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<document id="B909C6D1A4CE26A4FB9D07FDD0308A4D" ID-CLB-Dataset="27829" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ed9f2536-1317-48d5-85a9-2d98062a3cd1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2612564" ID-ZooBank="B3EF69F4-7E42-4924-9A9F-FFF5D83022EB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553699248199" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey &amp; Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira" docDate="2018" docId="C4255B094E3DFFFCFF551EFEFA02FE35" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4529.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4529 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Astropyga magnifica A. H. Clark 1934" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="381C23714E33FFEDFFC21B37FF94FFBE" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1698714592381" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="69C9C7DF99A7A3AD6FEF0586594297BE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="D7CAFEACBE418F6C1E91D8B457FD198E">
<mods:title id="2180B18C4D5DA2E120D771D867EBA16C">Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="0F209512119FEEDE15F550520F480904" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8D1CC67C2FD9085806E5C4CA8CF30464">Gondim, Anne Isabelley</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F1E23D3402EF02326124F9EBE13CDB6C" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0BEE202B771633C7D5399AB34105A923">Moura, Rafael Bendayan De</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="748B23B2C777B3558895A9F4D22FF7D3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E85C4198699BACF5DC14DC1AC5EA9320">
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<mods:namePart id="6F78A6C1D1A27B8789218F822C7A965E">Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="36788F15F8CA3EA3F7BEC49E0B797DAC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F9E366BDA549085AE1361F256688D2D2">
<mods:roleTerm id="BC5B8CF869009F5DBB82A5973A0FEF6A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="2DD6EC5BECEDEA11D868F2AAD59500C5">Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="BA14E59B4551658C75A9A2E583405621">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E2D0A251EAE064B54C2997D447B27E7C">
<mods:title id="CA65796A06FD66343A99379E53E88454">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="78BE63DABF44AB094D7AD152011285A2">
<mods:date id="ED49C82C5E90274D5D30CE82F044D029">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="EF077DB53342F519FA8D7162A0DC2C72" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="DB70F216E52ADC455F4BCF58B8A46EA5">2018-12-10</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="33B6CC5B30A3B10C83FDD7B8777DAE7D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="FA69EA6083C95C10620A2B68691E6DD8">4529</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2CDB94A2AFDAE84E916CEADBABF99A42">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="06356EB24DA3FEACE560C898EC749CA1">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="7FC990CB33378145878BA6B1BF715AF7">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="9B65F0F9D36E39065CCCE1DE5C08F11E" type="CLB-Dataset">27829</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="746165319903FF0E72BE4C82FEEAF5E0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="619B4DBFE3008F91798245554BCFE5AF" type="GBIF-Dataset">ed9f2536-1317-48d5-85a9-2d98062a3cd1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6748B82904EE253C21221F6FF543FB24" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C4255B094E3DFFFCFF551EFEFA02FE35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5970994" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154508455" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5970994" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C4255B094E3DFFFCFF551EFEFA02FE35" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4255B094E3DFFFCFF551EFEFA02FE35" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E3DFFE3FF551EFEFDFBFA5D" box="[151,623,1481,1507]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3DFFE3FF551EFEFDFBFA5D" blockId="14.[151,623,1481,1507]" box="[151,623,1481,1507]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="177B5D734E3DFFE3FF551EFEFDFBFA5D" bold="true" box="[151,623,1481,1507]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3DFFE3FF551EFEFDFBFA5D" ID-CoL="J54M" authority="A. H. Clark, 1934" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,623,1481,1507]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3DFFE3FF551EFEFDFBFA5D" bold="true" box="[151,623,1481,1507]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3DFFE3FF551EFEFE06FA5D" bold="true" box="[151,402,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astropyga magnifica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3DFFE3FE581EFEFDFBFA5D" author="Clark, A. H." box="[410,623,1481,1507]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="52 - 53" refId="ref49649" refString="Clark, A. H. (1934) A new sea-urchin from Florida. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 24, 52 - 53. Available from: https: // archive. org / details / journalofwashin 241934 wash (accessed 16 April 2015)" type="journal article" year="1934">A.H. Clark, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E3DFFE3FF551D26FEEBF9FA" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3DFFE3FF551D26FEEBF9FA" blockId="14.[151,1436,1552,1604]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6C9CCD314E3DFFE3FF551D26FEEBF9FA" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3DFFE3FF551D26FDD7F998" ID-CoL="J54M" authority="A. H. Clark, 1934: 52" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,579,1552,1574]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3DFFE3FF551D26FEFDF998" box="[151,361,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astropyga magnifica</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3DFFE3FEAD1D27FDD7F998" author="Clark, A. H." box="[367,579,1552,1574]" page="52" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1934">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3DFFE3FEAD1D27FDB4F998" author="Clark, A. H." box="[367,544,1552,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="52 - 53" refId="ref49649" refString="Clark, A. H. (1934) A new sea-urchin from Florida. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 24, 52 - 53. Available from: https: // archive. org / details / journalofwashin 241934 wash (accessed 16 April 2015)" type="journal article" year="1934">A.H. Clark, 1934</bibRefCitation>
: 52
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–53.–
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3DFFE3FDBB1D27FC11F998" author="Magalhaes, W. F. &amp; Martins, L. R. &amp; Alves, O. F. S." box="[633,901,1552,1574]" page="63" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3DFFE3FDBB1D27FCF0F998" author="Magalhaes, W. F. &amp; Martins, L. R. &amp; Alves, O. F. S." box="[633,868,1552,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="375 - 381" refId="ref58552" refString="Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. &amp; Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65" type="journal article" year="2005">
Magalhães
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3DFFE3FD2D1D26FCB6F998" box="[751,802,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 63
</treatmentCitation>
.–
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3DFFE3FC541D27FB2FF998" author="Lima, E. J. &amp; Fernandes, M. L. B." box="[918,1211,1552,1574]" page="57" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3DFFE3FC541D27FB0CF998" author="Lima, E. J. &amp; Fernandes, M. L. B." box="[918,1176,1552,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref57559" refString="Lima, E. J. B &amp; Fernandes, M. L. B. (2009) Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias, 11 (1), 55 - 63. Available from: https: // zoociencias. ufjf. emnuvens. com. br / zoociencias / article / view / 448 (accessed 20 November 2016)" type="journal article" year="2009">
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E3DFFE3FC541D27FC5BF998" box="[918,975,1552,1574]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lima</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fernandes, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
: 57
</treatmentCitation>
–58, fig. 1.–
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3DFFE3FAEC1D27FEC7F9FA" author="Martins, L. &amp; Souto, C. &amp; Magalhaes, W. F. &amp; Alves, O. F. S. &amp; Rosa, I. L. &amp; Sampaio, C. L. S." page="55" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3DFFE3FAEC1D27FEBAF9FA" author="Martins, L. &amp; Souto, C. &amp; Magalhaes, W. F. &amp; Alves, O. F. S. &amp; Rosa, I. L. &amp; Sampaio, C. L. S." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="53 - 59" refId="ref59202" refString="Martins, L., Souto, C., Magalhaes, W. F., Alves, O. F. S., Rosa, I. L. &amp; Sampaio, C. L. S. (2012 a) Echinoderm harvesting in Todosos-Santos Bay, Bahia State, Brazil: the aquarium trade. Sitientibus serie Ciencias Biologicas, 12 (1), 53 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">
Martins
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3DFFE3FA481D26FF75F9FA" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012a
</bibRefCitation>
: 55
</treatmentCitation>
, 57.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E3DFFE3FF551D46FC96F934" box="[151,770,1649,1674]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3DFFE3FF551D46FC96F934" blockId="14.[151,1436,1649,2034]" box="[151,770,1649,1674]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3DFFE3FF551D46FE14F934" bold="true" box="[151,384,1649,1674]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Material examined.</emphasis>
No specimens available for study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E3DFFFDFF051DA2FC80FA30" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3DFFE3FF051DA2FEC8F84C" blockId="14.[151,1436,1649,2034]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3DFFE3FF051DA2FB49F910" bold="true" box="[199,1245,1684,1710]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Description (modified from
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3DFFE3FDDA1DA2FD74F910" author="Clark, A. H." box="[536,736,1685,1710]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="52 - 53" refId="ref49649" refString="Clark, A. H. (1934) A new sea-urchin from Florida. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 24, 52 - 53. Available from: https: // archive. org / details / journalofwashin 241934 wash (accessed 16 April 2015)" type="journal article" year="1934">A.H. Clark 1934</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3DFFE3FD2D1DA2FC24F910" author="Mortensen, T. H." box="[751,944,1685,1710]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref60919" refString="Mortensen, T. H. (1940) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Aulodonta, with additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentra and Stirodonta). Vol III. 1. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940">Mortensen 1940</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3DFFE3FC2D1DA2FB41F910" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[1007,1237,1684,1710]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3DFFE3FB9B1DA1FB07F913" bold="true" box="[1113,1171,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
. Test large, very low, fairly flexible and slightly pentagonal in dorsal view. Apical system monocyclic. Genital plates large, triangular, projecting strongly interradially. Ocular plates small and rectangular. Periproct covered marginally by small and variably shaped plates. Anal cone without plates. Ambulacra slightly swollen. Ambulacral plating trigeminate, with pairs of pores arranged in arches. Ambulacral plates closest to peristome without primary tubercles. Interambulacra wide, broadest at middle height of test, with extensive, naked, Y-shaped areas on aboral surface. Primary spines long, thin, fragile, verticillate, banded with reddish-brown and whitish-yellow stripes, and filled with calcite meshwork. Secondary spines similar to primary spines, but weaker and thinner. Tubercles perforate and crenulate. Number of tubercles increases towards peristome. Peristome covered by small, fragile, broadened plates.
</paragraph>
<caption id="18F3BA974E3CFFE2FF551C4FFDE1F854" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612570/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[151,250,1912,1934]" targetBox="[195,1398,193,1896]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3CFFE2FF551C4FFDE1F854" blockId="15.[151,1436,1911,2026]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FF551C4FFE83F833" bold="true" box="[151,279,1912,1934]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Morphological characters of
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3CFFE2FD971C4FFCA4F830" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1887" box="[597,816,1912,1934]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Eucidaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tribuloides">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FD971C4FFCA4F830" box="[597,816,1912,1934]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eucidaris tribuloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UFPB/ECH.1902).
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FBCD1C40FBA6F830" bold="true" box="[1039,1074,1911,1934]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(A)</emphasis>
Aboral view;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FB131C40FB67F830" bold="true" box="[1233,1267,1911,1934]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(B)</emphasis>
Oral view;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FABB1C40FA08F830" bold="true" box="[1401,1436,1911,1934]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(C)</emphasis>
Lateral view;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FEE11CA1FED3F813" bold="true" box="[291,327,1942,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(D)</emphasis>
Valve of tridentate pedicellariae;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FD5E1CA1FD2AF813" bold="true" box="[668,702,1942,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(E)</emphasis>
Spicules of tube feet;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FC631CA1FC56F813" bold="true" box="[929,962,1942,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(F)</emphasis>
Valve of globiferous pedicellariae;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FAE91CA1FAC4F813" bold="true" box="[1323,1360,1942,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(G)</emphasis>
Aboral view of naked test;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FE9C1C83FE17F875" bold="true" box="[350,387,1972,1995]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(H)</emphasis>
Oral view of naked test;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FD461C83FD34F875" bold="true" box="[644,672,1972,1995]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(I)</emphasis>
Tube foot ossicle;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FCA01C83FC14F875" bold="true" box="[866,896,1972,1995]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(J)</emphasis>
Detail of apical system;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FBBF1C83FB36F875" bold="true" box="[1149,1186,1972,1995]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(K)</emphasis>
Detail of peristome;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FAB81C83FA08F875" bold="true" box="[1402,1436,1972,1995]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(L)</emphasis>
Ambulacral plates;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3CFFE2FE9F1CE4FE11F854" bold="true" box="[349,389,2003,2026]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(M)</emphasis>
Interambulacral plates.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="18F3BA974E23FFFDFF551F08FAD7FBCF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E23FFFDFF551F08FAD7FBCF" blockId="16.[151,1417,1086,1137]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFF551F08FE86FBEA" bold="true" box="[151,274,1087,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Morphological characters of
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFDFC1F08FCB6FBEB" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[574,802,1087,1109]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFDFC1F08FCB6FBEB" box="[574,802,1087,1109]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Phormosoma placenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(EqMN2341).
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFC7C1F09FC75FBEB" bold="true" box="[958,993,1086,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(A)</emphasis>
Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E23FFFDFF051FAAFBC9FB40" blockId="16.[151,1437,1181,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFF051FAAFCB2FB08" bold="true" box="[199,806,1181,1206]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Pedicellariae (modified from
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFD8B1FAAFC8DFB08" author="Mortensen, T. H." box="[585,793,1181,1206]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref60919" refString="Mortensen, T. H. (1940) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Aulodonta, with additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentra and Stirodonta). Vol III. 1. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940">Mortensen 1940</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Claviform pedicellariae well-developed. Tridentate pedicellariae small, with very narrow valves. Triphyllous pedicellariae as in
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFC391FF5FADFFB64" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1019,1355,1217,1242]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvinata">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFC391FF5FB12FB64" box="[1019,1158,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. pulvinata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFB571FF6FAD7FB64" author="Lamarck, J. B." box="[1173,1347,1217,1242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref56558" refString="Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une Introduction offrant la Determination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFA461FF5FE1BFB40" authority="(Leske, 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiata">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFA461FF5FF7EFB40" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. radiata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFF3A1FD2FE13FB40" author="Leske, N. G." box="[248,391,1253,1278]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref57039" refString="Leske, N. G. (1778) Iacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum. Accesserunt lucubratiuncula de aculeis echinorum marinorum et spicilegium de belemnitis. Edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonymis auctorem aucta. Officina Gleditschiana, Lipsiae, 278 pp." type="book" year="1778">Leske, 1778</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. For more detail, see
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFDBD1FD0FBCCFB40" author="Mortensen, T. H." box="[639,1112,1253,1278]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref60919" refString="Mortensen, T. H. (1940) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Aulodonta, with additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentra and Stirodonta). Vol III. 1. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940">Mortensen (1940: 206, pl. LXX, figs 4–6)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E23FFFDFF051E3EFC80FA30" blockId="16.[151,1437,1181,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFF051E3EFEB4FA9C" bold="true" box="[199,288,1289,1314]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Colour.</emphasis>
Naked areas of test golden yellow. Brown ambulacra bordered by single rows of brilliant, iridescent blue spots. The inflated anal cone is bluish white, with a brown peripheral ring and a dark brown anus. The spines are banded in reddish brown and yellowish white (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFD191E66FC2BFAD4" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[731,959,1361,1386]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFC821E64FCEEFAD4" box="[832,890,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
). Juvenile can be pink-reddish with green spines banded by red stripes (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFE231E41FC9CFA30" author="Humann P. &amp; Deloach N." box="[481,776,1397,1422]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref55196" refString="Humann P. &amp; Deloach N. (2002) Reef Creatures Identification. 2 nd Edition. New world Publication, Jacksonville, 420 pp." type="book" year="2002">Humann &amp; Deloach 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E23FFFDFF051EAEFC02F9FC" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E23FFFDFF051EAEFC02F9FC" blockId="16.[151,1437,1181,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFF051EAEFEF4FA0C" bold="true" box="[199,352,1433,1458]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution.</emphasis>
North Carolina, South Carolina,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFCC71EAEFCC9FA0C" box="[773,861,1433,1458]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFC1C1EAEFBA2FA0C" box="[990,1078,1433,1458]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFB891EAEFB2CFA0C" box="[1099,1208,1433,1458]" name="Barbados" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Barbados</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFB0F1EAEFA9FFA0C" box="[1229,1291,1433,1458]" name="Cuba" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cuba</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFAE21EAEFF6BFA68" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFEC81E8AFEF3FA68" box="[266,359,1469,1494]" name="Jamaica" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFEB01E88FE6FFA68" box="[370,507,1469,1494]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFDC41E8AFDC4FA68" box="[518,592,1469,1494]" name="Belize" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Belize</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFD991E88FD23FA68" box="[603,695,1471,1494]" name="Panama" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFD001E8AFCA7FA68" box="[706,819,1469,1494]" name="Colombia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Colombia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFCFD1E8AFC21FA68" box="[831,949,1469,1494]" name="Venezuela" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFC021E8AFBB6FA68" box="[960,1058,1469,1494]" name="Suriname" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Surinam</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFB9E1E8AFB34FA68" box="[1116,1184,1469,1494]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(Espinosa
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFADF1E88FAC1FA68" box="[1309,1365,1469,1494]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
1997; del
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFF071ED6FE72FA44" author="Valle Garcia, R. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Abreu Perez, M. &amp; Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la" box="[197,486,1505,1530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="9 - 28" refId="ref51643" refString="del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">
Valle García
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFEA31ED4FE0AFA44" box="[353,414,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFE341ED6FCFCFA44" author="Laguarda-Figueras, A. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Duran-Gonzalez, A. &amp; Gust-Ahearn, C. &amp; Buitron-Sanchez, B. E. &amp; Torres-Veja, J." box="[502,872,1505,1530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="109 - 122" refId="ref56400" refString="Laguarda-Figueras, A., Solis-Marin, F. A., Duran-Gonzalez, A., Gust-Ahearn, C., Buitron-Sanchez, B. E. &amp; Torres-Veja, J. (2005 a) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Mexicano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 109 - 122." type="journal article" year="2005">
Laguarda-Figueras
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFD141ED4FC80FA44" box="[726,788,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2005a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFCBA1ED6FBE4FA44" author="Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Ahearn, C." box="[888,1136,1505,1530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="37 - 55" refId="ref47222" refString="Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56 (Supplement 3), 37 - 55." type="journal article" year="2008">
Alvarado
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFC2E1ED4FBBDFA44" box="[1004,1065,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFB431ED6FA03FA44" author="Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Abreu-Perez, M. &amp; Aguilera, O. &amp; Alio, J. &amp; Bacallado-Aranega, J. J. &amp; Barraza, E. &amp; Serrato, M. &amp; Benitez-Villalobos, F. &amp; Betancourt-Fernandez, L. &amp; Borges, M. &amp; Brandt, M. &amp; Brogger, M. I. &amp; Borrero-Perez, G. H. &amp; Buitron-Sanchez, B. E. &amp; Campos, L. S. &amp; Cantera, J. &amp; Clemente, S. &amp; Cohen-Renjifo, M. &amp; Coppard, S. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V. &amp; Valle-Garcia, R. &amp; Diaz, Y. &amp; Diaz de Vivar, M. E. &amp; Diaz-Martinez, J. P. &amp; Duran-Gonzalez, A. &amp; Epherra, L. &amp; Escolar, M. &amp; Francisco, V. &amp; Freire, C. A. &amp; Garcia-Arraras, E. &amp; Gil, D. G. &amp; Guarderas, P. &amp; Hadel, V. F. &amp; Hearn, A. &amp; Hernandez, J. C. &amp; Hernandez-Delgado, E. A. &amp; Herrera-Moreno, A. &amp; Herrero-Perezrul, M. D. &amp; Hooker, Y. &amp; Honey-Escandon, M. B. I. &amp; Lodeiros, C. &amp; Luzuriaga, M. &amp; Manso, C. L. C. &amp; Martin, A. &amp; Martinez, M. I. &amp; Martinez, S. &amp; Moro-Abad, L. &amp; Mutschke, E. &amp; Navarro, J. C. &amp; Neira, R. &amp; Noriega, N. &amp; Palleiro-Nayar, J. S. &amp; Perez, A. F. &amp; Perez-Ruzafa, A. &amp; Prieto-Rios, E. &amp; Reyes, J. &amp; Rodriguez, R. &amp; Rubilar, T. &amp; Sancho-Mejia, T. &amp; Sangil, C. &amp; Silva, J. R. M. C. &amp; Sonnenholzner, J. I. &amp; Ventura, C. R. &amp; Tablado, A. &amp; Tavares, Y. &amp; Tiago, C. G. &amp; Tuya, F. &amp; Williams, S. M." box="[1153,1431,1505,1530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="543 - 654" refId="ref63726" refString="Solis-Marin, F. A., Alvarado, J. J., Abreu-Perez, M., Aguilera, O., Alio, J., Bacallado-Aranega, J. J., Barraza, E., Benavides- Serrato, M., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Betancourt-Fernandez, L., Borges, M., Brandt, M., Brogger, M. I., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Buitron-Sanchez, B. E., Campos, L. S., Cantera, J., Clemente, S., Cohen-Renjifo, M., Coppard, S., Costa-Lotufo, L. V., del Valle-Garcia, R., Diaz, Y., Diaz de Vivar, M. E., Diaz-Martinez, J. P., Duran-Gonzalez, A., Epherra, L., Escolar, M., Francisco, V., Freire, C. A., Garcia-Arraras, E., Gil, D. G., Guarderas, P., Hadel, V. F., Hearn, A., Hernandez, J. C., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A., Herrera-Moreno, A., Herrero-Perezrul, M. D., Hooker, Y., Honey-Escandon, M. B. I., Lodeiros, C., Luzuriaga, M., Manso, C. L. C., Martin, A., Martinez, M. I., Martinez, S., Moro-Abad, L., Mutschke, E., Navarro, J. C., Neira, R., Noriega, N., Palleiro-Nayar, J. S., Perez, A. F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Prieto-Rios, E., Reyes, J., Rodriguez, R., Rubilar, T., Sancho-Mejia, T., Sangil, C., Silva, J. R. M. C., Sonnenholzner, J. I., Ventura, C. R., Tablado, A., Tavares, Y., Tiago, C. G., Tuya, F. &amp; Williams, S. M. (2013) Appendix. In: Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, pp. 543 - 654." type="book chapter" year="2013">
Solís-Marín
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFAD11ED4FAC4FA44" box="[1299,1360,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFF551D32FE23F9A0" author="Rodriguez-Barreras, R." box="[151,439,1541,1566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref62628" refString="Rodriguez-Barreras, R. (2014) The shallow-water echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Cuba. Marine Biodiversity Records, 7, e 86, 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 175526721400092 X" type="journal article" year="2014">Rodríguez-Barreras 2014</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFE251D32FDBFF9A0" box="[487,555,1541,1566]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
from PE, BA, and SC (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFCF01D32FBB9F9A0" author="Magalhaes, W. F. &amp; Martins, L. R. &amp; Alves, O. F. S." box="[818,1069,1541,1566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="375 - 381" refId="ref58552" refString="Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. &amp; Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65" type="journal article" year="2005">
Magalhães
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFC761D30FC78F9A0" box="[948,1004,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFBFA1D32FAD9F9A0" author="Lima, E. J. &amp; Fernandes, M. L. B." box="[1080,1357,1541,1566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref57559" refString="Lima, E. J. B &amp; Fernandes, M. L. B. (2009) Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias, 11 (1), 55 - 63. Available from: https: // zoociencias. ufjf. emnuvens. com. br / zoociencias / article / view / 448 (accessed 20 November 2016)" type="journal article" year="2009">Lima &amp; Fernandes 2009</bibRefCitation>
). From
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E23FFFDFF551D1DFE96F9FF" box="[151,258,1578,1602]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" metricValueMax="8.9" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="45.5" valueMax="89.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 89 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFE971D1EFDCAF9FC" author="Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Abreu-Perez, M. &amp; Aguilera, O. &amp; Alio, J. &amp; Bacallado-Aranega, J. J. &amp; Barraza, E. &amp; Serrato, M. &amp; Benitez-Villalobos, F. &amp; Betancourt-Fernandez, L. &amp; Borges, M. &amp; Brandt, M. &amp; Brogger, M. I. &amp; Borrero-Perez, G. H. &amp; Buitron-Sanchez, B. E. &amp; Campos, L. S. &amp; Cantera, J. &amp; Clemente, S. &amp; Cohen-Renjifo, M. &amp; Coppard, S. &amp; Costa-Lotufo, L. V. &amp; Valle-Garcia, R. &amp; Diaz, Y. &amp; Diaz de Vivar, M. E. &amp; Diaz-Martinez, J. P. &amp; Duran-Gonzalez, A. &amp; Epherra, L. &amp; Escolar, M. &amp; Francisco, V. &amp; Freire, C. A. &amp; Garcia-Arraras, E. &amp; Gil, D. G. &amp; Guarderas, P. &amp; Hadel, V. F. &amp; Hearn, A. &amp; Hernandez, J. C. &amp; Hernandez-Delgado, E. A. &amp; Herrera-Moreno, A. &amp; Herrero-Perezrul, M. D. &amp; Hooker, Y. &amp; Honey-Escandon, M. B. I. &amp; Lodeiros, C. &amp; Luzuriaga, M. &amp; Manso, C. L. C. &amp; Martin, A. &amp; Martinez, M. I. &amp; Martinez, S. &amp; Moro-Abad, L. &amp; Mutschke, E. &amp; Navarro, J. C. &amp; Neira, R. &amp; Noriega, N. &amp; Palleiro-Nayar, J. S. &amp; Perez, A. F. &amp; Perez-Ruzafa, A. &amp; Prieto-Rios, E. &amp; Reyes, J. &amp; Rodriguez, R. &amp; Rubilar, T. &amp; Sancho-Mejia, T. &amp; Sangil, C. &amp; Silva, J. R. M. C. &amp; Sonnenholzner, J. I. &amp; Ventura, C. R. &amp; Tablado, A. &amp; Tavares, Y. &amp; Tiago, C. G. &amp; Tuya, F. &amp; Williams, S. M." box="[341,606,1577,1602]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="543 - 654" refId="ref63726" refString="Solis-Marin, F. A., Alvarado, J. J., Abreu-Perez, M., Aguilera, O., Alio, J., Bacallado-Aranega, J. J., Barraza, E., Benavides- Serrato, M., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Betancourt-Fernandez, L., Borges, M., Brandt, M., Brogger, M. I., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Buitron-Sanchez, B. E., Campos, L. S., Cantera, J., Clemente, S., Cohen-Renjifo, M., Coppard, S., Costa-Lotufo, L. V., del Valle-Garcia, R., Diaz, Y., Diaz de Vivar, M. E., Diaz-Martinez, J. P., Duran-Gonzalez, A., Epherra, L., Escolar, M., Francisco, V., Freire, C. A., Garcia-Arraras, E., Gil, D. G., Guarderas, P., Hadel, V. F., Hearn, A., Hernandez, J. C., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A., Herrera-Moreno, A., Herrero-Perezrul, M. D., Hooker, Y., Honey-Escandon, M. B. I., Lodeiros, C., Luzuriaga, M., Manso, C. L. C., Martin, A., Martinez, M. I., Martinez, S., Moro-Abad, L., Mutschke, E., Navarro, J. C., Neira, R., Noriega, N., Palleiro-Nayar, J. S., Perez, A. F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Prieto-Rios, E., Reyes, J., Rodriguez, R., Rubilar, T., Sancho-Mejia, T., Sangil, C., Silva, J. R. M. C., Sonnenholzner, J. I., Ventura, C. R., Tablado, A., Tavares, Y., Tiago, C. G., Tuya, F. &amp; Williams, S. M. (2013) Appendix. In: Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, pp. 543 - 654." type="book chapter" year="2013">
Solís-Marín
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFE261D1CFD88F9FC" box="[484,540,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFDAB1D1EFC1EF9FC" author="Rodriguez-Barreras, R." box="[617,906,1577,1602]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref62628" refString="Rodriguez-Barreras, R. (2014) The shallow-water echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Cuba. Marine Biodiversity Records, 7, e 86, 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 175526721400092 X" type="journal article" year="2014">Rodríguez-Barreras 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E23FFFCFF051D7AFA02FE35" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E23FFFDFF051D7AFCD8F880" blockId="16.[151,1437,1181,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFF051D7AFEAFF9D8" bold="true" box="[199,315,1613,1638]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFE811D79FD80F9D8" author="Clark, A. H." box="[323,532,1613,1638]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="52 - 53" refId="ref49649" refString="Clark, A. H. (1934) A new sea-urchin from Florida. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 24, 52 - 53. Available from: https: // archive. org / details / journalofwashin 241934 wash (accessed 16 April 2015)" type="journal article" year="1934">A.H. Clark (1934)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFD521D79FCB5F9D8" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1934" box="[656,801,1614,1638]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFD521D79FCB5F9D8" box="[656,801,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. magnifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of four specimens collected
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E23FFFDFB3E1D79FAA3F9D8" box="[1276,1335,1614,1638]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="88.0">88 m</quantity>
south of Dry
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFF091D45FEA4F934" box="[203,304,1650,1674]" name="Haiti" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
. Presently, two species are known from the coast of
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFC461D46FC5CF934" box="[900,968,1649,1674]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
[
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFC181D45FBFEF934" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1934" box="[986,1130,1650,1674]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFC181D45FBFEF934" box="[986,1130,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. magnifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFB611D45FF76F910" authority="Tommasi, 1958 b" authorityName="Tommasi" authorityYear="1958" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nuptialis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFB611D45FAB1F934" box="[1187,1317,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. nuptialis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFAEF1D46FF76F910" author="Tommasi, L. R." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="85 - 87" refId="ref65155" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1958 b) El genero Astropyga Gray, nuevo para a America del Sul. Neotropica, 4 (15), 85 - 87." type="journal article" year="1958">Tommasi, 1958b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]. The first is widely distributed, from North Carolina to southern
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFC1E1DA2FBB7F910" box="[988,1059,1685,1710]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, while records of the second are restricted to
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E23FFFDFEE51D8DFE0FF96C" box="[295,411,1721,1746]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E23FFFDFE171D8DFD14F96C" box="[469,640,1721,1746]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
. Tommasi (unpublished data) considers
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFB8E1D8DFB4AF96C" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1934" box="[1100,1246,1722,1746]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFB8E1D8DFB4AF96C" box="[1100,1246,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. magnifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFADA1D8DFA08F96C" authorityName="Tommasi" authorityYear="1958" box="[1304,1436,1721,1746]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nuptialis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFADA1D8DFA08F96C" box="[1304,1436,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. nuptialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
synonyms. We reach the same conclusion on the basis of comparisons between published descriptions. However, a more detailed comparison involving
<typeStatus id="933754BD4E23FFFDFDFF1C35FDF9F8A4" box="[573,621,1794,1818]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
material is necessary. According to
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFBD01C35FB72F8A4" author="Clark, A. H." box="[1042,1254,1793,1818]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="52 - 53" refId="ref49649" refString="Clark, A. H. (1934) A new sea-urchin from Florida. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 24, 52 - 53. Available from: https: // archive. org / details / journalofwashin 241934 wash (accessed 16 April 2015)" type="journal article" year="1934">A.H. Clark (1934)</bibRefCitation>
, juveniles of
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFA461C35FE93F880" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1934" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFA461C35FE93F880" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. magnifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resemble
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFEB81C11FD97F880" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[378,515,1829,1854]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvinata">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFEB81C11FD97F880" box="[378,515,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. pulvinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
more closely than the adults.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E23FFFCFF051C7EFA02FE35" blockId="16.[151,1437,1181,2034]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,395]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFF051C7EFE00F8DC" bold="true" box="[199,404,1865,1890]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ecological notes.</emphasis>
This species, called the &quot;king urchin&quot; in
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFC4E1C7EFC47F8DC" box="[908,979,1865,1890]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, lives in sheltered habitats with sandy substrates, fragments of calcareous algae, gravel and calcareous outcrops. It has also been observed in muddy substrates and in meadows of
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFDC31CA6FC38F814" authority="Ostenfeld, 1902" authorityName="Ostenfeld" authorityYear="1902" box="[513,940,1937,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratobatrachidae" genus="Halophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFDC31CA6FD7CF814" box="[513,744,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Halophila decipiens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFD361CA6FC38F814" author="Ostenfeld, C. H." box="[756,940,1937,1962]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="260 - 263" refId="ref61568" refString="Ostenfeld, C. H. (1902) Hydrocharitaceae, Lemnaceae, Pontederiaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Gentianaceae (Limnanthemum), Nymphaeaceae. BoL Tidsskr, 24, 260 - 263." type="journal article" year="1902">Ostenfeld, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(del
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFC321CA6FA86F814" author="Valle Garcia, R. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Abreu Perez, M. &amp; Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la" box="[1008,1298,1937,1962]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="9 - 28" refId="ref51643" refString="del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">
Valle García
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFB4E1CA4FB5EF814" box="[1164,1226,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E23FFFDFAE81CA5FE93F870" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1934" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Astropyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magnifica">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFAE81CA5FE93F870" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Astropyga magnifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rarely observed
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFE1B1C80FD8AF870" box="[473,542,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">in situ</emphasis>
in
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E23FFFDFD821C82FD13F870" box="[576,647,1973,1998]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, although it seems to have a patchy distribution and to be gregarious in some Caribbean localities (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFE091CEEFD39F84C" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[459,685,2009,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E23FFFDFDED1CECFDFDF84C" box="[559,617,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E23FFFDFD001CEEFC39F84C" author="Kier, P. M. &amp; Grant, R. E." box="[706,941,2009,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref55796" refString="Kier, P. M. &amp; Grant, R. E. (1965) Echinoid distribution and habits, Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve, Florida. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 149, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1965">Kier &amp; Grant (1965)</bibRefCitation>
observed it moving across the sand flats in groups of two to five, at a speed of approximately
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E22FFFCFD1E1BAFFC89FF0E" box="[732,797,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.144" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="ft" value="3.0">3 feet</quantity>
per minute, concluding that it is highly mobile.
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E22FFFCFA8A1BA0FF75FF69" author="Lessios, H. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref57084" refString="Lessios, H. A. (1990) Adaptation and phylogeny as determinants of egg size in echinoderms from the two sides of the Isthmus of Panama. The American Naturalist, 135 (1), 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 285028" type="journal article" year="1990">Lessios (1990)</bibRefCitation>
considered egg size and recorded mean values of 104.04 µm for the longest axis and 5.59×10
<superScript id="BBF947574E22FFFCFAC51B8CFA9BFF77" attach="left" box="[1287,1295,187,201]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5</superScript>
µm
<superScript id="BBF947574E22FFFCFAFE1B8CFAD0FF77" attach="left" box="[1340,1348,187,201]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3</superScript>
for egg volume.
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E22FFFCFF391BD4FE52FF45" author="Mortensen, T. H." box="[251,454,227,251]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref60919" refString="Mortensen, T. H. (1940) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Aulodonta, with additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentra and Stirodonta). Vol III. 1. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940">Mortensen (1940)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E22FFFCFDC21BD4FCCAFF45" author="De Ridder, C. &amp; Lawrence, J. M." box="[512,862,226,251]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="57 - 115" refId="ref51517" refString="De Ridder, C. &amp; Lawrence, J. M. (1982) Food and feeding mechanisms: Echinoidea. In: Jangoux, M. &amp; Lawrence, J. M. (Eds.), Echinoderm nutrition. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 57 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1982">De Ridder &amp; Lawrence (1982)</bibRefCitation>
recorded shell fragments in the stomach contents. Commensal species, mainly shrimps, have been recorded (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E22FFFCFCEE1A31FB9CFEA1" author="Kier, P. M. &amp; Grant, R. E." box="[812,1032,262,287]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref55796" refString="Kier, P. M. &amp; Grant, R. E. (1965) Echinoid distribution and habits, Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve, Florida. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 149, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1965">Kier &amp; Grant 1965</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E22FFFCFBDE1A31FA80FEA1" author="Williams, L. B. &amp; Williams, E. H. Jr. &amp; Bunkley, A. G. Jr." box="[1052,1300,262,287]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="391 - 393" refId="ref67530" refString="Williams, L. B., Williams, E. H. Jr. &amp; Bunkley, A. G. Jr. (1986) Isolated mortalities of the sea urchins Astropyga magnifica and Eucidaris tribuloides in Puerto Rico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 38 (2), 391 - 393. Available from: http: // www. ingentaconnect. com / content / umrsmas / bullmar / 1986 / 00000038 / 00000002 / art 00010? crawler = true (accessed 19 October 2016)" type="journal article" year="1986">
Williams
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E22FFFCFB4B1A3FFB57FEA1" box="[1161,1219,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(1986)
</bibRefCitation>
reported an event of mass mortality of this species in the shallow-waters on the northwest coast of
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E22FFFCFBA61A1CFB7DFEFD" box="[1124,1257,298,323]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
in the winter of
<date id="3832CCDF4E22FFFCFF551A79FE81FED9" box="[151,277,334,359]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1984" valueMax="1985">1984–1985</date>
. Since then, no similar event has been reported in the literature. Between the years of
<date id="3832CCDF4E22FFFCFB2E1A79FA0CFED9" box="[1260,1432,334,359]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1996" valueMax="2005">1996 and 2005</date>
,
<specimenCount id="5A8A21964E22FFFCFF551A45FEA9FE35" box="[151,317,370,395]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="generic">226 specimens</specimenCount>
were captured along the littoral of the State of Bahia by aquarium hobbyists (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E22FFFCFB611A45FA1FFE35" author="Martins, L. &amp; Souto, C. &amp; Magalhaes, W. F. &amp; Alves, O. F. S. &amp; Rosa, I. L. &amp; Sampaio, C. L. S." box="[1187,1419,370,395]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="53 - 59" refId="ref59202" refString="Martins, L., Souto, C., Magalhaes, W. F., Alves, O. F. S., Rosa, I. L. &amp; Sampaio, C. L. S. (2012 a) Echinoderm harvesting in Todosos-Santos Bay, Bahia State, Brazil: the aquarium trade. Sitientibus serie Ciencias Biologicas, 12 (1), 53 - 59." type="journal article" year="2012">
Martins
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E22FFFCFAC01A43FAAEFE35" box="[1282,1338,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
2012a
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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