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122 lines
16 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa061" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5300243" approvalRequired="62" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="11" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="45" approvalRequired_for_treatments="6" checkinTime="1630095814227" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Norman, David B" docDate="2021" docId="B66BDD2A080AFFB0E3EE7089FBA5E0CF" docLanguage="en" docName="zlaa061.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 (1)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/191/1/1/5893854" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.5:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Scelidosaurus : THE" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="4A52A552082FFF96E03F7400FFA5E61A" masterDocTitle="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" masterLastPageNumber="86" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1631151263965" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Norman, David B</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-01-01</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>191</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/191/1/1/5893854</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa061</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5300243</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B66BDD2A080AFFB0E3EE7089FBA5E0CF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B66BDD2A080AFFB0E3EE7089FBA5E0CF" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="37.[977,1292,1161,1217]" box="[977,1292,1161,1184]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<heading box="[977,1292,1161,1184]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority=": THE" box="[977,1292,1161,1184]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[977,1220,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">SCELIDOSAURUS</emphasis>
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: THE
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="37.[977,1292,1161,1217]" box="[982,1287,1193,1217]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="37.[827,1444,1240,1630]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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The biomechanical observations of
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<bibRefCitation author="Alexander RMcN" box="[1241,1443,1240,1262]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="129 - 130" refId="ref57327" refString="Alexander RMcN. 1976. Estimating the speeds of dinosaurs. Nature 261: 129 - 130." type="journal article" year="1976">Alexander (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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followed by the review by Walter
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<bibRefCitation author="Coombs WP" box="[1249,1442,1270,1293]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="393 - 418" refId="ref59012" refString="Coombs WP. 1978 c. Theoretical aspects of cursorial adaptation in dinosaurs. Quarterly Reviews in Biology 53: 393 - 418." type="journal article" year="1978">Coombs (1978c)</bibRefCitation>
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prompted interest in the poses and relative proportions of dinosaur limbs, their musculature, locomotor capacity and trackway evidence (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Gatesy SM" box="[1169,1322,1363,1384]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="170 - 186" refId="ref60132" refString="Gatesy SM. 1990. Caudofemoral musculature and evolution of theropod locomotion. Paleobiology 16: 170 - 186." type="journal article" year="1990">Gatesy, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="450 - 469" refId="ref58414" refString="Carrano MT. 1998. Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: integrating data from hindlimb morphology, biomechanics and modern analogues. Paleobiology 24: 450 - 469." type="journal article" year="1998">Carrano, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT" box="[898,954,1393,1414]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="489 - 512" refId="ref58477" refString="Carrano MT. 2000. Homoplasy and the evolution of dinosaur locomotion. Paleobiology 26: 489 - 512." type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hutchinson JR" box="[969,1191,1393,1415]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="123 - 167" refId="ref60839" refString="Hutchinson JR. 2000 a. The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 123 - 167." type="journal article" year="2000">Hutchinson, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
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, b, 2004;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hutchinson JR & Gatesy SM" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="734 - 751" refId="ref60962" refString="Hutchinson JR, Gatesy SM. 2000. Adductors, abductors and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology 26: 734 - 751." type="journal article" year="2000">Hutchinson & Gatesy, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT & Hutchinson JR" box="[1050,1434,1424,1446]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="207 - 228" refId="ref58497" refString="Carrano MT, Hutchinson JR. 2002. Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Morphology 253: 207 - 228." type="journal article" year="2002">Carrano & Hutchinson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hutchinson JR & Garcia M" box="[827,1135,1454,1476]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1018 - 1021" refId="ref60939" refString="Hutchinson JR, Garcia M. 2002. Tyrannosaurus rex was not a fast runner. Nature 415: 1018 - 1021." type="journal article" year="2002">Hutchinson & Garcia, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Sellers WI & Manning PL" box="[1148,1428,1454,1476]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="2711 - 2716" refId="ref65171" refString="Sellers WI, Manning PL. 2007. Estimating dinosaur running speeds using evolutionary robotics. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274: 2711 - 2716." type="journal article" year="2007">Sellers & Manning, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Trackway evidence does not exist for
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<taxonomicName box="[1277,1443,1485,1506]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1277,1443,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but its appendicular skeleton is now known (
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<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="47 - 157" refId="ref63118" refString="Norman DB. 2020 b. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial endoskeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 47 - 157." type="journal article" year="2020">Norman, 2020b</bibRefCitation>
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) and provides information concerning locomotor musculature, joint anatomy, limb proportions and potential limb excursion patterns for this animal.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="37.[886,1384,1690,1715]" box="[886,1384,1690,1715]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">PECTORAL GIRDLE AND FORELIMB MYOLOGY</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="37.[827,1444,1730,1906]" lastBlockId="38.[809,1426,1360,1749]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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The pectoral girdle and forelimb musculature of thyreophorans have rarely been considered.
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<bibRefCitation author="Coombs WP" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="642 - 657" refId="ref58986" refString="Coombs WP. 1978 b. Forelimb muscles of the Ankylosauria (Reptilia, Ornithischia). Journal of Paleontology 52: 642 - 657." type="journal article" year="1978">Coombs (1978b)</bibRefCitation>
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attempted a reconstruction of the principal forelimb muscles in ankylosaurs.
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<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1256,1436,1822,1844]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="281 - 372" refId="ref62986" refString="Norman DB. 1986. On the anatomy of Iguanodon atherfieldensis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 56: 281 - 372." type="journal article" year="1986">Norman (1986</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 75–77) provided origin and insertion maps and a lines-of-action reconstruction for the musculature of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in the ornithischian ornithopod
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[287,473,1390,1411]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanodontidae" genus="Mantellisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[287,473,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Mantellisaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. These reconstructions were based on comparative myological information derived from extant crocodilians. Birds (although extant theropods) were considered too specialized in their pectoral anatomy and myology for meaningful comparison.
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<bibRefCitation author="Meers MB" box="[285,430,1544,1566]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="891 - 916" refId="ref62497" refString="Meers MB. 2003. Crocodylian forelimb musculature and its relevance to Archosauria. The Anatomical Record 274 A: 891 - 916." type="journal article" year="2003">Meers (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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provided a beautifully crafted redescription of crocodilian forelimb musculature.
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<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Barrett PM" box="[145,454,1605,1627]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1265 - 1291" refId="ref61948" refString="Maidment SCR, Barrett PM. 2011. The locomotor musculature of basal ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31: 1265 - 1291." type="journal article" year="2011">Maidment & Barrett (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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reviewed the identification of forelimb musculature in basal ornithischians (with occasional reference to the stem thyreophoran
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maidment & Barrett" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[145,324,1697,1718]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[145,324,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and used the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket (EPB) protocol advocated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Witmer LM" box="[585,754,1727,1750]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref66311" refString="Witmer LM. 1995. The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils. In: Thomason JJ, ed. Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 19 - 33." type="book chapter" year="1995">Witmer (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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. Using this approach, they created origin and insertion maps for some of the shoulder and forelimb muscles of these dinosaurs based on a critical evaluation of the evidence of muscle distributions in living crocodilians and birds because they phylogenetically ‘bracket’ ornithischian dinosaurs. However, the efficacy of this approach is severely compromised by the profound differences between such disparate living representatives (
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<bibRefCitation author="Romer AS" box="[1089,1250,1452,1474]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="605 - 617" refId="ref64620" refString="Romer AS. 1923 b. The pelvic musculature of saurischian dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 48: 605 - 617." type="journal article" year="1923">Romer, 1923b</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Gatesy SM" box="[1267,1419,1452,1473]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="170 - 186" refId="ref60132" refString="Gatesy SM. 1990. Caudofemoral musculature and evolution of theropod locomotion. Paleobiology 16: 170 - 186." type="journal article" year="1990">Gatesy, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Gatesy SM" box="[809,867,1482,1504]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="219 - 234" refId="ref60152" refString="Gatesy SM. 1995. Functional evolution of the hindlimb and tail from basal theropods to birds. In: Thomason JJ, ed. Functional morphology in vertebrate evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 219 - 234." type="book chapter" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT" box="[885,1061,1482,1503]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="489 - 512" refId="ref58477" refString="Carrano MT. 2000. Homoplasy and the evolution of dinosaur locomotion. Paleobiology 26: 489 - 512." type="journal article" year="2000">Carrano, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The EPB approach offers a logical basis for the prediction of some soft-tissue features in fossil animals, but its application in this instance requires the exercise of considerable caution. The anatomy of the pectoral girdle of
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<taxonomicName box="[1260,1425,1605,1626]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1260,1425,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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resembles that described in other basal ornithischians (
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<figureCitation box="[817,896,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="39.[164,243,1058,1080]" captionTargetBox="[177,1436,200,1004]" captionTargetId="figure-383@39.[163,1443,195,1018]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="Figure 29. Scelidosaurus. Myological mapping. Scapula and coracoid, based on the lectotype NHMUK R1111 (A, lateral; B, medial). Humerus, based on the referred specimen BRSMG LEGL 0005 (C, posterior; D, anterior). After Norman (2020b: figs 56, 58,63).Abbreviations:bi, m.biceps; cuc,m.cucullaris;br, m.brachialis;dc,clavicular deltoid;ds, scapular deltoid; ld-tm, mm. latissimus dorsi-teres major; p, m. pectoralis; sbs, m. subscapularis; sh, m. scapulohumeralis; sc, m. supracoracoideus; scc, m. subcoracoideus; tra-ls, mm. trapezius-levator scapulae. Scale bars in centimetres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5300291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5300291/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
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) and this permits some plausible mapping of the origins and insertions of the principal support and locomotor muscles.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |