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<document id="9216133826F05EE224AEF676AD497C16" ID-CLB-Dataset="35024" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f37895dc-7316-48e6-ac3e-901aa5f79eeb" ID-PMC="PMC4982377" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-608-1" ID-PubMed="27559303" ID-ZooBank="F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-608-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 608" ModsDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" checkinTime="1470408253360" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Borowiec, Marek L." docDate="2016" docId="90C57AC13D1C36B0B5322CC9FE0AB3A7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 608: 1-280" docOrigin="ZooKeys 608" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" docTitle="Acanthostichus Mayr 1887" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="D563FF93FFEAD163FF9A3E6FFFDDF937" masterDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="280" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1701385037927" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4B40A50A7355FA7FA5E92BEEB8E095B6">Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="90C57AC13D1C36B0B5322CC9FE0AB3A7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127875738" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:90C57AC13D1C36B0B5322CC9FE0AB3A7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/90C57AC13D1C36B0B5322CC9FE0AB3A7" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<subSubSection id="6CF3809B0BB070A6E2453FFB3F179961" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="71B48594D5F77C58FEB4D10C271C93D6" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="529032E712169D734F3697A2AC078C99" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="91DDF5BF618264F4FB9526BE03C411D6" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="1994FC632589FDE8B252E450C8891E52" ID-CoL="62825" authority="Mayr, 1887" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus Mayr, 1887</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="780F296DB9451C17D33450AB584E78EE" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F507F82CDDD79EC6776DA26B23FCB190" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="945BAC1285C819066EF7063FA7B1C1EF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1906
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BDAA5F3BB713CCE3C5E6B556F7B46035" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="type-species">
<paragraph id="E9629C4F53C39C22221ECA76DC7F1641" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Type-species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0FE1C6B8D86F8098006128B6E6A725BB" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="D5E8D863C4942619EC189A88EE0EE90E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhlopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlopone serratula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serratula">Typhlopone serratula</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5377FFDD6356C75EBB02EB8C32D9EDB0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="6147A56644AC6151D176C69270503E93" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
is a New World genus of termite-hunting dorylines most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="7DB5DA3501BDED92DF982340C143A105" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cylindromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindromyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindromyrmex</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DBEA4C24F18024C4312E91CC3468C5D4" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F66BE357E9E707DBF4C9BD2D96DCE848" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43F62251E33A46865CE97C0A759BB4BB" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
Worker. The workers of this distinctive lineage can be recognized by a combination of 12-segmented antennae, absence of ridge on pronotal collar, unfused pronotomesopleural Pronotomesopleural suture, highly positioned helcium, a single pectinate spur on mid and hind tibiae, propodeal spiracle usually positioned below the midheight of the sclerite, and large pygidium armed with modified finger-like setae. Restricted to the New World, the species of
<taxonomicName id="DAD95E8D0FB93BFCD37425A5051C0414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
are medium-sized ants that are often brown or yellowish in coloration and lack distinctive sulcate or striate sculpturing characteristic of its close relative
<taxonomicName id="29BAD87A078FEFE193DE267F25AFF151" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cylindromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindromyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindromyrmex</taxonomicName>
or very conspicuous constrictions between gastral segments of
<taxonomicName id="48A2D030001325BB04969FE55B0853A1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
. Other New World dorylines (army ants related to
<taxonomicName id="9FEF7DEB36802BB45CABC593566AA6CE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
, species of
<taxonomicName id="FAF59501F6EB4AFFBE106D001E67FE16" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptanilloides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leptanilloides</taxonomicName>
) all have simple, small pygidium, at most armed with several thick setae. Workers of
<taxonomicName id="A115E6D6E57E67F090F75C987E62D486" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
and the introduced
<taxonomicName id="A7EA66CE10C21307383A1BEA5F0F6E43" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
, also found in the New World, can be distinguished by antennal segment count reduced to 11 or 9, respectively.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D61B562AF2C8E7150D95210EDF7338ED" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
Male. The male of
<taxonomicName id="B0E3275957CB300D1DBC55D54A0C28B8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
can be separated from all other dorylines by a combination of propodeal lobes conspicuous, supraaxial helcium, single spur on each mid and hind tibiae, costal vein (C) present in fore wing, and R·f3 present past pterostigma but not enclosing a cell with Rs·f5. Most species appear to have 12-segmented antennae but at least
<taxonomicName id="E6736A3246B6E78E3C59050192FA192B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus texanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">Acanthostichus texanus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="70466B857D803D9B0DD7818A1A770CCA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus davisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davisi">Acanthostichus davisi</taxonomicName>
are known to have 13 antennal segments. Among New World dorylines the habitus of males is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="AE6118FB4C1BD64EBA84182326BE6CFE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cylindromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindromyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindromyrmex</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9DF8ED0354F3A106D4964FE9B8445286" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neocerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neocerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neocerapachys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="945E359CAC6C5F1460F59E5706DAECF1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="93FECEAD60DC03CD248193073EFEA2CA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="E1CFB490D082206E099557AC2E9797F0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
has conspicuous constrictions between abdominal segments IV, V, and VI in combination with narrow axial helcium,
<taxonomicName id="CA6F33045ED3D026A7660B42A07449E0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cylindromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindromyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindromyrmex</taxonomicName>
has two tibial spurs, and
<taxonomicName id="A04A751FF2B5152D22689E42A0CFBD0E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
lacks the costal vein in the fore wing.
<taxonomicName id="72BDF641BDC226D6E5ABAFD12AD2BB32" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neocerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neocerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neocerapachys</taxonomicName>
has either a closed marginal cell or lacks cross-vein 2rs-m. Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="FE315405CC8B309DB543EBF4BF14A29C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
males that lack 2rs-m have a broader helcium and more poorly developed posterior face of the petiole than is characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="55450133DFDC023D99A66AC3631E4688" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neocerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neocerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neocerapachys</taxonomicName>
. Other dorylines found in the New World include the army ants, and males in these genera always have marginal cell closed by R·f3 and Rs·f5, only one well-differentiated waist segment, and no constriction between abdominal segments III and IV. The remaining neotropical genus,
<taxonomicName id="C2EB59B30EFA30C1240E909989EC606C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptanilloides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leptanilloides</taxonomicName>
, has no conspicuous tegula and venation reduced, without R·f3 or discal cell.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="658E977DB2E728928BDFEF476571124E" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph id="FB0B6C8DEF23FB9F4F4B9FE4B6D9F6EE" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="032F288D1AA5B0922504A8452115FA12" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
Worker.Head: Antennae with 12 segments. Apical antennal segment moderately enlarged, broader than and about equal in length to two preceding segments combined. Clypeus without cuticular apron. Lateroclypeal teeth absent.
<taxonomicName id="FFB3ACFF40EA041384A33BF40501F766" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
absent. Torulo-posttorular complex horizontal. Antennal scrobes absent. Labrum with median notch or concavity. Proximal face of stipes projecting beyond inner margin of sclerite, concealing prementum when mouthparts fully closed. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Labial palps 3-segmented. Mandibles triangular, with median tooth or triangular, edentate. Eyes present, composed of 1-20 ommatidia. Ocelli absent. Head capsule with differentiated vertical posterior surface above occipital foramen. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Posterior head corners dorsolaterally immarginate. Carina surrounding occipital foramen absent or present. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge. Promesonotal connection with Pronotomesopleural suture completely fused.
<taxonomicName id="153BAB2BF81D7A44FEF1518883C3B91F" class="Insecta" genus="Pronotomesopleural" lsidName="Pronotomesopleural suture" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suture">Pronotomesopleural suture</taxonomicName>
visible, unfused partway to notal surface.
<taxonomicName id="B38D0F536EE93CCA24975A4CD247D864" class="Insecta" genus="Mesometapleural" lsidName="Mesometapleural groove" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">Mesometapleural groove</taxonomicName>
replaced by cuticular ridge. Transverse
<taxonomicName id="DCF7006B45E9EC30939491EB012D930A" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
dividing mesopleuron absent. Pleural endophragmal pit concavity present. Mesosoma dorsolaterally weakly to conspicuously marginate. Metanotal depression or
<taxonomicName id="C8D7B49E23E1ADB1553DE4FE474C093C" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
on mesosoma absent. Propodeal spiracle situated low or high on sclerite. Propodeal declivity with distinct dorsal edge or margin and rectangular in posterior view. Metapleural gland with bulla visible through cuticle. Propodeal lobes present, well developed. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally marginate, and laterally above spiracle marginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and supraaxial. Prora forming a simple U-shaped margin or reduced to small longitudinal ridge. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
<normalizedToken id="20E648E81EF8B9EA630CE9FE3D4ED119" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
circular. Abdominal segment III anterodorsally immarginate and dorsolaterally immarginate. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV, which is weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like, not sculptured or weakly cross-ribbed. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal tergite IV not folding over sternite, and anterior portions of sternite and tergite equally well visible in lateral view. Girdling constriction between pre- and posttergites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Girdling constriction between pre- and poststernites of abdominal segments
<pageBreakToken id="CB9D33BEDE3B08048CD33D703B23DBFB" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" start="start">V</pageBreakToken>
and VI absent or present. Pygidium large, with impressed medial field, and armed with modified setae. Hypopygium unarmed. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind basitarsus not widening distally, circular in cross-section. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland absent or oval patch of whitish cuticle. Metabasitarsal gland absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Polymorphism: Monomorphic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7AF5D28606F328B80559D1A7A18D02A0" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Male.Head: Antennae with 12 or 13 segments. Antennal scapes dorsoventrally flattened. Clypeus with cuticular apron, not translucent.
<taxonomicName id="74D919E90538FC2CD05180FF461D37B3" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
absent. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Labial palps 3-segmented. Mandibles triangular, edentate. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge.
<taxonomicName id="B47F0CBDE48016BD8046968B08008138" class="Insecta" genus="Notauli" lsidName="Notauli" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notauli</taxonomicName>
absent or present. Transverse
<taxonomicName id="7D62ADB0BF3C463F74239A9BA0CBCE8C" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
dividing mesopleuron absent or present. Propodeal declivity reduced, without distinct dorsal edge or margin. Metapleural gland opening present. Propodeal lobes present. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle immarginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and supraaxial. Prora forming a simple U-shaped margin or V-shaped protrusion. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
<normalizedToken id="692B5B04986767064DCED21947CA390B" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
circular. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV; latter weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like, not sculptured. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of abdominal segments V and VI absent or present. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal sternite VII simple. Abdominal sternite IX distally armed with two spines, with lateral apodemes about as long as medial apodeme, directed anteriorly (towards head). Genitalia: Cupula long relative to rest of genital capsule and shorter ventrally than dorsally. Basimere broadly fused to telomere, with no sulcus trace at junction, and ventrally with left and right arms abutting or separated. Telomere gradually tapering toward apex.
<taxonomicName id="FAD1A24BC2902FC88861AF230ADB834F" class="Insecta" family="Mytilidae" genus="Volsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volsella" order="Mytilida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Volsella</taxonomicName>
gradually tapering toward apex. Penisvalva laterally flattened, at apex hooked ventrally. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland absent. Metabasitarsal glands absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Wings: Tegula present, broad, demiovate or narrow, demilanceolate in shape. Abscissa R·f3 present and running toward distal wing margin but not enclosing cell with Rs·f5. Abscissae Rs·f2-3 absent or present, connecting with Rs+M&amp;M·f2. Cross-vein 2r-rs present, connected to Rs·f2-3&amp;Rs·f4, differentiated from Rs·f4 by presence of Rs·f2-3. Abscissae Rs·f4-5 present, fused in absence of 2rs-m or differentiated into Rs·f4 and Rs·f5 by 2rs-m. Abscissa M·f2 in fore wing contiguous with Rs+M. Abscissa M·f2 in fore wing present, separated from Rs+M by Rs·f2. Abscissa M·f4 in fore wing present, not reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1m-cu in fore wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in fore wing absent or present, arising from M+Cu and proximal to M·f1. Vein Cu in fore wing
<pageBreakToken id="7CC567260F0065B96478915767D55FCC" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" start="start">present</pageBreakToken>
, with only Cu1 branch prominent or with both branches Cu1 and Cu2. Vein A in fore wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present. Vein C in hind wing absent. Vein Sc+R+Rs present. Vein R in hind wing absent. Vein Sc+R in hind wing present. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing present, shorter than 1rs-m, sometimes a stub. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing present, longer than 1rs-m. Abscissa Rs·f2 in hind wing present, not reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1rs-m in hind wing absent or present, about as long as M·f1. Vein M+Cu in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f1 in hind wing absent or present. Abscissa M·f2 in hind wing absent or present. Cross-vein cu-a in hind wing absent or present. Vein Cu in hind wing absent or present. Vein A in hind wing absent or with abscissa A·f1 present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B54CDBEC1505D7BBE81006646AF1FAC9" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
Gyne.
<taxonomicName id="8D7E82FFED6A0A3BE979E595D5930CE2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
gynes are known either as alates or subdichthadiiform, i.e. ergatoid without wing sclerites but possessing hypertrophied gasters. The former are currently known for
<taxonomicName id="30208B2B15C868CFE2E7981A0B2295D5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus emmae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emmae">Acanthostichus emmae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="60DF93818D7F97313E00D774788779A9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus texanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">Acanthostichus texanus</taxonomicName>
, the latter in
<taxonomicName id="179ED749C6E83523786A6034D87366A8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus brevicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">Acanthostichus brevicornis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="50CE64F3F44725770A5BD828FA9B9D7F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus quadratus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadratus">Acanthostichus quadratus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="2E5CE711EC595B2A70260C05AF3FD1EE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus laticornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticornis">Acanthostichus laticornis</taxonomicName>
. In the fully alate gynes the eyes are large and three ocelli are present and abdominal segment III is differentiated from succeeding segments. In the subdichthadiigynes the eyes are present but small, three small ocelli are present, the head is more round than in workers, and mandibles are falcate; there are no flight-associated sclerites, abdominal segment II (petiole) is broadly attached posteriorly to segment III, which is also enlarged, not separated from the rest of the gaster by a constriction (Emery 1895,
<bibRefCitation id="63199A59B9CD592C2BF4EAA23C53FE2E" author="MacKay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="129 - 179" title="A revision of the ant genus Acanthostichus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="27" year="1996">MacKay 1996</bibRefCitation>
). The distinction between alate versus wingless gynes was the basis for the separation of the genus
<taxonomicName id="F3F8CDA57249C80F7F7FA796AEDCBC32" class="Insecta" genus="Ctenopyga" lsidName="Ctenopyga" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="1B5D4C75B83FE5422943419A0CB529FF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
(see above;
<bibRefCitation id="B3A12CA548A2E60BEF3E08A3B3DD737B" author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="ADF826CE39B5E1142D295E53F4617857" author="MacKay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="129 - 179" title="A revision of the ant genus Acanthostichus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="27" year="1996">MacKay 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C58B27796DA2B25DB84D0B4CB9244464" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
Larva. Described in
<bibRefCitation id="73EC445DA26C1CE6DBD9F592C976D341" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna" pageId="196" pageNumber="197" pagination="3 - 10" title="Intorno alle larve di alcune formiche." volume="5" year="1899 c">Emery (1899c)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A05D4826EFA47C5B3E5AF667A4A90EB8" author="Bruch, C" journalOrPublisher="Physis (Buenos Aires)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="110 - 114" title="Macho, larva y ninfa de Acanthostichusramosmexiae Bruch." volume="8" year="1925">Bruch (1925)</bibRefCitation>
. Cocoons absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D0C344C4F97D80EB77FE2F3CDD9A9562" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BD7C9D445103D6EA043FC2ACA3D8A181" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C91D7026927733322FEFFA712B72A92A" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="1D0D8B3F12D17D46E4AA236BE46D90AA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
is a genus of 24 described species, occurring in southern United States, Mexico, and most of South America. The genus has long been thought absent from Central America, but at least one specimen is known from Costa Rica. This is unlikely due to undersampling, as Central American countries have been the subject to some of the most intensive surveys of ant faunas (
<bibRefCitation id="9B973FC8829A4B8EB9FB36409877EDD4" author="Longino, JT" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" title="How ants drop out: Ant abundance on tropical mountains." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0104030" volume="9" year="2014">Longino et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="D537ED7EB8FCEC3D5428EDBA8148CC9B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus hispaniolicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispaniolicus">Acanthostichus hispaniolicus</taxonomicName>
has been described from Dominican amber (Miocene) of Hispaniola.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="867C3D59323C9F5149A4E13BEFD0390E" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="taxonomy and phylogeny">
<paragraph id="4393900B5382648745E081450018EF2A" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Taxonomy and phylogeny.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A8CAD27C561ECB1FC3483506EEBAC3E" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="F02C136EFBE9F67D1CA433F11A99ADD0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
was erected by
<bibRefCitation id="451557ACCB7F0BC85709CD67C07BAC6E" author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="511 - 632" title="Suedamerikanische Formiciden." volume="37" year="1887">Mayr (1887)</bibRefCitation>
for the species
<taxonomicName id="B69F957B0E3D4B2727CAEBFE821E62B1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhlopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlopone serratula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serratula">Typhlopone serratula</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="C4685EB1EE96372DAA65C72EBEBF243F" author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="British Museum, London" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" title="Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae." year="1858">Smith 1858</bibRefCitation>
, then known only from workers.
<bibRefCitation id="E1AF74ED96B2F8A4F7CDCC0855BA4DFB" author="Ashmead, WH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="21 - 31" title="Classification of the foraging and driver ants, or Family Dorylidae, with a description of the genus Ctenopyga Ashm." volume="8" year="1906">Ashmead (1906)</bibRefCitation>
later introduced the genus
<taxonomicName id="5E2F348199BAC83A2F6025A9F131949E" class="Insecta" genus="Ctenopyga" lsidName="Ctenopyga" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
, based on an alate gyne and males. He differentiated it from
<taxonomicName id="DA43082066D9F3A0EFC9F6A71B27D4F2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
based on the gyne morphology, as by then wingless gynes were found in
<taxonomicName id="628035641BDE06B14F071285F1532419" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
(Emery 1895l).
<bibRefCitation id="81AA6DF373081800605C6D1B9A2FB5A0" author="MacKay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="129 - 179" title="A revision of the ant genus Acanthostichus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="27" year="1996">MacKay (1996)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized the otherwise remarkably similar
<taxonomicName id="B5ABC5628107A5FD3787E60D779E4AAB" class="Insecta" genus="Ctenopyga" lsidName="Ctenopyga" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="600B839D220D9F855D5559ACE98F708D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
and I follow his decision here.
<bibRefCitation id="22AFB20AC050C81192AC2A387E91F164" author="MacKay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="129 - 179" title="A revision of the ant genus Acanthostichus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="27" year="1996">MacKay (1996)</bibRefCitation>
also revised the genus and provided keys to all species, later adding one more species and describing a gyne of
<taxonomicName id="2CBD441A29C8D297493289B380EB8C07" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus brevicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">Acanthostichus brevicornis</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6F5B499B4A86821C419AC69D97C10C1A" author="Mackay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="97 - 101" title="A new species of the ant genus Acanthostichus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Paraguay, and a description of the gyne of A. brevicornis Emery." volume="106" year="2004">MacKay 2004</bibRefCitation>
). De Andrade described the species from Dominican amber (
<bibRefCitation id="C86482C1B55857B553DD8E98BBBF89BA" author="De Andrade, ML" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" pagination="269 - 274" title="First description of fossil Acanthostichus from Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="71" year="1998 b">de Andrade 1998b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1C85B7A6EE54B1C860C236BBA0072BE6" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
Males described by Marion
<bibRefCitation id="BAC2D10C5617AE39ADCE64F5B83858F9" author="Smith, MR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" pagination="62 - 64" title="The males of two North American cerapachyine ants." volume="44" year="1942 b">Smith (1942b)</bibRefCitation>
and attributed to '
<taxonomicName id="6C7C4793C39A0EF1E35C8CB224931521" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
' (here
<taxonomicName id="41FFDF2B7D0B83739667AF4666935846" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
)
<taxonomicName id="85393CF38D3BEAE74A6137BA65B1D91A" class="Insecta" lsidName="augustae" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="augustae">augustae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="ED5FFF9FA860DF346F1F3585180FDB7C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys davisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davisi">Cerapachys davisi</taxonomicName>
match the morphology of
<taxonomicName id="A05A824359D798A55340AF3FDF5C9264" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
males. A specimen of
<taxonomicName id="964306D1A55458DD74C640ECF7ECBC06" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys davisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davisi">Cerapachys davisi</taxonomicName>
was also included in a molecular phylogeny and was shown to be a close relative of
<taxonomicName id="6D637C76E6590F933DB5434483F0C7A7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus punctiscapus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctiscapus">Acanthostichus punctiscapus</taxonomicName>
. Therefore
<taxonomicName id="8886E123ADF239E126CBA879865169DF" class="Insecta" lsidName="davisi" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davisi">davisi</taxonomicName>
was transferred to
<taxonomicName id="36B2344BBA73614F2C0DF3ADFE2B2B23" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FF84B014551C744769721DBA29F79EC0" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" title="The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants." url="10.1186/1471-2148-14-93" volume="14" year="2014">Brady et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). It is possible that
<normalizedToken id="AAE2898EFF3B6D77573E6B50051B3FE9" originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
putative males of
<taxonomicName id="0700E15EE4491D3321F063F0145977BF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia augustae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="augustae">Syscia augustae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EDDD0AEEDF920FD38BAEC0302A26059B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus davisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davisi">Acanthostichus davisi</taxonomicName>
will
<pageBreakToken id="756FDF3043683BF9C499B1F13FAB24E7" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" start="start">turn</pageBreakToken>
out to be conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="BD36D1051D53DDECCA20B9756AAA9E42" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus arizonensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arizonensis">Acanthostichus arizonensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="29D4947CF6ECF4CCFD4F726C9923921F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus punctiscapus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctiscapus">Acanthostichus punctiscapus</taxonomicName>
, respectively.
<bibRefCitation id="B28C3132D9A449CC4B0E9063527EEE9B" author="MacKay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="129 - 179" title="A revision of the ant genus Acanthostichus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="27" year="1996">MacKay (1996)</bibRefCitation>
collected numerous males of
<taxonomicName id="85BE7DD51534A4B3069040A8302200A7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus davisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davisi">Acanthostichus davisi</taxonomicName>
(then recognized as
<taxonomicName id="A0735EE0DFD9CE09A62A5F750E92510D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
) at the type locality of
<taxonomicName id="4AB1000D21173CAD435B943DE7F9FA19" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus punctiscapus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctiscapus">Acanthostichus punctiscapus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97488055E4C97F4D191F21722E041549" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
It is now established that
<taxonomicName id="AD8BBAD0FECA019E3482ACAC6146A66A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
is most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="6FD4552A5CF1D1E91D8F13645F1A60A3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cylindromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindromyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindromyrmex</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D61824EEEA14E6C732EBE98F25329C06" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="593 - 618" title="Morphological phylogeny of army ants and other dorylomorphs (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.2005.00290.x" volume="30" year="2005">Brady and Ward 2005</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FA427A100E43D277B88F373D4E14505F" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="18172 - 18177" title="Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants." url="10.1073/pnas.0605858103" volume="103" year="2006">Brady et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EE4FB94D926DB45C8D1BF91D9F14DB3F" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" title="The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants." url="10.1186/1471-2148-14-93" volume="14" year="2014">Brady et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
, Borowiec, in prep.). There have been no efforts to infer the internal phylogeny of the genus, but MacKay divided
<taxonomicName id="FA65EBA2EB8AF4C46D7A82E91B36BFB7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
into three species groups based on morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="E16B44F07AE0EE62DCADD05C189AD007" author="MacKay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="129 - 179" title="A revision of the ant genus Acanthostichus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="27" year="1996">MacKay 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6E0D7B9F0CFD4D3913DAA8E6E47CB58B" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="1E5709EC6993013D10E957FCDDE16B6B" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="168257D412C3FBFEFD631F58B5C4248B" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
Along with their close relatives in
<taxonomicName id="D0AB9F4AAB4A2364D041C7756059386F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cylindromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindromyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindromyrmex</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D50BCCF26EC0F699DAF7E06CFE0331DF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
species are predators of termites, unlike most other doryline species which prey on ants (
<bibRefCitation id="CADF61759B8DF0E543645833318F8F9B" author="Kusnezov, N" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Lilloana" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="121 - 138" title="El genero Acanthostichus Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." volume="18" year="1962">Kusnezov 1962</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6045F020A9CA333CA7C087B414B76A21" author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="92F3767758E5362B5ED478756F658069" author="MacKay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="129 - 179" title="A revision of the ant genus Acanthostichus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="27" year="1996">MacKay 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="C07D02B031EACBB4D501FA8232C60D47" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus truncatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncatus">Acanthostichus truncatus</taxonomicName>
has been observed to raid an arboreal termite nest (
<bibRefCitation id="AADA01C0C79486D12713CA1D0917BAB1" author="MacKay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="129 - 179" title="A revision of the ant genus Acanthostichus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="27" year="1996">MacKay 1996</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="6C5FF0DD121FC7E8E69501C77A528181" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus hispaniolicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispaniolicus">Acanthostichus hispaniolicus</taxonomicName>
is known from multiple specimens in Dominican amber suggesting that this species was also an arboreal forager. Unlike
<taxonomicName id="D223E1D72460772F81E81377D5ADA4EC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cylindromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindromyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindromyrmex</taxonomicName>
, however, they nest in soil, under stones, and in rotting wood (
<bibRefCitation id="00AF33A3F9C1AE166F6E06A2D923A153" author="Kusnezov, N" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Lilloana" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="121 - 138" title="El genero Acanthostichus Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." volume="18" year="1962">Kusnezov 1962</bibRefCitation>
a,
<bibRefCitation id="7384CF60D6A5D1FF204CF6DD425D51AC" author="MacKay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="129 - 179" title="A revision of the ant genus Acanthostichus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="27" year="1996">MacKay 1996</bibRefCitation>
). These ants are rarely encountered and little is known of
<taxonomicName id="E510FFC96B17FFF58D6CACE2A3830E22" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
ecology, nest size or other particulars of their biology. It is unclear whether brood production is synchronized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B793BE100E10319092A145E61D5BC158" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="species of acanthostichus">
<paragraph id="B07CCB140B4ECDF650E286E522A93BEA" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
Species of
<taxonomicName id="EAFAF8E93206661683D7CF49D4FCBA6A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C1FBAE137C2B1AF85BAEE45CC7DB515" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="602392CBBC1CDFC45EB849510AA31BA1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus arizonensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arizonensis">Acanthostichus arizonensis</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: United States
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA4BF68790595A0F881D0935396BF371" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="ABFD559AD61302C7693C958BD95245EE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus bentoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bentoni">Acanthostichus bentoni</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: Brazil
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4BCB2559387870328BF08857ABAFCA05" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="AE53EC07516596D477B20EBAD872F330" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus brevicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">Acanthostichus brevicornis</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1894: French Guiana
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC4D01CE401D15C1625FEBBA0FB82758" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="E67D0650A9B3327B356C5A02FCB81944" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus brevinodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevinodis">Acanthostichus brevinodis</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: Brazil
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BDB8AAC4CEE54AD127D42817E71DA523" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="ED1C9AA4964DB543EE1214C3660B85C9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus concavinodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concavinodis">Acanthostichus concavinodis</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: Bolivia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C6F41BE8C4E301CF03DCD1778D9D28F" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="68599369027099EBC9DB0AD71FCD385F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus davisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="davisi">Acanthostichus davisi</taxonomicName>
(Smith, M. R., 1942a): United States
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="438EC92047F08946B34A6B8C418FBE74" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="402ABD78458888AA49D2ACD82113FCE3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus emmae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emmae">Acanthostichus emmae</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: Mexico
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="612C4276E1C57F1978AE3BB5A3C8C19C" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="128EF65E9B6E296F0415C6598CE945B5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus femoralis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoralis">Acanthostichus femoralis</taxonomicName>
Kusnezov, 1962: Argentina
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A990CAD7262A1CBC45E037ED8338900" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="E7CE9A9CDCAB3624A012742B329145F4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus flexuosus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flexuosus">Acanthostichus flexuosus</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: Brazil
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00A18259B33E2B3742D03CBF1DE4600A" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="26BE33E876B5CCE712CB5A9B4DC64BC1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus fuscipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">Acanthostichus fuscipennis</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Brazil
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B3C9D7F0A6EA8122B53D7B7B2A98BAD3" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
†
<taxonomicName id="C8FD676DA43202521B141BB286F55A7B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus hispaniolicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispaniolicus">Acanthostichus hispaniolicus</taxonomicName>
De Andrade, 1998b: Dominican amber
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A8913A0E8159F7771DE11422DAEF0066" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="CF312408E533B3B5FDD20D7533840502" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus kirbyi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirbyi">Acanthostichus kirbyi</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Paraguay
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5BB22BB2D01AD28D2C3A01D222B294FD" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="F54E108DB77A9959823E3026D60E87F7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus laevigatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigatus">Acanthostichus laevigatus</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: Venezuela
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E6612480E29B8960E9480C933D0F2443" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="A6D03A028EB798BF2E226483DEA523FA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus laticornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticornis">Acanthostichus laticornis</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1908: Paraguay
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A28C6F00726747D5A3CC2F9A1CDB2B93" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="32FF01E10CC856E1C21BE205AB10B7ED" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus lattkei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lattkei">Acanthostichus lattkei</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: Venezuela
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F1C46DE8B6BB0FB1C8B3F891CD0C438" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="412B4C5B79F70A71F5D9ED24C7109B30" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus longinodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longinodis">Acanthostichus longinodis</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 2004: Paraguay
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F433372AB42DE146F28BD0ACEFCEADAC" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="84F0EE927D418E17745BCD916C96B7E6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus punctiscapus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctiscapus">Acanthostichus punctiscapus</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: United States
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76FB8995615B0D64F575D3ED11E97DD" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="B2735CE0148CB2B71836047C4410E530" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus quadratus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadratus">Acanthostichus quadratus</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895: Bolivia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="50260FC565A935B0D338ABA4F4ACAD66" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="B2A5990ECCEFD1AB67D0C2CF649C816F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus quirozi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quirozi">Acanthostichus quirozi</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: Mexico
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC6B6B4ACB8603C17C74B2374D5DD2" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="1780609F3AF19F0551A09F7294544C87" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus sanchezorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanchezorum">Acanthostichus sanchezorum</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1985: Colombia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D18B42AB08FDBA676CB349E40EFA67DF" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="D0489B06B2C33BD128718D88C8838218" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus serratulus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serratulus">Acanthostichus serratulus</taxonomicName>
(Smith, F., 1858): Brazil
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="37CAF34CA79F3019E2EFBBA7BB1323B9" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="1DCB07ED40878852DF9E12B1E5EF33C8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus skwarrae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skwarrae">Acanthostichus skwarrae</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, W. M., 1934: Mexico
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="37299FF7DA300B42DA04BF91B49F0D3D" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="C6A42D70E08DB6428758BD4AC110E377" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus texanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">Acanthostichus texanus</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1904: United States
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F624E7BE88BF931DBC856A55E8A8E38" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="8B748660F7941B1708DEDAAB5E575D8A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus truncatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncatus">Acanthostichus truncatus</taxonomicName>
Mackay, W.P., 1996: Colombia
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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