520 lines
77 KiB
XML
520 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document id="BFACD09E6F0A41B7BAC5C476F0FF6B2C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.170907" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6d24a957-c673-4d86-938f-739ddfe6b06c" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="170907" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459716407834" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cerretti, Pierfilippo" docDate="2005" docId="03D2EF21EE1AFFE0FEB94777FE13650D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00885.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 885" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Pales Robineau-Desvoidy 1830" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FFEB9759EE19FFE6FFB14341FFED607F" masterDocTitle="Revision of the West Palaearctic species of the genus Pales RobineauDesvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698208090529" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="26BD48C3885F5A7905CFD1BC27BC885E">Revision of the West Palaearctic species of the genus Pales RobineauDesvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1245EB37A4D8AE4E56FA6AFDCA33641F">Cerretti, Pierfilippo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CBA6ACBEB97934FB1789F1928D371624">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0F621DA40E1B8D0AEF3A259D2369248F">2005</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D2EF21EE1AFFE0FEB94777FE13650D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6269124" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119334711" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6269124" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D2EF21EE1AFFE0FEB94777FE13650D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2EF21EE1AFFE0FEB94777FE13650D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C3610DBCEE1AFFE5FEB94777FCB5642F" box="[264,856,1078,1104]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE5FEB94777FCB5642F" blockId="3.[264,856,1078,1104]" box="[264,856,1078,1104]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D08CE95BEE1AFFE5FEB94777FCB5642F" bold="true" box="[264,856,1078,1104]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FEB94777FD60642F" ID-CoL="6CQ2" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[264,653,1078,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB94777FEA4642F" bold="true" box="[264,329,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pales</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FEE04777FD60642F" author="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[337,653,1078,1104]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. (1830) Essai sur les Myodaires. Memoires presentes par divers Savants a l'Academie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France, 2, Paris, 1 - 813." type="journal article" year="1830">RobineauDesvoidy, 1830</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1AFFE5FD2D4777FCEB642F" box="[668,774,1078,1104]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="12.[264,370,1736,1757]" captionTargetBox="[264,1308,290,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[260,1308,775,1723]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Pales spp. 1. Pales abdita sp. nov. paratype ɗ (Cyprus), habitus. 2. Pales marae sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170908/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1AFFE5FCA54777FCA2642F" box="[788,847,1078,1104]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 7 – 9" captionStart-1="FIGURES 10 – 16" captionStart-2="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStart-3="FIGURES 20 – 26" captionStart-4="FIGURES 27 – 30" captionStartId-0="13.[264,370,1729,1750]" captionStartId-1="14.[264,370,1683,1704]" captionStartId-2="17.[264,370,1805,1826]" captionStartId-3="22.[264,370,1728,1749]" captionStartId-4="23.[264,370,1702,1723]" captionTargetBox-0="[285,1297,322,1728]" captionTargetBox-1="[367,1274,292,1671]" captionTargetBox-2="[321,1255,331,1776]" captionTargetBox-3="[300,1254,322,1700]" captionTargetBox-4="[264,1323,315,1675]" captionTargetId-0="figure@13.[276,1310,315,1728]" captionTargetId-1="figure@14.[297,1282,289,1680]" captionTargetId-2="figure@17.[278,1310,315,1799]" captionTargetId-3="figure@22.[267,1295,315,1716]" captionTargetId-4="figure@23.[264,1323,315,1676]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="22" captionTargetPageId-4="23" captionText-0="FIGURES 7 – 9. Male terminalia. 7. Schembria meridionalis Rondani ♂ (Israel), terminalia in right lateral" captionText-1="FIGURES 10 – 16. Pales spp. 10. Pales pavida (Meigen) ♂ (Germany, BadenWürttemberg), left hind tibia in dorsal view. 11. Pales pumicata (Meigen) ♂ (Italy, Latium), left hind tibia in dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm (for Figs 1011). 12 – 14. Male terminalia of Pales abdita sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Spain, Salamanca prov.). 12. Sternite 5 in ventral view, scale bar 0.5 mm. 13. Epandrial complex in posterior view. 14. Epandrial complex in right lateral view. 15 – 16. Male terminalia of Pales abdita sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Italy, Verona prov.). 15. Cerci and right surstylus in posterior view. 16. Epandrial complex in right lateral view. Scale bar 0.5 mm (for Figs 13 – 16)." captionText-2="FIGURES 17 – 19. Male terminalia of Pales marae sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Italy, Sardinia, Sassari prov.), scale bar 0.5 mm. 17. Terminalia in right lateral view; a: hooklike structure on hypandrium. 18. Epandrial complex in posterior view. 19. Sternite 5 in ventral view." captionText-3="FIGURES 20 – 26. Male terminalia, scale bar 0.5 mm. 20 – 23. Pales pavida (Meigen). 20. (Italy, Latium), cerci and surstyli in posterior view. 21. Cerci and right surstylus in right lateral view (Germany, BadenWürttemberg). 22. (Germany, BadenWürttemberg), cerci and surstyli in posterior view. 23. (Italy, Latium), epandrial complex in lateral view. 24 – 25. Pales processioneae (Ratzeburg) (Germany, BadenWürttemberg). 24. Cerci and surstyli in posterior view. 25. Epandrial complex in right lateral view. 26. Pales latifrons Kugler (Israel), cerci and surstyli in posterior view." captionText-4="FIGURES 27 – 30. Abdomen of Pales spp. in dorsal view. 27. Pales latifrons Kugler Ψ (Israel). 28. Pales murina Mesnil ♂ (Iran). 29. Pales cyanea (Macquart) ♂ (Spain, Canary Isalands). 30. Pales marae sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Italy, Sardinia, Cagliari prov.)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/170909/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/170910/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/170911/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/170912/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/170913/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9–30</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3610DBCEE1AFFE5FEB947C3FCDE6627" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE5FEB947C3FBF064C7" blockId="3.[264,1323,1153,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B7919EE1AFFE5FEB947C3FBF064C7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FEB947C3FD4464E7" ID-CoL="6CQ2" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 154" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityPageNumber="154" authorityYear="1830" box="[264,681,1153,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB947C3FEAE64E6" box="[264,323,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pales</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA7826EE1AFFE5FEFE47C0FD4464E7" author="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[335,681,1153,1176]" page="154" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1830">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FEFE47C0FD8364E7" author="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[335,622,1153,1176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. (1830) Essai sur les Myodaires. Memoires presentes par divers Savants a l'Academie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France, 2, Paris, 1 - 813." type="journal article" year="1830">RobineauDesvoidy, 1830</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 154
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
<typeStatus id="54C0E095EE1AFFE5FD0847C0FD0364E7" box="[697,750,1153,1176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FCEB47C3FAEB64E7" ID-CoL="4C493" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[858,1286,1153,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florea">
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<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FCEB47C3FC0D64E6" box="[858,992,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pales florea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FC5A47C0FAEB64E7" author="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[1003,1286,1153,1176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. (1830) Essai sur les Myodaires. Memoires presentes par divers Savants a l'Academie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France, 2, Paris, 1 - 813." type="journal article" year="1830">RobineauDesvoidy, 1830</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(=
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FE8947E3FD9764C7" authority="Meigen, 1824" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1824" box="[312,634,1185,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Rhinophoridae" genus="Tachina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pavida">
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<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FE8947E3FE3064C6" box="[312,477,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tachina pavida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FE5247E0FD9764C7" author="Meigen" box="[483,634,1185,1208]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1824) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten 4, Hamm, xii + 428 pp." type="book" year="1824">Meigen, 1824</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
), designated by
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA7826EE1AFFE5FC9647E0FBF464C7" author="Coquillett" box="[807,1049,1185,1208]" page="582" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1910">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FC9647E0FBF464C7" author="Coquillett" box="[807,1049,1185,1208]" pageId="3" pageNumber="33" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1910) The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 499 - 647." type="journal article" year="1910">Coquillett (1910: 582)</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE5FEB94783FB886487" blockId="3.[264,1323,1153,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B7919EE1AFFE5FEB94783FB886487" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FEB94783FCC864A7" authority="Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891: 38" authorityName="Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1891" box="[264,805,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ctenophorocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB94783FE5B64A6" box="[264,438,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ctenophorocera</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA7826EE1AFFE5FE0D4780FCC864A7" author="Brauer" box="[444,805,1217,1240]" page="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1891">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FE0D4780FCED64A7" author="Brauer" box="[444,768,1217,1240]" pageId="3" pageNumber="33" refString="Brauer, F & von Bergenstamm, J. E. (1891) Die Zweiflugler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. V. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars II. Wien, 142 pp." type="book" year="1891">Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891</bibRefCitation>
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: 38
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(also 1892: 342).
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<typeStatus id="54C0E095EE1AFFE5FC564780FBF164A7" box="[999,1052,1217,1240]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FBCC4783FD156487" ID-CoL="62HKN" authority="Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891" authorityName="Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ctenophorocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blepharipa">
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<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FBCC4783FE416486" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ctenophorocera blepharipa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FE0547A0FD156487" author="Brauer" box="[436,760,1249,1272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="33" refString="Brauer, F & von Bergenstamm, J. E. (1891) Die Zweiflugler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. V. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars II. Wien, 142 pp." type="book" year="1891">Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, designated by
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA7826EE1AFFE5FC2D47A0FB8C6487" author="Sharp" box="[924,1121,1249,1272]" page="299" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1893">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FC2D47A0FB8C6487" author="Sharp" box="[924,1121,1249,1272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Sharp, D. (1893) Insecta. In: Sharp, D., (ed.). The zoological record, 29. Zoological Society, London, 1 - 332." type="journal article" year="1893">Sharp (1893: 299)</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE5FEB94643FB066567" blockId="3.[264,1323,1153,1624]" box="[264,1259,1281,1305]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B7919EE1AFFE5FEB94643FB066567" box="[264,1259,1281,1305]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FEB94643FDAA6567" authority="Hutton, 1901: 57" authorityName="Hutton" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1901" box="[264,583,1281,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cerosomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB94643FE6A6566" box="[264,391,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cerosomyia</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA7826EE1AFFE5FE3E4640FDAA6567" author="Hutton" box="[399,583,1281,1304]" page="57" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1901">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FE3E4640FDF26567" author="Hutton" box="[399,543,1281,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="33" refString="Hutton, F. W. (1901) Synopsis of the Diptera Brachycera of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 33, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1901">Hutton, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 57
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0E095EE1AFFE5FDE04640FD6B6567" box="[593,646,1281,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FD594643FBA16567" ID-CoL="8BF8S" authority="Hutton, 1901" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1901" box="[744,1100,1281,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cerosomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="usitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FD594643FC5A6566" box="[744,951,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cerosomyia usitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FC0F4640FBA16567" author="Hutton" box="[958,1100,1281,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="33" refString="Hutton, F. W. (1901) Synopsis of the Diptera Brachycera of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 33, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1901">Hutton, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by monotypy.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE5FEB94663FCDE6527" blockId="3.[264,1323,1153,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B7919EE1AFFE5FEB94663FCDE6527" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FEB94663FDB66547" authority="Coquillett, 1910: 575" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityPageNumber="575" authorityYear="1910" box="[264,603,1313,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Neopales" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB94663FE866546" box="[264,363,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Neopales</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA7826EE1AFFE5FEC24660FDB66547" author="Coquillett" box="[371,603,1313,1336]" page="575" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1910">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FEC24660FDC86547" author="Coquillett" box="[371,549,1313,1336]" pageId="3" pageNumber="33" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1910) The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 499 - 647." type="journal article" year="1910">Coquillett, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 575
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FCD04663FB566547" ID-CoL="6CQ2" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[865,1211,1313,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FCD04663FC716546" box="[865,924,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FC154660FB566547" author="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[932,1211,1313,1336]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. (1830) Essai sur les Myodaires. Memoires presentes par divers Savants a l'Academie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France, 2, Paris, 1 - 813." type="journal article" year="1830">RobineauDesvoidy, 1830</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nec
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FB5E4663FE216527" ID-CoL="6CQ2" authority="Meigen, 1800" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1800" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FB5E4663FAC76546" box="[1263,1322,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
Meigen, 1800
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[suppressed name] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FD164600FCCA6527" author="ICZN" box="[679,807,1345,1368]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1963) Opinion 678: The suppression under the plenary powers of the pamphlet published by Meigen, 1800. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, Vol. 20, Part. 5, 339 - 342." type="book chapter" year="1963">ICZN 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE5FEB94623FDF965E7" blockId="3.[264,1323,1153,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B7919EE1AFFE5FEB94623FDF965E7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FEB94623FD666507" authority="Townsend, 1927: 68" authorityName="Townsend" authorityPageNumber="68" authorityYear="1927" box="[264,651,1377,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Macrozenillia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB94623FE716506" box="[264,412,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Macrozenillia</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA7826EE1AFFE5FE164620FD666507" author="Townsend" box="[423,651,1377,1400]" page="68" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1927">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FE164620FDB26507" author="Townsend" box="[423,607,1377,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Townsend, C. H. T. (1927) Fauna Sumatrensis. (Beitrag Nr. 50). Diptera Muscoidea III. Supplementa Entomologica, 16, 56 - 76." type="journal article" year="1927">Townsend, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 68
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0E095EE1AFFE5FD284620FD236507" box="[665,718,1377,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FC864623FAEC6507" ID-CoL="8CPRH" authority="Townsend, 1927" authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1927" box="[823,1281,1377,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Macrozenillia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FC864623FBAD6506" box="[823,1088,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Macrozenillia aurescens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FBFA4620FAEC6507" author="Townsend" box="[1099,1281,1377,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Townsend, C. H. T. (1927) Fauna Sumatrensis. (Beitrag Nr. 50). Diptera Muscoidea III. Supplementa Entomologica, 16, 56 - 76." type="journal article" year="1927">Townsend, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by original designation.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE5FEB946E3FE4765A7" blockId="3.[264,1323,1153,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B7919EE1AFFE5FEB946E3FE4765A7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FEB946E3FD6765C7" authority="Villeneuve, 1927: 121" authorityName="Villeneuve" authorityPageNumber="121" authorityYear="1927" box="[264,650,1441,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Micropales" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB946E3FE6D65C6" box="[264,384,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Micropales</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA7826EE1AFFE5FE3F46E0FD6765C7" author="Villeneuve" box="[398,650,1441,1464]" page="121" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1927">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FE3F46E0FDA365C7" author="Villeneuve" box="[398,590,1441,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Villeneuve, J. (1927) Description d'un nouveau Tachino-Oestride africain (Dipt.) et autres descriptions. Revue de zoologie africaine, 15, 118 - 122." type="journal article" year="1927">Villeneuve, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 121
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0E095EE1AFFE5FD2A46E0FD3D65C7" box="[667,720,1441,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FC8F46E3FB1265C7" ID-CoL="8CVCJ" authority="Villeneuve, 1927" authorityName="Villeneuve" authorityYear="1927" box="[830,1279,1441,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Micropales" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seminitida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FC8F46E3FBDF65C6" box="[830,1074,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Micropales seminitida</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FBF146E0FB1265C7" author="Villeneuve" box="[1088,1279,1441,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Villeneuve, J. (1927) Description d'un nouveau Tachino-Oestride africain (Dipt.) et autres descriptions. Revue de zoologie africaine, 15, 118 - 122." type="journal article" year="1927">Villeneuve, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by monotypy.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE5FEB946A3FE846667" blockId="3.[264,1323,1153,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B7919EE1AFFE5FEB946A3FE846667" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FEB946A3FDAE6587" authority="Baranov, 1934: 478" authorityName="Baranov" authorityPageNumber="478" authorityYear="1934" box="[264,579,1505,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Myiofijia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB946A3FE846586" box="[264,361,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myiofijia</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA7826EE1AFFE5FEC146A0FDAE6587" author="Baranov" box="[368,579,1505,1528]" page="478" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1934">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FEC146A0FDE36587" author="Baranov" box="[368,526,1505,1528]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Baranov, N. (1934) Zur Kenntnis der parasitaren Raupenfliegen der Salomonen, Neubritanniens, der Admiralitats-Inseln, der Fidschi-Inseln und Neukaledoniens, nebst einer Bestimmungstabelle der orientalischen Sturmia - Arten. Veterinaryski Arhiv, 4, 472 - 485." type="journal article" year="1934">Baranov, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 478
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0E095EE1AFFE5FDFC46A0FD6F6587" box="[589,642,1505,1528]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FD5246A3FBA16587" ID-CoL="8CY2Q" authority="Baranov, 1934" authorityName="Baranov" authorityYear="1934" box="[739,1100,1505,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Myiofijia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bezziana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FD5246A3FC456586" box="[739,936,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myiofijia bezziana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FC1F46A0FBA16587" author="Baranov" box="[942,1100,1505,1528]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" refString="Baranov, N. (1934) Zur Kenntnis der parasitaren Raupenfliegen der Salomonen, Neubritanniens, der Admiralitats-Inseln, der Fidschi-Inseln und Neukaledoniens, nebst einer Bestimmungstabelle der orientalischen Sturmia - Arten. Veterinaryski Arhiv, 4, 472 - 485." type="journal article" year="1934">Baranov, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by original designation.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE5FEB94563FCDE6627" blockId="3.[264,1323,1153,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB94563FE886646" box="[264,357,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paloides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FEC14560FDE56647" author="Morley" box="[368,520,1569,1592]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Morley, C. (1944) Three new Suffolk tachinids. Transactions Suffolk Naturalists' Society, 5, 1 - 70." type="journal article" year="1944">Morley, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 170. Replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FCE54563FB596647" ID-CoL="6CQ2" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[852,1204,1569,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FCE54563FC626646" box="[852,911,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FC2B4560FB596647" author="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[922,1204,1569,1592]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. (1830) Essai sur les Myodaires. Memoires presentes par divers Savants a l'Academie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France, 2, Paris, 1 - 813." type="journal article" year="1830">RobineauDesvoidy, 1830</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nec
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1AFFE5FB5E4563FE216627" ID-CoL="6CQ2" authority="Meigen, 1800" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1800" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FB5E4563FAC76646" box="[1263,1322,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
Meigen, 1800
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[suppressed name] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1AFFE5FD164500FCCA6627" author="ICZN" box="[679,807,1601,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1963) Opinion 678: The suppression under the plenary powers of the pamphlet published by Meigen, 1800. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, Vol. 20, Part. 5, 339 - 342." type="book chapter" year="1963">ICZN 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3610DBCEE1AFFE3FEB945C8FE0E6209" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1AFFE3FEB945C8FE426181" blockId="3.[264,1323,1673,1899]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FEB945C8FE7366DC" bold="true" box="[264,414,1673,1699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Recognition</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1AFFE5FE0045C8FE1C66DD" box="[433,497,1673,1698]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1AFFE5FDB545C8FD9966DC" box="[516,628,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="12.[264,370,1736,1757]" captionTargetBox="[264,1308,290,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[260,1308,775,1723]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Pales spp. 1. Pales abdita sp. nov. paratype ɗ (Cyprus), habitus. 2. Pales marae sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170908/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
|
||
): eye covered with long hairs. Arista with hairs that are shorter than the maximum diameter of the arista; first and second aristomere not longer than wide. Ocellar setae welldeveloped, proclinate. Medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, subparallel. One (rarely 2) reclinate upper orbital seta(e). Two proclinate orbital setae in female, absent in male. Parafacial bare. Face and lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Vibrissa welldeveloped, arising near level of lower facial margin. Facial ridge with strong erect setae over most of its length. Genal dilation welldeveloped, with black setulae only. Palpus subcylindrical or sligthly clavate with some setulae ventrally, dorsally and apically.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1DFFE2FE18422DFE1361FA" box="[425,510,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Prosternum with some setulae on its lateral margin. Postpronotum with 4–5 setae, the basal 3 arranged in a straight line. Scutum with 3+3 acrostichal, 3+4 dorsocentral, 1+3 intraalar, 2 posthumeral, 1 presutural, 2 notopleural, and 3 supraalar setae (first postsutural supraalar seta longer than notopleural setae), postalar callus with 3 setae. Anatergite bare. Proepisternum bare. Katepisternum with 3 setae. One (rarely 2) robust anepimeral seta(e). Anepimeron with hairlike setulae on posterior half. Anepisternum with 7–10 setae and several long setulae. Katepimeron bare or with at most 3–4 setulae on anterior fourth. Meral setae present. Scutellum with 1 pair of crossed and horizontal apical setae, 1 pair of subapical, 1–2 pairs of lateral and 1 pair of basal setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1DFFE2FB0241EDFB0762BA" box="[1203,1258,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: fore coxa with bare medial surface. Preapical anterodorsal seta on fore tibia shorter than preapical dorsal seta. Mid tibia with 2–4 anterodorsal setae, 1 ventral seta.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C1EA7EE1DFFE2FBFE41BDFB676369" box="[1103,1162,764,790]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
coxa bare or with one or more setae on posterodorsal margin (always bare in the West Palaearctic species); preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta; hind tibia with 2 dorsal preapical setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1DFFE2FC554035FBF363F2" box="[996,1054,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Wing</emphasis>
|
||
: tegula and basicosta black. Second costal section (CS2) ventrally bare. Base of R4+5 with 3–4 setulae. Section of M between crossveins RM and DMCu longer than section between DMCu and bend of M. Bend of M nearly at a right angle or slightly obtuse. Wing cell r4+5 open or closed just at the wing margin.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1DFFE2FDB74758FD98644D" box="[518,629,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1DFFE2FD384758FCFA644C" box="[649,791,1049,1075]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 30" captionStartId="23.[264,370,1702,1723]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,315,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[264,1323,315,1676]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 30. Abdomen of Pales spp. in dorsal view. 27. Pales latifrons Kugler Ψ (Israel). 28. Pales murina Mesnil ♂ (Iran). 29. Pales cyanea (Macquart) ♂ (Spain, Canary Isalands). 30. Pales marae sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Italy, Sardinia, Cagliari prov.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170913/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 27–30</figureCitation>
|
||
): oval in shape. Tergites not fused. Ventral edges of tergites 2, 3 and 4 almost entirely overlapping the corresponding sternites. Middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1+2 extending posteriorly to the hind margin. Tergites 2 and 3 with one pair of median marginal setae; tergite 4 with a complete row of marginal setae. Median discal setae on tergites 3 and 4 usually present in the West Palaearctic species with the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1DFFE2FD1F47A0FCC06485" box="[686,813,1249,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1DFFE2FD1F47A0FCC06485" box="[686,813,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1DFFE2FC8D47A0FC476485" box="[828,938,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. m u r i n a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1DFFE2FC5947A0FB996485" box="[1000,1140,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. p e re g r i n a</emphasis>
|
||
. Tergite 5 with a row of marginal and discal setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1DFFE2FD194648FC8A655D" box="[680,871,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C1EA7EE1DFFE2FD194648FD09655D" box="[680,740,1289,1314]" name="Malta" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Male</collectingCountry>
|
||
terminalia
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1DFFE2FCC74648FC2E655C" box="[886,963,1289,1315]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 9" captionStartId="13.[264,370,1729,1750]" captionTargetBox="[285,1297,322,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[276,1310,315,1728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 9. Male terminalia. 7. Schembria meridionalis Rondani ♂ (Israel), terminalia in right lateral" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170909/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1DFFE2FC7E4648FBF3655C" box="[975,1054,1289,1315]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 10 – 16" captionStart-1="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStart-2="FIGURES 20 – 26" captionStartId-0="14.[264,370,1683,1704]" captionStartId-1="17.[264,370,1805,1826]" captionStartId-2="22.[264,370,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox-0="[367,1274,292,1671]" captionTargetBox-1="[321,1255,331,1776]" captionTargetBox-2="[300,1254,322,1700]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[297,1282,289,1680]" captionTargetId-1="figure@17.[278,1310,315,1799]" captionTargetId-2="figure@22.[267,1295,315,1716]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionText-0="FIGURES 10 – 16. Pales spp. 10. Pales pavida (Meigen) ♂ (Germany, BadenWürttemberg), left hind tibia in dorsal view. 11. Pales pumicata (Meigen) ♂ (Italy, Latium), left hind tibia in dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm (for Figs 1011). 12 – 14. Male terminalia of Pales abdita sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Spain, Salamanca prov.). 12. Sternite 5 in ventral view, scale bar 0.5 mm. 13. Epandrial complex in posterior view. 14. Epandrial complex in right lateral view. 15 – 16. Male terminalia of Pales abdita sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Italy, Verona prov.). 15. Cerci and right surstylus in posterior view. 16. Epandrial complex in right lateral view. Scale bar 0.5 mm (for Figs 13 – 16)." captionText-1="FIGURES 17 – 19. Male terminalia of Pales marae sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Italy, Sardinia, Sassari prov.), scale bar 0.5 mm. 17. Terminalia in right lateral view; a: hooklike structure on hypandrium. 18. Epandrial complex in posterior view. 19. Sternite 5 in ventral view." captionText-2="FIGURES 20 – 26. Male terminalia, scale bar 0.5 mm. 20 – 23. Pales pavida (Meigen). 20. (Italy, Latium), cerci and surstyli in posterior view. 21. Cerci and right surstylus in right lateral view (Germany, BadenWürttemberg). 22. (Germany, BadenWürttemberg), cerci and surstyli in posterior view. 23. (Italy, Latium), epandrial complex in lateral view. 24 – 25. Pales processioneae (Ratzeburg) (Germany, BadenWürttemberg). 24. Cerci and surstyli in posterior view. 25. Epandrial complex in right lateral view. 26. Pales latifrons Kugler (Israel), cerci and surstyli in posterior view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/170910/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/170911/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/170912/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12–26</figureCitation>
|
||
): hind margin of sternite 5 with a deep cleft; lateral lobe large, with several long setulae; medioapical margin of lateral lobe with dense microtrichia; transversal membranous stripe present. Tergite 6 divided into two hemitergites. Sternite 6 welldeveloped and asymmetrical, articulated to segment 7+8 on its left side, and attached to it by a short membrane on its right side. Segment 7+8 usually with some setulae. Epandrium relatively short and convex. Cerci broad, with a dorsomedial suture, apically divided. Surstylus straight, very narrow il lateral view with short and robust setulae laterodistally. Bacilliform sclerite long. Medial plate of hypandrium subrectangular in dorsal view; hypandrial arms long, distally subparallel, basally joining posteromedially completely encircling the base of the aedeagus. Pregonite hooklike, basally fused to the hypandrium, with some setulae on its posterior margin; postgonite rounded apically and bent anteriorly. Basiphallus without a posterior basal extension. Epiphallus lobelike. Distiphallus broad, joining basiphallus by a dorsal sclerite and by a ventrolateral membrane; lateroventral surface of distiphallus sclerotized and covered with scalelike spinules.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1DFFE2FD234478FBBD672D" box="[658,1104,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Female postabdomen and terminalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Segments 6 and 7 retracted into segment 5. Tergite 6 and 7 interrupted mediodorsally forming two subtrapezoidal sclerites bearing setae. Sternites 6 and 7 wider than corresponding tergites. Tergite 8 divided into two curved sclerites. Sternite 8 short and robust, subtriangular in ventral view. Postgenital plate slightly bent upwards in lateral view, bearing setulae and microtrichia ventrally. Cerci subcircular in lateral view. Three subglobular and well sclerotized spermathecae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1CFFE3FE89414DFE0E6209" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FE89414DFE8A625A" box="[312,359,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Egg</emphasis>
|
||
: fully embryonated planoconvex microtype (length: 175–255 µm; width: 100–150 µm; height: 80–100 µm). Ovoidshape with punctuated surface of chorion (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FB0A4175FE3B6209" author="Marini" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" refString="Marini, M. & Campadelli, G. (1994) Ootaxonomy of Goniini (Diptera Tachinidae) with microtype eggs. Bollettino di Zoologia, 61, 271 - 283." type="journal article" year="1994">Marini & Campadelli 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3610DBCEE1CFFE3FE8941C5FB7963A1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1CFFE3FE8941C5FB7963A1" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FE8941C5FE4762E1" bold="true" box="[312,426,644,670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The present definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FD5941C5FCC462E2" box="[744,809,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FD5941C5FCC462E2" box="[744,809,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
excludes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FC1141C5FB3862E1" authority="Shima, 1994" authorityName="Shima" authorityYear="1994" box="[928,1237,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamilensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FC1141C5FBD862E2" box="[928,1077,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. tamilensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FB8F41C5FB3862E1" author="Shima" box="[1086,1237,644,670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Shima, H. (1994) Three remarkable new species of Tachinidae (Diptera) from South Asia. Japanese Journal of Sanitarian Zoology, 45, Supplement, 277 - 286." type="journal article" year="1994">Shima, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which possesses the following noncharacteristic features: no ocellar setae, katepisternum with 2 setae, mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta, surstylus broad and slightly bent posteriorly, hypandrium not as described above, and distiphallus long and narrow (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FBFD41BDFAF66369" author="Shima" box="[1100,1307,764,790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Shima, H. (1994) Three remarkable new species of Tachinidae (Diptera) from South Asia. Japanese Journal of Sanitarian Zoology, 45, Supplement, 277 - 286." type="journal article" year="1994">Shima 1994: 283</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FE0C4065FDBF6342" box="[445,594,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamilensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FE0C4065FDBF6342" box="[445,594,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. tamilensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be removed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FC354065FC286342" box="[900,965,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FC354065FC286342" box="[900,965,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this action is not taken at the present time because the proper placement of this species has not been determined.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FEB94035FDD963F1" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[264,564,884,910]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basitincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FEB94035FE2863F2" box="[264,453,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pales basitincta</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C1EA7EE1CFFE3FDCC4035FD3863F1" box="[637,725,884,910]" name="Indonesia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ambon</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C1EA7EE1CFFE3FD6C4035FCC563F1" box="[733,808,884,910]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C1EA7EE1CFFE3FC854035FC4463F1" box="[820,937,884,910]" name="Indonesia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, also differs from my concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FEB940DDFEA463CA" box="[264,329,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FEB940DDFEA463CA" box="[264,329,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in several characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FDE640DDFD0663C9" author="Shima" box="[599,747,924,950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Shima, H. (1994) Three remarkable new species of Tachinidae (Diptera) from South Asia. Japanese Journal of Sanitarian Zoology, 45, Supplement, 277 - 286." type="journal article" year="1994">Shima 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There may be other nonPalaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FB0540DDFB1863CA" box="[1204,1269,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FB0540DDFB1863CA" box="[1204,1269,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that also do not agree in all respects with the definition of the genus adopted here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3610DBCEE1CFFE3FE8940ADFC886451" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1CFFE3FE8940ADFC886451" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FE8940ADFB746479" bold="true" box="[312,1177,1004,1030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Existing keys for the identification of specimens of Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FBE940ADFB746479" box="[1112,1177,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FBE940ADFB746479" bold="true" box="[1112,1177,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FB1B40ADFE016451" author="Tschorsnig" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Tschorsnig, H. - P. & Herting, B. (1994) Die Raupenfliegen (Diptera: Tachinidae) Mitteleuropas: Bestimmungstabellen und Angaben zur Verbreitung und Okologie der einzelnen Arten. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde (A), 506, 1 - 170." type="journal article" year="1994">Tschorsnig and Herting (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FE494755FC8C6451" author="Tschorsnig" box="[504,865,1044,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Tschorsnig, H. - P. & Richter, V. A. (1998) 3.54. Family Tachinidae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (eds). Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 3. Higher Brachycera. Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 691 - 827." type="book" year="1998">Tschorsnig and Richter (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3610DBCEE1CFFE3FE89477DFDC86599" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1CFFE3FE89477DFCAA64D9" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FE89477DFE3C6429" bold="true" box="[312,465,1084,1110]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Afrotropical, Malgascian, Palaearctic and Oriental Regions,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C1EA7EE1CFFE3FB19477DFAC66429" box="[1192,1323,1084,1110]" name="Fiji" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fiji Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C1EA7EE1CFFE3FE8C4725FE336401" box="[317,478,1124,1150]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FE414725FCDF6401" author="Cantrell" box="[496,818,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" refString="Cantrell, B. K. & Crosskey, R. W. (1989) 113. Family Tachinidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (ed.). Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Special Publication 86, Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 733 - 784." type="journal article" year="1989">Cantrell & Crosskey 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FCF34725FC246401" author="Chao" box="[834,969,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" refString="Chao, C. (1999) Tachinidae. In: Xue, W. & Chao, C. (eds.), The Flies of China, 2 (1996). Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang. pp. 1661 - 2206, pls. 130 [in Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1999">Chao 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FC694725FB606401" author="Crosskey" box="[984,1165,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1973) A conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of Australia, including keys to the supraspecific taxa and taxonomic and host catalogues. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, Supplement, 21, 1 - 221." type="journal article" year="1973">Crosskey 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FB2C4725FB376401" author="Crosskey" box="[1181,1242,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1976) A taxonomic conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the Oriental Region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, Supplement, 26, 1 - 357." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FB584725FACA6401" author="Crosskey" box="[1257,1319,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1980) 93. Family Tachinidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (ed.). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, 822 - 882." type="book chapter" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FEB947CDFE4A64D9" author="Herting" box="[264,423,1164,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" refString="Herting, B. (1984) Catalogue of Palearctic Tachinidae (Diptera). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde (A), 369, 1228." type="journal article" year="1984">Herting 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FE0247CDFCD764D9" author="Herting" box="[435,826,1164,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" refString="Herting, B. & Dely-Draskovits, A. (1993) Tachinidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (eds). Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, vol 13, Anthomyiidae-Tachinidae. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, 118 - 458." type="journal article" year="1993">Herting & DelyDraskovits 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1CFFE3FE8947F5FDC86599" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FE8947F5FC5164B1" bold="true" box="[312,956,1204,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Systematic position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FDE947F5FD7464B1" box="[600,665,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FDE947F5FD7464B1" bold="true" box="[600,665,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FC9C47F5FC5164B1" box="[813,956,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Exoristinae">Exoristinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The eggs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FBD447F5FB4B64B2" box="[1125,1190,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FBD447F5FB4B64B2" box="[1125,1190,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like in all the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FE86479DFE7C6489" box="[311,401,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Goniini">Goniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FE61479DFD9E6489" author="Herting" box="[464,627,1244,1270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" refString="Herting, B. (1960) Biologie der westplaarktischen Raupenfliegen (Dipt., Tachinidae). Monographien zur angewandten Entomologie, 16, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1960">Herting 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FD35479DFCFC6489" author="Wood" box="[644,785,1244,1270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Wood, D. M. (1987) 110. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (eds). Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Vol. 2. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph, 28, 1193 - 1269." type="journal article" year="1987">Wood 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are microtype, fully embryonated within a large ovisac and are laid on the leaves of the hosts’ plants; they hatch, after being ingested, in the mesenteron of the host and enter the haemocele by perforating the gut wall (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FB5C466DFE986511" author="Herting" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" refString="Herting, B. (1960) Biologie der westplaarktischen Raupenfliegen (Dipt., Tachinidae). Monographien zur angewandten Entomologie, 16, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1960">Herting 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FE324615FDCF6511" author="Riviere" box="[387,546,1364,1390]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" refString="Riviere, J. L. (1974) Donnees sur la morphologie et l'anatomie larvaire de Pales pavida Meigen (Dipt. Tachinidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 79, 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="1974">Rivière 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No other morphological features nor combination of characters distinguishes and identifies the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FD38463DFD0E65E9" box="[649,739,1404,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Goniini">Goniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FCC3463DFC1565E9" box="[882,1016,1404,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Exoristinae">Exoristinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FBBA463DFB3865E9" author="Tschorsnig" box="[1035,1237,1404,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Tschorsnig, H. - P. (1985) Taxonomie forstlich wichtiger Parasiten: Untersuchungen zur Struktur des mannlichen Postabdomens der Raupenfliegen (Diptera, Tachinidae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde (A), 383, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1985">Tschorsnig 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FB54463DFEAA65C1" author="Wood" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Wood, D. M. (1987) 110. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (eds). Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Vol. 2. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph, 28, 1193 - 1269." type="journal article" year="1987">Wood 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); as a consequence, many of the genera known only on male specimens are of uncertain systematic position.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3610DBCEE1CFFE0FE8946B5FE13650D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1CFFE0FE8946B5FBE96231" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1324,284,1394]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FE8946B5FDCA6671" bold="true" box="[312,551,1524,1550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Comparative notes</emphasis>
|
||
. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FD0C46B5FD136672" box="[701,766,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FD0C46B5FD136672" box="[701,766,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically distinguishable from other Palaearctic tachinids in possessing the following features: a) prosternum setose, b) preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than preapical anteroventral seta, c) first postsutural supraalar seta longer than notopleural setae, d) facial ridge with stout and erect setae over most of its length, e) eye covered with long hairs, f) arista thickened on its basal 1/5–1/2, g) apical scutellar setae crossed and horizontal, and usually h) one reclinate upper orbital seta. In the Palaearctic region,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FCA345A5FC9B6682" box="[786,886,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. m a r a e</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FC0545A5FBD66682" box="[948,1083,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. p u m i c a t a</emphasis>
|
||
include a good percentage (see below) of specimens with two reclinate upper orbital setae; these specimens, when examined superficially, could be mistaken for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1CFFE3FCDD4475FAE66731" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1863" box="[876,1291,1844,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Clemelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1CFFE3FCDD4475FC3E6732" box="[876,979,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Clemelis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1CFFE3FC684475FAE66731" author="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[985,1291,1844,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. (1863) Histoire naturelle des environs de Paris. Vol. 1, Paris, xvi + 1143 pp." type="book" year="1863">RobineauDesvoidy, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FEFF425DFD276149" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1863" box="[334,714,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Nilea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FEFF425DFE63614A" box="[334,398,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nilea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1FFFE0FE27425DFD276149" author="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[406,714,284,310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. B. (1863) Histoire naturelle des environs de Paris. Vol. 1, Paris, xvi + 1143 pp." type="book" year="1863">RobineauDesvoidy, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, for a correct identification, require the examination of male terminalia (very different in the three genera) and female genitalia. The goniine genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FE0A422DFDCF61FA" box="[443,546,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Clemelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FE0A422DFDCF61FA" box="[443,546,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Clemelis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produces microtype eggs like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FC2D422DFC3061FA" box="[924,989,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FC2D422DFC3061FA" box="[924,989,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but possesses very distinct features in the male terminalia: the right arm of sternite 6 is very short and attached to segment 7 by a large membrane; the surstylus is wide in lateral view, with relatively long setulae; the pregonite is not fused with the hypandrium and not hooklike.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FB0542A5FB1E6182" box="[1204,1267,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Nilea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FB0542A5FB1E6182" box="[1204,1267,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nilea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has macrotype eggs which are laid directly on the cuticle of the host and different male terminalia, and belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FD9C4175FD666231" box="[557,651,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eryciini">Eryciini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1FFFE0FD704175FCB26231" author="Herting" box="[705,863,564,590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" refString="Herting, B. (1960) Biologie der westplaarktischen Raupenfliegen (Dipt., Tachinidae). Monographien zur angewandten Entomologie, 16, 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1960">Herting 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1FFFE0FCDA4175FC1A6231" author="Wood" box="[875,1015,564,590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Wood, D. M. (1987) 110. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (eds). Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Vol. 2. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph, 28, 1193 - 1269." type="journal article" year="1987">Wood 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC45E37EE1FFFE0FE89411AFE13650D" blockId="6.[264,1324,284,1394]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FE89411AFD026209" bold="true" box="[312,751,603,630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The probable sistergroup of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FD1F411DFD026209" box="[686,751,604,630]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FD1F411DFD026209" bold="true" box="[686,751,604,630]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The male terminalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FBAE411DFB8D620A" box="[1055,1120,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FBAE411DFB8D620A" box="[1055,1120,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FE5D41C5FCC862E1" authority="Rondani, 1861" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1861" box="[492,805,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Schembria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FE5D41C5FD8762E2" box="[492,618,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Schembria</emphasis>
|
||
Rondani, 1861
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a) surstylus very narrow with short lateroapical setulae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1FFFE0FE0C41EDFDCA62B9" box="[445,551,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 9" captionStartId="13.[264,370,1729,1750]" captionTargetBox="[285,1297,322,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[276,1310,315,1728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 9. Male terminalia. 7. Schembria meridionalis Rondani ♂ (Israel), terminalia in right lateral" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170909/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 7–9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1FFFE0FD8941EDFD6F62B9" box="[568,642,684,710]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 10 – 16" captionStart-1="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId-0="14.[264,370,1683,1704]" captionStartId-1="17.[264,370,1805,1826]" captionTargetBox-0="[367,1274,292,1671]" captionTargetBox-1="[321,1255,331,1776]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[297,1282,289,1680]" captionTargetId-1="figure@17.[278,1310,315,1799]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURES 10 – 16. Pales spp. 10. Pales pavida (Meigen) ♂ (Germany, BadenWürttemberg), left hind tibia in dorsal view. 11. Pales pumicata (Meigen) ♂ (Italy, Latium), left hind tibia in dorsal view, scale bar 1 mm (for Figs 1011). 12 – 14. Male terminalia of Pales abdita sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Spain, Salamanca prov.). 12. Sternite 5 in ventral view, scale bar 0.5 mm. 13. Epandrial complex in posterior view. 14. Epandrial complex in right lateral view. 15 – 16. Male terminalia of Pales abdita sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Italy, Verona prov.). 15. Cerci and right surstylus in posterior view. 16. Epandrial complex in right lateral view. Scale bar 0.5 mm (for Figs 13 – 16)." captionText-1="FIGURES 17 – 19. Male terminalia of Pales marae sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Italy, Sardinia, Sassari prov.), scale bar 0.5 mm. 17. Terminalia in right lateral view; a: hooklike structure on hypandrium. 18. Epandrial complex in posterior view. 19. Sternite 5 in ventral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/170910/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/170911/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">13–18</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1FFFE0FD2341EDFD3062B9" box="[658,733,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 26" captionStartId="22.[264,370,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[300,1254,322,1700]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[267,1295,315,1716]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 26. Male terminalia, scale bar 0.5 mm. 20 – 23. Pales pavida (Meigen). 20. (Italy, Latium), cerci and surstyli in posterior view. 21. Cerci and right surstylus in right lateral view (Germany, BadenWürttemberg). 22. (Germany, BadenWürttemberg), cerci and surstyli in posterior view. 23. (Italy, Latium), epandrial complex in lateral view. 24 – 25. Pales processioneae (Ratzeburg) (Germany, BadenWürttemberg). 24. Cerci and surstyli in posterior view. 25. Epandrial complex in right lateral view. 26. Pales latifrons Kugler (Israel), cerci and surstyli in posterior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170912/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20–26</figureCitation>
|
||
); b) hypandrial arms basally joining (not fused), posteromedially completely encircling the base of the aedeagus, showing a hooklike structure in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1FFFE0FD8D41BDFD676369" box="[572,650,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 9" captionStartId="13.[264,370,1729,1750]" captionTargetBox="[285,1297,322,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[276,1310,315,1728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 9. Male terminalia. 7. Schembria meridionalis Rondani ♂ (Israel), terminalia in right lateral" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170909/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
a, 9a, 17a); c) pregonite hooklike, basally fused to the hypandrium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1FFFE0FE174065FDFF6341" box="[422,530,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 9" captionStartId="13.[264,370,1729,1750]" captionTargetBox="[285,1297,322,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[276,1310,315,1728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 9. Male terminalia. 7. Schembria meridionalis Rondani ♂ (Israel), terminalia in right lateral" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170909/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 7, 9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134042B2EE1FFFE0FD914065FDAD6341" box="[544,576,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="17.[264,370,1805,1826]" captionTargetBox="[321,1255,331,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[278,1310,315,1799]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Male terminalia of Pales marae sp. nov. paratype ♂ (Italy, Sardinia, Sassari prov.), scale bar 0.5 mm. 17. Terminalia in right lateral view; a: hooklike structure on hypandrium. 18. Epandrial complex in posterior view. 19. Sternite 5 in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170911/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">17</figureCitation>
|
||
); d) aedeagus with epiphallus short, lobelike and very weakly sclerotized. This combination of features are unique within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FBB1400DFB6E6319" box="[1024,1155,844,870]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so I presume that they are commonly derived and that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FD434035FCDE63F2" box="[754,819,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FD434035FCDE63F2" box="[754,819,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FCDE4035FC0063F2" box="[879,1005,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Schembria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FCDE4035FC0063F2" box="[879,1005,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Schembria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form a monophyletic unit. The sole “remarkable” difference in the male terminalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FC0E40DDFBD063CA" box="[959,1085,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Schembria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FC0E40DDFBD063CA" box="[959,1085,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Schembria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that the right arm of the 6th sternite is fused with segment 7, a feature also found in the goniine genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FEB940ADFDF86479" authority="Gistel, 1848" authorityName="Gistel" authorityYear="1848" box="[264,533,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ocytata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FEB940ADFE88647A" box="[264,357,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ocytata</emphasis>
|
||
Gistel, 1848
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA23C6EE1FFFE0FD8140ADFBCE6479" author="Tschorsnig" box="[560,1059,1004,1030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" refString="Tschorsnig, H. - P. (1985) Taxonomie forstlich wichtiger Parasiten: Untersuchungen zur Struktur des mannlichen Postabdomens der Raupenfliegen (Diptera, Tachinidae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde (A), 383, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1985">Tschorsnig 1985; Cerretti, unpublished</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FBCC40ADFE276451" authority="Townsend, 1926" authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Prosopodopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FBCC40ADFAC7647A" box="[1149,1322,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Prosopodopsis</emphasis>
|
||
Townsend, 1926
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cerretti, unpublished); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FCB84755FCA76452" box="[777,842,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FCB84755FCA76452" box="[777,842,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the 6th sternite is not fused, but attached very closely to segment 7 by a membrane, showing a plesiomorphic state. In external morphology,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FEC44725FE1E6402" box="[373,499,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Schembria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FEC44725FE1E6402" box="[373,499,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Schembria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FD7C4725FCE36402" box="[717,782,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FD7C4725FCE36402" box="[717,782,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following characters: a) mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta (at least
|
||
<quantity id="4C83F3D2EE1FFFE0FDE547CDFD6F64D9" box="[596,642,1164,1190]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FD3B47CDFD2664DA" box="[650,715,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FD3B47CDFD2664DA" box="[650,715,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), b) wing cell r4+5 with a petiole about
|
||
<date id="FFC578F7EE1FFFE0FB1347CDFAE464D9" box="[1186,1289,1164,1190]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1910-01-07" valueMax="1910-01-01" valueMin="1910-01-07">1/7–1/10</date>
|
||
as long as the section of M beyond the bend, c) basicosta yellow, and d) the facial ridge with more or less robust, decumbent setae on lower 1/2 or slightly more (in contrast with the robust and erect setae present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FD324649FD29655E" box="[643,708,1288,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FD324649FD29655E" box="[643,708,1288,1313]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). For all these reasons I am of the opinion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FB584649FAC7655E" box="[1257,1322,1288,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FB584649FAC7655E" box="[1257,1322,1288,1313]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FE8C4671FE566536" box="[317,443,1328,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Schembria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FE8C4671FE566536" box="[317,443,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Schembria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must, at the present state of knowledge, maintain equal rank within the goniine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B25B4EE1FFFE0FED64619FE45650E" box="[359,424,1368,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Pales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F8225EE1FFFE0FED64619FE45650E" box="[359,424,1368,1393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |