5B" box="[547,747,187,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="1370.0">
|
||
elevation
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFBDFFDB7F8D6DF6FD34FF5B" box="[658,747,187,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<date id="FFFA48B3FFBDFFDB7E926DF6FBEBFF5B" box="[909,1076,186,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" value="1951-08-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFBEB15BFFBDFFDB7E926DF6FBEBFF5B" box="[909,1076,186,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" value="1951-08-01">1 August 1951</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by the
|
||
<collectorName id="26B10BA5FFBDFFDB79936DF6FB25FF5B" box="[1164,1274,187,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">American</collectorName>
|
||
mammalogist
|
||
<collectorName id="26B10BA5FFBDFFDB7D886D92FEB8FF77" box="[151,359,223,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">David H. Johnson</collectorName>
|
||
(1912–1996),
|
||
<location id="8E9B38A8FFBDFFDB7F0D6D92FCDCFF77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDDF65FFBEFFD17D886B8AFF3AFD43:8E9B38A8FFBDFFDB7F0D6D92FCDCFF77" box="[530,771,223,249]" country="Malaysia" latitude="6.05" longLatPrecision="783" longitude="116.53" municipality="National Museum of Natural History" name="Curator of Mammals" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" stateProvince="Sabah">Curator of Mammals</location>
|
||
at the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9FF409FFBDFFDB7E486D92FADDFF77" box="[855,1282,223,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">National Museum of Natural History</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26B10BA5FFBDFFDB780F6D92FED2FE93" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Smithsonian Institution</collectorName>
|
||
, Washington, D.C., USA, from 1941–1965 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFBDFFDB7FE16C4EFC5FFE93" author="Perry, M. C." box="[766,896,259,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refId="ref11674" refString="Perry, M. C. (Ed.) (2007) The Washington Biologists' Field Club: its Members and its History (1900 - 2006). Washington Biologists' Field Club, Washington, D. C., 352 pp." type="book" year="2007">Perry 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBDFFDB7DD86C6BFACEFE23" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBDFFDB7DD86C6BFE70FECE" bold="true" box="[199,431,294,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Referred specimen.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED55F6B6FFBDFFDB7CA86C6AFE2BFECF" box="[439,500,295,321]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
47866, a juvenile female from “Mt. Kinabalu” (no further locality data), elevation
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFBDFFDB7D886C07FF32FEEB" box="[151,237,330,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<date id="FFFA48B3FFBDFFDB7C9A6C06FD83FEEB" box="[389,604,331,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" value="1988-12-13">13 December 1988</date>
|
||
. Whereas the information in the collection’s ledger indicates that the specimen was collected by the German-South African herpetologist Thomas Ulber, this appears to be an error in both date and time. Ulber (in litt.) visited Mount Kinabalu in
|
||
<date id="FFFA48B3FFBDFFDB7FC76CDEFC52FE23" box="[728,909,403,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" value="1989-11">November 1989</date>
|
||
but collected no snake specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E3DF8FFBDFFD57DD86CFBFD31FAC1" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBDFFDB7DD86CFBFD6BFBF3" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBDFFDB7DD86CFBFE9DFE5E" bold="true" box="[199,322,438,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFBDFFDB7C566CFAFDAAFE5F" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[329,629,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBDFFDB7C566CFAFDAAFE5F" box="[329,629,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Stegonotus caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a medium-sized (maximum SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFBDFFDB793C6CFAFB4FFE5F" box="[1059,1168,439,465]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.071" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="1071.0">1071 mm</quantity>
|
||
) snake with a relatively short tail (SCR
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFBDFFDB7C256CA0FE99FE75" attach="left" box="[314,326,493,507]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFBDFFDB7C256CA0FE99FE75" box="[314,326,493,507]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
= 0.21), the shortest in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFBDFFDB7FA96C96FCF1FE7B" box="[694,814,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBDFFDB7FA96C96FCF1FE7B" box="[694,814,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Stegonotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It can be distinguished from all other known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFBDFFDB783B6C96FA43FE7B" box="[1316,1436,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBDFFDB783B6C96FA43FE7B" box="[1316,1436,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Stegonotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by the following combination of characters: (1) rostral extending onto the dorsal part of the head intruding into the internasal area but not reaching the level of the nasals (character state: gull wing +;
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBDFFDB798A6F6EFB32FDB3" box="[1173,1261,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
, A’); (2) area of prefrontals three times that of the internasals, internasal suture one-fourth to one-third the length of the prefrontal suture (SSR 0.25–0.33, mean = 0.28); (3) frontal clearly pentagonal with well-formed corners and a slightly concave anterior suture; (4) AE lies at the same level as the anterior end of the frontal; (5) length of frontal three-fourths that of the parietal suture (FPR = 0.75); (6) PfS one-fourth to one-third the length of external head-scale length (HSR = 0.25–0.31). (7) PF<± 90° (102°); (8) AP<= 122°, with its lateral ray directed posterolaterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBDFFDB79FB6F9AFAE1FD7F" box="[1252,1342,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
, A’); (9) two temporal scales touching the parietals; (10) three neck scales contacting parietals; (11) loreal as long as wide to one-third longer than wide (LSR = 0.6–1.0); (12) two preoculars, upper preocular 25% larger than lower one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBDFFDB7DBF6E0EFF27FCD3" box="[160,248,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
, B’); (13) nine supralabials, two (SL4–5) touching the eye; SL5 larger than SL4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBDFFDB79826E0EFADFFCD3" box="[1181,1280,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Figs. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
, B’); (14) ten infralabials, five (IL1–5) touching the anterior genial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBDFFDB7E1F6E2AFC9AFC0F" box="[768,837,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C’); (15) three gulars separating the posterior genials and the anterior-most gastrostege; (16) 17-17-15 dorsals; 211–218 (mean = 214 ± 2.9) ventrals, 56–65 (mean = 61 ± 3.7) paired subcaudals; (17) cloacal plate entire; (18) color in preservative (27 years post-collection): dorsum Tawny Olive (17) with some dark spots on lateral edge of a few rows of dorsal scales, head Grayish Olive (273) with some scattered lighter areas in Olive Gray (265). The supralabials and infralabials are Pale Buff (11) with mottled areas of Drab Gray (256) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBDFFDB7C7C6956FE18FBBB" box="[355,455,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1174,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-528@6.[151,1435,1173,1841]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (FMNH 251054) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Note the enlarged vertebral scale row in (A) and the band-like coloration of the ventral scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315470/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Figs. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBDFFDB7CCC6956FDC6FBBB" box="[467,537,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The venter is Pale Horn Color (11) with dark areas on the anterior edge of the ventral scales and a dark “dot” on the lateral edge (Burnt Sienna, 38); the anterior one-third of the subcaudals are Burnt Sienna (38), creating a dark tail (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFBDFFDB7F51692EFD79FBF3" box="[590,678,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1174,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-528@6.[151,1435,1173,1841]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (FMNH 251054) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Note the enlarged vertebral scale row in (A) and the band-like coloration of the ventral scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315470/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B3EFBFFBDFFDB7D886A05FC2CF80B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315470" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4315470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315470/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" startId="6.[151,250,1864,1888]" targetBox="[151,1435,1174,1841]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBDFFDB7D886A05FC2CF80B" blockId="6.[151,1436,1864,1925]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBDFFDB7D886A05FECAF8EF" bold="true" box="[151,277,1864,1889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFBDFFDB7CBF6A04FD6FF8EF" authority="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser, 2020" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[416,688,1865,1889]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBDFFDB7CBF6A04FD6FF8EF" box="[416,688,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Stegonotus caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBDFFDB7FA66A04FCD4F8EF" bold="true" box="[697,779,1865,1889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2030F1AFFBDFFDB7FA66A04FCD4F8EF" box="[697,779,1865,1889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(FMNH 251054) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Note the enlarged vertebral scale row in (A) and the band-like coloration of the ventral scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B3EFBFFBCFFDA7D886B1CFCB2F893" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" startId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" targetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBCFFDA7D886B1CFCB2F893" blockId="7.[151,1436,1617,1822]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBCFFDA7D886B1CFECCF9E7" bold="true" box="[151,275,1617,1641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Head of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFBCFFDA7C706B1FFDA2F9E7" authority="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser, 2020" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[367,637,1617,1641]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBCFFDA7C706B1FFDA2F9E7" box="[367,637,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Stegonotus caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBCFFDA7F9B6B1FFD0BF9E4" bold="true" box="[644,724,1618,1642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2030F1AFFBCFFDA7F9B6B1FFD0BF9E4" box="[644,724,1618,1642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFBCFFD57DD86A06FDF9FD42" blockId="7.[151,1437,1867,2038]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,2009]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBCFFDA7DD86A06FEB2F8EB" bold="true" box="[199,365,1867,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
In the following comparisons, characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFBCFFDA7E926A01FB8CF8E8" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[909,1107,1868,1894]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBCFFDA7E926A01FB8CF8E8" box="[909,1107,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are listed in parentheses. The number of specimens used to determine ranges of continuous characters follows species names. Based on our previous analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFBCFFDA7C5D6AD9FD43F820" authority="(Kaiser et al. 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Kaiser" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[322,668,1940,1966]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBCFFDA7C5D6AD9FE62F820" box="[322,445,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Stegonotus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFBCFFDA7CD46AD9FD4BF820" author="Kaiser, C. M. & O'Shea, M. & Kaiser, H." box="[459,660,1940,1966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" pagination="201 - 230" refId="ref10872" refString="Kaiser, C. M., O'Shea, M. & Kaiser, H. (2019) A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Dumeril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters. Zootaxa, 4590 (2), 201 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4590.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Kaiser
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFBCFFDA7F036AD9FD92F820" box="[540,589,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there does not appear to be any sexual dimorphism in the Bornean or Philippine species we compare in detail below. Given how few specimens of these populations are available in museum collections, combining scale count data for females and males in the absence of sexual dimorphism therefore increases our sample size and improves our analysis. Furthermore, given the geographic position of this Bornean population, most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57C426DF6FE07FF5B" box="[349,472,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C426DF6FE07FF5B" box="[349,472,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Stegonotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species can be considered extralimital to this comparison. It is highly unlikely that a New Guinean population disperses all the way across Wallacea into Borneo. After presenting an exhaustive comparative section in the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57F0C6C4EFCAAFE93" authority="(Kaiser et al. 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Kaiser" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[531,885,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ayamaru">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57F0C6C4EFD4CFE92" box="[531,659,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. ayamaru</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB3FFD57FBE6C4EFCB2FE93" author="Kaiser, C. M. & O'Shea, M. & Kaiser, H." box="[673,877,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="201 - 230" refId="ref10872" refString="Kaiser, C. M., O'Shea, M. & Kaiser, H. (2019) A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Dumeril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters. Zootaxa, 4590 (2), 201 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4590.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Kaiser
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FED6C4EFCFBFE93" box="[754,804,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we are confident in limiting our detailed, formal comparisons to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57C546C6AFE19FECF" box="[331,454,295,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C546C6AFE19FECF" box="[331,454,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Stegonotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Borneo and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3532EE3FFB3FFD57FDD6C6AFC9FFECF" box="[706,832,295,321]" name="Philippines" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
and eliminate other species based on different dorsal scale counts (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57C2F6C06FE33FEEB" box="[304,492,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="admiraltiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C2F6C06FE33FEEB" box="[304,492,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. admiraltiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57CE56C06FD89FEEB" authorityName="Lindholm" authorityYear="1905" box="[506,598,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diehli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57CE56C06FD89FEEB" box="[506,598,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. diehli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57F7B6C06FD05FEEB" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1924" box="[612,730,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57F7B6C06FD05FEEB" box="[612,730,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. dorsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57FF76C06FCBCFEEB" baseAuthorityName="De Rooij" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[744,867,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="florensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FF76C06FCBCFEEB" box="[744,867,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. florensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57E6D6C06FC26FEEB" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1895" box="[882,1017,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guentheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E6D6C06FC26FEEB" box="[882,1017,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. guentheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD579186C06FBB1FEEB" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1924" box="[1031,1134,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poechi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579186C06FBB1FEEB" box="[1031,1134,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. poechi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD579636C06FB3FFEEA" authorityName="Forcart" authorityYear="1953" box="[1148,1248,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sutteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579636C06FB3FFEEA" box="[1148,1248,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. sutteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), significant differences in number of gastrosteges (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57F326C22FD36FE07" box="[557,745,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="admiraltiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57F326C22FD36FE07" box="[557,745,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. admiraltiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57FE76C22FCACFE06" authorityName="Doria" authorityYear="1874" box="[760,883,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FE76C22FCACFE06" box="[760,883,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. aruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57E9E6C22FBDEFE06" box="[897,1025,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ayamaru">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E9E6C22FBDEFE06" box="[897,1025,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. ayamaru</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD579106C22FB4AFE07" box="[1039,1173,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="derooijae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579106C22FB4AFE07" box="[1039,1173,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. derooijae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD579BB6C22FADFFE07" authorityName="Lindholm" authorityYear="1905" box="[1188,1280,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diehli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579BB6C22FADFFE07" box="[1188,1280,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. diehli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD578116C22FA4AFE07" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1895" box="[1294,1429,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guentheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD578116C22FA4AFE07" box="[1294,1429,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. guentheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57D886CDEFEC1FE23" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,286,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57D886CDEFEC1FE23" box="[151,286,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. heterurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57C336CDEFE7BFE23" authorityName="Doria" authorityYear="1874" box="[300,420,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="keyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C336CDEFE7BFE23" box="[300,420,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. keyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57CAD6CDEFDC6FE23" box="[434,537,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lividus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57CAD6CDEFDC6FE23" box="[434,537,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. lividus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57F396CDEFD30FE23" box="[550,751,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolabiatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57F396CDEFD30FE23" box="[550,751,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. melanolabiatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57FE36CDEFC5FFE23" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[764,896,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FE36CDEFC5FFE23" box="[764,896,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. modestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57E916CDEFC29FE22" baseAuthorityName="Meyer" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[910,1014,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E916CDEFC29FE22" box="[910,1014,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. parvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD5791C6CDEFBB5FE23" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1924" box="[1027,1130,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poechi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD5791C6CDEFBB5FE23" box="[1027,1130,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. poechi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), strongly diverging rostral morphology (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57C2E6CFAFE72FE5E" authorityName="Doria" authorityYear="1874" box="[305,429,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C2E6CFAFE72FE5E" box="[305,429,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. aruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57CA36CFAFDE4FE5F" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1872" box="[444,571,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57CA36CFAFDE4FE5F" box="[444,571,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57F556CFAFD38FE5F" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[586,743,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batjanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57F556CFAFD38FE5F" box="[586,743,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. batjanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57FE96CFAFC59FE5F" baseAuthorityName="A.M.C.Dumeril, Bibron & A.H.A.Dumeril" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[758,902,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FE96CFAFC59FE5F" box="[758,902,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. cucullatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57E8A6CFAFBD3FE5F" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1924" box="[917,1036,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E8A6CFAFBD3FE5F" box="[917,1036,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. dorsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD579046CFAFBACFE5F" box="[1051,1139,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579046CFAFBACFE5F" box="[1051,1139,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. iridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD5799D6CFAFB34FE5E" baseAuthorityName="Meyer" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1154,1259,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD5799D6CFAFB34FE5E" box="[1154,1259,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. parvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD579E56CFAFABDFE5F" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1924" box="[1274,1378,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poechi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579E56CFAFABDFE5F" box="[1274,1378,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. poechi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the configuration of supralabials touching the eye (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57FAA6C96FCEDFE7A" authorityName="Doria" authorityYear="1874" box="[693,818,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FAA6C96FCEDFE7A" box="[693,818,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. aruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57E5D6C96FC1BFE7A" box="[834,964,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ayamaru">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E5D6C96FC1BFE7A" box="[834,964,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. ayamaru</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57ECB6C96FBADFE7B" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[980,1138,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batjanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57ECB6C96FBADFE7B" box="[980,1138,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. batjanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD5799E6C96FAD6FE7B" box="[1153,1289,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="derooijae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD5799E6C96FAD6FE7B" box="[1153,1289,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. derooijae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD578066C96FAA8FE7B" authorityName="Lindholm" authorityYear="1905" box="[1305,1399,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diehli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD578066C96FAA8FE7B" box="[1305,1399,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. diehli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD578986C96FF29FD97" baseAuthorityName="De Rooij" baseAuthorityYear="1917" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="florensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD578986C96FF29FD97" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. florensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57C1B6CB2FE54FD97" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1893" box="[260,395,511,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C1B6CB2FE54FD97" box="[260,395,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. heterurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57C876CB2FE20FD97" box="[408,511,511,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lividus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C876CB2FE20FD97" box="[408,511,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. lividus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57F136CB2FD0BFD97" box="[524,724,511,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolabiatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57F136CB2FD0BFD97" box="[524,724,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. melanolabiatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57FFD6CB2FCBAFD97" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[738,869,511,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FFD6CB2FCBAFD97" box="[738,869,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. modestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57E6C6CB2FC05FD96" baseAuthorityName="Meyer" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[883,986,511,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E6C6CB2FC05FD96" box="[883,986,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. parvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57EF76CB2FB91FD97" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1924" box="[1000,1102,511,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poechi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57EF76CB2FB91FD97" box="[1000,1102,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. poechi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD579446CB2FB60FD96" authorityName="Forcart" authorityYear="1953" box="[1115,1215,511,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sutteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579446CB2FB60FD96" box="[1115,1215,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. sutteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and differences in head and body color (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57C976F6EFDFBFDB3" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[392,548,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batjanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C976F6EFDFBFDB3" box="[392,548,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. batjanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57F2F6F6EFD74FDB3" baseAuthorityName="De Rooij" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[560,683,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="florensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57F2F6F6EFD74FDB3" box="[560,683,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. florensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57FA76F6EFCD0FDB3" box="[696,783,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FA76F6EFCD0FDB3" box="[696,783,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. iridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57E036F6EFC40FDB3" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[796,927,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E036F6EFC40FDB3" box="[796,927,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. modestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57EB26F6EFBE0FDB3" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1895" box="[941,1087,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57EB26F6EFBE0FDB3" box="[941,1087,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD579536F6EFB70FDB2" authorityName="Forcart" authorityYear="1953" box="[1100,1199,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sutteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579536F6EFB70FDB2" box="[1100,1199,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. sutteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Where appropriate, gender is indicated throughout by subscripted male (³) and female (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB3FFD57E836F0BFC71FDEE" box="[924,942,582,608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
) symbols for ease of reference; when sexes are combined there is no subscript. Given that the three extant specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57EE56F27FB1FFD0A" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[1018,1216,618,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57EE56F27FB1FFD0A" box="[1018,1216,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are all females, we separately provide data for females of the other species. A listing of those characters most relevant for interspecies comparisons is provided in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C65BC8FFB3FFD57CD36FFCFDFDFD42" box="[460,546,689,716]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,244,150,176]" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative data for three species in the genus Stegonotus. Displayed characteristics include the number of specimens examined (n) and maximum lengths for males and females. For missing data, we use the symbol ® when no specimens could be examined. Abbreviations include snout–vent length (SVL), tail length (TL), total length (TTL), snout-scale ratio (SSR), anterior eye line (AE), frontal-parietal ratio (FPR), number of supralabials contacting the eye (SLE), number of infralabials contacting the anterior genial (ILG), and subcaudal ratio (SCR). Conditions that are relatively rare (occurring in <20% of specimens) are identified by a superscripted dagger symbol (†). For definitions of the other listed characteristics, see Table 1." pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB3FFD57DD86F9BFBB2FBBF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57DD86F9BFE1DFD61" authorityName=", Inger" authorityYear="1967" box="[199,450,725,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57DD86F9BFE1DFD61" box="[199,450,725,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Stegonotus borneensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 1³,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB3FFD57F2E6F98FD8DFD61" box="[561,594,725,751]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
) has a significantly (unpaired
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57EB46F9BFC6CFD61" box="[939,947,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">t</emphasis>
|
||
-test,
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57EEE6F9BFC26FD61" box="[1009,1017,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 6.97,
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579486F9BFBB7FD61" box="[1111,1128,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.01) lower ventral scale count of 193–196 (211–218) and a significantly (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FDA6FB7FD12FC9D" box="[709,717,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 4.98,
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E326FB7FCE1FC9D" box="[813,830,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.05) higher subcaudal count of 78 (56–65). In the single female specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57CDF6E50FD8BFCB9" authorityName=", Inger" authorityYear="1967" box="[448,596,797,823]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57CDF6E50FD8BFCB9" box="[448,596,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. borneensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the values for ventral and subcaudal count are 193 and 78, respectively. As a consequence, the SCR in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57CDA6E0CFD86FCD4" authorityName=", Inger" authorityYear="1967" box="[453,601,832,859]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57CDA6E0CFD86FCD4" box="[453,601,832,859]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. borneensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is higher, at 0.28–0.29 (0.21–0.24). Additional differences include (1) SSR = 1/5 (1/4 or 1/3); (2) FPR = 4/5–7/8 (3/4); and (3) a uniform dark body coloration (head darker than body). The closest known locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57CDA6EC5FD84FC2C" authorityName=", Inger" authorityYear="1967" box="[453,603,904,930]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57CDA6EC5FD84FC2C" box="[453,603,904,930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. borneensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3532EE3FFB3FFD57F826EC5FD22FC2C" box="[669,765,904,930]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
|
||
State,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3532EE3FFB3FFD57E536EC5FC6AFC2C" box="[844,949,904,930]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a horizontal distance of ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB3FFD579E36EC5FA8DFC2C" box="[1276,1362,904,931]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="km" value="560.0">560 km</quantity>
|
||
by air from the type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57CB76EE1FDB2FC48" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[424,621,940,966]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57CB76EE1FDB2FC48" box="[424,621,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57E6B6EE1FBD7FC48" authorityName=", Inger" authorityYear="1967" box="[884,1032,940,966]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E6B6EE1FBD7FC48" box="[884,1032,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. borneensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be a lowland tropical forest species (highest known elevation ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB3FFD57F7F6E82FD45FC64" box="[608,666,975,1002]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="56.0">56 m</quantity>
|
||
at the type locality;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB3FFD57E9E6E82FB85FC64" author="Kaiser, C. M. & Kaiser, H. & O'Shea, M." box="[897,1114,975,1002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref10736" refString="Kaiser, C. M., Kaiser, H. & O'Shea, M. (2018 a) The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Dumeril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874). Zootaxa, 4512 (1), 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4512.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Kaiser
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57ECE6E9DFBDCFC67" box="[977,1027,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD579726E9DFAECFC67" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[1133,1331,975,1002]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD579726E9DFAECFC67" box="[1133,1331,975,1002]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupies montane forest habitat at elevations well above
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB3FFD57FB36EBEFCDBFB80" box="[684,772,1011,1038]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
. The lowest elevation for which we have found a published sighting (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB3FFD57C1F695AFE33FBBF" author="Malkmus, R. & Manthey, U. & Vogel, G. & Hoffmann, P. & Kosuch, J." box="[256,492,1047,1073]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" refId="ref11223" refString="Malkmus, R., Manthey, U., Vogel, G., Hoffmann, P. & Kosuch, J. (2002) Amphibians & Reptiles of Mount Kinabalu (North Borneo). A. R. G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, Liechtenstein, 424 pp." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Malkmus
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C6C6955FE7BFBBF" box="[371,420,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB3FFD57F0B695AFDB4FBBF" box="[532,619,1047,1073]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</quantity>
|
||
, at the locality where the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FFD0D1FFB3FFD57E95695AFC35FBBF" box="[906,1002,1047,1073]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
was found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB3FFD57DD86976FD31FAC1" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57DD86976FE79FBDB" authorityName="A.M.C.Dumeril, Bibron & A.H.A.Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[199,422,1083,1109]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muelleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57DD86976FE79FBDB" box="[199,422,1083,1109]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Stegonotus muelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n =
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB3FFD57CFE6976FDC6FBDB" box="[481,537,1083,1109]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="female">13 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 19 ³)
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2C642EFFB3FFD57F716976FD35FAC1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995108302" collectionCode="V, SCR, SSR" country="Philippines" location="Philippine Islands" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4">
|
||
is from the south-central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3532EE3FFB3FFD57E996976FB90FBDB" box="[902,1103,1083,1109]" name="Philippines" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
and differs by scale counts of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED55F6B6FFB3FFD57D886912FF74FBF7" box="[151,171,1119,1145]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
= 217–241 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C276912FE9FFBF6" box="[312,320,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 5.24,
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57C856912FE74FBF6" box="[410,427,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001), mean = 231 ± 5.5 (211–218, mean = 214 ± 2.9),
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED55F6B6FFB3FFD5792F6912FB9BFBF7" box="[1072,1092,1119,1145]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB3FFD5795A693CFB8EFBF1" attach="left" box="[1093,1105,1137,1151]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB3FFD5795A693CFB8EFBF1" box="[1093,1105,1137,1151]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
= 217–234, mean = 227 ± 4.5 (211–218, mean = 214 ± 2.9), SC = 78–108 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57F8B69CEFD43FB12" box="[660,668,1155,1180]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 7.74,
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FE669CEFCD5FB12" box="[761,778,1155,1180]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001), mean = 96 ± 7.3 (56–65, mean = 61 ± 3.7), SC
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB3FFD5788F69D8FA43FB2D" attach="left" box="[1424,1436,1173,1187]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB3FFD5788F69D8FA43FB2D" box="[1424,1436,1173,1187]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
= 81–103, mean = 95 ± 6.5 (56–65, mean = 61 ± 3.7), SCR = 0.29 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED55F6B6FFB3FFD57E9369EBFC1CFB4E" box="[908,963,1190,1216]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14844" name="Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="Herbarium">SCR</collectionCode>
|
||
= 0.22), SCR
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB3FFD5794169F4FBB5FB49" attach="left" box="[1118,1130,1209,1223]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB3FFD5794169F4FBB5FB49" box="[1118,1130,1209,1223]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
= 0.30 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED55F6B6FFB3FFD579D769EBFB20FB4E" box="[1224,1279,1190,1216]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14844" name="Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="Herbarium">SCR</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB3FFD579E069F4FAD4FB49" attach="left" box="[1279,1291,1209,1223]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB3FFD579E069F4FAD4FB49" box="[1279,1291,1209,1223]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
= 0.22), D = 19-17-15 (17-17-15), SL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB3FFD57CD66987FE2BFB6D" box="[457,500,1225,1252]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
|
||
98.6% or
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB3FFD57F766987FD4BFB6D" box="[617,660,1225,1252]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
|
||
1.4% of specimens (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB3FFD57E616987FC75FB6D" box="[894,938,1225,1252]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
|
||
100% of specimens). Additional differences include (1)
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED55F6B6FFB3FFD57C0869A0FE96FA89" box="[279,329,1261,1287]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">SSR</collectionCode>
|
||
= 2/5 (1/4 or 1/3); (2) three temporal scales touching the parietals (two); and (3) AE lies behind the anterior end of frontal (same level). The closest known locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57E65685CFC2DFAA5" authorityName="A.M.C.Dumeril, Bibron & A.H.A.Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[890,1010,1297,1323]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muelleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57E65685CFC2DFAA5" box="[890,1010,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. muelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is on the island of Mindanao, ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB3FFD5787B685CFF64FAC1" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="km" value="1000.0">1000 km</quantity>
|
||
by air from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FFD0D1FFB3FFD57C6F6878FE7FFAC1" box="[368,416,1333,1359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB3FFD57F3E6878FD35FAC1" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[545,746,1333,1359]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57F3E6878FD35FAC1" box="[545,746,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57FF56878FD31FAC1" box="[746,750,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E3DF8FFB3FFD47DD86815FD37F895" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB3FFD57DD86815FA9CF93A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB3FFD57DD86815FB5DFAFC" bold="true" box="[199,1154,1368,1395]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FFD0D1FFB3FFD57CB46814FDCDFAFD" box="[427,530,1369,1395]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(FMNH 251054)—metrics (in mm) and pholidosis.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
An adult female; length 1071 SVL + 188 TL = 1259 TTL, TL 21% of TTL; head broad, distinct from body; snout rounded in dorsal view, angled in lateral view, mouth subterminal. Rostral character state gull wing + (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFB3FFD5791768EDFB5DFA35" box="[1032,1154,1440,1467]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Internasals shorter than wide, with SSR = 0.25. Prefrontal width 2/3 of prefrontal length, prefrontal area about three times the area of the internasals; HSR = 0.31. Frontal pentagonal with well-formed corners and a slightly concave anterior suture; AE lies at the same level as the anterior edge of the frontal; FPR = 0.81 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFB3FFD57E7E6B46FC64F9AB" box="[865,955,1547,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
); PF<= 100°. Supraoculars relatively large and roughly triangular, barely projecting (8% of supraocular length) beyond the anterior extent of the eye, projecting by 22% of their length posteriorly past the eye. LSR = 0.61. Parietals angular, about two thirds as wide as long; AP<= 122°, with lateral ray directed posterolaterally (lateral ray ca. 65° off the midline). Two equally-sized temporals (an anterior and a posterior temporal) touching the parietals; three neck scales in contact with the parietals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB3FFD57DD86BF3FCB0F85D" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Nasal two-thirds as tall as wide; naris half the length and the same width as the nasal; loreal about twice as long as wide; two preoculars with the lower half the area of the upper. Nine supralabials; SL4–5 touching the eye, SL5 40% larger than SL4; relative areas of supralabials 7 = 6> 8> 5> 9 = 4> 3> 2 = 1, SL 2 is rectangular whereas SL1 is triangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFB3FFD57C7B6A64FE64F8CD" box="[356,443,1833,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
, B’). Eye length two-thirds of eye-naris distance; pupil oval; internarial distance 60% of interorbital distance. Ten infralabials; IL1–5 contacting anterior genials, with two-thirds of the medial border of IL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB3FFD5788F6A00FF72F805" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
||
contact with the anterior genial; three gulars separating the posterior genial from the anterior-most gastrostege; length of mental groove one-third of ventral head length (VHR = 0.38;
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFB3FFD57ED66AD8FBD1F821" box="[969,1038,1941,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C’). Dorsals in 17-17-15 rows, 214 ventrals, cloacal plate entire, 56 paired subcaudals, SCR
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB3FFD57E126A86FCC6F857" attach="left" box="[781,793,1995,2009]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB3FFD57E126A86FCC6F857" box="[781,793,1995,2009]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
= 0.21.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B3EFBFFB2FFD47D886DDBFC12FE07" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB2FFD47D886DDBFC12FE07" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47D886DDBFED0FF3E" bold="true" box="[151,271,150,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparative data for three species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB2FFD47E3C6DDAFC41FF3F" box="[803,926,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47E3C6DDAFC41FF3F" box="[803,926,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Stegonotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Displayed characteristics include the number of specimens examined (n) and maximum lengths for males and females. For missing data, we use the symbol
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD4789C6DF0FA43FF5A" bold="true" box="[1411,1436,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">®</emphasis>
|
||
when no specimens could be examined. Abbreviations include snout–vent length (SVL), tail length (TL), total length (TTL), snout-scale ratio (SSR), anterior eye line (AE), frontal-parietal ratio (FPR), number of supralabials contacting the eye (SL
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB2FFD47C846C74FE7AFEC9" attach="left" box="[411,421,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">E</subScript>
|
||
), number of infralabials contacting the anterior genial (IL
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB2FFD4795E6C74FB92FEC9" attach="left" box="[1089,1101,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">G</subScript>
|
||
), and subcaudal ratio (SCR). Conditions that are relatively rare (occurring in <20% of specimens) are identified by a superscripted dagger symbol (†). For definitions of the other listed characteristics, see Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB2FFD47DB96CD5FA54F995" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<table id="F9449CD3FFB200227DB96CD5FA54F993" box="[166,1419,408,1565]" gridcols="5" gridrows="26" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96CD5FA54FE3E" box="[166,1419,408,432]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96CD5FDC2FE3E" box="[166,541,408,432]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47DB96CD5FECAFE3E" bold="true" box="[166,277,408,432]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Character</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227F5B6CD5FDB5FE3E" box="[580,618,408,432]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47F5B6CD5FDB5FE3E" bold="true" box="[580,618,408,432]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Sex</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6CD5FBA8FE3E" box="[933,1143,408,432]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47EF56CD5FBF2FE3E" bold="true" box="[1002,1069,408,432]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Taxon</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96C8CFA54FE57" box="[166,1419,449,473]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916C8CFCA1FE57" box="[654,894,449,473]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB2FFD47F916C8CFCF8FE57" authority="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser, 2020" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[654,807,449,473]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47F916C8CFCF8FE57" box="[654,807,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47E326C8CFCA1FE57" bold="true" box="[813,894,449,473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2030F1AFFB2FFD47E326C8CFCA1FE57" box="[813,894,449,473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6C8CFBA8FE57" box="[933,1143,449,473]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB2FFD47EC86C8CFB9AFE57" authorityName=", Inger" authorityYear="1967" box="[983,1093,449,473]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47EC86C8CFB9AFE57" box="[983,1093,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">borneensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846C8CFA54FE57" box="[1179,1419,449,473]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB2FFD479F66C8CFAE2FE57" authorityName="A.M.C.Dumeril, Bibron & A.H.A.Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[1257,1341,449,473]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muelleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD479F66C8CFAE2FE57" box="[1257,1341,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">muelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96CA4FA54FD8D" box="[166,1419,489,515]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96CA4FDC2FD8D" box="[166,541,489,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">n</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916CA4FCA1FD8D" box="[654,894,489,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">3♀</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6CA4FBA8FD8D" box="[933,1143,489,515]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">1♀ 1³</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846CA4FA54FD8D" box="[1179,1419,489,515]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">13♀ 19³</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96F5CFA54FDA7" box="[166,1419,529,553]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96F5CFDC2FDA7" box="[166,541,529,553]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Maximum known length (mm)</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F5B6F5CFDB5FDA7" box="[580,618,529,553]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">♀</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916F5CFCA1FDA7" box="[654,894,529,553]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">1071 + 188 = 1259</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6F5CFBA8FDA7" box="[933,1143,529,553]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">715 + 221= 936</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846F5CFA54FDA7" box="[1179,1419,529,553]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">1242 + 323 = 1565</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96F78FA54FDDA" box="[166,1419,565,596]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96F78FDC2FDDA" box="[166,541,565,596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">SVL + TL = TTL</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F5B6F78FDB5FDDA" box="[580,618,565,596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">³</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916F78FCA1FDDA" box="[654,894,565,596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47FE66F71FCCDFDDD" bold="true" box="[761,786,572,595]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">®</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6F78FBA8FDDA" box="[933,1143,565,596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">866 + 237 = 1103</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846F78FA54FDDA" box="[1179,1419,565,596]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">1545 + 450 = 1995</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96FC1FA54FD2A" box="[166,1419,652,676]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96FC1FDC2FD2A" box="[166,541,652,676]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Head characters</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96FF8FA54FD43" box="[166,1419,693,717]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96FF8FDC2FD43" box="[166,541,693,717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Rostral, condition</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916FF8FCA1FD43" box="[654,894,693,717]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">gull wing +</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6FF8FBA8FD43" box="[933,1143,693,717]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">gull wing +</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846FF8FA54FD43" box="[1179,1419,693,717]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">gull wing +</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96F90FA54FD7B" box="[166,1419,733,757]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96F90FDC2FD7B" box="[166,541,733,757]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">SSR</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916F90FCA1FD7B" box="[654,894,733,757]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">1/4 or 1/3</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6F90FBA8FD7B" box="[933,1143,733,757]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">1/5</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846F90FA54FD7B" box="[1179,1419,733,757]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">2/5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96E48FA54FC90" box="[166,1419,773,798]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96E48FDC2FC90" box="[166,541,773,798]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Lateral ray of AP<, orientation</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916E48FCA1FC90" box="[654,894,773,798]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">posterolateral</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6E48FBA8FC90" box="[933,1143,773,798]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">posterolateral</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846E48FA54FC90" box="[1179,1419,773,798]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">posterolateral</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96E63FA54FCC8" box="[166,1419,814,838]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96E63FDC2FCC8" box="[166,541,814,838]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">PF<</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916E63FCA1FCC8" box="[654,894,814,838]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">102°</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6E63FBA8FCC8" box="[933,1143,814,838]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">100°</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846E63FA54FCC8" box="[1179,1419,814,838]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">97°</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96E1BFA54FCE0" box="[166,1419,854,878]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96E1BFDC2FCE0" box="[166,541,854,878]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Position of AE in relation to frontal</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916E1BFCA1FCE0" box="[654,894,854,878]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">same level</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6E1BFBA8FCE0" box="[933,1143,854,878]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">same level or behind</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846E1BFA54FCE0" box="[1179,1419,854,878]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">behind</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96E33FA54FC18" box="[166,1419,894,918]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96E33FDC2FC18" box="[166,541,894,918]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">FPR (%), mean</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916E33FCA1FC18" box="[654,894,894,918]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">78</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6E33FBA8FC18" box="[933,1143,894,918]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">80</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846E33FA54FC18" box="[1179,1419,894,918]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">79</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96EEBFA54FC6C" box="[166,1419,934,994]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96EEBFDC2FC6C" box="[166,541,934,994]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Temporals contacting parietal on one side</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916EEBFCA1FC6C" box="[654,894,934,994]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">2</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6EEBFBA8FC6C" box="[933,1143,934,994]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">2</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846EEBFA54FC6C" box="[1179,1419,934,994]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96EBFFA54FB85" box="[166,1419,1010,1035]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96EBFFDC2FB85" box="[166,541,1010,1035]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Neck scales contacting parietals</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916EBFFCA1FB85" box="[654,894,1010,1035]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">3</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6EBFFBA8FB85" box="[933,1143,1010,1035]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">3</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846EBFFA54FB85" box="[1179,1419,1010,1035]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96957FA54FBB7" box="[166,1419,1050,1081]" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96957FDC2FBB7" box="[166,541,1050,1081]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Supralabials, number (SL E)</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916957FCA1FBB7" box="[654,894,1050,1081]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">9 (4+5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6957FBA8FBB7" box="[933,1143,1050,1081]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">9 (4+5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846957FA54FBB7" box="[1179,1419,1050,1081]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">8 or 9† (4+5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB9690FFA54FBEF" box="[166,1419,1090,1121]" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB9690FFDC2FBEF" box="[166,541,1090,1121]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Infralabials, number (IL G)</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F91690FFCA1FBEF" box="[654,894,1090,1121]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">10 (5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA690FFBA8FBEF" box="[933,1143,1090,1121]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">10 (5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227984690FFA54FBEF" box="[1179,1419,1090,1121]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">9† or 10 (4† or 5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB969DEFA54FB25" box="[166,1419,1171,1195]" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB969DEFDC2FB25" box="[166,541,1171,1195]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Body characters</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB969F6FA54FB5A" box="[166,1419,1211,1236]" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB969F6FDC2FB5A" box="[166,541,1211,1236]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Dorsal scale rows, numbers</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F9169F6FCA1FB5A" box="[654,894,1211,1236]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">17-17-15</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA69F6FBA8FB5A" box="[933,1143,1211,1236]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">17-17-15</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB20022798469F6FA54FB5A" box="[1179,1419,1211,1236]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">19-17-15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB969A9FA54FB72" box="[166,1419,1252,1276]" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB969A9FDC2FB72" box="[166,541,1252,1276]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Gastrosteges, mean ± SD (Range)</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F5B69A9FDB5FB72" box="[580,618,1252,1276]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">♀</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F9169A9FCA1FB72" box="[654,894,1252,1276]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">214 ± 2.9 (211–218)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA69A9FBA8FB72" box="[933,1143,1252,1276]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">193</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB20022798469A9FA54FB72" box="[1179,1419,1252,1276]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">227 ± 4.5 (217–234)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96841FA54FAA8" box="[166,1419,1292,1318]" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F5B6841FDB5FAA8" box="[580,618,1292,1318]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">³</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916841FCA1FAA8" box="[654,894,1292,1318]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47FE66842FCCDFAA8" bold="true" box="[761,786,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">®</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6841FBA8FAA8" box="[933,1143,1292,1318]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">196</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846841FA54FAA8" box="[1179,1419,1292,1318]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">235 ± 3.0 (226–241)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB9687AFA54FAC1" box="[166,1419,1335,1359]" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB9687AFDC2FAC1" box="[166,541,1335,1359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Cloacal plate, condition</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F91687AFCA1FAC1" box="[654,894,1335,1359]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">single</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA687AFBA8FAC1" box="[933,1143,1335,1359]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">single</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227984687AFA54FAC1" box="[1179,1419,1335,1359]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">single</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96812FA54FAF9" box="[166,1419,1375,1399]" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96812FDC2FAF9" box="[166,541,1375,1399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Subcaudals, condition</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916812FCA1FAF9" box="[654,894,1375,1399]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">paired</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6812FBA8FAF9" box="[933,1143,1375,1399]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">paired</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846812FA54FAF9" box="[1179,1419,1375,1399]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">paired</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB968CAFA54FA2E" box="[166,1419,1415,1440]" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB968CAFDC2FA2E" box="[166,541,1415,1440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Subcaudals, mean ± SD (Range)</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F5B68CAFDB5FA2E" box="[580,618,1415,1440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">♀</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F9168CAFCA1FA2E" box="[654,894,1415,1440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">61 ± 3.7 (56–65)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA68CAFBA8FA2E" box="[933,1143,1415,1440]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">78</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB20022798468CAFA54FA2E" box="[1179,1419,1415,1440]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">95 ± 6.5 (81–103)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB968FDFA54FA44" box="[166,1419,1456,1482]" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F5B68FDFDB5FA44" box="[580,618,1456,1482]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">³</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F9168FDFCA1FA44" box="[654,894,1456,1482]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47FE668FEFCCDFA44" bold="true" box="[761,786,1459,1482]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">®</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA68FDFBA8FA44" box="[933,1143,1456,1482]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">78</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB20022798468FDFA54FA44" box="[1179,1419,1456,1482]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">96 ± 8.0 (78–108)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96896FA54FA7D" box="[166,1419,1499,1523]" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76A5054DFFB200227DB96896FDC2FA7D" box="[166,541,1499,1523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">SCR, mean ± SD (Range)</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F5B6896FDB5FA7D" box="[580,618,1499,1523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">♀</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916896FCA1FA7D" box="[654,894,1499,1523]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">0.21± 0.1 (0.21–0.24)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6896FBA8FA7D" box="[933,1143,1499,1523]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">0.29</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846896FA54FA7D" box="[1179,1419,1499,1523]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">0.30 ± 0.02 (0.26–0.31)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35746C31FFB200227DB96B4EFA54F993" box="[166,1419,1539,1565]" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F5B6B4EFDB5F993" box="[580,618,1539,1565]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">³</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227F916B4EFCA1F993" box="[654,894,1539,1565]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47FE66B4BFCCDF993" bold="true" box="[761,786,1542,1565]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">®</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB200227EBA6B4EFBA8F993" box="[933,1143,1539,1565]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">0.28</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5054DFFB2002279846B4EFA54F993" box="[1179,1419,1539,1565]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">0.29 ± 0.02 (0.25–0.31)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB2FFD47DD86B00FD37F895" blockId="9.[151,1437,1613,2036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47DD86B00FABEF9E9" bold="true" box="[199,1377,1613,1639]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FFD0D1FFB2FFD47CBB6B00FDD4F9E9" box="[420,523,1613,1639]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(FMNH 251054)—coloration in preservative (27 years after collection).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum Tawny Olive (Color 17) with some dark spots on lateral edge of a few rows of dorsal scales, head Grayish Olive (273) with scattered lighter areas in Olive Gray (265). The supralabials and infralabials are Pale Buff (1) with mottled areas of Drab-Gray (256) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFB2FFD47F066BF4FDAEF95D" box="[537,625,1721,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1174,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-528@6.[151,1435,1173,1841]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (FMNH 251054) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Note the enlarged vertebral scale row in (A) and the band-like coloration of the ventral scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315470/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFB2FFD47F636BF4FD1FF95A" box="[636,704,1721,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1416,181,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (holotype, FMNH 251054) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A’), right lateral (B, B’), and ventral (C, C’) views. Scale abbreviations for scales in dorsal view include rostral (R), internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), and parietals (P). In lateral view additional abbreviations include nasals (N), loreal (L), supralabials (SL, numbered), mental (M), and infralabials (IL, numbered). In ventral view anterior genials (AG) and posterior genials (PG) are labeled, as are gulars (Roman numerals)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315472/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The venter is Pale Horn (11) with dark areas on the anterior edge of the ventral scales and a dark “dot” on the lateral edge (Burnt Sienna, 38); the anterior one-third of the subcaudals are Burnt Sienna (38), creating a dark tail (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFB2FFD47F686A4CFD05F895" box="[631,730,1793,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1174,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-528@6.[151,1435,1173,1841]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (FMNH 251054) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Note the enlarged vertebral scale row in (A) and the band-like coloration of the ventral scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315470/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Figs. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E3DF8FFB2FFD17DD86A68FC5CFE5F" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB2FFD47DD86A68FE8DF806" blockId="9.[151,1437,1613,2036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47DD86A68FC4AF8B1" bold="true" box="[199,917,1829,1855]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Key data for the paratype—metrics (in mm) and pholidosis.</emphasis>
|
||
An adult female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFB2FFD4797F6A68FB7BF8CE" box="[1120,1188,1829,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,813,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-341@10.[151,1435,813,1713]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Paratype of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. (USNM 130244) including the entire specimen in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views, as well as (C) dorsal, (D) lateral, and (E) ventral views of the head. This specimen is also the paratype of S. borneensis Inger, 1967 and, according to the rules of zoological nomenclature, will retain its original type status with that species. Note that (D) is the correctly placed left lateral head view. This was inadvertently transposed in Fig. 30I in Kaiser et al. (2018a). 4 The species albofuscus was recognized as a member of Lepturophis by a variety of authors (e.g., Grismer et al. 2002," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315474/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB2FFD479A46A68FAC6F8CE" box="[1211,1305,1829,1856]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.65" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="965.0">965 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL +
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB2FFD4786D6A68FF1CF8EA" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.91" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="191.0">191 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB2FFD47C166A04FEACF8EA" box="[265,371,1865,1892]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.156" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="1156.0">1156 mm</quantity>
|
||
TTL, TL = 17% of TTL. V
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB2FFD47FB86A11FD6CF8E4" attach="left" box="[679,691,1884,1898]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB2FFD47FB86A11FD6CF8E4" box="[679,691,1884,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
= 218, SC
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB2FFD47E336A11FCE7F8E4" attach="left" box="[812,824,1884,1898]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB2FFD47E336A11FCE7F8E4" box="[812,824,1884,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
= 62, SCR
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB2FFD47EA96A11FC1DF8E4" attach="left" box="[950,962,1884,1898]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D42A5FAFFB2FFD47EA96A11FC1DF8E4" box="[950,962,1884,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
= 0.22, D = 17-17-15, SL
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB2FFD479F86A11FB2EF8E4" attach="left" box="[1255,1265,1884,1898]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">E</subScript>
|
||
= 4+5, SL = 9, IL = 10, IL
|
||
<subScript id="17C06C36FFB2FFD47C0C6ACDFEC0F800" attach="left" box="[275,287,1920,1934]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">G</subScript>
|
||
= 5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB2FFD47DD86ADCFA43F87D" blockId="9.[151,1437,1613,2036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB2FFD47DD86ADCFE41F825" bold="true" box="[199,414,1937,1963]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Coloration in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on a color analysis of the images in
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F72F6FFB2FFD47E8A6ADCFC05F825" box="[917,986,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs of Stegonotus caligocephalus sp. nov. in life. Both individuals were encountered at night on the slopes of Mount Kinabalu at elevations> 1300 m and were not vouchered. Note the color offset between the darker head and the lighter body, seen particularly well with the lighting in (B) and (C). The individual in (A) and (B) has generally a more gray-toned body color. Photos by Tom Charlton (A, B) and Maximilian Dehling (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315476/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
, which have different lighting, we estimated the coloration in life as follows. The dorsal area of the head is Dark Grayish Brown (284) with some scattered Smoky White (261) spots. The color intensity fades laterally, and a lighter brown with elements of Cinnamon-Drab
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB1FFD77D886DDBFAE6FF77" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">(50) and Beige (254) dominates the supralabial area. The dorsal coloration of the body is in tones of Mars Brown (25) and much lighter than the head, fading in the area where dorsal and ventral scales meet to a light shade of Light Russet Vinaceous (246). This faded color is also visible on the anterolateral margins of each ventral scale.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB1FFD77DD86C4EFB11FDB3" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77DD86C4EFE4DFE92" bold="true" box="[199,402,258,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Whereas during several trips to the Mount Kinabalu area we have never encountered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77D886C6AFEB6FECF" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,361,295,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77D886C6AFEB6FECF" box="[151,361,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we here provide information obtained from the literature and the field notes of colleagues. The species has only been encountered in forested areas of Crocker Range and Mount Kinabalu National Park above
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB1FFD77DFC6C22FEE3FE07" box="[227,316,367,393]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
|
||
, which consists mainly of montane oak-conifer rainforest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77EFF6C22FB6CFE04" author="Inger, R. F. & Tan, F. L." box="[992,1203,367,394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" refId="ref10695" refString="Inger, R. F. & Tan, F. L. (1996) The Natural History of Amphibians and Reptiles in Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 101 pp." type="book" year="1996">Inger & Tan 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Whereas there is a consensus that the species is generally nocturnal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77FDC6CDEFCAEFE23" author="Malkmus, R." box="[707,881,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="179 - 200" refId="ref11019" refString="Malkmus, R. (1989) Herpetologische Beobachtungen am Mt. Kinabalu, Nord-Borneo. II. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin, 65, 179 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19890650202" type="journal article" year="1989">Malkmus 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77E636CDEFC69FE23" author="Malkmus, R." box="[892,950,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="26 - 34" refId="ref11062" refString="Malkmus, R. (1991) Zur Herpetofauna des oberen Liwago, Mt. Kinabalu / Nordborneo. Herpetofauna, Weinstadt, 13 (72), 26 - 34." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77EDD6CDEFC22FE23" author="Malkmus, R." box="[962,1021,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="101 - 138" refId="ref11094" refString="Malkmus, R. (1992) Herpetologische Beobachtungen am Mt. Kinabalu, Nord-Borneo. III. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin, 68, 101 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19920680107" type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD779176CDEFB9CFE23" author="Malkmus, R." box="[1032,1091,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="277 - 295" refId="ref11180" refString="Malkmus, R. (1996) Herpetologische Beobachtungen am Mt. Kinabalu, Nord-Borneo. V. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin, 72, 277 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19960720207" type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD779506CDEFA48FE23" author="Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W." box="[1103,1431,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" refId="ref11277" refString="Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien & Reptilien Sudostasiens. Natur und Tier Verlag, Munster, 512 pp." type="book" year="1997">Manthey & Grossmann 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Max Dehling, pers. comm.; Tom Charlton, pers. comm.), there is some disagreement over the movement of this snake. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77C446C96FD68FE7B" author="Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W." box="[347,695,475,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" refId="ref11277" refString="Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien & Reptilien Sudostasiens. Natur und Tier Verlag, Munster, 512 pp." type="book" year="1997">Manthey & Grossmann (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
consider this species to be an exclusively ground-dwelling form,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77D886CB2FE8BFD97" author="Malkmus, R." box="[151,340,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="217 - 249" refId="ref11137" refString="Malkmus, R. (1994) Herpetologische Beobachtungen am Mt. Kinabalu, Nord-Borneo. IV. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin, 70, 217 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19940700203" type="journal article" year="1994">Malkmus (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported on some arboreal activity. In terms of feeding ecology,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD779216CB2FB23FD97" author="Malkmus, R." box="[1086,1276,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="217 - 249" refId="ref11137" refString="Malkmus, R. (1994) Herpetologische Beobachtungen am Mt. Kinabalu, Nord-Borneo. IV. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin, 70, 217 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19940700203" type="journal article" year="1994">Malkmus (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported on a predatory attempt on a gecko (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77CF16F6EFD23FDB3" baseAuthorityName="Mocquard" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[494,764,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cyrtodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baluensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77CF16F6EFD23FDB3" box="[494,764,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Cyrtodactylus baluensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the only recorded feeding interaction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB1FFD77DD86F0BFDE7FC9B" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77DD86F0BFE5FFDEE" bold="true" box="[199,384,582,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Similar species.</emphasis>
|
||
The species could, in principle, be confused with three similarly colored species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD778046F0AFF2BFD0B" author="Stuebing, R. B. & Inger, R. F. & Lardner, B." pageId="10" pageNumber="63" refId="ref12078" refString="Stuebing, R. B., Inger, R. F. & Lardner, B. (2014) A Field Guide to the Snakes of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 310 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Stuebing
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD778976F0AFF73FD0B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77C1A6F26FE01FD0B" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1893" box="[261,478,619,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lycodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albofuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77C1A6F26FE01FD0B" box="[261,478,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Lycodon albofuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="7C31C33BFFB1FFD77CC16F27FE39FDF6" attach="left" box="[478,486,618,632]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">4</superScript>
|
||
has keeled scales, is more slender, and its lowland habitat make it unlikely that this species occurs in sympatry with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77CCC6FC2FD4BFD27" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[467,660,655,681]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77CCC6FC2FD4BFD27" box="[467,660,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On Borneo, older individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD7791F6FC2FB08FD27" box="[1024,1239,655,681]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lycodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subcinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD7791F6FC2FB08FD27" box="[1024,1239,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Lycodon subcinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have lost the characteristic light bands of younger snakes and may present an overall body coloration similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD779CB6FFEFA49FD43" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[1236,1430,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD779CB6FFEFA49FD43" box="[1236,1430,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As is the case with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77C6F6F9AFDD9FD7F" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1893" box="[368,518,727,753]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lycodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albofuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77C6F6F9AFDD9FD7F" box="[368,518,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">L. albofuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77FBF6F9AFCEBFD7F" box="[672,820,727,753]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lycodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subcinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77FBF6F9AFCEBFD7F" box="[672,820,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">L. subcinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may not extend into the higher elevations (above
|
||
<quantity id="4CBCC396FFB1FFD7787B6F9AFF71FC9B" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
) where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77C166FB6FE10FC9B" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[265,463,763,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77C166FB6FE10FC9B" box="[265,463,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B3EFBFFB1FFD77D886B84FA43F811" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315474" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4315474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315474/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" startId="10.[151,250,1737,1761]" targetBox="[151,1435,813,1713]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB1FFD77D886B84FA43F811" blockId="10.[151,1437,1737,2043]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77D886B84FECBF96C" bold="true" box="[151,276,1737,1762]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77C896B87FD79F96C" authority="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser, 2020" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[406,678,1738,1762]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77C896B87FD79F96C" box="[406,678,1738,1762]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Stegonotus caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77FB26B87FD21F96C" bold="true" box="[685,766,1738,1762]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2030F1AFFB1FFD77FB26B87FD21F96C" box="[685,766,1738,1762]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(USNM 130244) including the entire specimen in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views, as well as (C) dorsal, (D) lateral, and (E) ventral views of the head. This specimen is also the paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD778966BA3FE5FF8A7" authority="Inger, 1967" authorityName=", Inger" authorityYear="1967" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD778966BA3FEDAF8A4" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">S. borneensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77C136A5FFE5FF8A7" author="Inger, R. F." box="[268,384,1809,1834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="77 - 83" refId="ref10649" refString="Inger, R. F. (1967) A new colubrid snake of the genus Stegonotus from Borneo. Fieldiana Zoology, 51 (5), 77 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3111" type="journal article" year="1967">Inger, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, according to the rules of zoological nomenclature, will retain its original type status with that species. Note that (D) is the correctly placed left lateral head view. This was inadvertently transposed in Fig. 30I in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD778006A7BFF36F8FC" author="Kaiser, C. M. & Kaiser, H. & O'Shea, M." pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref10736" refString="Kaiser, C. M., Kaiser, H. & O'Shea, M. (2018 a) The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Dumeril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874). Zootaxa, 4512 (1), 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4512.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Kaiser
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD778776A7BFA49F8C0" box="[1384,1430,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. 4 The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77C556ACAFE69F811" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1893" box="[330,438,1927,1951]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lycodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albofuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77C556ACAFE69F811" box="[330,438,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">albofuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recognized as a member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77E0C6ACAFC52F811" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1900" box="[787,909,1927,1951]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Lepturophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77E0C6ACAFC52F811" box="[787,909,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Lepturophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a variety of authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD779D66ACAFA47F811" author="Grismer, L. L. & McGuire, J. A. & Sosa, R. A. & Kaiser, H." box="[1225,1432,1927,1951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="26 - 29" refId="ref10490" refString="Grismer, L. L., McGuire, J. A., Sosa, R. A. & Kaiser, H. (2002) Revised checklist and comments on the terrestrial herpetofauna of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia. Herpetological Review, 33, 26 - 29." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Grismer
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD7783A6AC5FA8BF811" box="[1317,1364,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB1FFD77DD86AEBFA43F830" blockId="10.[151,1437,1737,2043]" box="[199,1436,1958,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77DD86AEBFF22F830" author="Grismer, J. L. & Grismer, L. L. & Das, I. & Yaakob, N. S. & Lim, B. L. & Leong, T. M. & Youmans, T. M. & Kaiser, H." box="[199,253,1958,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="247 - 279" refId="ref10405" refString="Grismer, J. L., Grismer, L. L., Das, I., Yaakob, N. S., Lim, B. L., Leong, T. M., Youmans, T. M. & Kaiser, H. (2004) Species diversity and checklist of the herpetofauna of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia, with a preliminary overview of habitat utilization. Asiatic Herpetological Research, 10, 247 - 279" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77C186AEBFE13F830" author="Wallach, V. & Williams, K. L. & Boundy, J." box="[263,460,1958,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" refId="ref12179" refString="Wallach, V., Williams, K. L. & Boundy, J. (2014) Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1209 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Wallach
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77C406AEBFE53F830" box="[351,396,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77F9B6AEBFCBCF830" author="Das, I. & Yaakob, N." box="[644,867,1958,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="31 - 81" refId="ref10190" refString="Das, I. & Yaakob, N. (2007) Status of knowledge of the Malaysian herpetofauna. In: Chua, L. S. L., Kirton, L. G. & Saw, L. G. (Eds.), Status of Biological Diversity in Malaysia & Threat Assessment of Plant Species in Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, pp. 31 - 81." type="book chapter" year="2007">Das & Yaakob (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77E716AEBFC3EF830" author="Das, I." box="[878,993,1958,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" refId="ref10148" refString="Das, I. (2012) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Asia: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 160 pp." type="book" year="2012">Das (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and the most recent available phylogenetic
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB1FFD77DD86A89FA42F852" blockId="10.[151,1437,1737,2043]" box="[199,1437,1988,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
|
||
information (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD51382FFB1FFD77C536A89FDC2F852" author="Figueroa, A. & McKelvy, A. D. & Grismer, L. L. & Bell, C. D. & Lailvaux, S. P." box="[332,541,1988,2012]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="0161070" refId="ref10297" refString="Figueroa, A., McKelvy, A. D., Grismer, L. L., Bell, C. D. & Lailvaux, S. P. (2016) A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus. PLoS One, 11 (9), e 0161070. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0161070" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Figueroa
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77CB16A88FE05F852" box="[430,474,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wostl
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77F786A88FD4CF852" box="[615,659,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017) the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77E576A89FC1DF852" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1900" box="[840,962,1988,2012]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Lepturophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77E576A89FC1DF852" box="[840,962,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Lepturophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD779EF6A89FA99F852" box="[1264,1350,1988,2012]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lycodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD779EF6A89FA99F852" box="[1264,1350,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Lycodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and this
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB1FFD77DD86AAEFD26F875" blockId="10.[151,1437,1737,2043]" box="[199,761,2019,2043]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
|
||
species is therefore treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB1FFD77CE96AAEFD60F875" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1893" box="[502,703,2019,2043]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lycodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albofuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB1FFD77CE96AAEFD60F875" box="[502,703,2019,2043]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Lycodon albofuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B3EFBFFB0FFD67D886A5EFC9CF819" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315476" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4315476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4315476/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" startId="11.[151,250,1811,1835]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1787]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB0FFD67D886A5EFC9CF819" blockId="11.[151,1436,1811,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB0FFD67D886A5EFECDF8A5" bold="true" box="[151,274,1811,1835]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB0FFD67CA96A5EFD1CF8A5" authority="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser, 2020" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[438,707,1811,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB0FFD67CA96A5EFD1CF8A5" box="[438,707,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Stegonotus caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB0FFD67FD66A5EFCC6F8A5" bold="true" box="[713,793,1811,1835]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2030F1AFFB0FFD67FD66A5EFCC6F8A5" box="[713,793,1811,1835]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in life. Both individuals were encountered at night on the slopes of Mount Kinabalu at elevations> 1300 m and were not vouchered. Note the color offset between the darker head and the lighter body, seen particularly well with the lighting in (B) and (C). The individual in (A) and (B) has generally a more gray-toned body color. Photos by Tom Charlton (A, B) and Maximilian Dehling (C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB7FFD17DD86DDBFC5CFE5F" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB7FFD17DD86DDBFD7AFF3E" bold="true" box="[199,677,150,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Important warning for field encounters.</emphasis>
|
||
The snakes with which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB7FFD17EAC6DDAFBA6FF3E" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[947,1145,150,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB7FFD17EAC6DDAFBA6FF3E" box="[947,1145,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are most likely to be confused in the field are younger individuals of the venomous Sunda spitting cobra,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB7FFD1792E6DF6FB37FF5A" box="[1073,1256,187,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumatrana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB7FFD1792E6DF6FB37FF5A" box="[1073,1256,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Naja sumatrana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which actually appears to be more commonly encountered in the proximity of human habitations than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB7FFD1795A6D92FAD9FF76" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[1093,1286,222,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB7FFD1795A6D92FAD9FF76" box="[1093,1286,222,249]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both species are very similar in color and habits and it is difficult to tell them apart at a glance, especially in the dim cone of a flashlight by night. However, once engaged a spitting cobra will take up its characteristic threat posture with its head and body raised off the ground. In addition, spitting cobras are known to hiss dramatically when threatened. Needless to say, while the venom delivered by the bite of spitting cobras as well as the toxungen
|
||
<superScript id="7C31C33BFFB7FFD179C36C23FB3BFEF2" attach="left" box="[1244,1252,366,380]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">5</superScript>
|
||
delivered to the eyes are dangerous to humans, these snakes are quite harmless when left undisturbed. In general, great care must be taken when encountering any medium-sized dark snake in Borneo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E3DF8FFB7FFD17DD86C97FF3AFD43" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB6E73FFB7FFD17DD86C97FF3AFD43" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB7FFD17DD86C97FE91FE7A" bold="true" box="[199,334,474,500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB7FFD17F3B6C97FD11FE7A" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[548,718,474,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB7FFD17F3B6C97FD11FE7A" box="[548,718,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a compound word derived from the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB7FFD179D76C97FAD1FE7A" box="[1224,1294,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">caligo</emphasis>
|
||
, with meanings including dark(ness), out of sight, fog, and the Greek kephalos (κεϕαλοζ) meaning head. We deliberately select a mixed-language name given that this name is designed to have mixed morphological and metaphorical meanings. The species name first of all references the darker head color in this species. Secondly, the dark, looming shape of Mount Kinabalu, Southeast Asia’s tallest mountain and the montane home of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4415F0FFB7FFD179336F26FB2BFD0A" authorityName="Kaiser & Lapin & O’Shea & Kaiser" authorityYear="2020" box="[1068,1268,618,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Stegonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caligocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930B261FFB7FFD179336F26FB2BFD0A" box="[1068,1268,618,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">S. caligocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is a dramatic, head-like massif, and we wish to remind people that mountain regions are wonderful places to explore and preserve nature.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |