173 lines
19 KiB
XML
173 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.220.2178" ID-GBIF-Dataset="07cc435f-a623-4a17-b510-a38bf0569844" ID-PMC="PMC3459032" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-220-1" ID-PubMed="23077429" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-220-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 220" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the Plant Bug Genus Tytthus (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Phylinae)" checkinTime="1451248758882" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Henry, Thomas J." docDate="2012" docId="656628063DDCEBF4F0E83713B93A28A6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 220: 1-114" docOrigin="ZooKeys 220" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.220.2178" docTitle="Tytthus mundulus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="FFA2D657D204FFEEFF8DF82F5143FF91" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Plant Bug Genus Tytthus (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Phylinae)" masterLastPageNumber="114" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="39" updateTime="1668154436991" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Revision of the Plant Bug Genus Tytthus (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Phylinae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Henry, Thomas J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>220</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>114</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.220.2178</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.220.2178</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-220-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152036988" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:656628063DDCEBF4F0E83713B93A28A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/656628063DDCEBF4F0E83713B93A28A6" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Tytthus_mundulus" authority="Breddin" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Tytthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tytthus mundulus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundulus">Tytthus mundulus (Breddin)</taxonomicName>
|
||
Figs 24, 25152-155
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Periscopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Periscopus mundulus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundulus">Periscopus mundulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breddin, G" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="105 - 110" title="Javanische Zuckerrohrschaedlinge aus der Familie der Rhynchoten." volume="1896" year="1896">Breddin 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 106 (orig. descrip).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Cyrtorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyrtorhinus mundulus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundulus">Cyrtorhinus mundulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reuter, OM" journalOrPublisher="Oefversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societatens Foerhandlingar" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="141 - 188" title="Miscellanea Hemipterologica." volume="44" year="1902">Reuter 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 178 (descrip.);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkaldy, GW" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="345 - 391" title="A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji." volume="33" year="1908">Kirkaldy 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 378 (list);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poppius, B" journalOrPublisher="Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 138" title="Die Miriden der Aethiopsichen Region. II. Macrolophinae, Heterotominae, Phylinae." volume="44" year="1914">Poppius 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 168 (list);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Muir, F" journalOrPublisher="Hawaiian Planter's Record" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="125 - 130" title="Report of entomological work in Australia, 1919 - 1920." volume="23" year="1920">Muir 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 125 (notes);
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Williams 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 103 (notes);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Swezey, OH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Experiment Station of the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="79 - 81" title="Biological control of the sugar cane leafhopper in Hawaii." volume="21" year="1936">Swezey 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 79 (notes, history);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Usinger, RL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="271 - 273" title="Distribution and host relationships of Cyrtorhinus (Hemiptera, Miridae)." volume="10" year="1939">Usinger 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 271 (key, host);
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Zimmerman 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 206 (note);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Usinger, RL" journalOrPublisher="Commentationes Biologicae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 5" title="A revised classification of Pacific island Cyrtorhinus with a new species from Fiji (Hemiptera: Miridae)." volume="12" year="1951">Usinger 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 4 (descrip.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Tytthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tytthus mundulus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundulus">Tytthus mundulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Carvalho and Southwood 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 26 (key, descrip.); Carvalho 1958: 158 (cat.); Nguyen et al.1984: 265 (note);
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Henry and Wheeler 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 458 (cat.);
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Schuh 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 249 (cat.);
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Cassis and Gross 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 204 (cat., hosts);
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Kerzhner and Josifov 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 441 (cat.); Wheeler 2000: 665 (hosts, biol., distr.), 2001: 278 (hosts, biol., distr.);
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Yasunaga et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 182 (note, photo).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Tytthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tytthus mundulus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundulus">Tytthus mundulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished by the fuscous to black head, pronotum, and scutellum; the translucent hemelytra with the clavus, most of the corium, and membrane tinged with brown; and the yellow legs and antennal segment I (apex sometimes narrowly infuscated), with contrasting fuscous to black antennal segments
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="II–IV">II-IV</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="start">Antennal</pageBreakToken>
|
||
segment II has short erect setae along the entire dorsal and ventral surface (most evident ventrally), similar to those found on in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Tytthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tytthus chinensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">Tytthus chinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Tytthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tytthus parviceps" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parviceps">Tytthus parviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Tytthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tytthus mundulus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundulus">Tytthus mundulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, lacks the fuscous knee spots found in these two species. All known specimens of this species are macropterous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Male (n =5) (Fig. 24): Length to apex of hemelytron 3.07-3.26 mm, length to base of cuneus 2.21-2.30 mm, width across hemelytra 0.93-1.01 mm. Head: Length 0.34-0.35 mm, width across eyes 0.70-0.72 mm, interocular width 0.34-0.35 mm. Labium: Length 1.04-1.15 mm. Antenna: Segment I length 0.38-0.40 mm, II 1.23-1.26 mm, III 0.66-0.67 mm, IV 0.54-0.56 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.38-0.40 mm, basal width 0.83-0.86 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Coloration: Head: Uniformly black, with an indistinct, pale yellow, interocular spot near inner margin of each eye; eyes dark reddish brown. Labium: Pale yellow, with only apical half of segment IV brown. Antenna: Segment I pale yellow, sometimes tinged with pale brownish orange, apex sometimes narrowly dark brown; segments
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="II–IV">II-IV</normalizedToken>
|
||
dark brown to fuscous. Pronotum: Uniformly shiny, black. Mesoscutum: Shiny black. Scutellum: Shiny black. Hemelytron: Clavus, inner two thirds of corium and most of membrane tinged with brown to dark brown, leaving only outer margin of corium clear. Ostiolar evaporative area: Dark brown to fuscous. Ventral surface: Uniformly dark brown to fuscous. Legs: Coxae yellow, with bases dark brown to fuscous; femora, tibiae, tarsi, and claws uniformly yellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, impunctate, with a glaucous patch along inner margin of each eye; wider than long; buccula relatively broad, ending near level with posterior margin of eye; sparsely set with short, recumbent setae, more so on glaucous patches, and with a few longer, erect setae along posterior margin. Labium: Extending to bases of mesocoxae; segment I extending beyond base of head to anterior edge of prosternum. Antennae: Segment I sparsely set with short, fine, recumbent setae and two erect, subapical, bristlelike setae; segment II thickly set dorsally and ventrally with short, erect and semierect, somewhat bristlelike setae, forming a
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“bottlebrush”">"bottlebrush"</normalizedToken>
|
||
appearance (similar to Tytthus chinensis). Pronotum: Shiny, impunctate; calli weakly swollen; anterior angles rounded; lateral margins weakly concave, moderately flaring at posterior angles; posterior margin sinuate; thickly set with semierect and recumbent setae. Mesoscutum: Shiny, impunctate, broadly exposed; with semierect and recumbent setae. Scutellum: Shiny, impunctate, equilateral; thickly set with semierect and recumbent setae. Hemelytron: Macropterous, subparallel when paired, with fully developed cuneus and membrane, extending well beyond apex of abdomen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 152): Mitt-shaped; right arm longest, gradually tapering to a point; left arm short, apically acute. Right paramere (Fig. 153): Elongate oval. Endosoma (Fig. 154): Strongly C-shaped. Phallotheca (Fig. 155): Relatively slender, apically acute.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Female (n = 5) (Fig. 25): Length to apex of hemelytron 3.07-3.64 mm, length to base of cuneus 2.27-2.66 mm, width across hemelytra 1.04-1.22 mm. Head: Length 0.35-0.37 mm, width across eyes 0.74-0.77 mm, interocular width 0.35-0.37 mm. Labium: Length 1.06-1.22 mm. Antenna: Segment I length 0.34-0.38 mm, II 0.98
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="40" pageNumber="41" start="start">-</pageBreakToken>
|
||
1.10 mm, III 0.58-0.59 mm, IV 0.50-0.58 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.40-0.43 mm, basal width 0.91-1.01 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="hosts">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
This species is an egg predator of the sugarcane delphacid,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Perkinsiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perkinsiella sacharicida" order="Hemiptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sacharicida">Perkinsiella sacharicida</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kirkaldy (Zimmerman1948, Wheeler 2001). It has also been taken on corn and taro in Hawaii.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
This Indo-Pacific species has been reported from Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippine Islands, and Queensland, Australia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schuh, RT" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 476" title="Revision of the Phylinae (Hemiptera, Miridae) of the Indo-Pacific." volume="177" year="1984">Schuh 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has been successfully introduced into Hawaii to control the sugarcane delphacid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Zimmerman 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Carvalho and Southwood 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), representing one of the best examples of successful classical biological control (Wheeler 2001). It was released in Florida, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Nguyen et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but apparently it has not become established (Wheeler 2001). It was also introduced into South Africa to control a tropiduchid,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tropiduchidae" genus="Numicia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Numicia viridis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">Numicia viridis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Muir, on sugarcane but without success (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carnegie, AJM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists' Association June" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="113 - 116" title="The introduction of mirid egg predators (Tytthus spp.) into South Africa." volume="1969" year="1969">Carnegie and Harris 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See Wheeler (2001) for additional information about this beneficial species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
AUSTRALIA:Queensland:North Queensland Co.: Halifax Apr. 1920, F. Muir, 1 ♀ (BMNH). Upper Mulgrave River, 8 miles from Goldsborough Road, 09 May 1967, D. H. Colless, 1 nymph (00161946) (USNM). FIJI: Natova, Apr. 1919, R. Veitch, 1 ♂, 5♀♀ (BMNH). MAURITIUS: Locality unknown,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5555" value="-20.2">20.2°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="57.5">57.5°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 02 May 1965, J.R. Williams, 2 ♂♂ (00138689, 00138743) (AMNH). PAPUA NEW GUINEA:Eastern Highlands: No. 11, Arau, Kratke Mountains, Valley of the upper Wanton River, 12 Oct 1959, L. J. Brass, 1 ♂ (00138756) (AMNH). Morobe Province: Lae at head of Huon Gulf near mouth of Markham River, camp #1,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-6.723">6.723°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="146.991">146.991°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2 m, 07 Oct 1959 - 19 Oct 1959, L. J. Brass, 1 ♀ (00095355) (AMNH). South High Province: Upper Mendi, Hoai Village, 1970 m, 4-5 Nov. 1981, B. M. Thistleton, from sugarcane, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (BMNH). PHILIPPINES:Luzon: Los Banos, 21 Nov 1921, F. X. Williams, sugarcane, 1 ♀ (00161942) (USNM). UNITED STATES:Hawaii:Honolulu Co.: Honolulu, Mar 1930, F.C. Hadden, 2 ♂♂ (00167072, 00167073) (CNC). Intercepted on ship at Honolulu port which originated from Treasure Island, California, 08 Mar 1939, R. G. Oakley, 1 ♂ (00162001) (USNM). Waialua, 22 Apr 1925, F. Muir, 1 nymph (00161928) (USNM); 22 Jan 1930, O. H. Swezey, 1 ♀ (00161919) (USNM). Waipio, 02 May 1923, O. H. Swezey, 1♀ (00161918) (USNM). Maui Co.: 2191 S. Kihei Road, 29 Feb 1984, G. M. Stonedahl, at mercury vapor light, 30 ♂♂ (00138660, 00138662, 00138666, 00138668, 00138672 - 00138673, 00138682, 00138693, 00138711, 00138745, 00138749, 00138754, 00138757, 00138760, 00138787, 00165832 - 00165846), 8 ♀♀ (00165847 - 00165854) (AMNH), 2 ♂♂ (00161944, 00161945) (USNM). Oahu Co.:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Barber’s">Barber's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Point, Mar 1960, E. J. Ford, Jr., at light, 1 ♂ (00161947), 4 ♂ (00161952 - 00161954, 00161958) (USNM). Ewa Beach, 22 Nov 1982, collector unknown, 2 ♂♂ (00161949, 00161957), 2 ♀♀ (00161955, 00161956) (USNM). Honolulu,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="21.3069">21.3069°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-157.8583">157.8583°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 35 m, 24 Feb 1943, N. L. H. Krauss, on corn plants, 1 ♀ (00161940) (USNM). John Rodgers [airport], May 1958, E. J. Ford, Jr., corn, 1 ♂ (00161941) (USNM). Kailua, 09 Oct 1930, O. H. Swezey, 1 ♂ (00161920) (USNM); 15 Sep 1950, T.H., feeding on corn leafhopper eggs, 1 ♂ (00161943)
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="41" pageNumber="42" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
USNM). Mokuleia, 05 Feb 1940, T. H., on green corn, 2 ♂♂ (00161950, 00161951), 1 ♀ (00161948) (USNM). Punloa, 21 Dec 1926, O. H. Swezey, 1 ♂ (00161922) (USNM). Waianae, 13 Jan 1931, O. H. Swezey, Taro, 1 ♀ (00161921) (USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |